Catabolism is process of breaking down molecules and releasing energy

Anabolism is building up or synthesizing of molecules and requires energy input

CO2, H2O, and NH3 are low energy and come from high energy molecules like Fat, Carbs, and Protein
High to Low = Catabolism

Electrons are extracted during catabolism to get ATP which can then be broken down to do work such as
movement, solute transport, or biosynthesis (anabolism) of things like DNA

Cofactors, NAD+ accepts two electrons and one proton to form NADH during catabolism to get to ATP,
FAD can accept two electrons and two protons (catabolism)

Anabolism, NADPH can transfer electrons to form NADP+

Electron acceptors and donors are important in process

AchCOA use to extract energy from molecules or precursor in biosynthesis (catabolism and anabolism
amphibolic)

Glucose (c6h12o6) combines with molecular oxygen that forms CO2 and water in highly favourable
reaction, exergonic -686kcal/mole

Fats (c12h24o2) plus molecular oxygen forms CO2 and water, even more favourable, -2300kcal/mole

Oxidation is losing electrons, lost electrons contribute to electrons gained in reduction

Oxygen is biggest electron hog in body

Take carbon valence of 4 and subtract valence electrons to get oxidation state, one from C-C bonds, two
from H-H bonds, zero from C-O bonds

First stage of catabolism fats to fatty acids and glycerol, carbs to glucose and other monosaccharides,
protein to amino acids (preparatory stage, no energy extracted, just to get nutrients into blood)

Products from first stage get oxidized to form AchCOA which is two carbon unit, electrons from
breakdown are stored in cofactors, NADH and FADH2 (some ATP generated in stage but mostly just
getting ready)

Third stage is when AchCOA is broken down into two CO2 and extract more electrons (citric acid cycle),
NADH and FADHs reduce oxygen to water to make lots of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation, lots of energy
extracted, completely oxidized all carbons so they’re CO2)

ATP is currency because when hydrolyzed (-7.3kcal/mole) to ADP and P it releases energy and that
energy can be used by many different proteins to do work (movement, actin/myosin, solute transport,
sodium out of cell, signaling, make new biomolecules)

Making ATP is endergonic at +7.3kcal/mole so energy input is needed (endergonic), energy comes from
fuel oxidation (catabolism)

Make 40kg of ATP a day but only have 100 grams at a time
ATP is adenine base connected to ribose connected to three phosphate groups (negative), ADP is two
phosphates, AMP is one phosphate

Take off one phosphate group and you have one negatively charge inorganic phosphate that has
resonance, ADP molecule has some resonance and can spread out negative charges so it’s more stable
than ATP

PEP (-14.8) has large favourable free energy, same as BPG (-11.8) and can make ATP

Synthesis of ATP is endergonic reaction, ADP and Pi are starting point and need to hit with 7.3kcal/mole
to get ATP

Get ATP via substrate level phosphorylation, PEP (substrate) to pyruvate can make ATP -7.5kcal/mole,
couple ADP and Pi to ATP at 7.3kcal/mole with PEP to pyruvate at -14.8kcal/mole

Oxidative phosphorylation, O2 reduced to H20 (favourable) with cofactors and coupled to ADP and Pi,
coupling doesn’t come from substrate but proton gradient across mitochondrial membrane (inner),
electron transfer change is 4 chambers that take electrons and protons from NADH and FADH2 and used
to reduced O2 to H20 and pump protons out, ATPsynthase uses proton gradient to power
transformation of ADP and Pi to ATP

Catabolism breaks molecules down and releases energy, anabolism is input energy, catabolism and
anabolism are in balance, need energy put into body to determine rate of balance

Glucose is high energy and catabolized with loss of energy, loss of energy can be calculated because
glucose breakdown to CO2 and H20 = -686kcal/mole, Keq = 10^500, when reaction occurs there are 1
reactant to 10^500 product, can’t really be reversed to synthesize glucose

Glucose breakdown has multiple steps so that it can be reversible and regulate flow of energy

Increase concentration of reactant/product intermediate to change delta G

Delta G = Gnot (could be zero) + 1.36kcal/mole * log (products/reactant)

Easy to reverse reaction where delta G not is close to zero using concentrations as demonstrated by
equation above

Kinetic barriers are activation energies and large ones = slow, enzymes decrease activation energy and
increase speed, all reactions of metabolism require enzymes, reversible reactions are controlled by
substrate (close Gnot’s)

Irreversible reactions have large energy discrepancies between reactant and product and are enzyme
regulated (feedback inhibition (product slows reaction), allosteric enzymes, feedforward regulation
(reactant slows downstream reaction), enzyme level regulation)