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DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
AND TORSION
146 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Roof Deck
60850 2
0.75 (220 (307.5) + 3
√28) = 3.32 MPa
(Assume 𝜃 = 45𝑜 )
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛
𝑠
= 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
2 – 25 mm ∅ RSB Tn =
𝑇𝑢 41.6
= 0.75 = 55.47 kN-m
∅
𝑉𝑢 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 2
√( ) +( )
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ)2
𝑉𝑐 2
≤ ∅( + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
81970 2
41600 (780) 2
√( ) +( )
220 (307.5) 1.7(32400)2
= 1.212 MPa
147 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Combined Shear and Torsion Check if torsion is necessary:
0.581 𝑉𝑢 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 2
Ah = 2.43 + = 2.72 mm2/mm √( ) +( )
2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ)2
𝜋 (10)2 𝑉𝑐 2
≤ ∅( + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
S= 4
2.72
= 27.85 “say” 20 mm 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
97130 2
54640 (1000) 2
√( ) +( )
250 (362.5) 1.7(52500)2
Fourth Floor
= 1.01 MPa
81520 2
0.75 (250 (362.5) + 3
√28) = 3.32 MPa
(Assume 𝜃 = 45𝑜 )
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛
𝑠
= 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
4 – 25 mm ∅ RSB
𝑇𝑢 54.64
Tn = ∅
= 0.75
= 72.85 kN-m
f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 414 MPa 𝐴𝑡 72.85 𝑥 106
= 2 (44625)(414)cot(45)
Vu = 97.13 kN 𝑠
𝐴𝑡
Tu = 97.13 (0.2 + 0.3625) = 54.64 kN-m = 1.97 mm2/mm for leg of strap
𝑠
148 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Longitudinal Torsional Reinforced Req’d:
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 0.576
Al = 𝑠 𝑃ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2 Ah = 1.97 + 2
= 2.26 mm2/mm
230 𝜋 (10)2
Al = 1.97 (1000) (1)2 = 1094.44 mm2
414 S= 4
= 34.75 “say” 30 mm
2.26
1094.44
N= 𝜋 (25)2
= 2.22 “say” 4 bars
4
4 – 25 mm ∅ RSB
f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
Vu = 119.14 kN
Required area (ONE LEG) of stirrup per Ao = 0.85 (Aoh) = 0.85 (70,200)
mm length: Ao = 59,670 mm2
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣
Ah = 𝑠
+ 2𝑠
149 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
𝑉𝑢 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 2
√( ) +( )
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ)2
𝑉𝑐 2
≤ ∅( + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
119140 2 71780 (1140) 2
√( ) +( )
280 (402.5) 1.7(70200)2
= 1.06 MPa Combined Shear and Torsion
101380
0.75 (280 (402.5) +
2
√28) = 3.32 MPa Shear:
3
119.14
1.06 MPa < 3.32 MPathus section is VS = 0.75
− 101.38 = 57.47 kN
adequate
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 57470
= = = 0.510 mm2/mm
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡 (𝑑) 280 (402.5)
Transverse Torsional Reinforced Req’d:
Torsion:
(Assume 𝜃 = 45𝑜 )
𝐴𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛 = 1.94 mm2/mm
= 𝑠
𝑠 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑇𝑢 71.78
Required area (ONE LEG) of stirrup per
Tn = ∅
= 0.75
= 95.71 kN-m mm length:
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣
𝐴𝑡
=
95.71𝑥 106 Ah = +
𝑠 2𝑠
𝑠 2 (59670)(414)cot(45)
0.510
𝐴𝑡 Ah = 1.94 + = 2.2 mm2/mm
= 1.94 mm2/mm for leg of strap 2
𝑠
𝜋 (10)2
Longitudinal Torsional Reinforced Req’d: S= 4
= 35.7 “say” 30 mm
2.2
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Al = 𝑃ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2 Second Floor
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑣
230
Al = 1.94 (1140) 414
(1)2 = 1228.67 mm2
1228.67
N= 𝜋 (25)2
= 2.5“say” 4 bars
4 5 – 25 mm ∅ RSB
150 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 414 MPa 𝐴𝑡 99.7 𝑥 106
= 2 (64600)(414)cot(45)
Vu = 125.13 kN 𝑠
𝐴𝑡
Tu = 125.13 (0.2+ 0.3975) =74.77 kN-m 𝑠
= 1.86 mm2/mm for leg of strap
𝑉𝑢 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 2
√( ) +( )
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ)2
𝑉𝑐 2
≤ ∅( + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
125130 2 74770 (1160) 2
√( ) +( )
300 (397.5) 1.7(76000)2
= 1.05 MPa
107270 2
0.75 (300 (397.5) + 3
√28) = 3.32 MPa
1.05 MPa < 3.32 MPathus section is Combined Shear and Torsion
adequate
Shear:
Transverse Torsional Reinforced Req’d:
125.13
VS = 0.75
− 107.27 = 59.57 kN
(Assume 𝜃 = 45𝑜 )
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 59570
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛 = = = 0.652 mm2/mm
𝑠
= 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡 (𝑑) 230 (397.5)
𝑇𝑢 74.77
Tn = ∅
= 0.75
= 99.7 kN-m
151 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Torsion:
𝐴𝑡
𝑠
= 1.86 mm2/mm
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣
Ah = +
𝑠 2𝑠
0.652
Ah = 1.86 + 2
= 2.19 mm2/mm
𝜋 (10)2
S= 4
2.19
= 35.86 “say” 30 mm
Development Length
@ 25 mm ∅
𝑓𝑦𝜓𝑒𝜓𝑐𝜓𝑟 276(1)(1)(1)
a. 𝑑𝑏 = (25)
4.17𝜆√𝑓′ 𝑐 4.17(1)√28
c. 150 mm
152 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e