Modernity

An Introduction to
Modern Societies
Edited by Stuart Hall, David Held,
Don Hubert, and Kenneth Thompson

~ A Blackwell
.11 Publishing
Contents

List of Contributors ix
Preface x
Acknowledgments xii

Part I Formations 01 Modernity

Introduction 3
Stuart Hall

The Enlightenment and the Birth of Social Science 19

Peter Hamilton
Introduction 20
What was the Enlightenment? 24
Enlightenment as the Pursuit of Modernity 35
Revolution and Reformation 44
The Birth of Sociology: Saint-Simon and Comte 48
Conclusion 51

2 The Development of the Modern State 55

David Held
Introduction 56
ABrief History and Geography of European States 58
Why did Nation-States Become Supreme? 73
Conclusion 84

3 The Emergence of the Economy 90

Vivienne Brown
Introduction: The Economic Formation of Modernity 91
A Modern Economy in the Making? 93
The Beginnings of Modern Economics 107
A Modern Economics? 114
Conclusion: Signposting the Future? 118

4 Changing Social Structures: Class and Gender 122

Harriet Bradley
Introduction 123
Pre-Industrial Society 124
Class, Gender, and Industrialization 133
Industrial Society and the Growth of Feminism 143
Conclusion 146

5 The Cultural Formations of Modern Society 149

Robert Bocock
Introduction 150
Defining Culture 151
CONTENTS

Analyzing Culture 154

Culture and Social Change 163
The Costs of Civilization 171
Conclusion 181

6 The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power 184

Stuart Hall
Introduction 185
Europe Breaks Out 189
Discourse and Power 201
Representing "the Other" 205
"In the Beginning All the World was America" 216
From "the West and the Rest" to Modern Sociology 221
Conclusion 224

Part 11 Structures and Processes of Modernity 229

Introduction 231
Don Hubert and Kenneth Thompson

7 The State in Advanced Capitalist Societies 239

Anthony McGrew
Introduction 240
The Advanced Capitalist State: Diversity and Uniformity 242
The Formation ot the Advanced Capitalist State 249
Putting the Advanced Capitalist State in Perspective 261
Putting the Advanced Capitalist State in its Place 272
The ACS: A Review 275

8 Fordism and Modern Industry 280

John Allen
Introduction 281
Ford, Fordism, and Modern Industry 282
Progress and Modern Industry 297
Conclusion: Globalization and Industry 304

9 Divisions ot Labor 307

Peter Braham
Introduction 308
From a Manufacturing to a Service Economy? 309
Labor Market Segmentation 312
Gender and Labor Market Segmentation 317
Migrant Workers and Divisions ot Labor 321
A New International Division of Labor? 327
The Division of Labor and Flexible Specialization 332
Conclusion 337

10 Women and the Domestic Sphere 343

Helen Crowley
CONTENTS vii

Introduction 344
Women and the Family: Some Theoretical Issues 348
Conclusion 360

11 The Body and Sexuality 363

Jeffrey Weeks
What do we Mean when we Talk about the Body and
Sexuality? 364
Sexuality and Sexual Norms 372
Sexuality and Power 375
Sexual Identities 380
Sexuality and Politics 388

12 Religion, Values, and Ideology 395

Kenneth Thompson
Introduction 396
Enlightenment: The Dilemmas of Modernity 398
Secularization and Community 403
Foucault: Integration through Discourses 407
Gramsci: The Struggle for Ideological Hegemony 410
Ideological Community 412
Conclusion 420

Part 111 Modernity and its Futures 423

Introduction 425
Stuart Hall, David Held, and Gregor McLennan

13 The 1989 Revolutions and the Triumph of Liberalism 436

David Held
Introduction 437
The Triumph of Liberalism? 442
The Necessity of Marxism? 447
From Modernity to Post-Modernity? 452
The Story So Far, and the Question of the Political Good 457
Democracy: Between State and Civil Society? 459
Conclusion 463

14 AGIobai Society? 466

Anthony McGrew
Introduction 467
Modernity and Globalization 469
Mapping the Dimensions of Globalization 473
AGIobai Society? 480
Globalization and the Future Political Community 488
Globalization and a Universal Sociology 497

15 Environmental Challenges 504

Steven Yearley
CONTENTS

Introduction 505
Ecological Threats to Modern Society: An Overview 507
Developing a Green Political Ideology 514
Growth, Capitalism, and Green Consumerism 523
Conclusion: Environmental Challenges and the
Enlightenment 529

16 Post-Industrialisrn/Post-Fordism 533
Jotm Allen
Introduction: The Economy in Transition 534
From Industrialism to Post-Industrialism and Beyond 536
From Fordism to Post-Fordism 546
Assessing Economic Transitions 555
Conclusion: Beyond the Modern Economy? 560

17 Social Pluralism and Post-Modernity 564

Kenneth Thompson
introducnon 565
Post·Modernism 569
Post-Modernism as the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism 572
Rejections of Post-Modernism 578
Reconstructions in Post-Modernity or New Times 580
Post-Modernity: Consumption and Appearances 583
New Connections of Constructive Post-Modernism 586
Conclusion 591

18 The Ouestion of Cultural Identity 595

Stuart Hall
Introduction: Identity in Ouestion 596
The Birth and Death of the Modern Subject 601
National Cultures as "Imagined Communities" 611
Globalization 618
The Global, the Local, and the Return of Ethnicity 623
Fundamentalism, Diaspora, and Hybridity 629

19 The Enlightenment Project Revisited 635

Gregor McLennan
Introduction: The Post-Modern Condition 636
A Debate: Post-Modernity versus Enlightenment 638
Lyotard: Abandoning the Metanarratives of Modernity 639
Habermas: Defending Modernity and Enlightenment 642
A Problem with Post-Modernism: Its Relativism 644
A Problem with Enlightenment: Its Hubris 648
Post-Modernity as "Reflexivity" 651
Overview 654
Conclusion 661

Index 664