PAINTS

Paint is a term used to describe a number of substances that consist of a pigment

suspended in a liquid or paste vehicle such as oil or water. With a brush, a roller, or a spray gun,
paint is applied in a thin coat to various surfaces such as wood, metal, or stone. Although its
primary purpose is to protect the surface to which it is applied, paint also provides decoration.
Paint is composed of pigments, solvents, resins, and various additives. The pigments give
the paint color; solvents make it easier to apply; resins help it dry; and additives serve as
everything from fillers to antifungicidal agents. Hundreds of different pigments, both natural and
synthetic, exist. The basic white pigment is titanium dioxide, selected for its excellent concealing
properties, and black pigment is commonly made from carbon black. Other pigments used to
make paint include iron oxide and cadmium sulfide for reds, metallic salts for yellows and
oranges, and iron blue and chrome yellows for blues and greens.
Paint is a solution of a pigment in water, oil, or organic solvent that is any liquid,
liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to
a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can
be made or purchased in many colors and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic,
etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.

Classification of Paints
Paints can be classified under various factors:
Based on their Functions
• Primers or Undercoats- A preparatory coating applied before painting for better adhesion
• Finishing Coats- Polish to create a smooth and shiny surface
• Sanding Sealer- Sanding sealer fills small pits and pores. It is usually applied on wooden
surfaces to achieve smother surface
• Floor Paint- Long lasting paints used to provide good and hard surface finish for concrete
or other rough floors, e.g. Urethane Oil-Based Paint
• Galvanized Iron Primer- It is a water-based anti-corrosive quick drying coat applied on
metal surfaces
• Spray Paint- Applied with spray gun for even and smooth surface finish
Based on Pigment Used
• Zinc Rich or Zinc Dust Primer- Zinc rich paints are used to withstand continuous
temperature up to 550 C°. It is also used to protect the surface against weathering and
corrosion as well as prevention of underfilm corrosion attack
• White Lead Paints- It is the cheapest and decolorizes on exposure and is therefore
commonly used for ordinary buildings. It is not suitable for exterior works. It cannot be
used as a protection against corrosion
• Graphite Paint- It consists of powdered graphite and oil and is used to coat metallic
structures
• Red Lead Paints- In combination with linseed oil it may be used as a thick, long-lasting
anti-corrosive layer
• Micaceous Iron Oxide- Used for the protection of steel against corrosion
• Calcium Plumbate Primer- Can be applied both on timber and metal, and is therefore
ideal where the two are combined. e.g. A metal window frame with a wooden outer
frame.
 • Zinc Chromate- Used as a corrosion resistant agent and increase the durability of the
surface several times
Based on Sheen of a Paint
The sheen of paint is the amount of light reflected by the painted surface. Depending on level of
sheen paints may be of four types:
• Flat paint- has no shine. A friend to walls that have something to hide, flat/matte soaks
up, rather than reflects, light. It has the most pigment and will provide the most coverage,
which translates to time and money savings. However, it’s tough to clean without taking
paint off with the grime.
• Paints with Satin Finish- available as oil-based or latex/acrylic paint for interior or
exterior applications. It reflects light producing a medium-gloss that shines noticeably
more than matte, flat or eggshell finishes; but less than high-gloss paints.
• Semi-Gloss Paints- Good for rooms where moisture, drips, and grease stains challenge
walls. Also great for trim work that takes a lot of abuse.
• Gloss Paints- shiny and reflect most light in the specular (mirror-like) direction. The
most durable and easiest to clean of all paint sheens, high-gloss paint is hard, ultra-shiny,
and light-reflecting. Think appliance-paint tough. High gloss is a good choice for area
that sticky fingers touch cabinets, trim, and doors. High-gloss, however, is too much
shine for interior walls. And like a Spandex dress, high gloss shows every bump and roll,
so don’t skimp on prep work.
Based on Appearance
• Eggshell
• Multicolored
• Matt
• Iridescent Texture
• Satin Finish
• Wrinkle Finish
• Semi-Gloss
• Luminous
• Fluorescent
• Gloss
• Crackle Finish
• Flat
Based on Binder/Medium
• Acrylic
• Latex Paint
• Latex Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA)
• Shellac Based Paint
• Spirit Based Paint
• Epoxy Paint
• Polyurethane
• Alkyd Resin
• Tung Oil Paint
• Linseed Oil Paint
• Distemper
• Emulsion
 • Chlorinated Rubber

Application
Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol) or a liquid. Techniques
vary depending on the practical or artistic results desired.
As a solid, the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at high temperature. This
melts the powder and causes it to adhere to the surface. The reasons for doing this involve the
chemistries of the paint, the surface itself, and perhaps even the chemistry of the substrate (the
object being painted). This is called "powder coating" an object.
• automotive application
As a gas or as a gaseous suspension, the paint is suspended in solid or liquid form in a gas
that is sprayed on an object. The paint sticks to the object. This is called "spray painting" an
object. A chemical (typically a solvent) can be sprayed along with the paint to dissolve together
both the delivered paint and the chemicals on the surface of the object being painted. Some
chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of the paint molecules.
In the liquid application, paint can be applied by direct application using brushes, paint
rollers, blades, scrapers, other instruments, or body parts such as fingers and thumbs.

Applicable for
Protection
Paint is used to protect objects from adverse effects of weather e.g.
- A coat of paint protects buildings and structures from the effects of water and the sun by
preventing water seepage and the effects of U.V. radiation which would otherwise make
the building and the structures rot and degrade.
- Metal structures are painted to prevent them from rusting.
Decoration
Paint is used to decorate all sorts of objects. Paint decoration is an important industry. Painted
objects are more attractive and valuable.
Art
Paintings are pictures done in paint. Paintings are usually done on board, canvas or paper. Old
beautiful and famous paintings are very valuable.
Information
Paint is used to give information by means of painted signs. This include road lane marking,
street signs, warning signs, advertising signs to mention but a few.

Major Raw Materials

Raw materials are divided into three major groups, namely, pigments (titanium dioxide, zinc
oxide etc.), solvents (mineral turpentine) and resins and additives.
• Pigments are finely ground solids of different shades to give colour, durability,
consistency and other properties to paint. It is also one of the major raw materials,
accounting for one-third of the total raw materials cost. Amongst the vital pigments used
in the process of paint manufacture is Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and the industry consumes
around 60% of TiO2. This pigment is available in two grades: anatase and rutile, of which
anatase is exclusively used in interiors while rutile is preferred in exteriors.
• Solvents are volatile organic compounds (VOC) used to dissolve, suspend or change the
physical properties of other materials. They are generally used to bring down the
 viscosity of paints to the desired level, which also reduces the cost of paint formation.
They constitute 70%-75% of the paint liquid and ultimate escapes into the atmosphere
when the fluid dries. Solvents such as ethylene glycols and alcohols are finding wider use
as co-solvents in new water-borne formulations.
• Binders are generally oils, resins and plasticisers that give paints its protective property.
Most resin manufacturers make alkyds, polyesters, emulsion polymers, epoxy resins,
amino resins, powder coating resins etc.
• Additives are added in small proportion to the paint to improve its performance
characteristics in various ways. Skinning inhibitors, fungicides, wetting agents, driers are
included in this category.

The Manufacturing Process

Making the paste
- Pigment manufacturers send bags of fine grain pigments to paint plants. There, the
pigment is premixed with resin (a wetting agent that assists in moistening the pigment),
one or more solvents, and additives to form a paste.
Dispersing the pigment
- The paste mixture for most industrial and some consumer paints is now routed into a sand
mill, a large cylinder that agitates tiny particles of sand or silica to grind the pigment
particles, making them smaller and dispersing them throughout the mixture. The mixture
is then filtered to remove the sand particles.
- Instead of being processed in sand mills, up to 90 percent of the water-based latex paints
designed for use by individual homeowners are instead processed in a high-speed
dispersion tank. There, the premixed paste is subjected to high-speed agitation by a
circular, toothed blade attached to a rotating shaft. This process blends the pigment into
the solvent.
Thinning the paste
- Whether created by a sand mill or a dispersion tank, the paste must now be thinned to
produce the final product. Transferred to large kettles, it is agitated with the proper
amount of solvent for the type of paint desired.
Canning the paint
- The finished paint product is then pumped into the canning room. For the standard 8 pint
(3.78 liter) paint can available to consumers, empty cans are first rolled horizontally onto
labels, then set upright so that the paint can be pumped into them. A machine places lids
onto the filled cans, and a second machine presses on the lids to seal them. From wire
that is fed into it from coils, a bailometer cuts and shapes the handles before hooking
them into holes precut in the cans. A certain number of cans (usually four) are then boxed
and stacked before being sent to the warehouse.

Paint Innovations
Self-Cleaning Paint:
Dealing first with types of paint, the technology now available to scientists is helping them to
develop types of paint with new and highly useful properties.
Tech Times shows how a new ‘nanocoating’ — a paint made from coated titanium dioxide
nanoparticles — can actually help to create ‘self-cleaning’ waterproof surfaces.
The article quotes chemist Yao Liu, who explained: “Being waterproof allows materials to self-
clean as water forms marble-shaped droplets that roll over the surface, acting like miniature
vacuum cleaners picking up dirt, viruses and bacteria along the way.”
Developments such as this can clearly have a big impact on surfaces exposed to extremes, be
they indoor or outdoors.

Making Paint Surface Preparation Safe and Eco-Friendly

The way in which surfaces are prepared for painting has also changed drastically thanks to
technology.
In years gone by businesses deployed the technique of ‘sandblasting’ to strip the paint off a
surface and render it ready for a fresh look. It worked but it was far from perfect — throwing up
dangerous levels of dust.
Nowadays, facilities such as Airblast AFC blast booths use new materials that can be recovered
and re-used, making the process of industrial blasting much safer and much more efficient.
Given that it’s vital for large structures from wind turbines to jumbo jets to display the right
branding developments in this field have been crucial for businesses in many sectors.

PIGMENTS
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result
of wavelength-selective absorption.
Pigments are insoluble and are applied not as solutions but as finely ground solid particles mixed
with a liquid. In general, the same pigments are employed in oil- and water-based paints, printing
inks, and plastics.

 Classification of pigments
Pigments may be organic or inorganic. The majority of inorganic pigments are brighter and
last longer than organic ones.

 Organic pigments
 Chlorophyll - is any of several closely related green pigments found
in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants .
 Melanin - The pigment that gives human skin, hair, and eyes their color.
 Rhodopsin - a biological pigment found in the rods of the retina and is a G-
protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Extremely sensitive to light, and thus enables
vision in low-light conditions.
 Lycopene - a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment and phytochemical
found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.
 Betanin - from red table beet root gives pink to red color.

 Inorganic pigments
 Earth pigments:
o Ochre - is a natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide, which
ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown.
 o Umbers - is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that
contains iron oxide and manganese oxide. It's darker than the other similar
earth pigments.
o Green Earth - a mixture of hydrosilicate of Fe, Mg, Al, K, (mainly
minerals as celadonite and glauconite). Used since antiquity for
underpainting middle and shadow flesh tones.
o Caput Mortuum - also known as cardinal purple, is the name given to a
purple variety of haematite iron oxide pigment, used in oil paints and
paper dyes.
o Venetian Red - a reddish-brown pigment consisting of ferric oxide.

 Mineral pigments:
o Malachite - bright green color made of mineral Malachite
o Vermillion - brilliant red or scarlet pigment originally made from the
powdered mineral cinnabar, and is also the name of the resulting color.
o Lapis Lazuli - deep blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious
stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color

INDUSTRIES APPLICABLE TO PIGMENTS

Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food, and other
materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are dry colorants, usually
ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a binder (or vehicle), a relatively neutral or
colorless material that suspends the pigment and gives the paint its adhesion.
Pigments are applicable to the following: colorants in food, pharmaceuticals, special
printing inks cosmetics; for crack detection, and “fingerprints” in origin or brand protection.
 Food Industry
Pigments may serve as a natural food colorant. Since food is a sensory experience it is only
natural that consumers want their food to look good as well as taste great. Natural food colors are
by and large less luminous and fluorescent than their synthetic counterparts.
 Pharmaceuticals

Some of the widely used colours in pharma are white, blue, red, yellow, green and brown.
Pharmaceutical colors manufacturers use colours made of natural or synthetic substances to
achieve the right formulation.
 Printing Inks
Inorganic pigments used in ink are mainly the luminescent and pearlescent (nacreous)
types.
 Luminescent pigments may either be the fluorescent type or the phosphorescent
type. The processes of fluorescence and phosphorescence differ in the time delays
involved between the absorption and emission of light. Semiconducting sulfides of
zinc and cadmium are examples of these pigments.
 Pearlescent pigments are used in ink to obtain a pearl-like appearance. They mimic
the reflection mechanism in natural pearl. Pearl has multiple layers of calcium
carbonate and protein. Incident light undergoes multiple reflection between these
layers, resulting in the special appearance.
 Cosmetics
 It is the inorganic pigments that are popular with cosmetics but are subject to purity levels of
heavy metals.

RAW MATERIALS
Organic pigments are presently synthesized from aromatic hydrocarbons. These are compounds
containing structures of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached that are formed in closed
rings.

Production Advantages Disadvantages Colours

PROCESS DESCRIPTION
 Pigmentation process- the chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any
general or particular coloring matter in living organisms.
 For example, melanin (responsible for our skin color and spots): it also protects
you.
o UV light triggers special cells called melanocytes to produce the pigment
melanin. The melanin is carried by melanosomes to skin cells.
Differences in skin color are due to the color of the melanin, the amount
of it, and how it ends up being distributed in the skin.
o The lesser the melanin, the lighter the skin

INNOVATIONS
Leaf processing technology
In a process developed by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, leaves gathered in
gardens and parks are dried and ground, and compounds are extracted. The processing stages
were developed by VTT in laboratory experiments.

Cool Pigment technology

U.S. Department of Energy has awarded a coating manufacturer for developing a new
pigment technology for metal roofing. This cool pigment technology is a more advanced class of
dark-colored pigments that can convert a portion of visible light energy to NIR (near infrared
reflective pigments), which is radiated away by homes or buildings. This pigment can achieve
higher values for solar reflectance compared to standard ones.

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS
Industrial coatings are products engineered specifically for their protective and functional
properties. But while protection is their underlying goal, they also can be aesthetic. Most
industrial coatings are used for corrosion control of concrete and steel, but they lie under a
complex market umbrella and work in numerous areas.
This is a type of coating that is designed to meet the highest industrial standards in
chemical and corrosion resistance. It is made from polymer substances, which provide the
toughest coatings. They are designed to offer corrosion protection in fasteners and steel pipes,
which hold gases, oils, water, wastewater, petrochemicals and for food processing equipment
that requires non-stick coating. It is also used in agricultural, automotive and construction
equipment.

Industrial Coating Applications

The list of applications for industrial coatings is seemingly endless, so first you must
understand the reason for using them. The primary focus for applying coatings is to preserve the
item that lies beneath it in some way. This is particularly important avoiding various types of
corrosion.
The most common application for these coating products is to prevent corrosion of steel
and concrete. Another common use is to make the material less susceptible to fire or other
hazards.
Industrial coatings will extend the overall lifetime of materials, which in turn curbs
replacement costs. They are typically applied using brushes, airless sprayers, or paint rollers.
Some of the more complex methods include spinning, electro-coating, or autophoretic
application.

Types of Industrial Coatings

While there are many application processes, some typical polymers that are used as coatings are:
 Epoxy
 Polyurethane
 Fluoropolymer
 Moisture cure urethane
Industrial wood coatings can be used for a range of applications, often applied to furniture,
industrial joinery, and bathroom and kitchen fittings.

RAW MATERIALS

• Epoxy resin- It can be used as a secondary adhesive to reinforce the wood glue. Epoxy
adhesives are used to laminate plywood with fiberglass. This increases the strength and
durability of the construction. Epoxy resin is an excellent choice for coating bar tops and
other frequently wet wooden surfaces.

• Polyester resin-Polyester resin is a thermosetting unsaturated polymer resin, which is

formed from the reaction between organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. It is used for
various domestic and industrialapplications.

• Pigment-any of a group of compounds that are intensely coloured and are used to
colour other materials.

• Additive- any of various chemical substances added to foods to produce specific

desirable effects.

• Curing agent-is sprayed on to a freshly poured concrete slab. This slows down
the curing process which can help prevent the concrete slab cracking. It is widely used in
the summer months.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

INNOVATION

Powder coating

Powder coating is a dry finishing process that has become extremely popular since its
introduction in North America over in the 1960s. Representing over 15% of the total industrial
finishing market, powder is used on a wide array of products. More and more companies specify
powder coatings for a high-quality, durable finish, allowing for maximized production, improved
efficiencies, and simplified environmental compliance.