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CHAPTER 11

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
AND TORSION

146 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Roof Deck
60850 2
0.75 (220 (307.5) + 3
√28) = 3.32 MPa

1.212 MPa < 3.32 Mpa


thus section is adequate

Transverse Torsional Reinforced Req’d:

(Assume 𝜃 = 45𝑜 )

𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛
𝑠
= 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

2 – 25 mm ∅ RSB Tn =
𝑇𝑢 41.6
= 0.75 = 55.47 kN-m

f’c = 28 MPa 𝐴𝑡 55.47 𝑥 106


fy = 414 MPa 𝑠
= 2 (27540)(414)cot(45)
Vu = 81.97 kN
𝐴𝑡
= 2.43 mm2/mm for leg of strap
Tu = 81.97 (0.2 + 0.3075) = 41.6 kN-m 𝑠

Longitudinal Torsional Reinforced Req’d:


Check if torsion is necessary:
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Acp = (220) (370) = 81,400 mm2 Al = 𝑃ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑣
Pcp = 2 (220 + 370) = 1,180 mm
230
Al = 2.43 (780) (1)2 =1053 mm2
414
∅ √𝑓′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝2 0.75 √28 814002
12
( 𝑃𝑐𝑝 ) = 12
( 1,180
) = 1.86 kN-m
5 √𝑓′ 𝑐 (𝐴𝑐𝑝) 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Al(min) = − 𝑃ℎ
12𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦
Tu > 1.86 kN-m
5 √28 (81400) 2.43 (230)
Compute sectional properties: Al(min) = − (780)
12(414) 414
= -619.50 mm2
Aoh = 120 (270) = 32,400 mm2
Ph = 2(120+270) = 780 mm Al> Al(min) (OK!)

Ao = 0.85 (Aoh) = 0.85 (32,400) N=


1053
= 2.13 “say” 4 bars
𝜋 (25)2
Ao = 27,540 mm2 4

𝑉𝑢 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 2
√( ) +( )
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ)2
𝑉𝑐 2
≤ ∅( + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
81970 2
41600 (780) 2
√( ) +( )
220 (307.5) 1.7(32400)2
= 1.212 MPa

147 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Combined Shear and Torsion Check if torsion is necessary:

Shear: Acp = (250) (450) = 112,500 mm2


Pcp = 2 (250+450) = 1,400 mm
81.97
VS = 0.75
− 60.85= 48.44 kN
∅ √𝑓′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝2 0.75 √28 112,5002
12
( 𝑃𝑐𝑝 ) = 12
( 1,400 ) = 3 kN-m
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 48440
𝑠
= 𝑓𝑦𝑡 (𝑑)
= 230 (362.5) = 0.581 mm2/mm
Tu > 3 kN-m
Torsion:
Compute sectional properties:
𝐴𝑡
= 2.43 mm2/mm
𝑠
Aoh = 150 (350) = 52,500 mm2
Ph = 2(150+350) = 1,000 mm
Required area (ONE LEG) of stirrup per
mm length:
Ao = 0.85 (Aoh) = 0.85 (52,500)
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣 Ao = 44,625 mm2
Ah = 𝑠
+ 2𝑠

0.581 𝑉𝑢 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 2
Ah = 2.43 + = 2.72 mm2/mm √( ) +( )
2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ)2
𝜋 (10)2 𝑉𝑐 2
≤ ∅( + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
S= 4
2.72
= 27.85 “say” 20 mm 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
97130 2
54640 (1000) 2
√( ) +( )
250 (362.5) 1.7(52500)2
Fourth Floor
= 1.01 MPa

81520 2
0.75 (250 (362.5) + 3
√28) = 3.32 MPa

1.01 MPa < 3.32 MPathus section is


adequate

Transverse Torsional Reinforced Req’d:

(Assume 𝜃 = 45𝑜 )

𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛
𝑠
= 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
4 – 25 mm ∅ RSB
𝑇𝑢 54.64
Tn = ∅
= 0.75
= 72.85 kN-m
f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 414 MPa 𝐴𝑡 72.85 𝑥 106
= 2 (44625)(414)cot(45)
Vu = 97.13 kN 𝑠

𝐴𝑡
Tu = 97.13 (0.2 + 0.3625) = 54.64 kN-m = 1.97 mm2/mm for leg of strap
𝑠

148 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Longitudinal Torsional Reinforced Req’d:
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 0.576
Al = 𝑠 𝑃ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2 Ah = 1.97 + 2
= 2.26 mm2/mm

230 𝜋 (10)2
Al = 1.97 (1000) (1)2 = 1094.44 mm2
414 S= 4
= 34.75 “say” 30 mm
2.26

5 √𝑓′ 𝑐 (𝐴𝑐𝑝) 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡


Al(min) = 12𝑓𝑦
− 𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑃ℎ Third Floor

5 √28 (112,500 ) 1.97 (230)


Al(min) = − (1000)
12(414) 414
= -495.32 mm2

Al> Al(min) (OK!)

1094.44
N= 𝜋 (25)2
= 2.22 “say” 4 bars
4

4 – 25 mm ∅ RSB

f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
Vu = 119.14 kN

Tu = 119.14 (0.2+ 0.4025) = 71.78 kN-m

Check if torsion is necessary:

Combined Shear and Torsion Acp = (280) (490) = 137,200 mm2


Pcp = 2 (280+490) = 1,540 mm
Shear:
∅ √𝑓′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝2 0.75 √28 1372002
97.13 ( 𝑃𝑐𝑝 ) = ( 1540 ) = 4.04 kN-m
VS= 0.75
− 81.52 = 47.99 kN 12 12

𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 47990 Tu > 4.04 kN-m


= = = 0.576 mm2/mm
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡 (𝑑) 230 (362.5)
Compute sectional properties:
Torsion:
Aoh = 180 (390) = 70,200 mm2
𝐴𝑡
𝑠
= 1.97 mm2/mm Ph = 2(180+390) = 1,140 mm

Required area (ONE LEG) of stirrup per Ao = 0.85 (Aoh) = 0.85 (70,200)
mm length: Ao = 59,670 mm2

𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣
Ah = 𝑠
+ 2𝑠

149 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
𝑉𝑢 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 2
√( ) +( )
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ)2
𝑉𝑐 2
≤ ∅( + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
119140 2 71780 (1140) 2
√( ) +( )
280 (402.5) 1.7(70200)2
= 1.06 MPa Combined Shear and Torsion

101380
0.75 (280 (402.5) +
2
√28) = 3.32 MPa Shear:
3
119.14
1.06 MPa < 3.32 MPathus section is VS = 0.75
− 101.38 = 57.47 kN
adequate
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 57470
= = = 0.510 mm2/mm
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡 (𝑑) 280 (402.5)
Transverse Torsional Reinforced Req’d:
Torsion:
(Assume 𝜃 = 45𝑜 )
𝐴𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛 = 1.94 mm2/mm
= 𝑠
𝑠 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

𝑇𝑢 71.78
Required area (ONE LEG) of stirrup per
Tn = ∅
= 0.75
= 95.71 kN-m mm length:

𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣
𝐴𝑡
=
95.71𝑥 106 Ah = +
𝑠 2𝑠
𝑠 2 (59670)(414)cot(45)
0.510
𝐴𝑡 Ah = 1.94 + = 2.2 mm2/mm
= 1.94 mm2/mm for leg of strap 2
𝑠
𝜋 (10)2
Longitudinal Torsional Reinforced Req’d: S= 4
= 35.7 “say” 30 mm
2.2
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Al = 𝑃ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2 Second Floor
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑣

230
Al = 1.94 (1140) 414
(1)2 = 1228.67 mm2

5 √𝑓′ 𝑐 (𝐴𝑐𝑝) 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡


Al(min) = − 𝑃ℎ
12𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦

5 √28 (137200) 1.94 (230)


Al(min) = − (1140)
12(414) 414
= -497.1 mm2

Al> Al(min) (OK!)

1228.67
N= 𝜋 (25)2
= 2.5“say” 4 bars
4 5 – 25 mm ∅ RSB

150 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 414 MPa 𝐴𝑡 99.7 𝑥 106
= 2 (64600)(414)cot(45)
Vu = 125.13 kN 𝑠

𝐴𝑡
Tu = 125.13 (0.2+ 0.3975) =74.77 kN-m 𝑠
= 1.86 mm2/mm for leg of strap

Check if torsion is necessary: Longitudinal Torsional Reinforced Req’d:

Acp = (300) (480) = 144,000 mm2 Al =


𝐴𝑡
𝑃ℎ
𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑣
Pcp = 2 (300+480) = 1,530 mm
230
∅ √𝑓′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝2 0.75 √28 1440002 Al = 1.86 (1160) (1)2 = 1198.67 mm2
12
( 𝑃𝑐𝑝 ) = 12
( 1530 ) = 4.48 kN-m 414

5 √𝑓′ 𝑐 (𝐴𝑐𝑝) 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡


Tu > 4.48 kN-m Al(min) = 12𝑓𝑦
− 𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑃ℎ

Compute sectional properties: Al(min) =


5 √28 (144000)

1.86 (230)
(1160)
12(414) 414

Aoh = 200 (380) = 76,000 mm2 = -431.78 mm2


Ph = 2(200+380) = 1,160 mm
Al> Al(min) (OK!)
Ao = 0.85 (Aoh) = 0.85 (76,000) 1198.67
Ao = 64,600 mm2 N= 𝜋 (25)2
= 2.44 “say” 4 bars
4

𝑉𝑢 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 2
√( ) +( )
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ)2
𝑉𝑐 2
≤ ∅( + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
125130 2 74770 (1160) 2
√( ) +( )
300 (397.5) 1.7(76000)2
= 1.05 MPa

107270 2
0.75 (300 (397.5) + 3
√28) = 3.32 MPa

1.05 MPa < 3.32 MPathus section is Combined Shear and Torsion
adequate
Shear:
Transverse Torsional Reinforced Req’d:
125.13
VS = 0.75
− 107.27 = 59.57 kN
(Assume 𝜃 = 45𝑜 )
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 59570
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛 = = = 0.652 mm2/mm
𝑠
= 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡 (𝑑) 230 (397.5)

𝑇𝑢 74.77
Tn = ∅
= 0.75
= 99.7 kN-m

151 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Torsion:

𝐴𝑡
𝑠
= 1.86 mm2/mm

Required area (ONE LEG) of stirrup per


mm length:

𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣
Ah = +
𝑠 2𝑠

0.652
Ah = 1.86 + 2
= 2.19 mm2/mm

𝜋 (10)2

S= 4
2.19
= 35.86 “say” 30 mm

Development Length

@ 25 mm ∅

Using 180o hook

The greatest of:

𝑓𝑦𝜓𝑒𝜓𝑐𝜓𝑟 276(1)(1)(1)
a. 𝑑𝑏 = (25)
4.17𝜆√𝑓′ 𝑐 4.17(1)√28

=312.70 “say” 320 mm

b. 8db = 8(25) = 200 mm

c. 150 mm

Use “320 mm”

Solve for lext

The greatest of:

a. 4db = 4 (25) = 100 mm


b. 65 mm

Use “100 mm”

152 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e

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