3.5 An inhibitor (I) is added to the enzymatic reaction at a level of 1.0 g/l.

The following
data were obtained for Km = 9.2 g S/l.
v s
0.909 20
0.658 10
0.493 6.67
0.40 5
0.333 4
0.289 3.33
0.227 2.5
a. Is the inhibitor competitive or noncompetitive?
b. Find KI.
Answer:
a) to determine whether inhibitor is competitive or noncompetitive, plotting must be done
1 1
for versus .
S V
v s 1/v 1/s
0.909 20 1.10011 0.05
0.658 10 1.519757 0.1
0.493 6.67 2.028398 0.149925
0.40 5 2.5 0.2
0.333 4 3.030303 0.25
0.289 3.33 3.460208 0.3003
0.227 2.5 4.40528 0.4

y = ax + b
y = 9.5359x + 0.6021
 1 Km 1 1
 
v o Vmax S Vmax
1 1

Vmax 0.6021
 1.66
Km
adalah gradien = 9.5359
Vmax
Km = Slope
9.5359
=
0.6021
= 15.84
Jadi, Km,app = 15.84 g s/l
Km,app > Km, inhibitor merupakan competitive inhibitor.
b) To find KI
K m,app 
 K m 1  K1I 
 1 
15.84 g S/l  9.2 g S/l1  
 KI 
 1  15.84 g S/l
1   
 KI  9.2 g S/l
1
1  1.72
KI
1
 1.72  1
KI
1
 1.72  1
KI
1
 0.72
KI
KI  1.38

3.10 a.H. H. Weetall and N. B. Havewala report the following data for the production of
dextrose from corn starch using both soluble and immobilized (azo-glass beads)
glucoamylase in a fully agitated CSTR system.
1. Soluble data: T = 60oC, [S0] = 168 mg starch/ml, [E0] = 11,600 units, volume =
1000 ml.
2. Immobilized data: T = 60oC, [S0] = 336 mg starch/ml, [E0] = 46,400 units initially,
immobilized,volume = 1000 ml.
 Product concentration
Time (mg dextrose/ml)
Soluble Immobilized
0 12.0 18.4
15 40.0 135
30 76.5 200
45 94.3 236
60 120.0 260
75 135.5 258
90 151.2 262
105 150.4 266
120 155.7 278
135 160.1 300
150 164.9 310
165 170.0 306
225 - 316
415 - 320
Determine the maximum reaction velocity, Vm (mg/ml-min · unit of enzyme) and
the saturation constant, KM (mg/ml).
b. The same authors studied the effect of temperature on the maximum rate of the
hydrolysis of corn starch by glucoamylase. The results are tabulated next.
Determine the activation energy (∆E cal/g mole) for the soluble and immobilized
enzyme reaction.
Vmax (m mol/min 106)
T, oC
Soluble Azo-immobilized
25 0.62 0.80
35 1.42 1.40
45 3.60 3.00
55 8.0 6.2
65 16.0 11.0

c. Using these results, determine if immobilized enzyme is diffusion limited.

[Courtesy of A. E. Humphrey from “Collected Coursework Problems in
Biochemical Engineering” compiled by H. W. Blanch for 1977 Am. Soc. Eng.
Educ. Summer School.]
Answer:
a) Plotting [P] versus t data for both maximum reaction velocity and the saturation
constant.

Product concentration
Time (mg dextrose/ml)
Soluble Immobilized
0 12.0 18.4
15 40.0 135
 30 76.5 200
45 94.3 236
60 120.0 260
75 135.5 258
90 151.2 262
105 150.4 266
120 155.7 278
135 160.1 300
150 164.9 310
165 170.0 306
225 - 316
415 - 320

1. Soluble data: T = 60oC, [S0] = 168 mg starch/ml, [E0] = 11,600 units, volume = 1000
ml.
1
 0.16
Vm
 1  1 
Vm    
 0.16  11600 
 5.39 x 10 -4 mg/ml

1
Km 
0.00174
 575 mg/ml
2. Immobilized data: T = 60oC, [S0] = 336 mg starch/ml, [E0] = 46,400 units initially,
immobilized,volume = 1000 ml.
 1
 0.12
Vm
 1  1 
Vm    
 0.12  46400 
 1.8 x 10 -4 mg/ml

1
Km 
0.00174
 575 mg/ml
Therefore, Vm = 1.8 x 10-4 mg/ml and Km = 575 mg/ml
b) Vm = k2EO - EOAe - EO-1RT
Soluble:
EO
lnVm = ln E O + ln A -
RT
EO
Jadi, slope =
R
1
ln Vm = 41.18 - 8299  
T
EO = 8299 (1.987)
= 16.5 Kcal/mol

Immobilized:
1
ln Vm = 36.65 - 6582  
T
EO = 6582 (1.987)
= 13.1 Kcal/mol
c) Since Km (Soluble) = Km (apparent) , there is no diffusion limited.

3.15 The enzyme, urease, is immobilized in Ca-alginate beads 2 mm in diameter. When

the urea concentration in the bulk liquid is 0.5 mM the rate of urea hydrolysis is v = 10
mmoles-l-h. Diffusivity of urea in Ca-alginate beads is De = 1.5x10–5 cm2/sec, and
the Michaelis constant for the enzyme is K’m = 0.2 mM. By neglecting the liquid film
resistance on the beads (i.e., [So] = [Ss]) determine the following:
a. Maximum rate of hydrolysis Vm, Thiele modulus (φ), and effectiveness factor (η).
b. What would be the Vm, φ, and η values for a particle size of Dp = 4 mm?
Hint: Assume η = 3/φ for large values of φ (φ > 2).
Answer:
a) v = 10 mmoles-l-h
So = 0.5 mM
VmSo
rs  η
K s  So
Vm 0.5
10  η
0.2  0.5
ηVm  14

Vm
 R
K s De
Vm
  0.1  1.04 Vm
(0.2)(1.5x 10 -5 x 3600)

Vm  14.55 Vm

  3
Vm = 23.5 m moles/l.h
14
  0.595  0.6
23.5

3
  5.04
0.595

b) ηVm  14

Vm
  0.2
(0.2)(1.5x 10 5 x3600)
 1.925 Vm
Vm  26.95 Vm

  3
Vm = 80.7 m moles/l.h
14
  0.173
80.7
 3
  17
0.173

7.1 Prepare a recipe for an inorganic medium to be used in a laboratory chemostat to grow
500, 1000 or 1200 mg VSS/d (value to be selected by instructor) by bacteria biomass,
assuming that the chemical formula for the biomass can be described as C5H2NO2.
Determine the concentration of essential inorganic compounds as reported in Table 7-3
for a feed rate of 1 L/d. Assume that phosphorus is added as KH2PO4, sulfur as
Na2SO4, nitrogen as NH4Cl, and other cations added area associated with chloride.
Answer:
Diket:
 PX.VSS = 1.000 mg VSS/hari
 Q = 1 L/hari

Dit:
Konesntrasi senyawa inorganik pada influen untuk pembentukan biomassa berdasarkan Tabel
7.3=…..?

Jawab:
 Biomassa tersusun atas 90% organik (yang terukur sebagai VSS) dan 10% inorganik,
maka:

= 1.111,11 mg TSS/hari
 Berdasarkan Tabel 7.3, berat kering dari masing-masing unsur inorganik adalah sebagai
berikut:

a. N =

= 133,33 mg/hari

b. P =

=
 = 22,22 mg/hari

c. S =

= 11,11 mg/hari

d. K =

= 11,11 mg/hari

e. Na =

= 11,11 mg/hari
f. Ca =

= 5,55 mg/hari

g. Mg =

= 5,55 mg/hari

h. Cl =

= 5,55 mg/hari

i. Fe =

= 2,22 mg/hari
 Konsentrasi dari senyawa-senyawa inorganik yang mengandung unsur-unsur inorganik
di atas adalah sebagai berikut:

a. NH4Cl =

= 509,5 mg/L
b. KH2PO4 =

= 97,6 mg/L
Unsur K telah termasuk ke dalam senyawa ini.
c. Na2SO4 =

= 49,3 mg/L
Unsur Na telah termasuk ke dalam senyawa ini.
d. CaCl2 =

= 15,4 mg/L

e. MgCl2 =

= 21,8 mg/L
f. FeCl3 =

9
 =

= 6,46 mg/L
Unsur Cl telah termasuk ke dalam senyawa ini, CaCl2, ataupun MgCl2.

7.6 A complete-mix suspended growth reactor, without a clarifier and recycle, is used to
treat waste water flow containing only soluble organic substances. The influent
BOD and COD are as follows:
Wastewater
Influent Unit
1 2 3
BOD mg/L 200 180 220
COD mg/L 450 450 480
If the effluent dissolved BOD concentration is 2,5 mg/L, and the effluent volatile
suspended solids concentration is 100 mg/L, determine (wastewater to be selected
by the instructor): (a) the observed yield in terms of g VSS/g BOD, g VSS/g COD,
and g TSS/g BOD, (b) the effluent total COD concentration including
nonbiodegradable dissolved COD, and (c) the fraction of the influent BOD that is
oxidized to CO2 and H2O. Assume the biodegradable COD/BOD ratio is 1.6 and
1.42 O2 eq/g biomass.
Answer:
Diket:
 X = 100 mg VSS/L
 Si BOD = 220 mg BOD/L
 Si COD = 480 mg COD/L
 Se BOD = 2,5 mg BOD/L
 Rasio bCOD/BOD = 1,6
 Rasio O2 terhadap biomassa = 1,42 g O2/g biomassa

Dit:
a. Y dalam:
 g VSS/g BODR
 g VSS/g CODR
 g TSS/g BODR

10
b. Se sBOD, termasuk nbCOD
c. Fraksi Si BOD teroksidasi

Jawab:
a. - S BODR = Si BOD - Se BOD
= 220 mg BOD/L – 2,5 mg BOD/L
= 217,5 mg BOD/L
- g VSS/g BODR =

= 0,46 mg VSS/mg BOD

= 0,46 g VSS/g BOD
- Se COD = (Si COD – (1,6 BODR)) + COD produksi biomassa
= (480 mg COD/L - (1,6 217,5 mg BOD/L)) + (1,42 100 mg
VSS/L)
= 274 mg COD/L
- S CODR = Si COD - Se COD
= 480 - 274
= 206 mg COD/L
- g VSS/g CODR =

= 0,49 mg VSS/mg COD

= 0,49 g VSS/g COD
- Gunakan 0.85 g VSS/g TSS for biomassa:

g TSS/g BODR =

= 0,54 g TSS/g BOD

b. - Si nbCOD = (Si COD – (1,6 Si BOD))
= (480 mg COD/L - (1,6 220 mg BOD/L))
= 128 mg COD/L
- Se bCOD = 1,6 Se BOD
= 1,6 2,5 mg BOD/L

11
 = 4 mg COD/L
- Se sCOD = Si nbCOD + Se bCOD
= 128 mg COD/L + 4 mg COD/L
= 132 mg COD/L
c. Fraksi dari konsentrasi BOD influen teroksidasi adalah perbedaan antara jumlah
BOD atau COD biodegradable dengan jumlah influen tersebut yang menjadi
biomassa
- Si bCOD = 1,6 Si BOD
= 1,6 220 mg BOD/L
= 352 mg COD/L
- bCODR = Si bCOD - Se bCOD
= 352 - 4
= 348 mg COD/L
- bCOD biomassa = 1,42 g O2/g VSS 100 mg VSS/L)
= 142 mg O2/L
- bCOD terkosidasi = bCODR - bCOD biomassa
= 348 mg COD/L - 142 mg O2/L
= 206 mg COD/L
- Fraksi = bCOD terkosidasi/ Si bCOD
= 206 mg COD/L / 352 mg COD/L
= 0,59 mg COD/L

7.11 For example 7-3, use the half reactions to write a balanced equation of acetate
oxidation by methanogenic bacteria.
Answer:
R = feRa + fsRcs - Rd

From Example 7-3, fe = 0.954 and fs = 0.046

Ra = Reaction No. 8, Rd = Reaction No. 18, and Rcs = Reaction No. 1,
assuming NH3 as the nitrogen source
R = 0.954 (No. 8) + 0.046 (No. 1) – No. 18
0.954 (No. 8) = 0.1193 CO2 + 0.954H+ + 0.954e- → 0.1193 CH4 + 0.2385 H2O

12
0.046 (No. 1) = 0.0092 CO2 + 0.0023 HCO3- + 0.0023 NH4+ + 0.046 H+ + 0.046 e-
→ 0.0023 C5H7O2N + 0.0207 H2O
- No. 18 = 0.125 CH3COO- + 0.375 H2O → 0.125 CO2 + 0.125 HCO3- + H+ + e-

R = 0.125 CH3COO- + 0.0023 NH4+ + 0.0035 CO2 + 0.3543 H2O

→ 0.0023 C5H7O2N + 0.1227 HCO3- + 0.1193 CH4

7.16 Consider a batch reaction with nitrifying bacteria in a chemostat. The initial
concentration of nitrifying bacteria is 10 mg/L, and the initial substrate
concentration is 50 mg NH4-N/L. The NH4-N is oxidized to NO2-N, and the cell
yield is 0.12 g VSS/G NH4-N oxidized. The chemostat DO concentration is
maintained at 3.0 mg/L. Other kinetic coefficients related to substrate utilization and
growth are one of the following to be selected by instructor:
Wastewater
Coeficient Unit
1 2 3
μmax g VSS/g VSS.d 0.60 0.75 0.60
Kn mg/L 0.50 0.50 0.75
Ko mg/L 0.50 0.50 0.50
b g VSS/g VSS.d 0.08 0.08 0.04
What is the NH4-N and biomass concentration at 0.50 d?
Plot the substrate and biomass concentration versus time up through 23 h. (Hint one
solution approach is to use a spreadsheet to solve for the biomass and substrate
concentration at small time increments. Use time increments of 0.25 h).
Answer:
Diket:
 XN = 10 mg VSS/L
 N = 50 mg NH4-N/L
 YN = 0,12 g VSS/g NH4-N
 SO = 3 mg/L
 µmax = 0,6 g VSS/g VSS.hari
= 0,025/jam
 Kn = 0,5 mg/L
 K0 = 0,5 mg/L
 b = 0,08 VSS/g VSS.hari
= 0,0033/jam

13
Dit:
 XN dan N pada waktu 0,5 hari=….?
 Buatlah grafik XN dan N vs waktu hingga 23 jam=…..?

Jawab:
 Persamaan dasar yang akan digunakan dalam membuat grafik adalah sebagai
berikut:

a. rsu =

b. rx = YN rsu – bXN
 Persamaan-persamaan di atas dikembangkan menjadi seperti berikut:
a. Nt` = Nt-1 - rsu (Δt)

= Nt-1 - Δt

= Nt-1 - Δt

b. XN, t = XN, t-1 + rx(Δt)

= XN, t-1 + Δt

 Dengan data awal XN0 = 10 mg VSS/L, N0 = 50 mg NH4-N/L dan Δt = 0,25 jam,

maka diperoleh data sebagai berikut:

N X
t
(mg/L) (mg/L)
0 50 10
1 48.232 10.1792
2 46.4329 10.3615
3 44.6024 10.5469
4 42.7399 10.7356
5 40.8449 10.9276
6 38.9172 11.1229
7 36.9562 11.3215
8 34.9615 11.5235
9 32.9327 11.7289
10 30.8696 11.9378
11 28.7718 12.1501
12 26.6392 12.3659
13 24.4717 12.5852
14 22.2693 12.808

14
 15 20.0324 13.0341
16 17.7616 13.2636
17 15.4579 13.4963
18 13.1234 13.7319
19 10.7612 13.97
20 8.37736 14.21
21 5.98278 14.4505
22 3.60136 14.6885
23 1.29817 14.9165

Berdasarkan tabel di atas, XN dan N pada saat 0,5 hari atau 12 jam masing-masing
adalah 26,64 mg/L dan 12,37 mg/L. Untuk grafik yang terbentuk dari data di atas
adalah sebagai berikut

7.21 Using the data given below for three different complete-mix activated sludge
reaction, determine (reactor to be selected by instructor). (a) the system SRT, (b)
how much oxygen is required in kg/d if the effluent soluble COD concentration = 5
mg/L, and (c) the oxygen uptake rate, expressed in mg/L-h, at steady state in the
aeration tank. Assume 1.42 g COD/g VSS.
Reactor
Item Unit
1 2 3
Aeration tank MLVSS mg/L 3000 3000 3000
Aeration tank volume m3 1000 1000 1000
Influent flowrate m3/d 5000 5000 5000
Waste sludge flowrate m3/d 59 45 65
Waste sludge VSS concentration mg/L 8000 8000 8000
Influent soluble COD concentration mg/L 400 400 400

15
 Answer:
(X VSS )(V)
PX,VSS 
SRT
PX,VSS  (59 m 3 /d)(8000 g/m 3 )
 472000 g/d
(3000 g/m 3 )(1000 m 3 )
SRT 
472000 g/d
 6.36 d

Ro = Q(SO - S) - 1.42 PX,bio

Air limbah yang berpengaruh semuanya bisa larut jadi so PX,bio = PX,VSS
Ro = {(5000 m3/d)[(400 – 5)mg/L] – [1.42 (472000 g/d)]}(1 kg/103 g)
Ro = 1304.8 kg/d

assuming steady state conditions

(1304 .8 kg O 2 /d)(10 6 mg/kg)
OUR   54.4 mg/L s  h
(1000 m 3 )(1000 L/m 3 )(24 h/d)

7.26 The following sets of the kinetic coefficients (to be selected by instructor) are given
for the treatment of municipal wastewater with an influent degradable COD of 300
mg/L and influent nb VSS concentration of 100 mg/L. Using these data and
assuming the effluent degradable COD concentration is negligible compared to the
amount of COD removed, prepare plots of (a) the observed yield (as g VSS/g COD)
removed as a function of SRT and (b) the g oxygen used/g COD removal as a
function of SRT. On the plot in part (a) also show the fraction of the yield from cell
debris and influent nbVSS.
Coefficient Coefficient set
Unit
1 2 3
Y g VSS/g COD 0.40 0.40 0.35
b g VSS/g VSS-d 0.10 0.08 0.12
fd g VSS/g VSS 0.10 0.15 0.15
Answer:
Assume SO - S  SO
Y (f )(b)Y(SRT) X o,i
Yobs   d 
1  b(SRT) 1  b(SRT) SO  S
Biomass cell debris non-biodegradable

16
 Influent VSS

Asumsi SRT = 4 d coefficient set 1

(0.40 g/g) (0.10 g/g)(0.10 g/ g  d)(0.40 g/g)(4 d) (100 g/ m 3 )
Yobs   
1  (0.10 g/ g  d)(4 d) 1  (0.10 g/ g  d)(4 d) (300 g/m 3 )
Yobs  0.286  0.011  0.333
 0.63
Biomass Cell Nondegradable Total yield
SRT
yield debris VSS g VSS/g COD
4 0.286 0.011 0.333 0.63
6 0.250 0.015 0.333 0.60
8 0.222 0.018 0.333 0.57
10 0.200 0.020 0.333 0.55
12 0.182 0.022 0.333 0.54
14 0.167 0.023 0.333 0.52
16 0.154 0.025 0.333 0.51
18 0.143 0.026 0.333 0.50
20 0.133 0.027 0.333 0.49

R o  Q(So – S) – 1.42 PX,bio

PX,bio  Ybio (Q)(So – S)
Y
Ybio 
1  b(SRT)
Ro  Q(So – S) – 1.42 Ybio (Q) (So – S)

g O2 RO
  1  1.42 Ybio
g COD Q(SO  S)

Ybio = Ybiomass + Ycell debris

SRT Ybio g O2/g COD

17
 4 0.297 0.58
6 0.265 0.62
8 0.240 0.69
10 0.220 0.71
12 0.204 0.71
14 0.190 0.73
16 0.179 0.75
18 0.169 0.76
20 0.160 0.77

7.31 An aerobic digester receive thickened waste activated sludge and holds it for a
number of days for further aeration and solids destruction by endogenous decay of
the biomass. The biomass concentration entering the digester is defined as XO and is
24 g VSS/L. The influent flow also contains 6 g/L. The inert nonbiodegradable VSS
(XI,O) for a total influent VSS concentration of 30 g/L. The digester biomass VSS
concentration is X, and the inert VSS concentration is XI. The digester volume is V,
and the hydraulic retention time (V/Q) is 20 d. A membrane is installed in the
digester, and digester liquid is drawn through the membrane to provide solids
thickening within the digester. The membrane effluent liquid flow is defined as QM,
and its VSS concentration zero. The biomass solids endogenous decay rate is given
as rxd = bX, where: rxd = the rate of biomass solids destruction (g VSS/L d, and b =
specific biomass endogenous decay rate, (g VSS/g VSS d ). Values for b and fd =
0.10 g/g d and 0.10 g/g.
a. Write the mass balance equation for X and give equation to solve for X at steady
state condition.

18
 b. Write the mass balance equation for XI,O and the equation to solve for XI,O at
steady state conditions.
c. Write an equation defining the SRT in terms of the reactor volume (V), biomass
concentration (X) and waste solids flowrate.
d. What is the value for X, XI,O, SRT and percent reduction of influent biomass and
influent total VSS, if the membrane liquid removal rate is equal to 50 percent of Q
(QM = 0.50Q).
Answer:
Steady state:
dX
V  QXO - Q E X - (rxd )V
dt

dX
Steady state : V  0 , rxd  bX
dt
QXo  Q E X  bXV
QE V V
Xo  (X)  bX , τ
Q Q Q
QE V
Xo  (X)  bX 
Q Q
Q 
X o   E  bτ  X
Q 
Xo
X
Q E /Q  bτ

dXI
V  QXI,O  Q E X I
dt
Steady State : Q E X I  Q E X I,o
 Q 
X I   X I,O
 QE 

SRT = massa yang terbuang

V(X) V
SRT  , SRT 
Q E (X) QE

QM = 0.5Q

19
 XO
X
Q E /Q  bτ
Q E  Q M  Q, Q M  0.50Q
Q E  0.50Q, τ  V/Q  20 d
(24 g VSS / L)
X  9.6 g VSS / L
(0.50Q / Q)  (0.10 g VSS / g VSS  d)(20 d)

 Q 
X I   X I,O
 QE 
 Q 
X I   6 g VSS/L  12.0 g VSS/L
 0.50Q 

V
SRT 
QE
V V
SRT   2 
0.50Q Q
SRT  2(20 d)  40 d

7.36 An anoxic suspended growth reactor is operated at an SRT of 5.0 d treating clarifier
effluent from an activated sludge nitrification process. Acetate is added as the
electron donor. Given the following coefficients for acetate under nitrate reduction
conditions, determine (a) How much acetate is needed, in kg/d, to remove the
influent NO3-N concentration of 40.5, 20.5 or 30.5 g/m3 (to be selected by
instructor) in a treatment flowrate of 4000 m3/d, (b) The biomass production rate in
kg/d.
The reactor effluent acetate concentration at the 5.0-d SRT is 2 mg/L. The effluent
NO3-N is 0.50 mg/L. The nitrogen for biomass growth is from the influent NO3-N.
Y = 0.3 g VSS/g COD removed
b = 0.08 g VSS/g VSS-d
Nitrogen for biomass growth = 0.12 g N/g biomass VSS
Ignore the biomass debris production (fd = 0). What is the COD of acetate? i.e. g
COD/g acetate. Provide a mass balance and steady expression for the reactor acetate
COD, biomass, and NO3-N concentration.
Answer:

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Provide mass balance for NO3-N removed
NO3-N is removed to provide oxygen equivalent for COD degradation and to provide N for
biomass synthesis.
Ro = Q (So – S) – 1.42 P,bio
NO3-N removed = NO3-N for supply of oxygen equiv. + biomass synthesis
Ro
NO 3 - N removed  Q (No - N)   0.12PX,bio
2.86
Q (No - N)  (4000 m 3 /d)(40.5 - 0.5)g/m 3  160000 g NO 3 - N/d
Ro
160000 g NO 3 - N/d   0.12PX,bio
2.86
QY(So - S) (f d )(b)YQ(So - S)SRT
PX,bio  
1  b(SRT) 1  b(SRT)
  QY(So - S) (f d )(b)YQ(So - S)SRT  
Q( So - S) - 1.42   
 1  b(SRT) 1  b(SRT) 
160000 g NO 3 - N/d 
2.86
 QY(So - S) (f d )(b)YQ(So - S)SRT 
 0.12   
1  b(SRT) 1  b(SRT) 
 Q(So - S)   - 1.42   QY(So - S) (f d )(b)YQ(So - S)SRT 
160000 g NO 3 - N/d      0.12    
 2.86   2.86  1  b(SRT) 1  b(SRT) 

 
 4000 m 3 /d So  S g/m 3 
160000 g NO 3 - N/d   
 2.86 
 - 1.42  (4000 m /d)(0.42 g VSS g/COD)(So - S) 
3
  0.12   0
 2.86  [1  (0.08 g VSS/g VSS - d)(5 d)] 
160000  1398.6(S o - S) - (0.3766)(1 200)(S o - S)
So – S  169.0 mg/L COD
CH3COOH + 2O2 = 2CO2 + 2H2O
= 2(12) + 4(1) + 2(16) = 60
g COD 2(32)
  1.067 g COD/g CH3COOH
g CH3COOH 60
169.0 mg COD/L
Asetat used   158.4 mg/L asetat
1.067 mg COD/mg asetat

Konsentrasi asam asetat = 2.0 mg/L

(So – 2.0) = 158.4 mg/L asetat

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So = 160.4 mg/L asetat
Jumlah yang ditambahkan per hari = (160.4 g/m3)(4000 m3/d) = 641600 g/d
Jumah per hari = 641.6 kg/d acetate

Tingkat produksi biomassa adalah PX,bio

QY(So - S) (f d )(b)YQ(So - S)SRT
PX,bio  
1  b(SRT) 1  b(SRT)

PX,bio 
4000 m3/d 0.42 g VSS/g COD169.0  g COD m 3
0
[1  0.08 g VSS/g VSS - d (5 d)]
PX,bio  202800 g VSS/d
PX,bio  202.8 kg VSS/d
202.8 kg VSS/d
PX,bio   238.6 kg TSS/d
0.85 g VSS g TSS

Steady state:

 SRT   Y(So - S) 
X  
   1  b(SRT)
Volume reaktor harus diberikan untuk mengetahui nilai X atau jika suatu konsentrasi
diasumsikan, waktu retensi hidrolik dapat ditentukan.

7.41 A professor claims that the effect of processing food waste in an anaerobic, digester
and using the methane for fuel has a lower greenhouse gas effect than if the food
waste is composted and used for a beneficial use for application on agriculture land.
Do you agree or disagree? Explain the basis for your position.
Answer:
Masalahnya membahas dua opsi untuk pengolahan limbah makanan yaitu pencernaan
anaerobik dan pengomposan. Ketika ditambahkan ke digester anaerobik, akan mengubah
menjadi metana dan karbon dioksida. Pemeriksaan literatur akan menunjukkan bahwa
limbah makanan sangat tinggi terdegradasi dengan potensi konversi lebih dari 90%. Sekitar
95% dari Konversi COD akan muncul sebagai metana, jadi sebagian besar limbah
makanan dapat dikonversi menjadi bahan bakar metana. Metana dapat digunakan di tempat
lain bahan bakar sehingga penambahan bersih gas rumah kaca dari pencernaan adalah
sebagai pertimbangan untuk menggantikan bahan bakar lain. Ada beberapa peningkatan
emisi CO2 sebagai gas digester biasanya mengandung 30-35% CO2. Dalam pengomposan,

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sebagian besar COD dioksidasi menjadi CO2 dan air, karena itu adalah proses aerobik.
Efek bersihnya adalah produksi CO2 lebih dari itu pencernaan anaerobik, jadi kontribusi
gas rumah kacanya lebih besar.
Saya setuju dengan profesor tersebut.

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