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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement crowned our efforts with success.
We wish our sincere thanks to Dr. H.C. Nagaraj, Principal, NMIT Bangalore for
providing us with the facilities.
We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. H. M. Ravikumar, HOD, Dept. of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering for constant encouragement for us to exceed in our work. We
wish our grateful thanks to our project guide Mrs. Arunaprabha B.S, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering for her willingness to teach, moral
support given at various stages, her guidance and invaluable time spent with us
throughout the development of the project.
We would like to express our gratitude to Mrs.Veena S, Mrs.Vasudha Hegde,
Dr.V.Krishnan & Mrs.Sowmya Raman, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
for constant encouragement for us to exceed in our work.
We also thank all of those who extended their support and co-operation to us in bringing
out this project.
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ABSTRACT
The motivation for this project came from the frequent power failures which are
found more in urban and rural areas due to overloading/lightning/tripping on electrical
distribution network. Due to such failures domestic consumers are suffering more and
they are unaware about cause of power failure, hazards caused by power failure & also
the delay in restoration of power supply. This kind of power failure occurs frequently and
there is miscommunication between the consumers and the substation center including the
trouble-shooters (electrician/linemen) of that area. This affects the small-scale business
(shops, hotels, etc.), domestic works as well as the social life of people.
The aim of this project is to overcome the communication gap between the consumer
and electrical power supply authority, analysing the type of fault occurred in the power
system network, informing consumer about fault details and quick restoration of power
by using Node MCU Microcontroller and WIFI (IOT) Based Communication System.
The Automated Power Failure Detection and Consumer Information System will
provide the following features:
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The motivation for this project came from the frequent power failures which are found
more in urban and rural areas due to overloading/lightning/tripping on electrical
distribution network. Due to such failures domestic consumers are suffering more and
they are unaware about cause of power failure, hazards caused by power failure & also
the delay in restoration of power supply. This kind of power failure occurs frequently and
there is miscommunication between the consumers and the substation center including the
trouble-shooters (electrician/linemen) of that area. This affects the small-scale business
(shops, hotels, etc.), domestic works as well as the social life of people.
The aim of this project is to overcome the communication gap between the consumer and
electrical power supply authority, analysing the type of fault occurred in the power system
network, informing consumer about fault details and quick restoration of power by using
Microcontroller and IOT Based Communication System.
The electrical substation which supply the power to the consumers i.e. industries
or domestic can have failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent.
These faults lead to substantial damage to the power system equipment. In India it is
common to observe the failures in supply system due to the faults that occur during the
transmission or distribution. The faults might be LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line),
3L (Three lines) in the supply systems and these faults in three phase supply system can
affect the power system. To overcome this problem a system is built, which can sense
these faults automatically and sends information regarding the fault to the consumer and
electrical substation.
The project is designed to detect the 3 phase fault when automatic tripping
mechanism for the three phase supply system occurs. Step-down transformers are used
for getting low voltage output. This concept low voltage testing of fault conditions is
followed as it is not advisable to create on mains line. Fault condition is created with a set
of switches to input LL, LG, 3L fault to the circuit. This system is built using three
Block diagram:
The 3 phase supply voltage is stepped down to voltage compatible for the microcontroller
and logic circuit operation by limiting the current to 1000mA.
The fault detection circuit will differentiate the 3 phase voltages into zero, positive and
negative sequence components using Symmetric component voltage method.
The Logic circuit is used for the analysis of the fault occurred using the sequence voltages
obtained from the fault detection circuit.
NODE microcontroller is the heart of the project which monitors the detection of fault
and displaying the fault in LCD using I2C mode.
wifi module is used for sending the information regarding fault & restoration time.
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The details of the block diagram and working are explained in the coming chapters.
CHAPTER-2
REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS
REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS
PCF8574 8 bit I/O Expander (for I2C)
NODE MCU Microcontroller
ESP WIFI Module
2.1.1 TRANSFORMERS:
Specifications:
Primary voltage: 220~ 240V AC
Secondary voltage: 12V AC
Primary Current: 2~5A
Secondary current: 500mA
Efficiency: 92%
Description:
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are
available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making
them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,
thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.
If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although
designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
Practical Considerations:
The input bias current is about 80 nA
The input offset current is about 10 nA
The input impedance is about 2 Mega ohms
The common mode voltage should be within +/-12V for +/-15V supply
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments
and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike
in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
Pin Diagram:
Pin Description:
NodeMCU v2
The NodeMcu is an open-source firmware and development kit that helps you to
Prototype your IOT product within a few Lua script lines.
Features:
Open-source
Interactive
Programmable
Low cost
Simple
Smart
WI-FI enabled
Arduino-like hardware IO
Advanced API for hardware IO, which can dramatically reduce the redundant work for configuring and manipulating hardware.
Code like arduino, but interactively in Lua script.
Specification:
The Development Kit based on ESP8266, integates GPIO, PWM, IIC, 1-Wire and ADC all
in one board.
Power your developement in the fastest way combinating with NodeMCU Firmware!
ESP8266 :
This is breakout board for the very popular ESP8266 ESP-12 WiFi module ! Now, it is
even easier to connect to the ESP-12 and start using it stand-alone or with the Arduino
Uno !
This board has all the pins broken out to the standard , so it is compatible with berg
headers, breadboards and dot matrix board. It has a 3.3 V AMS Voltage regulator on
board, which means you can plug in your 5V supply directly and start working with the
board. Easy to Access thru PC using USB to TTL converter Board
For those of you who are new to the IoT space, ESP8266 ESP-12 is a highly
integrated chip designed for the needs of a new connected world. It offers a complete
and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution, allowing it to either host the application
or to offload all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.
ESP8266 ESP-12 has powerful on-board processing and storage capabilities that
allow it to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through
its GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its
high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, and the entire
solution, including front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area.
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INTERNET OF THINGS:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects, devices, vehicles, buildings
and other items which are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The Internet of
Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more-direct integration between the physical world
and computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, acc uracy and economic
benefit; when IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an
instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses
technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.
Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will
consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020. British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined
the term in 1999 while working at Auto-ID Labs (originally called Auto-ID centers - referring
to a global network of Radio- frequency identification (RFID) connected objects). Typically,
IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes
beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols,
domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart
objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced
applications like a Smart Grid, and expanding to the areas such as smart cities. "Things," in
the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implan ts,
biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles with
built- in sensors, DN A analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field
operation devices that assist firefighters in search and rescue operatio ns. These devices
collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow
the data between other devices. Current market examples include smart thermostat systems
and washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring. Besides the plethora of new
application areas for Internet connected automation to expand into, IoT is also expected to
generate large amounts of data from diverse locations that is aggregated very quickly, thereby
increasing the need to better index, store and process such data. IoT is one of the platforms of
today's Smart City and Smart Energy Management Systems..
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EVOLUTION OF INTERNET:
Internet of Boffins:
This was the era when ARPAN ET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) carried its
first data packet in 1969. It was the first network to use TCP/IP. This was followed by the
Mark I Network in 1970, which was built by Davis. This network was a packet switched
network to serve NPL in UK. It was soon replaced by Mark II in 1973. The other major
inventions such as Telnet in 1974, Ethernet in 1980, GOSIP in 1190 and a full text web
search engine in 1994 followed the trend. This era is called ‘Internet of Boffins’ since in this
era internet was in a stage of early evolution and research.
Internet of Geeks:
‘Internet of Geeks’ era started with the proposal of IPv6. It was the latest revision of the
internet protocol. The communication protocol provides identific ation and location system
for computers on networks and routes traffic across internet. The popular internet services
started taking roots in this era. Amazon.com started its first online retail service in 1995,
followed by eBay providing customers with online auction and shopping services. Hotmail
started its free web based email service in 1996, followed by Google search in 1998. PayPal
started its first internet payment service in 1998. Internet penetration was low in the market
until 2000.
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Internet of masses:
‘Internet of masses’ era started with the Dot-com bubble burst in 2000. In the starting of this
era Dotcom bubble burst led to high growth in stock markets due to increasing use of internet
in the industrial sector. In this era many people across the globe started using internet. Social
networking sites came into existence. In 2001 Wikipedia came into existence followed by
Facebook in 2004, further followed by YouTube, Twitter and WikiLeaks in the consecutive
years
Mobile Internet:
‘Mobile Internet’ era refers to access to the Internet via cellular phone service provider. The
era got a boost with introduction of smartphones which gave a fast working internet on
phones. This was the era from 2007-2011. There was steep rise in the use of internet by the
people round the globe due to the mobile internet.
Internet of Things:
‘Internet of Things’ refers to an era where things can be connected to each other using
internet.
computers know more about ideas than things. If we had computers that knew everything
there was to know about things—using data they gathered without any help from us—we
would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost. We
would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they were
fresh or past their best. The Internet of Things has the potentia l to change the world, just as
the Internet did. Maybe even more so. “ —Kevin Ashton, "That 'Internet of Things' Thing",
RFID Journal, July 22, 2009 “Things are active participants in business, information and
social processes where they are enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and
with the environment by exchanging data and information sensed about the environment,
while reacting autonomously to the real/physical world events and influencing it by running
processes that trigger actions and create services with or without direct human intervention.”
—Cluster of European research projects on the Internet of Things “The Internet of Things
represents an evolution in which objects are capable of interacting with other objects.
Hospitals can monitor and regulate pacemakers long distance, factories can automatically
address production line issues and hotels can adjust temperature and lighting according to a
guest's preferences, to name just a few examples.” – IBM
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Application Layer
Sensor layer
ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
1. RFID and near-field communication - In the 2000s, RFID was the dominant technology.
Later, NFC became dominant (NFC). NFC has become common in smart phones during the
early 2010s, with uses such as reading NFC tags or for access to public transportation.
2. Optical tags and quick response codes - This is used for low cost tagging. Phone camera
decodes QR code using image-processing techniques. In reality QR advertisement campaigns
gives less turnout as users need to have another application to read QR codes.
3. Bluetooth low energy - This is one of the latest technology. All newly releasing
smartphones have BLE hardware in them. Tags based on BLE can signal their presence at a
power budget that enables them to operate for up to one year on a lithium coin cell battery.
RFID
Radio- frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer
data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The
tags contain electronically stored information. Some tags are powered by electromagnetic
induction from magnetic fields produced near the reader. Some types collect energy from the
interrogating radio waves and act as a passive transponder. Other types have a local power
source such as a battery and may operate at hundreds of meters from the reader. Unlike a
barcode, the tag does not necessarily need to be within line of sight of the reader and may be
embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data
Capture (AIDC).
Sensors
Many IoT devices have sensors that can register changes in temperature, light, pressure,
sound and motion. They are your eyes and ears to what's going on the world. Before we talk
about what they do, let's describe them. These sensors are part of a device category called a
microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and are manufactured in much the same way
microprocessors are manufactured, through a lithography process. These sensors can be
paired with an application-specific integrated circuit or an ASIC. This is a circuit with a
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IPv6
The original idea of the Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags and unique identification
through the Electronic Product Code however this has evolved into objects having an IP
address or URI. An alternative view, from the world of the Semantic Web focuses instead on
making all things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled) addressable by the
existing naming protocols, such as URI. The objects themselves do not converse, but they
may now be referred to by other agents, such as powerful centralized servers acting for their
human owners. The next generation of Internet applications using Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6) would be able to communicate with devices attached to virtually all human- made
objects because of the extremely large address space of the IPv6 protocol. This system would
therefore be able to scale to the large numbers of objects envisaged. A combination of these
ideas can be found in the current GS1/EPC global EPC Information Services (EPCIS)
specifications. This system is being used to identify objects in industries ranging from
aerospace to fast moving consumer products and transportation logistics.
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APPLCATIONS OF IoT
IoT can help to improve safety and security of products and services by reliably identifying
counterfeit products and elements. The aviation industry, for example, is vulnerable to the
problem of suspected unapproved parts (SUP). An SUP is an aircraft part that is not
guaranteed to meet the requirements of an approved aircraft part (e.g., counterfeits, which do
not conform to the strict quality constraints of the aviation industry). Thus, SUPs seriously
violate the security standards of an aircraft. Aviation authorities report that
at least 28 accidents or incidents in the United States have been caused by counterfeits [24].
Apart from time-consuming material analyses, verifying the authenticity of aircraft parts can
be performed by inspecting the accompanying documents, which can be easily forged. It is
possible to solve this problem by introducing electronic pedigrees for certain categories of
aircraft parts, which document their origin and safety-critical events during their lifecycle
(e.g.,modifications). By storing these pedigrees within a decentralized database as well as on
RFID tags, which are securely attached to aircraft parts, an authentication (verification of
digital signatures, comparison of the pedigree on RFID tags and within the database) of these
parts can be performed prior to installing them in an aircraft. In this way, safety and
operational reliability of aircrafts can be significantly improved.
Automotive industry
Advanced cars, trains, buses as well as bicycles are becoming equipped with advanced
sensors, actuators with increased processing powers. Applications in the automotive industry
include the use of smart things to monitor and report various parameters from pressure in
tyres to proximity of other vehicles. RFID technology has already been used to streamline
vehicle production, improve logistics, increase quality control and improve customer
services. The devices attached to the parts contain information related to the name of the
manufacturer and when and where the product was made, its serial number, type, product
code, and in some applications the precise location in the facility at that moment. RFID
technology provides real-time data in the manufacturing processes, maintenance operations
and offers new ways of managing recalls more effectively. Dedicated Short Range
Communication (DSRC) technology will possibly help in achieving higher bit rates and
reducing interference with other equipment. Vehicle-to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-
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Telecommunication industry
IoT will create the possibility of merging of diverse telecommunication technologies and
create new services. An illustrative example is the use of GSM, NFC (Near Field
Communication), low power Bluetooth, WLAN, multi- hop
networks, GPS and sensor networks together with SIM-card technology. In these types of
applications the reader (i.e. tag) is a part of the mobile phone, and different applications share
the SIM-card. NFC enables communications among objects in a simple and secure way just
by having them close to each other. The mobile phone can therefore be used as a NFC-reader
and transmit the read data to a central server. When used in a mobile phone, the SIM-card
plays an important role as storage for the NFC data and authentication credentials
(like ticket numbers, credit card accounts, ID information etc). Things can join networks and
facilitate peer-to-peer communication for specialized purposes or to increase robustness of
communications channels and networks. Things can form ad-hoc peer-to-peer networks in
disaster situations to keep the flow of vital informatio n going in case of telecommunication
infrastructure failures.
IoT will have many applications in the healthcare sector, with the possibility of using the cell
phone with RFID-sensor capabilities as a platform for monitoring of medical parameters and
drug delivery. The advantage gained is in prevention and easy monitoring of diseases, ad hoc
diagnosis and providing prompt medical attention in cases of accidents. Implantable and
addressable wireless devices can be used to store health records that can save a patient’s life
in emergency situations, especially for people with diabetes, cancer, coronary heart disease,
stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cognitive impairments, seizure disorders and
Alzheimer’s disease. Edible, biodegradable chips can be introduced into human body for
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guided actions. Paraplegic persons can have muscular stimuli delivered via an implanted
smart thing-controlled electrical simulation system in order to restore movement functions.
Independent Living
IoT applications and services will have an important impact on independent living by
providing support for an aging population by detecting the activities of daily living using
wearable and ambient sensors, monitoring social interactions using wearable and ambient
sensors, monitoring chronic disease using wearable vital signs sensors, and in body sensors.
With emergence of pattern detection and machine learning algorithms, the things in a patient’s
environment would be able to watch out and care for the patient. Things can learn regular
routines and raise alerts or send out notifications in anomaly situations. These services can be
merged with the medical technology services.
Environmental Monitoring
Utilization of wireless identifiable devices and other IoT technologies in green applications
and environmental conservation are one of the most promising market segments in the future.
There will be an increased usage of wireless identifiable devices in environmentally friendly
programs worldwide.
Deployment of IoT technologies will enable ad hoc news gathering based on locations of the
users. The news gathering could happen by querying IoT, to see which multi- media-capable
devices are present at a certain location, and send ing them a (financial) offer to collect
multimedia footage about a certain event. Near field communication tags can be attached to
posters for providing more information by connecting the reader to an URI address that
contains detailed information related to the poster.
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Insurance Industry
CHALLENGES
The workflows in analysed enterprise environment, home, office and other smart spaces in
the future will be characterized by cross organization interaction, requiring the operation of
highly dynamic and ad-ho relationships. At present, only a very limited ICT support is
available, and the following key challenges exist.
There are several areas in which further research is needed for making deployment of the
concept of IoT reliable, robust and efficient. Some of the areas are identified in the
following. In identification technology domain, further research is needed in development
of new technologies that address the global ID schemes, identity management, identity
encoding/ encryption, pseudonimity, revocable anonymity, authentication of par ties,
repository management using identification, authentication and addressing schemes and the
creation of global directory lookup services and discovery services for IoT applications
with various identifier schemes. In architecture design domain, some of the issues that need
attention are: design of distributed open architecture with end-to-end characteristics,
interoperability of heterogeneous systems, neutral access, clear layering and resilience to
physical network disruption, decentralized autonomic a rchitectures based on peering of
nodes etc. In communication protocol domain, the issues that need to be addressed are :
design of energy efficient communication by multi frequency protocol, communication
spectrum and frequency allocation, software defined radios to remove the needs for
hardware upgrades for new protocols, and design of high performance, scalable algorithms
and protocols. In network technology domain further research is needed on network on
chip technology considering on chip communication architectures for dynamic
configurations design time parameterized architecture with a dynamic routing scheme and
a variable number of allowed virtual connections at each output. In addition, power-aware
network design that turns on and off the links in response to burst and dips of traffic on
demand, scalable communication infrastructures design on chip to dynamically support the
communication among circuit modules based on varying workloads and /or changing
constraints are some of the important research issues.
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CHAPTER-3
3.2.3 OBSERVATIONS:
For different kinds of faults in power system we can observe the relationship between all
the three sequence components (currents/voltages) as follows:
L-G R Y B ≠ ≠
L-L 0 Y B =
L-L-G R Y B = =
L-G R Y B = =
L-L 0 Y B =-
L-L-G R Y B ≠ ≠
3- 0 Y 0 = 0, ≠0
The transfer function of the first order all pass filter active filter will be in the form of
T(s) = (s – a) / (s + a) (3.1)
The pole of this transfer function is located in the left half plane and the zero in the right
half plane at equal distance from the origin on real axis. The magnitude of the numerator
is identical with the magnitude of the denominator and | T (j ) | = 1 for all . the circuit
having this characteristics is known as all pass filter (APF). The APF circuit is shown in
Fig. (2) & (3) using operational amplifier can be used to obtain specified phase shift at
one frequency without changing the magnitude of T (j ), even if frequency changes [9].
-1 -1
Tan (-ω RC) – Tan ( RC ) (3.2)
= (3.3)
(3.5)
-1
Tan ( RC) (3.6)
0
To obtain a phase shift of 120 at a frequency of 50 HZ, i.e. = 314, from equation (3.6)
18.3KΩ and C = 0.1µF. If two components, i.e. R&C are inter changed, values of R&C
are equal to 55KΩ and 0.1µF respectively then the phase shift of the circuit is twice, i.e.
0. 0
240 The circuit shown in Fig.3.1 and Fig.3.2 is used to rotate the phase voltage by 120
0
and 240 .
0
Figure 3.3.1 ALL PASS FILTER FOR SHIFTING 120
(3.7)
) (3.8)
(3.9)
Va0
Va1
The complete circuit will be as shown in Fig.3.3.7. The sequence component voltages are
then rectified and fed into the filter circuit to get a proper dc output. Now that dc outputs
are compared with a constant voltage 1V by the comparator circuit. If the filtered
sequence component voltage is higher than the reference voltages then the output of
comparator is the offset voltage of the comparator. Now according to the comparator
output for individual faults we can set up logics such that one LED will glow.
No fault:
The waveform shows that all the three voltage sequence components are present but their
magnitudes are different.
The circuit is constructed in the NI MULTISIM simulation software using virtual ICs.
(Refer Fig 3.5.2).
The logic circuit used for fault detection is shown in fig 3.6.2.
Figure 3.6.4 FAULT ANALYSING CIRCUIT WITH NODE Mcu, LCD &
WIFI MODULE
To create the 3 phase fault we used the transformers of ratting 220/12V and also to for
simulating the fault in real-time we are using push button switches since creating 3 phase
faults without the highly sophisticated protection circuit is dangerous. The 4 Push
buttons provided represent the Sequence voltages and the fault is created using the
combination of these push buttons.
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CHAPTER-4
During Normal Condition the Zero Sequence Voltage & Negative Sequence Voltage
is 0 and only Positive Sequence Voltage is present so through the filter circuit and
summing circuit combination of Op-Amp the voltage is obtained and the NO FAULT
LED glows, the Microcontroller is under continuous monitoring mode and displays NO
Fault in LCD.
SOFTWARE DETAILS:
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
communit y that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and
control objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-source
hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
(LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL) permitting the manufacture of Arduino
boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially
in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, includ ing Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the
programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolcha ins
the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE)
based on the Processing language project.
LIBRARIES
The Arduino environment can be extended through the use of libraries, just like most
programming platforms. Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g.
working with hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from
Sketch > Import Library.
A number of libraries come installed with the IDE, but you can also download or
create your own. See these instructions for details on installing libraries.
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BLYNK:
Blynk is a Platform with iOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi and the likes
over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard where you can build a graphic interface for your
project by simply dragging and dropping widgets. It’s really simple to set everything up and
you'll start tinkering in less than 5 mints. Blynk is not tied to some specific board or shield.
Instead, it's supporting hardware of your choice. Whether your Arduino or Raspberry Pi is
linked to the Internet over Wi-Fi, Ethernet or this new ESP8266 chip, Blynk will get you
online and ready for the Internet of Your Things.
BLYNK SERVER:
Blynk Server is an Open-Source Netty based Java server, responsible for forwarding
messages between Blynk mobile application and various microcontroller boards (i.e.
Arduino, Raspberry Pi. Etc).Blynk Cloud is software written on Java using plain TCP/IP sockets
and running on our server. Blynk iOS and Android apps connect to Blynk Cloud by default.
Access is free for every Blynk user. To run Blynk Server, all we need is Java Runtime
Environment.
Design:
The design consists of two main part hardware and software. The hardware contains microprocessor ,
microcontroller, different sensors, actuator’s etc. Software consists of different programming concept which are
used in our project. With the help of IoT this hardware and software can link to each other.
IOT ARCHITECHTURE:
The Internet of thinks (IOT) is a rapid explained technology that is shaping up to bring the next revolution in
computing and information technology. IOT system has application across industries through their unique
flexible and ability to be suitable in any environment. The physical layer consists of the devices that are to be
controlled. The sensors to sense the surrounding environmental conditions are also connected to this layer. The
data link layer consists of IoT gateway router (here, we have used NodeMCU as router gateway), device
manager and various communication protocols. This layer links the home appliances to the webserver or cloud
via Wi-Fi communication. The application and presentation layer consist of web protocol. This layer constitute
either designing of a webpage for accessing the devices connected to the perception layer via PC or laptop
computer, or building an android or iOS mobile application if the devices are to be controlled and monitored
via smartphones.
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EMBEDDED C
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C
Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires
nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as
fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.
Embedded Programming
Arduino is a very minute part of embedded systems, in fact we can call it as an application
product of embedded system. Arduino is just any other microcontroller board, with a
specifically designed API and software which makes programming it very easy. Arduino is
just a drop of water in Embedded System Ocean.
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CHAPTER-5
CHAPTER 5
The fault is detected using the fault detecting circuit and is analysed using the logic circuit
and Microcontroller. The thought of always being tracked and your data being recorded
does bring a fear to a consumer’s mind, but we have to move away from it to see the
benefits that this great technology is going to bring to us. The above examples were about a
'connected you', making your life seamless, but it brings with it higher benefits like
connected cities, better commerce and an improved ecosystem. As often happens, history is
repeating itself. Just as in the early days when Cisco’s tagline was “The Science of
Networking Networks,” IoT is at a stage where disparate networks and a multitude of
sensors must come together and interoperate under a common set of standards. This effort
will require businesses, governments, standards organizations, and academia to work
together toward a common goal. Next, for IoT to gain acceptance among the general
populace, service providers and others must deliver applications that bring tangible value to
peoples’ lives. IoT must not represent the advancement of technology for technology’s
sake; the industry needs to demonstrate value in human terms. In conclusion, IoT represents
the next evolution of the Internet. Given that humans advance and evolve by turning data
into information, knowledge, and wisdom, IoT has the potential to change the world as we
know it today—for the better. How quickly we get there is up to us.
The system can be integrated with access control devices such as digital locking
system, facial/finger-print recognition systems etc. so as to provide the remote user
with real-time information about fault occurred in the 3 phase system.
The combination of both the control ways (i.e Internet & GSM) through single
processor can significantly reduce the overall cost and efficiency of the system. The
MSP430 C200 wireless link module itself has both internet accessibility and SMS
capabilities. Hence, in future we can make use of single booster pack alone to
monitor the Power System in both the ways; i.e via Internet as well as via SMS.
REFERENCES