Review of Consistent

Deformation and Slope

2 Deflection Methods

The consistent deformation and slope deflection methods are the basis for the
development of flexibility and stiffness matrix methods. These methods are taught in
basic courses on structural analysis and the author has covered them in detail in his
books on Structural Analysis – I and II. A brief review of these methods are presented
in this chapter.

2.1 CONSISTENT DEFORMATION METHOD

In this method of analysis, excess restraints on the structure are removed to get basic
determinate structure. Such structure is also known as released structure. The
released structure is analysed for given loading to get displacements in the direction of
released restraint. Then redundant forces which are unknown are applied in the direc-
tion of restraints removed and the displacements in each direction of restraint removed,
are obtained separately for each redundant force. These displacements are in terms of
redundant forces. Then considering all these displacements of released structure total
displacement due to loading and due to redundant forces in each restraint removed
is found. Considering the displacement compatibility of original structure equations
are assembled. These conditions result into as many equations as there are number of
redundant forces. Solution of these simultaneous equations gives the values of redun-
dant forces. Knowing these values moments and forces at any point in the structure can
be found. The method is illustrated below by solving few typical cases:
Example 2.1: A propped cantilever of span L is fixed at A and is on roller at B.
Analyse it when it is subjected to a concentrated load P at midspan. Assume uniform
cross-section throughout.
Solution: Total number of reactions = 3 + 1 = 4
Number of equilibrium equations available = 3.
\ Degree of static indeterminacy = 4 – 3 = 1.
By releasing support B restraint to vertical deflection is removed and we get a
cantilever as basic determinate structure. This released structure is analysed for the
given load and the redundant force RB to get vertical displacements at B. Figure 2.1(a)
shows the original structure whereas Fig. 2.1(b) and (c) show released structure sub-
jected to given loads and redundant force respectively.
24 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis
Contd.

w/unit length
wL3
____ wL3
____
A B
6 EI 8 EI
L

P
PL2
_____
A B 0
16 EI
L L
2 2
w/unit length
wL3
_____
A B 0
24 EI

2.2.2 Conjugate Beam Method

M
A conjugate beam of a beam is the one which when loaded with ___ diagram of the
EI
beam satisfies the following two conditions:
1. Rotation of the beam with respect to the axis of beam = shear in conjugate beam.
2. Deflection of the beam
= Moment in conjugate beam.
Hence, from moment area theorem, the conjugate beams for various beams can be
obtained. Table 2.2 shows conjugate beams for commonly used beams.

Table 2.2 Beams and corresponding conjugate beams

Beam Conjugate beam

Example 2.2: Determine the end rotation in a simply supported beam of span L sub-
jected to uniformly distributed load w per unit length. Use conjugate beam method.
Solution: Figure 2.3(a) shows the beam. In this bending moment diagram is a
wL2
parabolic curve with maximum ordinate equal to ____ at centre. Its conjugate beam is
8
M
the simply supported beam with ___ diagram as load on it as shown in Fig. 2.3(b).
EI
qA = shear in conjugate beam at A
1
= __ × total load on conjugate beam
2
1 2 wL2
= __ × __ × L × ____
2 3 8EI
 Review of Consistent Deformation and Slope Deflection Methods 25
w/unit length
A B

(a) Beam

2
wL
8EI

A B

(b) Conjugate beam

Fig. 2.3

wL3
= _____
24EI
Example 2.3: Determine the rotation and displacement of free end in the cantilever
beam shown in Fig. 2.4(a) by conjugate beam method.
P
A B
C
L L
2 2
(a) Beam

PL
2

(b) BMD

PL
2EI CG
A B
1 L
3 2
L
(c) Conjugate beam

Fig. 2.4

Solution: Figure 2.4(b) shows the bending moment diagram of the beam and
M
Fig. 2.4(c) shows the conjugate beam with ___ diagram as load on it.
EI
qB = shear force in conjugate beam at B

= Total load on the conjugate beam

1 PL L
= __ × ____ × __
2 2EI 2
26 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis
PL2
= ____ Ans.
8EI
DB = Moment in conjugate beam at B
= Total load on conjugate beam × distance of its centroid from B
PL2
( 1L
= ____ L – __ __
8EI 32 )
5PL3
= _____ Ans.
48EI
2.2.3 Unit Load Method for Finding Rotations and
Deflection of Beams and Frames
In this method to find rotations and deflections in a determinate beam, first
moment M due to loadings is found. Then a unit load is applied in the direction of
required displacement and resulting moment ‘m’ is found. The required displacement
Mmdx
is Ú ______, where integration is over the entire structure. The following examples
EI
illustrate the method.
Example 2.4: Determine the rotation and deflection at the free end of a cantilever
beam of span L subject to uniformly distributed load over its entire span.
Solution: Figure 2.5(a) shows the beam under consideration. Now due to given
load
wx2
M = ____
2
To find rotation at free end a unit moment is applied (Ref Fig. 2.5(b)). Due to this
moment
m = 1, throughout.
L L
Mmdx wx2 1
\ q = Ú ______ = Ú ____ × 1 × ___ dx
0 EI 0 2 EI

w x3
= ____ __
2EI 3 [] L

0
wL3
= ____
6EI
Ans.

w/unit length

(a) Beam

1
(b) Unit load for rotation at free end
1

(c) Unit load for deflection at free end.

Fig. 2.5
 Review of Consistent Deformation and Slope Deflection Methods 27

To find the deflection at free end a unit vertical load is applied as shown in Fig. 2.5(c)
In this case,
m=1×x=x
L
Mxdx L wx2 1
\ D = Ú _____ = Ú ____ x ___ dx
0 EI 0 2 EI

w x4
= ____ __
2EI 4 [ ] L

wL4
= ____
8EI
Example 2.5: Determine the rotation and horizontal displacement at D in the frame
shown in Fig. 2.6(a)
24 kN

B 2m 2m
C
F
2m 2I
3m
12 kN E I
I D
3m

HA VD
A

VA
(a) Example 2.6

F F
B C B C
2I 2I
I
E E
I
I I
D 1 kN - m D 1 kN

VD A VD
HA HA
A
VA VA
(b) Frame with unit moment at D (c) Frame with unit horizontal force at D

Fig. 2.6

Solution: For given loads,

VD × 4 = 24 × 2 + 12 × 3
\ VD = 21 kN
28 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis

\ VA = 24 – 21 = 3 kN
and HA = 12 kN
Hence, moment in various portion of frame are as shown in Table 2.3.
Due to unit moment applied at D [Refer Fig. 2.6(b)]
1 1
VD = __ \ VA = __ Ø and HA = 0
4 4
Expression for moment are tabulated as m1 as shown in Table 2.3
When unit horizontal force is applied at D, as shown Fig. 2.6(c),
1×2 1 1
VD = _____ = __ kN \ VA = __ kN
4 2 2
and HA = 0
Expressions for moment due to this unit load are tabulated as m2.

Table 2.3 Calculation table for example 2.5

Portion AE EB BF FC CD
Origin A E F C D
Limits 0– 3 0–2 0–2 0–2 0–3
Moment of Inertia I I 2I 2I I
M 12x 36 21(2 + x) – 24x = 42 – 3x 21 x 0
1 1 x
m1 0 0 –1 + __ (x + 2) = – __ + x/4 – 1 + __ –1
4 2 4
1
__ x 1
m2 x x+3 (x + 2) + 1 × 3 = __ + 4 __ x+3 x
2 2 2
Note: Moment is taken +ve if it creates tension on inner side of the frame.
F
Mm1dx
qD = Ú ______
0 EI
3 2 2 2 3

0 0
1
2 0
1
2 ( 0
) x
4 (
\ EI qD = Ú 0 dx + Ú 0 dx + __ Ú (42 – 3x) x/4 – __ dx + Ú 21x – 1 + __ dx + Ú 0 dx
0
)
2 2
1
= 0 + 0 + __ Ú (24x – 21 – 1.5 x2) dx + Ú
40 0
( – 21x + ___214 x ) dx 2

= __ [12x – 21x – 0.5x ] + [ ____ x + __ x ] 3 2

1 2 – 21 3 27 2
4 2 04 0

1
= __ [48 – 42 – 4] + [– 42 + 14]
4
= – 27.5
– 27.5 27.5
\ qD = _____ = ____ radians, clockwise.
EI EI
30 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis

Solution: Due to applied load, vertical reactions at L0 and L3 are 400 kN. Using
method of joint, the forces P in all members are found and noted in Table 2.4. Then the
unit load is applied in the horizontal direction at roller support as shown in Fig. 2.7(b)
and k-forces are found and noted in Table 2.4. Other calculation details are shown in
Table 2.4.
U1 U2

L0 L3
1 kN
L1 L2

Fig. 2.7(b) Truss with unit horizontal force at L3.

Horizontal displacement of the roller support

PkL 1 1350
L3 = S ____ __ S PkL = _____ Ans.
AE E E
Table 2.4 Calculate Table for example 2.6

PKL
____
Member L A P K
A
L0U1 7500 6000 – 500 0 0
U1U2 4500 6000 – 300 0 0
U2L3 7500 6000 – 500 0 0
L0L1 4500 3000 300 1 450
L1L2 4500 3000 300 1 450
L2L3 4500 3000 300 1 450
L1U1 6000 3000 400 0 0
L2U2 6000 3000 400 0 0
U1L2 7500 3000 0 0 0
S 1350

2.3 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

In this method analysis of indeterminate structure, slopes and deflections of end points
of members are considered basic unknowns. Expressions for moments are assembled in
terms of these displacements and joint equilibrium equations are assembled. Solution
of these equations give the values of displacements. These values are substituted in
the expressions for moment to get end moments in the members. Then shear force and
moment can be found at any required point.
Figure 2.8 shows a typical member AB with end moments and displacements. Let
qA and qB be the end rotations and D be the difference of levels between A and B. Let
EI be flexural rigidity. The following sign convention is used to find the expressions
for moments:
32 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis

Solution: Fixed End Moment

– 60 × 4 × 22
MFAB = ___________ = – 26.67 kN-m
62
– 60 × 2 × 42
MFBA = ___________ = 53.33 kN-m
62
– 30 × 62
MFBC = ________ = – 90 kN-m
12
MFCB = 90 kN-m.
Slope Deflection Equations
2EI
MAB = – 26.67 + ____ (2qA + qB – 0)
6
1
= – 26.67 + __ EI qB, since qA = 0
3
2EI
MBA = 53.33 + ____ (qA + 2qB – 0)
6
2
= 53.33 + __ EI qB, since qA = 0
3
2EI
MBC = – 90 + ____ (2qB + qC – 0)
6
2 1
= – 90 + __ EI qB + __ EI qC
3 3
2EI
MCB = 90 + ____ (qB + 2qC – 0)
6
1 2
= 90 + __ EI qB + __ EI qC
3 3
Equilibrium Equations
S MB = 0, gives
MBA + MBC = 0
2 2 1
53.33 + __ EI qB – 90 + __ EI qB + __ EI qC = 0
3 3 3
i.e. 4EI qB + EI qC = 110 (1)

SMC = 0, gives
1 2
90 + __ EI qB + __ EI qC = 0
3 3
EI qB + 2 EI qC = – 270 (2)
Subtracting equation (2) from twice equation (1), we get
7EI qB = 490
 Review of Consistent Deformation and Slope Deflection Methods 33

i.e. EI qB = 70
\ From equation (1), EI qC = 110 – 4 × 70 = – 170.
End Moments: Substituting the values of EIqB and EI qC in slope deflection equa-
tions, we get
1
MAB = – 26.67 + __ × 70 = – 3.33 (kN-m)
3
2
MBA = 53.33 + __ × 70 = 100 kN-m
3
2 1
MBC = – 90 + __ × 70 – __ × 170 = – 100 kN-m
3 3
1 2
MCB = 90 + __ × 70 – __ × 170 = 0
3 3
Figure 2.9(b) shows the bending moment diagram.
Example 2.8: Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 2.10(a) by slope deflection method.
80 kN
3m 3m D D

1m

40 kN

3m

(b) Frame with sway D

(a) Example 2.10

MBA MCD

40 kN

MAB MDC

(c) FBD of columns

Fig. 2.10

Fixed End Moments

– 40 × 3 × 12
MFAB = ___________ = – 7.5 kN-m
42
– 40 × 32 × 1
MFBA = ___________ = – 22.5 kN-m
42
– 80 × 6
MFBC = _______ = – 60 kN-m
8
34 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis

MFCB = 60 kN-m
MFCD = MFDC = 0
Slope Deflection Equations
2EI
( 3D
MAB = – 7.5 + ____ 2qA + qB – ___
4 4 )
= – 7.5 + 0.5EI qB – 0.375EID, since qA = 0.
2EI
( 3D
MBA = 22.5 + ____ qA + 2qB – ___
4 4 )
= 22.5 + EI qB – 0.375EID, since qA = 0
2E (2I)
MBC = – 60 + ______ (2qB + qC – 0)
6
= – 60 + 1.333EIqB + 0.667 EIqc
2E (2I)
MCB = 60 + ______ (qB + 2qC – 0)
6
= 60 + 0.667EIqB + 1.333EIqC
2EI
( 3D
MCD = ____ 2qC + qD – ___
4 4 )
= EIqC – 0.375EID, since qD = 0
2EI
( 3D
MDC = ____ qC + 2qD – ___
4 4 )
= 0.5EI qC – 0.375EID, since qD = 0.
Equilibrium Equations
S MB = 0, gives
MBA + MBC = 0
22.5 + EI qB – 0.375EID – 60 + 1.333EI qB + 0.667EI qC = 0
i.e. 2.333EI qB + 0.667EI qC – 0.375EID = 37.5 (1)
S MC = 0, gives
MCB + MCD = 0
60 + 0.667EI qB + 1.333EI qC + EI qC – 0.375EID = 0
i.e. 0.667EIqB + 2.333EI qC – 0.375EI D = 0 (2)
To determine shear equilibrium equation, consider the free body diagram of col-
umns shown in Fig. 2.10(c)
S MB = 0, gives
HA × 4 + 40 × 1 = MAB + MBA
i.e. 4HA = MAB + MBA – 40
36 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis
60 kN 60 kN
20 kN/m C
A B C A B

4m 2m 6m 4m 2m 6m

(a) Problem 2.1 (a) (b) Problem 2.1 (b)

60 kN 40 kN 40 kN 20 kN/m
B 20 kN/m C C
A A B

4m 2m 6m 2m 2m 2m 4m

(c) Problem 2.1 (c) (d) Problem 2.1 (d)

Fig. 2.11

20 kN
10 kN/m
B 2m 2m B
C C
2I 2I
1m 1m
10 kN 20 kN
I I I I
4m 4m
3m 3m

A
D D
A
6m
(a) Problem 2.2(a) (b)Problem 2.2(b)

20 kN
B 3m 3m
10 kN C
I

I I
4m 4m

A
D

(c) Problem 2.2(c)

Fig. 2.12

Ans. (a) HA = 10 kN, VA = 8.125 kN MA = – 22.5 kN-m VD = 11.875 kN

(b) HA = 7.76 kN, VA = 20 kN, HD = 12.24 kN, VD = 40 kN,