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Earlier Lecture
• A Cryocooler is a mechanical device operating in a
closed cycle, which generates low temperature.
• Schmidt's Analysis
• Conclusions
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
History
• A well developed and a most commonly used
Cryocooler is the Stirling Cycle Cryocooler.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
The Chronology
Year Event
1815 Robert Stirling – Stirling Engine
1834 John Herschel – concept of using as a cooler
1861 Alexander Kirk – The concept into practice
1873 Davy Postle – Free Piston system
1956 Jan Koehler – First commercial machine for
air liquefaction
1965 Jan Koehler – Nitrogen Liquefaction
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
An Ideal Stirling Cycle
• Consider a p – V chart as
shown in the figure.
2
QC • 12: Isothermal
compression at TC.
Pressure – p
1
p1V1 = p2V2
T=
1 T=
2 TC
V2
dQ = dW = −ℜTC ln
Volume – V V1
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
An Ideal Stirling Cycle
• 23: Constant volume heat
rejection.
2 V2 = V3
+CV (TE − TC )
QC
dQ =
Pressure – p
QRT
1
• 34: Isothermal expansion.
3
p3V3 = p4V4
QE 4 T=
3 T=
4 TE
Volume – V
V4
dQ = dW = −ℜTC ln
V3
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
An Ideal Stirling Cycle
• 41: Constant volume heat
absorption.
2 V4 = V1 −CV (TC − TE )
dQ =
QC
Pressure – p
QRT
QE
1 COP =
QC − QE
3
QRT
V4
QE
+ℜTE ln
4
= V3
V2 V4
Volume – V −ℜTC ln − ℜTE ln
V1 V3
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
An Ideal Stirling Cycle
V2 V3
=
V1 V4
2
V4
QC +ℜTE ln
V3
Pressure – p
QRT
1 =
V2 V4
3 −ℜTC ln − ℜTE ln
QRT V1 V3
TE
QE 4 COP =
TC − TE
Volume – V
COP(Stirling) = COP(Carnot)
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Stirling & Carnot Cycles
Stirling Cycle
2
TC
Temperature – T
2 1
Pressure – p
1
3
TE
3 4
4
Volume – V Entropy – s
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Stirling & Carnot Cycles
Carnot Cycle Stirling Cycle
2
TC
Temperature – T
2 5 1
Pressure – p
5
1
3 .
6 TE
3 6 4
4
Volume – V Entropy – s
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Ideal Stirling Cycle
Expander Regenerator Piston
1 Tc
2
Compression QC
QC
2
Pressure – p
QRT
1
Regenerative Cooling
3
QRT 3
QE Expansion
QE 4 4
TE
1 Tc
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Ideal Stirling Cycle
VE ,max V=
E V=
C 0 VC ,max Expander Regenerator Piston
1 1 1 Tc
2 2 Compression
2
3 3
Time
Regenerative Cooling
4 4 3
Expansion
4
TE
1 1
Displacement Regenerative Heating
1 Tc
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Ideal Stirling Cycle
VE ,max V= V= 0 VC ,max
• As mentioned in the earlier
lecture, the characteristics
E C
1 1
of a Stirling cycle are
2 2 • High frequency.
3 3
• Regenerative heat
Time
4 4 exchanger.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Actual Stirling Cycle
VE ,max V= V= 0 VC ,max
• In actual Stirling cycle the
discontinuous motion can
E C
1 1
not be achieved. In view of
2 2 this sinusoidal motion may
be implemented.
3 3
Time
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Actual Stirling Cycle
• In reality, the actual working cycle will be different
from Ideal Stirling Cycle in following ways.
β Type γ Type
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Stirling Cryocooler – Types
Regenerator
• Two Piston arrangement
(α type)
• whose drive mechanisms may
be mounted on same crank
Compressor Expander shaft.
α Type
β Type γ Type
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Stirling Cryocooler – Types
Regenerator
• Split Piston & Displacer
arrangement (γ type)
• The compression space is
divided.
Compressor Expander
α Type
• These systems have variable
dead volume in compression
space due to the movement
of displacer.
β Type γ Type
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Design Parameters
• The various design parameters of
a Stirling Cryocooler are as
Regenerator follows.
VR
TC VC TE • Evaporator temperature (TE)
VE
• Condenser temperature (TC)
Compressor Expander • Compression Volume (VC)
α Type • Expansion Volume (VE)
• Regenerator Volume (VR)
• Pmax, Pmin, Pavg.
• Phase angle (α)
• Crank angle (ø)
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Schmidt’s Analysis
• In the year 1861, Gustav Schmidt, a German
scientist, presented a Stirling Cryocooler analysis.
• Perfect regeneration.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Schmidt’s Analysis
• The non – dimensional parameters in the
Schmidt’s analysis are
VC
• Swept volume ratio : k =
VE
TC
• Temperature ratio : τ=
TE
VD
• Dead volume ratio : X=
VE
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Schmidt’s Analysis
• Expansion volume variation :
1 α
= Ve VE (1 + cos φ )
2 VE
Volume – V
1 VC
Vc = VC (1 + cos(φ − α ) ) k =
2 VE
1
Vc= kVE (1 + cos(φ − α ) )
2
Angle – ø
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Schmidt’s Analysis
peVe pcVc pdVd KVE
MT = + + =
RTe RTc RTd 2 RTC
KVE
• Let MT be given as shown. MT =
2 RTC
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Schmidt’s Analysis
pVE (1 + cos φ ) TC k (1 + cos(φ − α ) ) VDTE KVE
+ + =
RTC 2TE 2 VETD 2 RTC
TC VD TE + TC 2 Xτ
τ= X= Td = S=
TE VE 2 τ +1
K
= τ (1 + cos φ ) + k (1 + cos(φ − α ) ) + 2 S
p
A
(τ k cos α ) + (k sin α )
A =+ 2 2
B = τ + k + 2S δ=
B
k sin α
tan θ =
τ + k cos α
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Schmidt’s Analysis
• Substituting, A, B, θ and δ in the mass equation
and rearranging, we get
K
p=
B [δ cos(θ − φ ) + 1]
K
pmin = @ φ =θ
B [1 + δ ]
K
pmax = @ φ= θ − π
B [1 − δ ]
pratio =
[1+ δ ]
[1 − δ ]
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Schmidt’s Analysis
• Mean pressure
2π
1
pm
2π ∫ pd (θ − φ )
0
1− δ
pm = pmax
1+ δ
QE QE TE
COP = COP = =
WT QC − QE TC − TE
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Losses
• In the earlier slide, we saw the cooling effect
based on Schmidt's analysis.
• Ineffectiveness of regenerator.
• Pressure drop in system.
• Solid conduction losses.
• Shuttle conduction losses.
• Losses in power input.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Losses
• Considering the above mentioned losses, the net
cooling effect and gross power required is given
by the following correlations.
• Qnet = QE – Σ(losses).
• Wtotal = WT + Σ(losses).
• COP(Stirling) = COP(Carnot).
• Qnet = QE – Σ(losses).
• Wtotal = WT + Σ(losses).
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• A self assessment exercise is given after
this slide.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Self Assessment
1. A Stirling cycle consist of two _______ processes.
2. In an isothermal process, dQ is given by _______.
3. In a constant volume process, dU is given by ____.
4. COPCarnot and COPStirling are _____.
5. COP of Stirling cycle is _______.
6. In an actual Stirling cycle, the discontinuous
motion is approximated to _______ motion.
7. The volume not swept by piston/displacer is ____.
8. In a _____ type unit, the piston and displacer are
housed inside same cylinder.
9. In Schmidt's analysis, instantaneous pressure is
assumed to be _____.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Answers
1. Isothermal and Constant volume
dQ = dW = −ℜTC ln [V2 / V1 ]
2. m
+CV (TE − TC )
3. RdU =
4. Equal.
TE / (TC − TE )
5. M
6. Sinusoidal
7. Void volume
8. Beta
9. Constant
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thank You!
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay