Philippine Christian University

Dasmariñas City
S.Y. 2018-2019
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Module in
Statistics and Probability

Submitted by:
DOBLAS, BRIAN FAITH R.
STEM P

Submitted to:
MR. ERMINGOL DELGADO

Date:
February 26, 2019
INTRODUCTION

In this module, the learner is able to understand the definition of statistics, origin of
statistics, the importance of statistics, the basic concept and the general field of statistics. You will
see the lessons that we discussed in statistics starting from introduction to statistics to measures of
position. You will also see in this module how to solve different measures in statistics. This module
may serve as a reviewer or guide in identifying a data and solving measures in statistics. I hope
that you find this module very informative and knowledgeable enough to help you in your study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:

 Introduction to Statistics
- Statistics
- Origin of Statistics
- Importance of Statistics
- Basic Concept of Statistics
- General Field of Statistics

 LESSON 1:
Data Collection & Data Presentation
- Methods of Collecting Data
- Presentation of Data
- Frequency Distribution Table (Grouped & Ungrouped)

 LESSON 2:
Measures of Central Tendency (Grouped & Ungrouped)
- Mean
- Median
- Mode

 LESSON 3:
Measures of Variance
- Variance
- Standard Deviation
- Mean Absolute Deviation

 LESSON 4:
Measures of Position
- Fractiles
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

STATISTICS
- It is a branch of Mathematics that deals with the systematic method of collecting,
classifying, presenting, analyzing and interpreting qualitative and quantitative data.

ORIGIN OF STATISTICS
- It comes from two diverse interests of man political state and game of chance. Early
civilizations are focused on trade, taxation and military recruitment. To forecast events
concerning these political issues, the concept of probabilities or “game of chance” was
formed leading to “statistical theory” proposed by Pascal, Bernaulli and other
mathematicians.

IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS
- Tool in measuring data of students performance in education
- Tool in analyzing and interpreting data in psychology
- Tool in forecasting business trends
- Provide an organized and systematic records of data in government offices
- Used as a basis for implementing policies

BASIC CONCEPT IN STATISTICS

- Its concept is to summarize, describe data and draw conclusions from them.

GENERAL FIELD OF STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics
- It is the collection, presentation and characterization of a set of data in order to describe
the various features of that set of data. It is concerned with the data on hand and can
only measure what already exists.

Inferential Statistics
- The estimation of characteristic or property of a population. It demands a critical
judgment and any treatment of data may lead to either prediction or inference.
LESSON 1:
DATA COLLECTION & DATA PRESENTATION

Methods of collecting data

1. Registration Method
- The respondents give information in compliance with certain laws, policies,
regulations, decrees or standard practices.
Example:

2. Observation Method
- The researcher observes the research situation. It must be specific, systematic,
quantitative and expert. Usually, it is used teaching-learning situations, group
interaction, and children behavior.
Example:

Two Types of Observation Method

a. Structured
-Format instrument is used as a guideline.
b. Unstructured
-No instrument are used

3. Conducting Surveys
a. Personal Interviews
- It allows flexibility both for the researcher and the researcher giving a complete,
precise, and consistent information needed in the study
Example:

b. Telephone Interview
- Cheaper but not applicable to all
 - Uses a standardized questioning procedure
Example:

c. Questionnaire Method
- A list of well-planned questions related to the topic under the study. It provides
confidentiality because respondents can answer the questions privately.
- Less time consuming, less expensive but it cannot be answered by illiterates.
Example:

4. Through Experimentation
- Used if the researcher wants to control the factors affecting the variable under
investigation.
Example:

Presentation of Data
1. Textual Form
- Combines text and figures, use when there is a numerical observation in the data.
Example:

2. Tabular form
- Systematically represented through tables.
Example:

3. Graphical Representations
- Using charts or graphs showing a glance of the general relationships between numerical
values.
o Types Graphical Representations

- Bar graph – comparison of simple magnitude.

- Line Graph – showing a trend (change in value) over a period.

- Pie Chart – a circle that is proportionally divide into different components.

- Pictograph - presents categorical data using pictures and symbols to see the nature of
data.

- Statistical Map - geographical location dots are used to represent a quantity for a
particular area in the maps.

- Scatter Diagram (Plot) - inspection of data which a list of values for two variables.
Frequency Distribution Table (FDT) Grouped & Ungrouped

Raw Score Array:

4 5 6 3 5 6 7 7 5 4

6 3 4 7 9 5 8 6 5 12

6 5 5 7 5 11 6 7 4 3

7 5 4 4 6 16 10 8 4 6

5 4 4 5 2 6 8 4 5 2

Ungrouped
Scores Tally Frequency
2 I I
3 III 3
4 IIIII-IIIII 10
5 IIIII-IIIII-II 12
6 IIIII-IIII 9
7 IIIII-I 6
8 III 3
9 I 1
10 I 1
11 I 1
12 I 1
16 I 1
21 I 1
 n = 50

Grouped

Scores Fi RF %RF UB LB Xi <CF >CF <RCF >RCF Fi*Xi 𝑥𝑖 2 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑖 2 𝑙𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̄ 𝑙

2-4 14 .28 28% 4.5 1.5 3 14 50 28% 100% 42 9 126 3.08
5-7 27 .54 54% 7.5 4.5 6 41 36 82% 72% 162 36 972 .08
8-10 5 .1 10% 10.5 7.5 9 46 9 92% 18% 40 81 405 2.92
11-13 2 .04 4% 13.5 10.5 12 48 4 96% 8% 24 144 288 5.92
14-16 1 .02 2% 16.5 13.5 15 49 2 98% 4% 15 225 225 8.92
17-19 0 0 0% 19.5 16.5 18 49 1 98% 2% 0 0 0 11.92
20-22 1 .02 2% 22.5 19.5 21 50 1 100% 2% 21 441 441 14.92
n = 50 =100% =304 =2,457