Sophie Carter

Period 5

Works Cited
Primary Sources:
A bronze plaque in Paris, showing the events of August 4th 1789. Alpha History,
alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/august-4th-decrees/. Accessed 12 Mar. 2019. This
plaque in Paris remembers the day that Feudalism was abolished in France. The date of
this abolition was August 4, 1798. The French Revolution went on for many years, but
this event is one of many that remembers the end of it. I used this photo for my "effects"
section of my website because the abolition of feudalism was an important effect of the
September Massacres.

Lucerne Lion Monument. 99 Dollar Holidays, www.99dollarholidays.com/package/best-of-

switzerland-8-days-b/. Accessed 10 Mar. 2019. This image depicts the Lucerne Lion
Monument in Switzerland. This monument honors all the Swiss soldiers who lost their
lives in the September Massacres. Switzerland fought with the monarchy in the
massacres because they had some sort of alliance with the royal family, obligating them
to insert themselves into the massacres. Along with Switzerland, Austria, Prussia, and
England also fought for the monarchy. In fact, Prussian threats are one of the causes of
the massacres.

Women's March to Versailles. History Wiz, www.historywiz.com/womensmarch.htm. Accessed

12 Mar. 2019. This illustration is of the Women's March to Versailles in 1789. During
this time there were food shortages in France, and therefore, an increase in food prices.
The monarchy, in a time of suffering, did nothing to help their people. Many angry
women marched to Versailles because of this, protesting against the high prices for bread
in the Women's March.

Secondary Sources:

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "September Massacres." Encyclopaedia Britannica,

www.britannica.com/event/September-Massacres. Accessed 18 Oct. 2018. Encyclopaedia
Britannica went into elaborate detail about the reasoning behind the September
Massacres. It talked about how people of France believed that their prisoners were
planning to rise up and join a counterrevolution. Due to this, many prisoners were either
executed or murdered. The killing began on September 2, when an armed band attacked a
group of prisoners, being transferred to Abbaye prison.
"Effects of the French Revolution that make it a true Revolution." Abby Zimmerman, 26 Apr.
2015, m.youtube.com/watch?v=n7ZQdzH1kgM. Accessed 16 Nov. 2018.
The video shown talks about key things that prove the French Revolution to be an
important event in history. The first thing the speaker explains is the abolishment of
feudalism to be an important effect of the revolution. Also mentioned, is the transition
from a monarchy to a republic. One of the other important effects of the French
Revolution is the attempt made to separate from the Catholic Church. All of these events
help support the claim that the French Revolution had a great impact on history.
Sophie Carter
Period 5

"France." Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 6 Mar. 2019,

www.britannica.com/place/France/The-abolition-of-feudalism. Accessed 6 Mar. 2019.
The website explains the abolition of feudalism (why it occurred, how it was handled,
etc.) I did not know how immediately feudalism was abolished in order to stop the
violence that gripped all of France. Although many peasants argued about some of the
terms that went along with the new law, they eventually accepted the policies. This is an
example of how scared the people of France were during the massacres, because they so
promptly changed such a significant law.
"French Revolution." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: War, Detroit, Gale, 2009. Student
Resources In Context,
link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ3048500029/SUIC?u=wayn61631&sid=SUIC&xid=929
28188. Accessed 31 Oct. 2018.
This book gave me a clear understanding of the main effects of the September Massacres.
These effects included, the people of France overthrowing the French monarchy, the
Reign of Terror, Napoleon, etc. All of these events caused France a combination of both
great triumph and tragedy.
"The French Revolution Causes and Effects." Adams Ly, 30 Oct. 2013,
m.youtube.com/watch?v=6umutfsKIKc. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.
The video above explained that the main cause of the French Revolution was financial
crisis. It also mentioned that while many were in debt, the monarchy continued to spend
money carelessly. Along with that, social inequality was also a big problem between the
three social classes of clergy, nobility, and commoners. These were the two main reasons
that the commoners rebelled.
"The French Revolution: Crash Course World History #29." CrashCourse, 10 Aug. 2012,
m.youtube.com/watch?v=lTTvKwCylFY. Accessed 12 Nov. 2018.
From this source I gained an understanding of why France was in debt. I did not know
that nobles did not have to pay taxes. Also, I now better understand the role of Napoleon
during the French Revolution. Last, I also had no idea that the royal family was forced to
move to Paris. To add on to that, they moved because of the Women’s March, a march in
which women marched through Paris demanding bread at a fair price to feed their
families.
"FRENCH REVOLUTION | Educational Video for Kids." Happy Learning English, 14 Dec.
2017, m.youtube.com/watch?v=IIDfZ-8o4jE. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.
This video explained that during the French Revolution there was absolute monarchy.
This caused the monarchy and nobles to have great wealth. However, the lower classes
were forced to pay higher taxes, because the nobles were not obligated to pay taxes.
Social inequality was also introduced in the video. Social inequality was actually a
leading cause of the French Revolution.
Sophie Carter
Period 5

"The French Revolution Effects." Christine Golden, m.youtube.com/watch?v=R0yr4MQ-nRM.

Accessed 16 Nov. 2018.
The video shown explained the effects of the French Revolution. Many of the videos I
had watched talked about causes but did not go into detail about the effects. The French
Revolution had a significant impact on Europe as a whole, explaining why publicists
referred to the massacres as “the horror of revolution”. The well-known claim, “liberty,
equality, fraternity” was widely spread across the European continent.
"The French Revolution Essay." bartleby, www.bartleby.com/essay/The-French-Revolution-
F3J2SLGATJ. Accessed 13 Nov. 2018.
This essay assisted me in better understanding some of the events ensuing the September
Massacres, as well as the causes of the September Massacres. For example, after the
deaths of Marie-Antoinette and King Louis XVI feudalism was abolished. Along with
that, some of the causes of the massacres include food shortages, fiscal crisis, and social
inequality. Before reading the essay, I did not know that social inequality was as big a
cause as it was.
History.com Editors, editor. "Monarchy abolished in France." History, A&E Television
Networks, 9 Feb. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/monarchy-abolished-in-
france. Accessed 19 Oct. 2018.
Overall, I learned about the reasons for the beheadings of King Louis XVI and Marie-
Antoinette and how their actions angered the people of France. The site explained that
France was suffering from food shortages, and economic crisis, which is why they were
detained. However, King Louis XVI was accused of treason, which is why he was
executed.
Llewellyn, J., and S. Thompson. "The September Massacres." alpha history,
alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/september-massacres/. Accessed 18 Oct. 2018.
From this source I developed a clear understanding of the September Massacres, and how
they connect to the French Revolution. After reading I understood that the prisoners were
killed due to unfair treatment of the lower classes and how this event provoked outrage as
the news reached London. Also, among those killed included a few noteworthy people at
the time, including Princess Lamballe.
A 19th Century depiction of the popular violence during the September Massacres. alpha
history, alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/wp-
content/uploads/2012/11/septembermassacres.jpg. Accessed 30 Oct. 2018.
The illustration provided is from the 1900s. Depicted, is a mob beating and killing the
inmates. The illustration shows how violent the mobs must have been and how helpless
the inmates were during the massacres. One of the men in the picture is holding a stick
with a woman's head on top. This head had most likely belonged to, Marie Thérèse,
Princess de Lamballe, who was snatched from a prison in eastern Paris, on September 3,
and handed to an angry mob.
Sophie Carter
Period 5

Palace of Versailles. Get Your Guide, www.getyourguide.com/paris-l16/versailles-palace-full-

day-bike-tour-t50995/. Accessed 6 Mar. 2019.
This photograph depicts modern day Versailles Palace and the beautiful greenery in front
of the palace. I used this picture for the "causes" section of my website, because most of
the causes of the September Massacres are due to the monarchy's power (financial crisis,
social inequality). One of the reasons the people of France felt such great hatred towards
the upper classmen was that they were not obligated to pay the same taxes as those in the
lower classes. This caused the lower classes to feel as though they were being treated
unfairly and released their wrath on many prisoners.
"The September Massacres." Heritage History, www.heritage-
history.com/index.php?c=read&author=montgomery&book=french&story=massacres.
Accessed 2 Nov. 2018.
The website shows the triumph and tragedy caused by the September Massacres. It
describes the French forming themselves into armies as gallant and full of cheerful
courage. This shows the confidence the French felt going into battle. However, it also
explains the murderous hate the people of France felt towards upperclassmen. This hatred
eventually led to the tragic September Massacres.
"The September Massacres." Historyplex, historyplex.com/the-september-massacres-summary-
significance. Accessed 18 Oct. 2018.
The above source went into further detail about the cause of the September Massacres. It
also explained the reasons for Prussia, Austria, and England inserting themselves in the
revolution. The royal family of France had an alliance with Prussia and Austria, who
were therefore inclined to support the royal family. They did this by threatening the
people of France that there would be an attack if they harmed the royal family. This
attack urged England to help halt the French Revolution.
"The September Massacres." Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/392/.
Accessed 2 Nov. 2018.
This website went into further detail about the causes of the September Massacres, as
well as providing the reader with the dialogue of a man recalling the massacres. The man
describes the mobs quite violently, slaughtering everyone in their path. The article later
goes on to state that the amount of people participating in the September Massacres was
only about one hundred fifty. The rest of France watched in either fear or approval.
"September Massacres 1792." History, 30 Nov. 2011, m.youtube.com/watch?v=XroMAHL501I.
Accessed 2 Nov. 2018.
Along with clarifying the information I already have, this video provided me with more
important details about the September Massacres. For example, I had not realized most of
the prisons the mobs hit, contained priests or nobles. This is because these people of
higher rank posed a greater threat than peasants, due to their high social status. Very few
detained priests and nobles survived the September Massacres due to this.
Sophie Carter
Period 5

"What are the September Massacres?" wisegeek, m.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-september-

massacres.htm. Accessed 18 Oct. 2018.
This source explained in detail how the prisoners were killed. Prisoners didn’t even
attempt to protect themselves because they knew they had no chance against the angry
mobs. Various witnesses recall that children who had nothing to do with the
counterrevolution were slaughtered just as savagely as adults. Very few prisoners
survived the Massacres, and those who did remembered it with horror.