INTRODUCTION by Richard Stuart

This spreadsheet originated with two live steam locomotive projects, commenced without knowledge
sides of the world. Michael Guy in Toronto, Canada, and myself in Perth, Western Australia, both dec
gauge Garratt locomotives. Both of us decided independently to fit our locomotives with a Lempor ex

The benefits of the Lempor exhaust had been widely described in the printed and electronic media, a
the technology has been subsequently prepared by Michael on his web pages (appendix 1 Ref 1). B
read Ing. L. D. Porta's 1974 paper (appendix 1 Ref 2) describing the theory of the Lempor ejector, an
intimidated by the complexity of the mathematics used. However, a start had to be made somewhere
background in fluid mechanics and experience as an oil and gas pipeline engineer, I ought to make th
work. The result was a primitive combination of hand and spreadsheet based calculations, which gav
Porta's paper and provided chimney throat and nozzle sizes for the Lempor exhaust design on my (R
project.

The decision to develop the spreadsheet into a more user-friendly form was prompted by Michael, wh
by a mutual friend, Russell Dunn. The ensuing cooperation between two live steam enthusiasts who
this workbook.

- Perth, Australia, October 2005

411525926.xls 1 03/10/2019
 INTRODUCTION by Michael Guy

Our intent has been to try to make L.D.Porta's important work on steam locomotive draughting more
model engineer by removing the need to work complex mathematics to achieve a design. This workb
to use and I believe that it is thanks to Richards clear analytical thinking. The user inputs are few and
such as cylinder and wheel dimensions for the most part.

In using it myself, I found that even though an initial set of numbers looked really good, when I actua
go back and tweak the sheet inputs as the reality of heights and clearances made themselves felt. Th
Lempor calc sheet makes it very easy to see the effect of changing the diffuser geometry to suit your
with Porta's instructions, post-installation track testing may require adjustments. The need to do this
method. To prove the sheet works, I built an ejector for my Romulus locomotive. Using the original no
from 57mm water to 126mm, a huge improvement. As time allows I will try different nozzles to swap s
draught for lower cylinder back-pressure.

Go ahead, play with the numbers it can be great fun and the results will more than repay the effort.

- Toronto, Canada, November 2005

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE that this spreadsheet represents one implementation of Porta's theory
that the implementation accurately reflects the great man's intent. The spirit in which the spreadshee
summed up by Porta's introduction to his paper, in which he says:

"It is not a kitchen recipe guaranteeing good results without a good tuning up with measurem
may try, providing that if success crowns his trial and error, the merit is to be credited to the t
expects that the failure is not to be credited to the theory, but to the user."

The spreadsheet will crunch the numbers but the user still has to interpret the results and design the

SPREADSHEET LAYOUT
The workbook is split into the following sheets:
- Introduction.
- Lempor exhaust sizing calculation. (Use this sheet to design the ejector once you know the steam fl
- Steam mass flow rate calculation. (Use this sheet to estimate the steam flow rate of your engine)
- Appendix 1 of explanatory notes, cautions and hyperlinks.
- Appendix 2, tables of locomotive data used in calculation verifications.

CONDITIONS OF USE

Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation work

It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience to m
improvements to the spreadsheet. Such corrections and improvements are welcomed, provided that
spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and that
shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the workbook will have
passworded to prevent accidental changes. If you wish to try to make improvements or alter the math
please contact us at the address below for an open version.

411525926.xls 2 03/10/2019
 CONDITIONS OF USE

Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation work

It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience to m
improvements to the spreadsheet. Such corrections and improvements are welcomed, provided that
spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and that
shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the workbook will have
passworded to prevent accidental changes. If you wish to try to make improvements or alter the math
please contact us at the address below for an open version.

411525926.xls 3 03/10/2019
 The Lempor Ejector Calculator
For the Model Engineer, Live Steamer
and Student of the
Second Generation Steam Locomotive
Beta version 1.1 released November 2005
This workbook is copyright © Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005

INTRODUCTION by Richard Stuart

This spreadsheet originated with two live steam locomotive projects, commenced without knowledge of each o
sides of the world. Michael Guy in Toronto, Canada, and myself in Perth, Western Australia, both decided to b
gauge Garratt locomotives. Both of us decided independently to fit our locomotives with a Lempor exhaust.

The benefits of the Lempor exhaust had been widely described in the printed and electronic media, and an exc
the technology has been subsequently prepared by Michael on his web pages (appendix 1 Ref 1). Both Micha
read Ing. L. D. Porta's 1974 paper (appendix 1 Ref 2) describing the theory of the Lempor ejector, and both of
intimidated by the complexity of the mathematics used. However, a start had to be made somewhere, and I de
background in fluid mechanics and experience as an oil and gas pipeline engineer, I ought to make the effort to
work. The result was a primitive combination of hand and spreadsheet based calculations, which gave a soluti
Porta's paper and provided chimney throat and nozzle sizes for the Lempor exhaust design on my (Richard St
project.

The decision to develop the spreadsheet into a more user-friendly form was prompted by Michael, who was pu
by a mutual friend, Russell Dunn. The ensuing cooperation between two live steam enthusiasts who have nev
this workbook.

- Perth, Australia, October 2005

411525926.xls 4 03/10/2019
 INTRODUCTION by Michael Guy

Our intent has been to try to make L.D.Porta's important work on steam locomotive draughting more accessibl
model engineer by removing the need to work complex mathematics to achieve a design. This workbook was
to use and I believe that it is thanks to Richards clear analytical thinking. The user inputs are few and are read
such as cylinder and wheel dimensions for the most part.

In using it myself, I found that even though an initial set of numbers looked really good, when I actually drew th
go back and tweak the sheet inputs as the reality of heights and clearances made themselves felt. The graphin
Lempor calc sheet makes it very easy to see the effect of changing the diffuser geometry to suit your own loco
with Porta's instructions, post-installation track testing may require adjustments. The need to do this in no way
method. To prove the sheet works, I built an ejector for my Romulus locomotive. Using the original nozzle size
from 57mm water to 126mm, a huge improvement. As time allows I will try different nozzles to swap some of th
draught for lower cylinder back-pressure.

Go ahead, play with the numbers it can be great fun and the results will more than repay the effort.

- Toronto, Canada, November 2005

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE that this spreadsheet represents one implementation of Porta's theory and no gu
that the implementation accurately reflects the great man's intent. The spirit in which the spreadsheet is made
summed up by Porta's introduction to his paper, in which he says:

"It is not a kitchen recipe guaranteeing good results without a good tuning up with measurements. Ho
may try, providing that if success crowns his trial and error, the merit is to be credited to the theory. If
expects that the failure is not to be credited to the theory, but to the user."

The spreadsheet will crunch the numbers but the user still has to interpret the results and design the ejector.

SPREADSHEET LAYOUT
The workbook is split into the following sheets:
- Introduction.
- Lempor exhaust sizing calculation. (Use this sheet to design the ejector once you know the steam flow rate)
- Steam mass flow rate calculation. (Use this sheet to estimate the steam flow rate of your engine)
- Appendix 1 of explanatory notes, cautions and hyperlinks.
- Appendix 2, tables of locomotive data used in calculation verifications.

CONDITIONS OF USE

Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation worksheets.

It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience to make corre
improvements to the spreadsheet. Such corrections and improvements are welcomed, provided that all revise
spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and that all improv
shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the workbook will have protection
passworded to prevent accidental changes. If you wish to try to make improvements or alter the math for your
please contact us at the address below for an open version.

411525926.xls 5 03/10/2019
 CONDITIONS OF USE

Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation worksheets.

It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience to make corre
improvements to the spreadsheet. Such corrections and improvements are welcomed, provided that all revise
spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and that all improv
shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the workbook will have protection
passworded to prevent accidental changes. If you wish to try to make improvements or alter the math for your
please contact us at the address below for an open version.

CONTACT INFORMATION

The authors hope that this workbook will be of interest and of use to the model engineering community worldw
build or modify a model or indeed, a full-sized locomotive, we would be interested to hear about it and to see

Your feedback, photographs and suggestions for improvements or corrections are requested and welcomed a

411525926.xls 6 03/10/2019
 lemporcalculator@ca.inter.net

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the following people:
Nigel Day for kindly answering a number of emailed questions.
Joe Dunham for MS Excel consulting to Michael Guy.
Trevor Heath for kindly offering to host this work on his Livesteaming.com site

411525926.xls 7 03/10/2019
 posite
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411525926.xls 8 03/10/2019
erage
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411525926.xls 9 03/10/2019
 of the
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411525926.xls 10 03/10/2019
Lempor Calculation Spreadsheet Rev 1.1 Date: 1st November 2005

This workbook is copyright © Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005.

This spreadsheet is intended to provide a solution to Equation 9 of the following publication:

"THEORY OF THE LEMPOR EJECTOR AS APPLIED TO PRODUCE DRAUGHT IN STEAM LOCOMOTIVES", L.D. PORTA,
BUENOS AIRES, 1974

Disclaimers:
No warranties or guarantees are given as to the correctness or appropriateness of the calculations in this spreadsheet.
All input data, and all interpretations and applications of the results, are the responsibility of the user.
By using this spreadsheet the user consents to take full responsibility for all costs and consequences arising directly and/or indirectly
from any application of the results.

Notes:
Values in black to be input by user. Bold print indicates principal user input values.
Values in red are calculated by spreadsheet
Input Data column shows terms {ξb, etc} as used by Porta and units (m3/kg) as used in this workbook.

PROJECT DATA
Locomotive Description: 7-1/4" gauge Romulus.
Designer: R. Marsh
Date: November 20th 2005

INPUT DATA PARAMETER COMMENTS

Exhaust System Parameters
Gas mass / steam mass, L/D 2 2 (Appendix A3 and text of Porta's paper)
Coefficient, ξ 0.1 0.1 (Text of Porta's paper)
Coefficient, ξb 0.04 0.04 (Text of Porta's paper)
Specific volume of exhaust steam, ν (m3/kg) 1.9 1.9 (Appendix A3 of Porta's paper)
Specific volume of gas, νb (m3/kg) 1.9 1.9 (Appendix A3 of Porta's paper)
Specific volume of steam/gas mixture, ν1 1.9 (Appendix A3 of Porta's paper)
(m3/kg) 1.9
4 (Appendix A1 of Porta's paper.) Note that this may not be
Chimney exit area/chimney throat area, Fs/F1 7 achievable in practice due to loading gauge constraints.
Diffuser efficiency, η 0.8 0.8 to 0.85 (Appendix A1 of Porta's paper.)
Flow Parameters
Design steam mass flow rate, D (kg/s) 0.0122 Steam flow through the exhaust system per second.
Take the value from Steam Rate Sheet line 66.
Design draught (Pa) 875 Required smokebox vacuum
Gas mass flow rate, L (kg/s) 0.024304 Calculated - Steam mass flow rate x L/D

The objective of the calculation is to determine the chimney throat area, F1 and Tuyere area, F, by trial and error solution of Equation 9.
CALCULATED PARAMETERS
Calculation Steps
Trial value of chimney throat diameter (mm) 38 Vary this by trial and error to maximise Tuyere nozzle size
Chimney throat area, F1 (m2) 0.0011341149 Calculate area from throat diameter
Chimney exit area, Fs, (m2) 0.0079388046 Multiply throat area by exit/throat ratio.
Ideal diffuser outlet area, F0, (m2) 0.0024383845 From Porta's formula
Equation term, λ 0.6081632653 From Porta's formula
D2v 0.0002805751 Porta's equation 9
F1(Draught) Equation 9 denominator term 0.9923505795 Porta's equation 9
Equation 9 denominator term 1.4654405222 Porta's equation 9
Equation 9 denominator term 0.4749996359 Porta's equation 9
Results
Steam tuyere area, F (m2) 0.0001429201 Total area of the Lempor nozzles
Steam tuyere nozzle diameter (mm) 6.745 Diameter of an individual Lempor nozzle - Assumes a 4 nozzle
system.

6.750

6.745 Value offset percentage

Tuyere nozzle diameter (mm)

Trial Value from cell B40

6.740

6.735

6.730

6.725

6.720

6.715
36.1 37.05 38 38.95 39.9 Tuyere Area
Chimney Throat Diameter (mm) Individual Nozzle Diameter

The above graph should exhibit a convex curve.

Adjust the trial value chimney throat dia. until it does.
The correct nozzle diameter is at the curve apex.
Imperial conversions

0.005512 lb/second
3.5 Inch H2O

1.496 inches

0.266 inches

This chart calculates values for the graph

95.0% 97.5% 100.00% 102.50% 105.0%

36.1 37.05 38 38.95 39.9
0.0010235 0.0010781 0.00113411 0.00119153 0.00125
0.0071648 0.0075468 0.0079388 0.00834071 0.008753
0.0022006 0.002318 0.00243838 0.00256183 0.002688
0.6081633 0.6081633 0.60816327 0.60816327 0.608163
0.0002806 0.0002806 0.00028058 0.00028058 0.000281
0.8955964 0.9433533 0.99235058 1.04258833 1.094067
1.62E+00 1.54E+00 1.47E+00 1.39E+00 1.33E+00
0.5263154 0.4996709 0.47499964 0.45211149 0.430839

0.00014 0.00014 0.00014 0.00014 0.00014

6.727 6.741 6.7448 6.741 6.729
 The above graph should exhibit a convex curve.
Adjust the trial value chimney throat dia. until it does.
The correct nozzle diameter is at the curve apex.
Steam Rate Calculation Spreadsheet Rev 1.1 Date: 1st November 2005

This workbook is copyright © Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005.

This spreadsheet is intended to provide a solution to Equation 61 of the following publication:

"E. A. PHILLIPSON, 1936, "Steam Locomotive Design: Data and Formulae", Pub. Camden Miniature Steam Services, ISBN No. 0-9536523-9-4

Disclaimers:
No warranties or guarantees are given as to the correctness or appropriateness of the calculations in this spreadsheet.
All input data, and all interpretations and applications of the results, are the responsibility of the user.
By using this spreadsheet the user consents to take full responsibility for all costs and consequences arising directly and/or indirectly
from any application of the results.

Notes:
Values in black to be input by user
Values in red are calculated by spreadsheet

PROJECT DATA
Locomotive Description Case 1 is based on SAR modified 25NC, case 2 on SAR 19D. Case 3 for 7-1/4" gauge Romulus miniature loco.
Designer Numerical Calculation Check
Date Nov 16 2005

INPUT DATA PARAMETER COMMENTS

Locomotive Geometry Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
Cylinder diameter (mm) 610 533 57.15 610
Piston stroke (mm) 711 660 83.8 711
Wheel diameter (mm) 1524 1372 165.1 1524
Number of cylinders 2 2 2 2
Operating Parameters
Design speed (km/h) 70 70 12 70
Design cut off (%) 35 35 75 35
Cylinder Parameters
Clearance volume (% cyl swept volume) 10 10 10 10
Clearance volume, c (decimal of cyl 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Calculated - From % clearance volume
swept volume)
Volume swept to point of cut off, v 0.35 0.35 0.75 0.35 Calculated - From design cut off
(decimal of cyl swept volume)
Volume from point of compression to end 15 15 15 15 Typical value estimated from published indicator diagram data: 15%
of stroke (% cyl swept volume)
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Calculated - From % compression volume
Volume from point of compression to end
of stroke, x (decimal of cyl swept volume)
Steam Parameters
Boiler pressure (MPa gauge) 1.55 1.38 0.62 1.55
Admission pressure (% boiler pressure) 85 85 85 85
Admission pressure (MPa gauge) 1.3175 1.173 0.527 1.3175 Calculated - From % value input by user
Admission pressure (MPa abs) 1.4175 1.273 0.627 1.4175 Calculated - add atmospheric pressure to gauge pressure
Admission temperature (°C) 425 425 154 425 Use superheater output temperature if so fitted
Specific volume of steam at pressure of 0.228821 0.2494 0.355 0.228821 User to input from steam tables at admission pressure and
admission, Va (m3/kg) temperature
Temperature at initial pressure of
compression (°C)
0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 Range suggested by Phillipson: 19-20 psi (abs)
Initial pressure of compression (MPa abs)
Specific volume of steam at initial 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 User to input from steam tables at pressure and temperature of initial
pressure of compression, Vc (m3/kg) compression

CALCULATED PARAMETERS COMMENTS

Calculation Steps
Cylinder cross sectional area (mm2) 292246.66 223123 2565.2066 292246.66 Calculated from cylinder diameter
Individual cylinder swept volume (mm3) 207787373 147261166 214964.31 207787373 Cross sectional area x stroke
Individual cylinder swept volume, V (m3) 0.2077874 0.1472612 0.000215 0.2077874 Convert units to cubic metres for convenience
Distance travelled per wheel revolution 4787.7872 4310.2651 518.67695 4787.7872 Equal to wheel circumference
(mm)
Design speed (mm/min) 1166667 1166667 200000 1166667 Convert km/hr to mm/min
Wheel revolutions, R (rpm) 243.67555 270.67167 385.59647 243.67555 Divide design speed by distance travelled per revolution
120R 29241.066 32480.601 46271.576 29241.066 First term of Phillipson equation
{(v+c)V} / Va 0.4086352 0.2657078 0.0005147 0.4086352 Second term of Phillipson equation
{(x+c)V} / Vc 0.0405835 0.0287619 4.199E-05 0.0405835 Third term of Phillipson equation
Steam consumption per cylinder per hour 10762.225 7696.1436 21.87341 10762.225 Calculated by Phillipson Equation 61
(kg/hr)
Results
Total steam consumption per hour (kg/hr) 21524.45 15392.287 43.746821 21524.45 Multiply consumption per cylinder by number of cylinders

Steam consumption per minute (kg/min) 358.74084 256.53812 0.7291137 358.74084 Alternative units (kg/min)
Steam consumption per second (kg/s) 5.9790139 4.2756353 0.0121519 5.9790139 Units (kg/s) Enter this value in Lempor sheet cell B36
CONDITIONS OF USE

Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation

It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience
improvements to the spreadsheet. Such corrections and improvements are welcomed, provide
spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and
shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the sheet will hav
passworded to ensure clean downloads. If you wish to try to make improvements or alter the m
contact us at <lemporcalculator@ca.inter.net> for an open version.
 The Lempor Ejector Calculator
This workbook is copyright © Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved

APPENDIX 1

CONDITIONS OF USE

Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation workshe

It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience to make
improvements to the spreadsheet. Such corrections and improvements are welcomed, provided that all
spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and that all im
shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the sheet will have protectio
passworded to ensure clean downloads. If you wish to try to make improvements or alter the math for yo
contact us at <lemporcalculator@ca.inter.net> for an open version.

LEMPOR EXHAUST SIZING CALCULATION WORKSHEET

The "Lempor Calculation" worksheet determines the following basic dimensions of the exhaust system:
Chimney throat size.
Blast nozzle size.

Note:
Porta's equation expresses these sizes as areas. For the user's convenience, the worksheet converts areas to diameters, o
system comprises a single chimney with four blast nozzles. For a multiple chimney system, the user will need to compute th
nozzle diameters from the area data generated by the worksheet.
Attention is therefore brought to the work of J.J.G. Koopmans (Ref 3) which may provide a method of calculating multiple ch
the values for a single chimney are known.

The following input data is required:

Mass flow rate of steam through the exhaust system.
Required smokebox vacuum.
A trial diameter for the gas mixing chamber and the small end of the chimney.

Note regarding Line 33: Chimney exit area/chimney throat area, Fs/F1.
If room is available for a tall stack (e.g. on a narrow gauge locomotive) this value may exceed 4 to accommodate the recomm
diffuser angle and the available height. Similarly, if headroom is short, the value may be less than 4.

There are various methods of determining the mass flow rate of steam, including the following:

Technical specifications of an existing locomotive with known parameters.

 Experimental measurements on an existing locomotive.
Calculations to determine the evaporation rate from the boiler.
Steam consumption calculations based on the cylinder volume, wheel diameter, speed, assumed cut-off, etc. This method a
capable of providing the volume of steam to be consumed. The Steam Rate worksheet provides an approximate method of
consumption rate using this philosophy. See below.

The required smokebox vacuum can similarly be determined by various methods including the following:

Technical specification of an existing locomotive with known parameters.

Experimental measurements on an existing locomotive.
First principle calculations based on the required gas flow through the boiler.
For full size locomotives, Wardale (Ref 4) and Chapelon (Ref 5) provide smokebox vacuum data for various locomotive type
The smokebox vacuum for model engineering scale locomotives is much lower than full size. Experimental data from meas
locomotives with conventional exhaust systems has been published by Michael Guy (Ref 6). 735 Pa may be used as a start

STEAM RATE CALCULATION WORKSHEET

The "steam rate calculation worksheet" determines the steam flow rate per second through the exhaust system.
The worksheet uses a method published by E. A. Phillipson (Ref 7) that requires the user to input the following information:
The engine geometry. The locomotives cylinder bore and stroke, wheel diameter and the number of cylinders used. Assum
diameter.
The operating parameters. The maximum speed of the locomotive and the designed maximum cut-off.
The cylinder parameters section allows "tweaking" clearance volume etc to suit specific designs.
The steam parameters section accepts boiler and cylinder admission pressures and temperature.

Note:
The specific volume of steam is required in two places. These values can be obtained from steam tables or via the web, see
The admission temperature should take into account the superheater if one is fitted.

Caution:
Engine speed, valve-gear cut-off and steam "specific volume" input numbers make a real difference to the sheet output stea
If the "Lempor calculation sheet" results are to be meaningful, these inputs must be realistic and accurate.

Note:
The detail design of the components for an actual Lempor Ejector installation requires several dimensions not calculated by
mathematical explanation of the ejector and the additional dimensions, written to assist the Live Steam enthusiast and Mode
by Michael Guy and is available on the web (Ref 8).

REFERENCES & HYPERLINKS

Ref 1/ Michael's Locomotive Pages: "Index page".

Ref 2/ Ing. L. D. Porta's technical paper describing his Lempor Ejector
Ref 3/ J.J.G. Koopmans "A Theory for the Design of Multiple Exhausts for Steam Locomotives"
Ref 4/ "The Red Devil and Other Tales from the Age of Steam" D. Wardale, Pub. By Author, ISBN # 0-9529998-0-3
Ref 5/ "La Locomotive A Vapeur" Andre Chapelon, Camden Miniature Steam Services, ISBN # 0-9536523-0-0
Ref 6/ Michael's Locomotive Pages: "Vacuum Test Page".
Ref 7/ "Steam Locomotive Design: Data and Formulae", E.A. Phillipson, Camden Miniature Steam Services, ISBN # 0-953652
Ref 8/ Michael's Locomotive Pages: "A Lempor Exhaust Ejector for the Garratt".

OTHER LINKS

Camden Miniature Steam Services

The Ultimate Steam Page
Martyn Bane's Steam & Travel Pages: "Modern and Modernised Steam Locos"

Useful Tools

The authors of this worksheet have no connection with the following companies but have found these pages to be helpful.

EngNet Tips and Tools page

EngNet Metric Conversion Calculator Selection page

ChemicaLogic's SteamTab Companion - a free downloadable Steam Table Calculator

of the
freely

please
 This workbook is copyright © Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005.

Locomotive Data Model Locomotive

SAR Modified 25NC SAR Modified 19D Data
Source of data D Wardale, The Red Devil D Wardale, The Red Devil Comparison between
and Other Tales from the and Other Tales from the as-designed draft and
Age of Steam, Tables 26 & Age of Steam, Tables 19 & Lempor-modified draft
27 20 from track tests.

Steam flow rate through 23,150 13050 Stack type

blast nozzle (kg/hr)

Steam flow rate through 6.431 3.625 Chimney Choke

blast nozzle (kg/s)
Total chimney choke area, 2,798 1638 Chimney exit
F1, cm2
Total chimney choke area, 0.2798 0.1638 Mixing chamber or
F1, m2 petticoat
Total chimney exit area, Fs, 6,196 4346 Blast nozzle type
cm2

Total chimney exit area, Fs, 0.620 0.4346

m2
Fs/F1 2.214 2.653 Track Test Results
Total blast nozzle tip area, 302.5 176.6 Maximum Draft at 12-14
F, cm2 km/hr
Total blast nozzle tip area, 0.03025 0.01766 % Change
F, m2
Design smokebox vacuum, 4865 5030 Blast pipe backpressure
Pa

Lempor Calculator
Output
Total chimney choke area, 0.2743 0.1486
F1, m2
Discrepancy, % -1.97 -9.28
Total blast nozzle tip area, 0.0297 0.01688
F, m2
Discrepancy, % -1.82 -4.42

A Note regarding these results.

Separate work was done to check the steam flow output against David
Wardale's results. The steam flow output given by the steam rate sheet
cannot be used directly because about 17.5% of the steam generated by
the 25NC was tapped off for the feedwater heater and GPCS.
This means that the steam flow output should be about 7.8kg/s to match
Wardale's 6.43kg/s through the blast nozzles.
R. Marsh Romulus Modified Romulus Modified Romulus
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Existing Locomotive With Lempor Ejector as With same ejector
believed true to original calculated by the chimney but original
design. spreadsheet without sized single hole blast
tuning. nozzle.

Straight 10 degree taper Lempor 10 degree taper Lempor

Ejector with mixing Ejector with mixing
chamber. chamber.
Non 38mm 38mm

73mm 102mm 102mm

Non 38mm x 76mm 38mm x 76mm

Single hole 3/8" 4-hole diverging @ 9deg. Single hole 3/8"

1/4" diameter holes.

57mm water 51mm water 127mm water

-11% 122%

Not measured, assumed Lower than case 3, but not Above manometer range
to be similar to case 3. quantified during testing. of 178mm water.

A web page documenting these track test results is here.