Romania – Biomass Action Plan

Pop: 3.7 billion Pop: 6 billion Pop: 8.1 billion

14.7 billion toe

9.2 billion toe
5 billion toe

+84% +60%

1970 2000 2030

1.35 1.5 toe/capita 1.8 toe/capita

toe/capita
+11% +20%

Sources : BP statistical review, WEO 2005, Alternative Policy scenario

 "Estimates of the amount of energy that can be supplied from biomass vary; but by
2050 it could provide as much as 50% of global primary energy supply. Some of
this will be used to make alcohol and diesel fuels, more to produce a combustible
gas and the rest to fuel power stations." Reuters Business Insight Report, 2004

The sun generates an enormous amount of energy — approximately 1.1 x 1020 kilowatt-hours every
second. (A kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy needed to power a 100 watt light bulb for ten hours.) The
earth’s outer atmosphere intercepts about one two-billionth of the energy generated by the sun, or about
1500 quadrillion (1.5 x 1018 ) kilowatt-hours per year. Because of reflection, scattering, and absorption by
gases and aerosols in the atmosphere, only 47% of this, or approximately 700 quadrillion (7 x 1017 )
kilowatt-hours, reaches the surface of the earth.
Solar energy runs the engines of the earth. It heats its atmosphere and its lands, generates its winds, drives
the water cycle, warms its oceans, grows its plants, feeds its animals, and even (over the long haul)
produces its fossil fuels. It also runs the engines of our economies and of our society in general. We depend
upon the energy from plants, water, wind, and fossil fuels to power our industries, heat and cool our homes
and business, and run our transportation systems.
EU Bioenergy potential
State situated in SE Central Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower
Danube and bordering on the Black Sea, Romania lies between 43°37'07" and
48°15'06" Latitude North and 20°15'44" and 29°41'24" Longitude East. It is on the
9th place in Europe considering the state surface and on 7th place considering the
population.
Total contribution of renewable energy > 100 PJ/year
Romania and renewable energy
High Potential for Renewable Energy :

Natural resources Potential

Human resources Potential

Need of energy

Need of clean enevironment

Need of rural development

 Security of energy supply
Alternatives to oil

Economic efficiency Rational Harmony with environment

Market mechanism use of Cutting CO2 emissions
biomass

Increase of life quality

Rural development, Job creation

Main objectives of Romanian Biomass action Plan

 Bioenergy

»Biofuels
»Bio-electricity
»Bio-heat
 Romanian experience
in the field of biomass energy

» 1980 Biogas (basically from manure)

» 1983/1984 Biofuels:
- vegetable oil (sun flower)
- bio-gasoline (topinambur)
- bio-gas (basically from manure)
» 1994/1995 Biofuels:
- vegetable oil (rape)
- biodiesel (from rape oil)
- biomixtures (basically from rape oil)
- bio-alcohol purification technology (breveted)
» 2004/2005 Biofuels:
- development of the Romanian technology for
biodiesel
- first bus of public transport company working
with biofuels
- vegetable production and use for agricultural engines
» 2006/2008 Biofuels:
- development of biofuels use in public transport
- study of the impact of biofuels production and use
» 2006/2008 positive experiences in biofuels use:
- Constanta (public transport)
- Tarnaveni (public transport)
» 2006/2008 Biogasoline (production & use – sugar beet raw
material)
» 2007/2009 Biofuels (farm integrated energy system)

» 2008 Biogas: (research upon the optimum size, the best

charging composition and working parameters)
Biorefinery chain
 1
5
2
2

Agriculture
Forests
Built surfaces
Roads and railways
28
Wet lands
Other

62

Country surface (237,500 km2) distribution by destinations, [%]

 3%
10%

23%

64%

Arable land Pastures

Hayfields Vineyards and orchards

Total arable surface: 9423,5.103 ha,

from which only 7024.103 ha were considered to be eligible for Community assets
during the accession process
 Biofuels

Romania has the following mandates for biodiesel blending:

q2% starting in July 2007,

q3% starting in January 2008, and

q4% in July 2008.

Starting with July 2009, a minimum 4% of bioethanol based on
volume should be blended with gasoline.
 Biodiesel:
-Rape;
-Sun flower;
-Soya.

Biogasoline:
-Sugar beet;
-Maize;
-Wheat;
-Sweet sorghum;
-Topinambur.

Biogas:
-Silo maize;
-Silo grass;
-Wheat;
-Maize.

Main raw materials for biofuels production in Romania

 Evolution of cultivated surfaces and yields of main crops suitable for biofuels production

Year
Specification MU
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Rape

Surface 103 ha 0,3 1,7 7,2 27 83,6 68,4 82,4 74,6 17,6 48,4 87,8 110,1 348,8

Mean yield kg/ha 1178 1086 1620 1050 1294 1113 1235 481 473 2090 1681,0 1590,0 998,0

Total yield 103 t 0,4 1,9 11,6 28,7 108,2 76,1 101,8 35,9 8,1 101,1 147,6 175,1 348,2

Sun flower

Surface 103 ha 714,5 916,8 780,7 962,2 1043 876,8 800,3 906,2 1153 1007 971,0 991,0 831,4

Mean yield kg/ha 1304 1193 1095 1115 1243 821,0 1029 1105 1306 1753 1381 1540 627,0

Total yield 103 t 932,9 1095,6 858,1 1073,3 1300,9 720,9 823,6 1002,8 1506,4 1767,1 1340,9 1526,2 521,5

Soya

Surface 103 ha 73,4 80,2 63,1 147,3 99,8 117 44,8 71,8 128,8 122,4 143,1 192,6 113,7

Mean yield kg/ha 1470 1410 1920 1364 1838 594 1623 2033 1746 2452 2186 1769 1084

Total yield 103 t 107,9 113,1 121,1 200,8 183,4 69,5 72,7 145,9 224,9 300,1 312,8 340,7 123,3

Sugar beet

Surface 103 ha 133,2 135,9 128,8 117,8 65,5 48,4 39,0 40,7 37,9 18,8 25,2 39,9 25,0

Mean yield kg/ha 19,928 20,960 21,166 20,045 21,608 13,787 22,432 23,429 20,172 29,331 28,932 28,232 36,320

Total yield 103 t 2654,2 2848,2 2725,5 2361,4 1414,9 666,9 875,5 954,6 764,5 551,6 729,7 1125,9 809,2

Wheat

Surface 103 ha 2480,8 1781,7 2406,8 2016,5 1674,1 1937,9 2453,2 2294,5 1748 2008,1 2496,7 2012,6 1946,0

Mean yield kg/ha 3090 1765 2972 2570 2780 2290 3038 1923 1428 3870 2960 2746,0 1544,0

Total yield 103 t 7666,5 3143,8 7152,5 5176,6 4659,1 4430,6 7725,4 4412,6 2496,4 7771,4 7389,7 5526,2 3005,5

Maize

Surface 103 ha 3109,2 3277 3037,7 3128,9 3013,4 3049,4 2947 2894,5 3206,5 3201,9 2630 2520,3 2119,4

Mean yield kg/ha 3184 2926 4171 2756 3627 1603 3066 2902 2988 4630 3951 3565,0 1740

Total yield 103 t 9923,1 9607,9 12687 8623,4 10935 4897,6 9119,2 8399,8 9581,7 14126,2 10390,3 8984,7 3687,9
Integrate system for biodiesel production and use
Rape crop technology
Biodiesel technology
Favourable areas for sugar-beet crop in Romania
Sugar-beet to ethanol chain
Corn to ethanol chain
Biofuels crops efficiency
(mean values)
Biofuels quality assurance

Spectometer with optical emission

 Unit engine for the biodisel
cetanic number

Unit engine for the

biogasoline octanic number
Engines test bench
Biofuels for public transport
Start in 2004 – Cluj-Napoca
 Biofuels development scenarios

2010 2015 2020

Specification Biofuel Arable land Biofuel Arable land Biofuel Arable land
[103 t] %* [ha] %** [103 t] %* [ha] %** [103 t] %* [ha] %**
Scenario 1
Biofuels, total 262 5,75 388180 4,12 375,5 8,0 554731 5,88 483,0 10,0 715786 7,59
Biodiesel, total: 178,5 5,75 354086 3,75 255,75 8,0 504401 5,35 329,0 10,0 651041 6,90
- Biodiesel 166,5 334669 3,55 239,75 478512 5,08 311,0 621915 6,60
- Vegetable oil 12,0 19417 0,20 16,0 25889 0,27 18,0 29126 0,30
Biogasoline: - bioethanol 83,5 5,75 34094 0,37 119,7 8,0 50330 0,53 154,0 10,0 64745 0,69

Scenario 2
Bifuels, total 262,0 5,75 300440 3,18 375,5 8,0 392948 4,17 483,0 416320 4,41
Biodiesel, total: 178,5 5,75 273385 2,90 255,75 8,0 352626 3,74 329,0 370206 3,92
- Biodiesel 166,5 257059 2,73 239,75 333957 3,54 311,0 350747 3,72
- Vegetable oil 12,0 16326 0,17 16,0 18669 0,20 18,0 19459 0,20
Biogasoline: - bioethanol 83,5 5,75 27055 0,28 119,7 8,0 40322 0,43 154,0 46114 0,49

Scenario 3
Biofuels, total 262,0 5,75 300440 3,18 1079,8 23 (8) 509000 5,40 1226,0 25,3(10) 509000 5,40

Biodiesel, total: 178,5 5,75 273385 2,90 291,7 279000 2,96 329,0 279000 2,96
- Biodiesel 166,5 257059 2,73 265,2 262000 2,78 358,0 262000 2,78
- Vegetable oil 12,0 16326 0,17 15,7 17000 0,18 18,9 17000 0,18
Biogasoline: - bioethanol 83,5 5,75 27055 0,28 119,7 230000 2,44 154,0 230000 2,44
Distribution of the aridity index in the case of Romania
 Ecophysiology of Cynara versus maize

Cynara Maize

10 months growth cycle 4 months growth cycle

Sistem radicular profund Sistem radicular superficial

Growth cycle adapted to Irrigation is needed in the

the dry regions dry regions
distribution of rainfalls Shallow root system
(autumn, winter, spring)
Deep root system Maize

Arial plat parts dry up in Active canopy in summer –

summertime (no Cynara high transpiration rate
transpiration)

Perennial crop Annual crop

Miscanthus – biological cycle
 Short rotation coppice

Willow + poplar
 Technical potential of some crops residues

Ratio
Crop Rezidue Humidity, [%]
product/residue

Cereals Straw 15 0,5...0,9

Maize Stalk 50 0,7
Rape Tulpini 45 1,6
Sun flower Stalk and leaves 40 3,3
Vine plants Pruning waste 45 1,5 t/ha

In the case of Romania the energy potential of agricultural secondary yield is

situated at the level of 230...270 ktoep (according to the cereals crop level).
 Humid manure quantity according to the animal category (cf. ASAE D384.1)

Manure quantity according to each Total solid

Animal category
1000 kg animal/day manure, [%]
Milking cows 86 0,14
Fattening cattle 62 0,08
Pigs 84 0,13
Chiken 0,03 kg dry substance/chiken/day

Disponibilul de dejecţii pentru producerea de energie

Animal husbandry manure

Dry substance – energy potential, Dry substance – energy potential,
[ktoe/year] [ktoe/year]
2006 2010 2020 2006 2010 2020
290 310 340 135 140 154
 Structure of harvested wood volume

9%

12%
37%

10%

32%
Coniferous Beech
Oak Various strong species
Various soft species Total forest surface 6,4 106 ha

Forests have an important role in controlling and maintaining ecological balance, and almost 50% of
Romanian forests are framed in protection categories (of water, soil, climate, geno-fond and eco-fond).
Romanian forests form a strong anti-entropy barrier. The ratio between the quantity of carbon dioxide
emitted from economic activities and the quantity absorbed by the forests in Romania is much smaller
than that in Western Europe countries. Forests cover 26,7% of the country, close to the minimal
established limit of 25%.
Most of the industrial residues are
coming from the wood processing
industry which is quite developed in
Romania (4 % from whole industry).
According to the wood processed
quantity (15671.103 m3 in 2005) the
estimated level of the residues is
situate at 550...670 ktoep/year.
Farm biogas
(200 kWh)
 Municipal cumbersome

4,5 5
13
4,5

metal
11 glass
textile
paper
plastic materials
biogenic materials
10
other
52

Composition of the municipal cumbersome in Romania

(mean values)
Use of the municipal
cumbersome
 Government

Industry Academia
Research