Division of City Schools

ALPACO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Alpaco, City of Naga, Cebu
Telefax: 272-7912
Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
DETAILED LESSON PLAN (DLP)
JANUARY 14, 2019 (Monday, 11:15-12:15 AM)
Learning Area: Statistics and Probability Grade Level: 12
IPlan No.: Duration: 60 minutes
The learner illustrates:
M11/12SP-IVa-1
Learning Competency (a) null hypothesis (b) alternative hypothesis (c) level of significance
(d) Rejection region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis testing.
Key Understandings The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of tests of hypotheses on the population mean and population
to be developed proportion.
Remembering
Knowledge
Understanding
illustrates:
Applying (a) null hypothesis (b) alternative hypothesis (c) level of significance
(d) rejection region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis testing.
Learning Skills
Analyzing
Objectives Evaluating
Creating
Attitudes Self-esteem
Values Trusting
Maka - Diyos
Maka-tao
Makakalikasan Cleanliness
Makabansa
Resources Needed LMs, TGs,

Methodology
Introductory Activity
Activity The teacher states the following to the class:
We make decisions every day. Some of these are important while others are not. In decision-making, we usually
follow certain processes: weigh alternatives, collect evidence, and make a decision. After a decision is made, an
appropriate interpretation is made (or an action is undertaken). We follow these basic processes in testing
hypothesis in Statistics.

The teacher uses a PowerPoint Presentation in presenting the following data/facts.

You hear claims involving statistics all the time; the media has no shortage of them:
• Twenty-five percent of all women in our community have varicose veins.
• A 6-month-old baby sleeps an average of 14 to 15 hours in a 24-hour period.
• A name-brand ready-mix pie takes only 5 minutes to make.

In today’s age information (and big money), a great deal rides on being able to back up your claims. Companies that
say their products are better than the leading brand had better be able to prove it, or they could face lawsuits.
Drugs that are approved by the BFAD have to show strong evidence that their products actually work without
producing life-threatening side effects. Manufacturers have to make sure their products are being produced
according to specifications to avoid recalls, customer complaints, and loss of business.

When we make decisions in real life, we usually associate them with probability values. For example, when we buy a
lottery ticket, we hope for a 100% win. Of course, we do not look forward to a loss. In statistical inference, we also
make statements of probability when we decide about the null hypothesis.

Analysis ACTIVITY 1 What mistakes do people make?

Read the following statements and identify the errors. Discuss the situations with your classmates.
1. Bryan thinks that he is a six-footer. His actual height is 156 cm.
2. On a moonlit night, a young man declares that there are two moons.
3. Mark says “I am virtuous!” In the next moment, he finds himself in jail.
4. Thousands of years ago, Ptolemy declared that the earth is flat.
5. On a beachfront, a signage reads, “No littering of plastic wrappers, empty bottles, and cans.” A few yards
 away, environmentalists are picking up the rubbish left behind by picnic lovers.

Abstraction NULL HYPOTHESIS AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

Example # 1 : Bottled Fruit Juice Content
The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled fruit juice claims that the average capacity of a bottle of their
product is 250mL.

In the example, the owner’s statement (called claim) is a general statement. The claim is that the capacity of all
their bottled products is 250mL per bottle. A consumer group may generalize that the bottled product is short of
the claim. If this can be proven, then the factory owner is lying. The evidence has to be established. So the
consumer group gets interested to know if, in reality, each bottle contains 250 mL.

Thus, the two hypotheses would be:

H0: The bottled drinks contain 250 mL per bottle. (This is the claim.)
H1: The bottled drinks do not contain 250 mL per bottle. (This is the opposite of the claim.)

But these statements should be written in symbols. For now, let us drop the unit measure and simply write:
𝐻0: 𝜇1 = 250 and H1: 𝜇 ≠ 250

Example # 2 : Working Students

A university claims that working students earn an average of Php 20 per hour.
H0: The working students earn an average of Php 20 per hour. (This is the claim.)
H1: The working students do not earn an average of Php 20 per hour. (This is the opposite of the claim.)

Ask the students to write the null and alternative hypotheses in symbols.

Answer: H0: 𝜇 = 250 and H1: 𝜇 ≠ 250

Example # 3 : Songs on an MP3 player

Suppose that 𝜇 is the average number of songs on an MP3 player owned by a student. Write down the
description of the null hypothesis H0: 𝜇 = 228.

Answer:
H0: The average number of songs on an MP3 player is 228.

TYPE OF ERRORS
Understanding Errors
Task: Study the following examples carefully and the notes that follow. Discuss for better understanding of
hypothesis testing.

Example 1: Maria’s Age

Maria insists that she is 30 years old when, in fact, she is 32 years old. What error is Mary committing?
Solution: Mary is rejecting the truth. She is committing a Type I error.

Example 2: Stephen’s Hairline

Stephen says that he is not bald. His hairline is just receding. Is he committing an error? If so, what type of error?
Solution: Yes. A receding hairline indicates balding. This is a Type I error. Stephen’s action may be to find remedial
measures to stop falling hair.

Example 3: Monkey-Eating Eagle Hunt

A man plans to go hunting the Philippine monkey-eating eagle believing that it is a proof of his mettle. What type
of error is this?
Solution: Hunting the Philippine eagle is prohibited by law. Thus, it is not a good sport. It is a Type II error. Since
hunting the Philippine monkey-eating eagle is against the law, the man may find himself in jail if he goes out of
his way hunting endangered species.

In decision that we make, we form conclusions and these conclusions are the bases of our actions. But this is not
always the case in Statistics because we make decisions based on sample information. The best that we can do is
to control the probability with which an error occurs.

The probability of committing a Type I error is denoted by the Greek letter 𝛼 (alpha) while the probability of
committing a Type II error is denoted by 𝛽 (beta).

The following table shows the probability with which decisions occur.
Table 5.2. Types of Errors
 The teacher shows the decision errors under the normal curve. Afterwhich, she explains the following:

Under the normal curve, the rejection region refers to the region where the value of the test statistic lies for
which we will reject the null hypothesis. This region is also called critical region.

So, if your computed statistic is found in the rejection region, then you reject H 0. If it is found outside the
rejection region, you accept H0.

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Application ACTIVITY 3

1. A study claims that adults watch television an average of 1.8 hours per day. Identify which of the
following statements are the null and alternative hypotheses.

a. The average hours per day of adults watching television is 1.8.

b. The average hours per day of adults watching television is not 1.8.

After identifying, write the null and alternative hypotheses in symbols.

2. Individually, give an erroneous statement and identify the type of error being emphasized.
3. Complete the following summary table of critical values.
Confidence Level 2-tailed 1-tailed
95% −𝑧𝛼⁄2 = -z=
+𝑧𝛼⁄ = +z=
2
99% −𝑧𝛼⁄2 = -z=
+𝑧𝛼⁄2 = +z=
Answer Key
1. A. Ho, Ho=1.8 B. Ha,Ha≠1.8
2. Answers may vary
3.
Confidence Level 2-tailed 1-tailed
95% −𝑧𝛼⁄2 =-1.96 -z=-1.65
+𝑧𝛼⁄2 = +1.96 +z=+1.65
99% −𝑧𝛼⁄2 =-2.58 -z=-2.33
+𝑧𝛼⁄2 = +2.58 +z=+2.33
Assessment A. Identify if the given hypothesis about the statement is the null or the alternative hypothesis and write it in
symbols.

1. An airline company claims that its flight arrives early 92% of the time.
H? = All of the flights arrive early 92% of the time.
In symbols, _________________________________________

2. An investment company claims that its clients make an average of 8% return on investments every year.
H? = Clients do not make an average of 8% return on investments every year.
In symbols, _________________________________________

3. The General Manager of Fresh’n’Easy air conditioners tells an investigative reporter that at least 85% of its
customers are “completely satisfied” with their overall purchase performance.
H? = Customers who are completely satisfied with their overall purchase performance is lesser than 85%.
In symbols, _________________________________________

4. A student counselor claims that Grade 7 Math students spend an average 3 hours per week doing exercises in
each subject.
H? = The average number of hours per week spent by students in doing exercises in each subject is 3 hours.
In symbols, ___________________________________________

B. Answer the following questions.

1. Which of the following describes a Type I error?
a. Accepting the null hypothesis when it is true
b. Failing to accept the alternative hypothesis when it is true
Assignment Review on the properties of normal curve
Concluding Activity

Prepared By:
Name: Lainel A. Reyes School: Alpaco National High School
Position/Designation: Teacher II Division: City of Naga
Contact Number: 09453910999 Email Address: lainelreyes@gmail.com