Buku Ajar Translation

BUKU AJAR
TRANSLATION
Oleh:
JENY LEKATOMPESSY
NIP. 197506282005012001
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SENI
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS PATTIMURA
TAHUN 2016
1
LEMBARAN PENGESAHAN
JUDUL : TRANSLATION
PENULIS : JENY LEKATOMPESSY, S.Pd., M.TESOL
NIP : 197506282005012001
JABATAN : LEKTOR
PANGKAT/GOLONGAN : PENATA/IIIC
BIAYA BUKU AJAR : Rp. 3.000.000 (Tiga Juta Rupiah)
SUMBER : Dibiayai Dana Belanja Non Operasional Lainnya
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan
Universitas Pattimura Tahun 2014
Ambon, September 2014
Mengetahui
Dekan Penulis
DR. THERESIA LAURENS, M.Pd JENY LEKATOMPESSY,S.Pd.,M.TESOL

NIP. 196205171987032003 NIP. 197506282005012001
2
TABLE OF CONTENT
Preface ii
Table of Content iii
Syllabus and Lesson Plans iv
Unit I : Definition 1
Unit II : Types and Categories of Translation 4
Unit III: Translation Principles 8
Unit IV: Translation Procedure 10
Unit V : Grammatical Equivalence and Adjustment 15
Unit VI: Lexical Adjustment 21
Unit VII : The Process of Translation 25
Unit VIII: The Concept of Meaning 28
References xiv
Appendix
3
PREFACE
This course book is designed for students in Computer Assisted Language LearningCALL
course in English Study Program, Language and Arts Department in Faculty of Teacher
Training and Educational Sciences at Pattimura University. This course book provides
students with the knowledge of CALL that is used in teaching English. This book consists of
several units and each unit is focused on how to use computer in assisting both Language
teacher and language learners. In it is hoped that at the end of the course the students will be
able to apply what they have learned during in the course through practice and projects
Writer
DR. ETTY MARJATI HOESIEN, M.Ls

NIP. 195303261981032001
4
ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM
SYLLABUS
Course : Translation
Code : KBG 422 and BEK 624
Credit :2
Semester : VI
Brief Description : This course intended to provide students with the knowledge of Translation and its practices
Standard Competency : At the end of this course students are expected to gain more understanding about Definitions of Translation, Types and
Categories of Translation, Translation Principles, Translation Procedure, Grammatical Equivalent and Adjustment,
Lexical Adjustment, Process of Translation and Concept of Meaning and Practice what they have learned.
Instructors : Jeny Lekatompessy, S.Pd., M.TESOL
5
Basic Competence Week Study Materials Learning Duration Media Evaluation
Activities
Students are able to 1 Definition of Translation Lecture 1 x 120 Module
understand the LCD
Minutes
definitions of
Translation
Students are able to 2-3 Types of Translation Lecture 2 x 120 Module
understand Types and Category of Translation Discussion LCD
Minutes
Category of Translation
Students are able to 4 Literal Translation Lecture 1 x 120 Module
understand Translation Discussion LCD
Faithful Translation Minutes
Principles
Students are able to 5 -6 Transcription Lecture 2 x 120 Module
understand Translation Transliteration Discussion LCD
Minutes
Procedure Borrowing Presentation
Literal and Transposition
Modulation
Adaptation
Mid Test 7 Mid Test 1 x 120
Minutes
Students are able to 8-9 Grammatical Equivalence Lecture 2 x 120 Module
understand Grammatical Grammatical Adjustment Discussion LCD
Minutes
Equivalence and
Grammatical Adjustment
Lexical Adjustment 10 Affixed Words Lecture 1 x 120 Module
Compound Words Discussion LCD
Minutes
The Process of 11 The Process of Translation Lecture 1 x 120 Module

Group Work LCD
Translation Minutes
The Concept of Meaning 12 - 13 Textual Meaning and Lecture 2 x 120 Module
Adjustment Discussion LCD
Minutes
Situational Meaning and Presentation
6
Adjustment
Socio Cultural Meaning and
Adjustment
Social Formulas
Review 14 Review 1 x 120 Module
LCD
Minutes
Final Test 15 Final Test 1 x 120
Minutes
Assessment
Learners‟ Achievement is assessed under the following aspects
a. Attendance and class participation 10 %
b. Individual or Group Assignment 20 %
c. Mid Semester 30 %
d. Final Test 40 %
References
1. Brislin, Richard W, Translation Application and Research. New York. 1976

2. Catford, I.C., A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Landon : Oxford University Press. 1965
3. Effendi A (1988) Materi Pokok Translation. Universitas Terbuka. 1988
4. Thomas, ed., Style and Language, Mit Press. 1966
7
LESSON PLAN
Main Topic : Definition of Translation
Sub Topic : Definitions by Experts
Time Allocation : 1 x 120 Minutes
Week :1
Basic Competency : Students are able to understand the definitions of Translation
Teaching Method : Lecture
Teaching Media : Module and LCD
Teaching and Learning Activities

Stages Activities
Opening Brainstorm the topic
Main Activity Explain about the topic
Closing Summarize the Lesson
References
6. Catford, I.C., A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Landon : Oxford University
Press. 1965
8
LESSON PLAN
Main Topic : Types and Category of Translation
Sub Topic : Full Translation VS Partial Translation
Total Translation VS Restricted Translation
Rank Translation
Week :2-3
Basic Competency : Students are able to understand Types and Category of Translation
Teaching Method : Lecture and discussion

Stages Activities
Opening Brainstorm the Topic
Main Activity Explain and discuss the topic
Practice
Closing Summarize the lesson
References
Press. 1965
9
LESSON PLAN
Main Topic : Translation Principles
Sub Topic : Literal Translation
Faithful Translation
Week :4
Basic Competency : Students are able to understand Translation Principles

Stages Activities
Main Activity Explain and discuss the topic and make the difference between literal and
Faithful Translation.
References
Press. 1965
10
LESSON PLAN
Main Topic : Translation Procedure
Sub Topic : Transcription, Transliteration, Borrowing
Literal and Transposition, Modulation, Adaptation
Week :5-6
Basic Competency : Students are able to understand Translation Procedure
Teaching Method : Lecture, discussion, presentation

Stages Activities
Main Activity 1. Explain and discuss Transcription, Transliteration, Borrowing
Literal and Transposition, Modulation, Adaptation
2. Group Presentation
References
Press. 1965
11
LESSON PLAN
Main Topic : Grammatical Equivalent and Grammatical Adjustment
Sub Topic : Grammatical Equivalent
Grammatical Adjustment
Week :8-9
Basic Competency : Students are able to understand Grammatical adjustment and grammatical
Equivalent

Stages Activities
Main Activity 1. Explain and discuss Grammatical Equivalent
2. Explain and discuss Grammatical Adjustment
References
Press. 1965
12
LESSON PLAN
Main Topic : Lexical Adjustment
Sub Topic : Affixed words and Compound words
Week : 10
Basic Competency : Students are able to understand lexical Adjustment

Stages Activities
Main Activity Explain and discuss affixed words and compound words
References
Press. 1965
13
LESSON PLAN
Main Topic : The Process of Translation
Sub Topic : The Process of Translation
Week : 11
Basic Competency : Students are able to understand the process of translation

Stages Activities
Main Activity Explain and discuss the process of translation
References
Press. 1965
14
LESSON PLAN
Main Topic : The Concept of Meaning
Sub Topic : Textual Meaning and Adjustment, Situational Meaning and
Adjustment
Socio cultural meaning and Adjustment
Social formulas
Week : 13 - 14
Basic Competency : Students are able to understand the concept of meaning in translation
Teaching Method : Lecture and discussion, presentation

Stages Activities
Main Activity Explain and discuss Textual Meaning and Adjustment, Situational Meaning
and Adjustment, Socio cultural meaning and Adjustment, Social formulas
Group Presentation
References
Press. 1965
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UNIT I
DEFINITION
Translation, as a process, is always uni-directional namely it is always performed in a

given direction „from‟ a Source Language (henceforth abbreviated as SL) „into‟ a Target
Language (TL).
Different writers define „translation‟ in different ways. Study the following definitions
carefully:
a) Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent

textual material in another language (TL). (Catford, 1969:20)
b) Translation is made possible by an equivalence of thought that lies behind its different
verbal expressions. (Savory, 1969: 13)
c) Translation consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source language first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms
of style. (Nida, 1969: 12)
d) Translation is a process of finding TL equivalent for an SL utterance. (Pinchuck,
1977: 38)
e) Translation is the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language
(TL) so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately
similar and (2) the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not
so closely that that TL structures will be seriously distorted. (Mc Guire. 1980:2)
f) Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or
statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.
(Newmark, 1981:7)
If we pay careful attention to the words underlined in the definitions above we will learn that:
1. The word „equivalent‟ is used by Catford, Savory, Nida and Pinchuck. While Mc
Guire uses the word „similar‟ this is synonymous to the word „equivalent‟.
2. Textual material (Carford), SL text (Mc Guire), written message (Newmark) and SL
message (Nida) are synonymous to indicate something to be translated into TL.
3. Replacement (Catford) and reproducing (Nida) derive from „replace‟ and „reproduce‟
which are synonymous. The word „replace‟ is used by Newmark.
Thus, equivalent, SL text (message) and replacement are the three important elements in
translation. Some other elements include meaning, style, craft and process.
Translation equivalent could be in the rank of word for word, phrase for phrase,
sentence for sentence and so on. Look at the examples below:
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1. Rumah sakit = hospital
2. Jururawat rumah sakit = hospital attendant
(perawat)
3. Saudara perempuanku perawat = my sister is a hospital attendant
It seems easier to get the Indonesian equivalent of English word in isolation, but when it
comes to phrases and sentence then your knowledge of grammar plays an important role. You
can see from the examples above that the English adjunct comes before the noun while the
Indonesian adjunct comes after it. You can also see that to be (copula) and a (indefinite
article) are dropped and not translated in order to obtain accepted Indonesian translation
equivalent.
Since words something have more than one meaning, their translation equivalent
could be a problem unless they are used in context (phrase, sentence or paragraph) for
examples:
plane ……?
a new plane…….?
The carpenter has a new plane……?
The carpenter has a new plane to make the wood smooth.
Plane = penarah, pengetam
A word in the idiomatic phrases would puzzle you even more, e.g.
Cat = kucing
- To bell the cat… = melakukan sesuatu yang berbahaya.
- To let the cat out of the bag = membuka rahasia
- A cat and dog life = penghidupan yang penuh dengan
pertengkaran
- To rain cats and dogs = hujan sangat lebat
- When the cat is away the mice will play = bebas sekali kalau tak ada majikan
dirumah
In the examples above the word „cat‟, „dog‟ and „mice‟ are not used literally and so their
Indonesian equivalents „kucing‟, „anjing‟, and „tikus‟ respectively are not present in the
translation result.
There is ordinary no full equivalence thought translation. Even apparent synonymy
does not yield equivalence. All poetic art is therefore technically untranslatable. Translation
involves far more that the replacement of lexical and grammatical items between languages
as can be seen in the translation of the idioms above. The process may involve discarding the
17
basic linguistic element of the SL text. It may also involve adjusting the lexical and/or the
grammatical elements.
Translation is the transfer of meaning (Pinchuck, 1977: 35). Words are a vehicle of
communication and express meanings. The result of grammar governs the manipulation of
word and certain principles determine the use of vocabulary items. The understanding of
these- which is often intuitive, is necessary in order to carry out a transfer of
(replace/reproduce?) the content of a message (written material/SL text?) from one language
(SL) to another (TL). In addition extra linguistic factor are brought into play, together with
those that are strictly linguistic. Examples of these extra linguistic factors are:
- Subject matter of the text

- Objective of the originator of the text
- The author
- The intended readers
- Time and place
To sum up, based on the six definitions available, you can synthesize that translation is a
process of replacing/ reproducing/ transferring from the SL written text/material/concept into
its TL equivalent in such a way that you retain the meaning and style.
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UNIT II
TYPES AND CATEGORIES OF TRANSLATION
After studying the definition of translation we should also study the types and
categories of translation in order to have a wider scope of it.
Catford (1969: 21) divides translation into three distinctive types, namely:
1. Full translation vs. partial translation

2. Total vs. restricted translation
3. Rank of translation
The distinction between full and partial translation relates to the extent of SL text which is
submitted to the translation process. In a full translation the entire text is submitted to the
translation process, that is, every part of the SL text is replaced by TL text material, e.g.
Indonesian: English:
- Aku cinta Indonesia = I love Indonesia.

- Dia akan pergi ke sana = He will go there.
- Mereka tidak membeli apa-apa = they didn‟t buy anything.
In a partial translation, however, some parts of the SL text are left untranslatable. They are
simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text, either because they are regarded as
„untranslatable‟ or for the deliberate purpose of introducing „local color‟ into the TL text or
even because they are so common and frequently used that translation is not needed, e.g.
- I like hamburger = saya senang hamburger

- Rock Hudson died of aids = Rock Hudson meninggal karena aids
- We need microfilm = kami memerlukan mikrofilm
- The UNDP is funded by the UNESCO = UNDP dibiayi UNESCO
- Orang hutan itu sejenis monyet = the orangutan is kind of ape
- Presiden itu menyanyikan = the presiden sang mengatruh sadly
Mengatruh dengan sedihnya
Do you notice any important change with the words underline above in the translation?
Hamburger, aids, UNDP and UNESCO stay the same graphically yet perhaps they change
phonologically (pronunciations). But microfilm undergoes both spelling and pronunciation
19
change (microfilm – mikrofilm). In the same way the Indonesian „orang hutan‟ becomes
„orang-utan‟ – a change in both spelling and pronunciations in English.
The distinction between total and restricted translation relates to the levels of
language involved in translation. In total translation SL grammar and lexis are replaced by
equivalent TL grammar and lexis. This replacement entails the replacement of SL
phonology/graphology by TL phonology/graphology, e.g.
The child has slept for three hours

Anak itu telah tidur selama tiga jam
Restricted translation at the grammatical and lexical levels means, respectively, replacement
of SL lexis by equivalent TL lexis but with no replacement of grammar, e.g.
Replacement of gammar:
1. Anak itu /telah tidur / selama / tiga jam.

= noun Det / Aux Verb / prep / Det Noun (Indonesian)
= Det Noun / Aux Verb3 / prep / Det Noun (English)
2. Pemburu tua itu / membunuh / seekor beruangn muda.

= Noun Adj Det / Verb / Det Noun Adj (Indonesian)
=Det Adj Noun / Verb2 / Det Noun Adj (English)
Replacement of lexis:
1. Anak itu / telah tidur / selama / tiga jam.

= child that / already sleep / for / three hour.
2. Pemburu tua itu / membunuh / seekor beruang muda.

= hunter old that / kill / a bear young.
In this type of translation, lexical and grammatical adjustments should be applied to achieve
equivalent in terms of meaning. The lexical and grammatical adjustment will be discussed
more deeply in modules three and two respectively.
In this article „on linguistic aspects of translation‟, Roman Jacobson distinguishes

three types of translation (Jacobson, 1959: 234):
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1. Intralingua translation or rewording. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of
other signs in the same language, e.g. paraphrasing.
2. Interlingua translation or translation proper. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of some other language, e.g. the replacement of SL text into the TL equivalent.
3. Intersemiotic translation or translation. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means
of signs systems, e.g. from verbal art into music, dance, cinema or painting.
For our purpose here, translation proper (interlingual translation) which describes the process
of transfer from SL to TL is in line with our stated specific objectives and should be
discussed more deeply.
Savory (1969: 20-24) categorizes translation proper into four types as follows:
1. Perfect translation. All purely informative statements, such as are encountered by the
traveler or used by the advertiser. For example, at some air terminal there hang notice
with the following message:
IMPORTANT
Please ensure that your baggage is

correct before leaving the air terminus
ATTENTION
Messiereurs les passagers sont pries de

verifier leurs bagages avant de quitter
1 aerogare
PERHATIAN
Silahkan memeriksa barang-barang anda

Sebelum meninggalkan pelabuhan udara !
The three messages are not word for word identically phrased, but all contain advice of
identical meaning. You may assume that an Englishman, a Frenchman or an Indonesian
takes ways exactly the same impression, and that they all usually react in the same way
and possibly and it is made in plain words to which no very intense associations are
attached.
2. Adequate translation (for entertainment).

Into this second category fall the very large number of almost characterless translation
made for the general reader who may use them without giving a thought to the fact
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that what he is reading was not originally written in his own language, for examples
English pop novels translated into Indonesian.
3. Composite translation this includes the translation of prose into prose, of poetry into
prose, and of poetry into poetry. The translator may spend a very long time on his
work so that the commercial value of the translation is often neglected. He would only
get the intellectual exercises and the keen intelectual pleasure that results from the
effect.
e.g. laki-laki tua dan laut translated by Sapadi Djoko Damono from the old man and
the sea by Ernest Hemingway.
4. The translated of all learned, scientific and technical matter.

Scientific and technical translating has certain characteristics among others:
a. These translation are made solely because of the intrinsic importance of the
original work, an importance that is strictly confined to the partical business of
living. For example, R.C.Punnett‟s Mendelism was translated into Japanese only
because the Japanese needed to know principles of heredity.
b. The translator shall have a reasonable knowledge of the science or technique
about which the original was written. This will help the translator maintain
accuracy, clearness and precision of the concepts. To translate an English text on
decease you should have a medical background otherwise your translation will be
misleading.
We should also include in this fourth category translation work done solely in the interests of
trade. Consumer goods can be sold in other countries if they can be persuasively described in
the language of the purchasers or at least in English. The work of the translators who perform
this service is seldom publicized, seldom appreciated, and seldom criticized. Yet they claim
that their work demands accuracy in the choice and precision in the use of words which many
other translators might find to be more than they could endure.
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UNIT III
TRANSLATION PRINCIPLES
There are no universally accepted principles of translation because the only people
who are qualified to formulate them have never agreed among themselves, but have so often
and for so long contradicted each other that they have bequeathed to us a volume of confused
thought such as the following (Savory, 1969: 49):
1. A translation must give the words of the original.

2. A translation must give the idea of the original.
3. A translation should read like a original
4. A translation should read like a translation.
5. A translation should reflect the style of the original.
6. A translation should possess the style of the translation.
7. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original
8. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator.
9. A translation may add to or omit from the original.
10. A translation may never add to or omit from the original.
11. A translation of verse should be in verse.
12. A translation of verse should be in prose.
The pair of alternative above can be easily recognized as giving one form of expression to the
distinction between the literal or faithful translation and the idiomatic or free translation.
One reason advocacy of faithfulness is that the translator has never allowed himself to forget
that he is a translator. He is not the original writer and the work in hand was never his own.
He is just an interpreter, one whose duty is to act as a bridge or channel between the mind of
the author and the minds of this readers. Another reason for the advocacy of faithfulness is
that style is the essential characteristic of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer‟s
personality and his emotions at that time could be preserved in a literal translation.
But the translator who attempts to follow these principles of faithfulness soon runs
into several difficulties. A literal of faithful translation is too difficult a task because in reality
word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, and even sentence-for-sentence equivalents are often
difficult to maintain if accuracy, clearness and precision are to be achieved. Troubles arise
from gaps in language, which can‟t be filled by translating because a word that may be quite
familiar in one language there is on equivalent in another. Can you translate into English
23
Indonesian word or expressions such as jarang kepang, makan, sahur, taraweh, selapanan,
selamat makan? To get all of the intended qualities above a translator could turn at once into
the easier paths of idiomatic of free translation. He would then at attempt to include such
lexical and grammatical adjustments in order to obtain the meaning/concept of the SL text as
closely as possible to the TL equivalent. In free translation you are entirely legitimate to
include in a translation any idiomatic expression that the original may seem to suggest. The
first requisite of an Indonesian translation is that it shall be Indonesian. This kind of
translation should be able to pass itself off as an original and show all the freshness of
original composition so that it can be read with ease and pleasure. If a translation is not easy
and pleasant it will never be read and might as well never have been made.
The choice whether a translation should be literal (faithful) or idiomatic (free) depends on the
intended readers. At least four groups of readers can be distinguished.
1. Those who know nothing all of the original language who read it from curiosity or
genuine interest.
2. The students who are learning the language of the original.
3. The readers who knew the language in the past , but have now forgotten almost the
whole of his early knowledge.
4. The scholars who still know the language.
This concept of reader analysis will demonstrate that each from of translation has its own
function, which it adequately fulfills when used by the type of reader for whom it was
intended. The first group is happy with the free translation. It satisfies their curiosity. They
read it easily without the pains of thought. The second groups are best helped by the most
literal translation. it helps them to grasp the implications of the different constructions of the
language they are studying. The third groups prefer the translation that sounds like a
translation. It brings back more keenly the memories of their early scholarship and gives
them a subconscious impression that they are almost reading the original language. The
fourth, who know both the matter and style of the original, may find pleasure in occasional
touches of scholarship or may, perhaps, enjoy making comments that are more caustic and
critical.
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UNIT IV
TRANSLATION PROCEDURE
Translation procedures are the technical devices used to transfer the meaning of a text in
one language into a text in another language. They involve essentially adding structural or
lexical elements to those present in the SL or subtracting from them; eliminating elements
that are obligatory in the SL but unnecessary in the TL or with no counterpart there, and
where disparity between the two media goes beyond language patterns, adapting the content
of the message so that the TL text will come as close as possible to the intent of the SL text
and create a similar impact. Examples of these procedures are given below:
1.
Saya - Guru
I am Teacher
( adding )
2.
Harry - Tidak Merokok
Harry Does Not smoke
( adding )
3.
Saya Kembali Tidak Rumah
I Returned Not Home
(Subtracting)
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4.
Paul Is A Bookworm
Paul - - kutubuku
( subtracting + adapting )
5.
- Perlu Di ketahui Bahwa……
It‟s Necessary Need That
( adding + adapting )
6.
Saya Mau - Melihat Jaran kepang
I need to see Jaran kepang
( adding + untranslatable )
From the examples above you can see that the change from SL into TL calls for addition,
subtraction, adaption, and untranslatable.
Translation in the every broad sense of the term can be listed in terms of different levels of
complexity ( Pinchuck, 1977:188 ). The procedures can be in the form of:
1. Transcription
This means rendering the sounds of an SL into a TL from, e.g.
Indonesian English
Achmed Ahmed
Betawi Batavia
Orang hutan orangutan
2. Transliteration
26
This is the process of rendering the letters of one alphabet into the letters of another with a
different alphabetical system, for example from the Russian Cyrillic alphabets into the Latin
alphabets and from Arabic into Latin. No transliteration takes place between Indonesian and
English since both uses the Latin alphabets.
3. Borrowing
Many types of borrowing are made from one language to another. A procedure often used
when the TL has no equivalent for the SL units is to adopt them without change but
sometimes with spelling or pronunciation adjustments. Look at the examples below:
Indonesian English
Sampan sampan
Kampung kampung
Durian durian
Sandal sandal
Kapuk kapok
English Indonesian
Memo memo
Atom atom
NATO NATO
Astronaut astronot
Taxi taxi
4. Literal
This is one – to – one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can include borrowings
and word-for- word translation. This presupposes a kind of interlingua synonymy. Look at
the examples below:
Indonesia English
(a ) 5 buku - 5 books
Mary telah datang - mary has come
John sedang menyanyi - john is singing
(b ) opelet - jitney
27
Danta - ivory
Kepinding - bedbug
Limas - pyramid
Garuk - scratch
Keok - defeated
Peri - nymph
5. Transposition
This is one of the most common procedures used in translation. It involves replacing a
grammatical structure in the SL with one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve the
same effect. This grammatical adjustment will be dealt with more intensively in module two.
6. Modulation
Modulation and transposition are the two main process in translation. Modulation entails
a change in the lexical elements, a shift in the point of view. Transposition and modulation
may take place at the same time.
Examples :
- Time is money - waktu itu sangat berharga
7. Adaptation
This procedure is used when the others do not suffice. It involves modifying the
concept, or using a situation analogous to the SL situation though not identical to it. An
adaptation may at the same time entail modulation and transposition. It goes beyond
language. You can read Dicken‟s The Great Expectation in its adapted from more easily and
understandingly.
In translating from one language into another language transposition and modulation
are obviously the most important procedures that should be taken into account by the
translator. Normally he should always study the text as a whole before he begins to translate
it. After obtaining a picture of the whole he can break it up into its parts. The analysis will
28
move in the opposite direction from the fragments to the whole, from the simpler to the more
complex. The smallest unit of equivalence is ascending order are as follows:
1. Substitution of printed letter for printed letter. For examples from Arabic into Roman,
from Japanese, or from Chinese into Roman.
2. Substitution of morpheme for morpheme. Examples:
Kerja - work
Pekerja - worker
Bekerja - work / works / worked
3. Substitution of word for word. Examples:
Careful - hati – hati

Open - terbuka
University - universitas
4. Substitution of phrase for phrase. Examples:
A careful worker - seorang pekerja yang hati – hati

Open University - universitas terbuka
5. Substitution of sentence for sentence. Example:
Mariani is a careful worker in the Open University

Mariani seorang pekerja yang hati - hati di UT
6. Substitution of paragraph for paragraph.
7. Substitution of discourse of discourse.
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UNIT V
GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALANCE AND

GRAMMATICAL ADJUSTMENT
A. Grammatical Equivalence
It has been pointed out previously that translation equivalence could be in the rank of
word for word, phrase for phrase, sentence for sentence, and so on. Examples of each have
also been provided to clarify these facts.
In translating English words, phrase, or sentences into Indonesian or Indonesian, words,
phrase, or sentence into English you must take into consideration the grammatical
equivalence in order to attain faithfulness and readability.
It is important to point out that there are similarities as well as differences between the
Indonesian patterns and the English patterns. When similarities exist translation would be
easy. On the other hand, when differences occur translation could be difficult. Look at the
examples below.
1. They like tea = mereka senang teh

1 2 3 1 2 3
2. Do you play cards? = apakah anda bermain kartu?

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
3. We can not speak Russian = kami tidak dapat berbicara Russian
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
B. Grammatical adjustment
Translation is not merely the transfer of words in L1 into those in L2 or vice versa.
It cannot escape from other linguistic components such as the structure or phrases, position of
attributives or modifiers, morphological structure and categories, clause orders, elliptical
constructions and restructuring of complex propositions or statements into kernels and all
other related or similar elements. These have to be observed if the message to be translated is
intended to be acceptable, reasonable, and readable.
30
As there is not always one to one relationship among languages, therefore, there
has to be adjustments made somewhat in the receptor language because what is expected is a
formulation of thought or in this case, of message from the source language into the receptor
language to be made easy for the readers.
This is understood to mean that there are cases in the source language that may not
be directly translated to the target or receptor language because of the grammatical
differences in the two languages themselves that may impede understanding. It is for this
reason that adjustments must be made or the translation would be dull and uninteresting.
If there are more similarities in some of the components, facilitation in translation
will be available but when differences spread elsewhere, you are forced to make necessary
adjustments. Here some grammatical points to think over when you intend to translate from
English into Indonesian.
1. Attributives
Art. ATTRIB. ( S ) NOUN
a smart boy
a water tower
an old camel
a smart young boy
a tall water tower
a cripple old camel
Art. NOUN ATTRIB
Seorang anak yang pintar

Sebuah menara air
Seekor unta yang tua
Seorang anak muda yang pintar
Sebuah menara air yang tinggi
Seekor unta tua yang pincang
NOUN ATTRIB.
Something beautiful
People in the desert
Books to read
Room available
31
NOUN ATTRIB
Sesuatu yang indah
Orang - orang di gurun pasir
Buku untuk di baca
kamar yang tersedia
2. Participles (present and past)
Art. Prest, Part, or Past, Part, NOUN
as Attrib
a sewing machine
a swimming pool
a managing director
a challenging job
a written exercise
a stolen car
a rotten mango
Art. NOUN ATTRIB
( sebuah ) mesin jahit

( sebuah ) kolam renang
( seorang ) direktur pelaksana
( suatu ) pekerjaan yang menantang
( suatu ) latihan tertulis
( sebuah ) mobil curian
( sebuah ) mangga yang busuk
3. Gerund
A gerund is an – ING of form of a verb used as a noun. This noun in a sentence may
occupy a subject position, a direct object position, a subject complement, and an object of
preposition. It is important to know what we do not have gerund in bahasa Indonesian. Thus,
in translation from English into Indonesian we use a verb phrase ( VP ) or a noun phrase (
MP ) instead of gerund.
32
4. Tense Markers
English has both TIME adverbs and TENSES. On the other hand Indonesia has
only the time adverbs but not the tenses. This causes a lot of troubles when you translate
Indonesian sentences into English. Examples of ungrammatical sentences which are normally
made by high school students can be seen below:
1. They go to the cinema last night
2. They went to the post office yesterday.
3. They did not went to school yesreday.
4. He does not went to the party last night.
5. He did not goes to the library yesterday.
6. I have seen that film last night.
The production of those ungrammatical sentences could be the result of misconception of

tenses and time adverbs or possibly also due to the native language interferences. Try to
translate the following sentences into good Indonesian paying more attention to the
relationship between the tense marker and the time adverb underlined.
1. He writes his girlfriend a letter every week. ( habitual )
2. He is writing it now. ( in progress )
3. He has already written 3 letters this month. (result)
5. Auxiliaries and Modals
Look at the following sentences and try to identify all modal that you know:
1. This textbook has been recommended by the lecture.

2. She is going to make the party alive.
3. He might be ill today.
4. You must have been the pretty girl I saw singing at the Rock Countest.
5. She had been living in Solo for quite a while before she came here in 11980.
6. Has the cat been fed yet, dear!
7. Would you like to dance with me, Marry?
8. Does he play the piano very well?
9. Accidents can happen to anyone careless, anywhere, anytime.
10. They were having dinner when suddenly the lamp went out.
You have studied in your Structure Course that an auxiliary has to agree to the subject, that is
helps the main verb to make a passive construction, that it depends heavily on tenses, that it
helps form a close question or it helps form compound tenses.
33
Modal are used to convey shades of meaning and are rarely dependent on nor in
concord with their subjects and are therefore free from tense aspects.
6. Conditionals
There are principally three types of conditional sentences in English. They are different in
terms of forms as well as meaning. Study the following example
Type I
Situation Form Meaning
John is sufficiently If John works harder, he will There is a possibility that
intelligent, but he does not pass his exam. John passes his exam.
work hard. The exam will Jika ajaohn beekerja lebih
start next month. keras, dia akan lulus dalam
ujiannya.
Type II
I live in Jakarta. If I lived at the village, life It is unlikely to happen or
I don‟t live at the village. would become easier. imaginary. Why? Because I
Life is difficult in Jakarta. Kehidupan akan lebih mudah don‟t live at the village.
seandainya saya tinggal di
desa.
Type III
John didn‟t study hard. He If John had studied hard, he But he did not study hard.
got bad marks in his final would have got good marks. So, he got bad marks.
exam. Seandainya saja John telah
belajar dengan keras,
tentunya dia akan
memperoleh angka yang
baik.
34
Had you notice that in the examples above you have three different verb patterns in English
but nearly identical verb patterns in Indonesian? Look at the following comparison
English Indonesian
I. if… V1…will V1 jika …. V…. akan… II.
if… V2…would V1 jika saja… V.. akan… III.
if …had V3…would have V3 seandainya… V….akan.
In this way, then, your problem will likely come out when you translate Indonesian
conditional sentences into English than the reverse, first, you have to be sure of the type of
your Indonesian conditional sentence and second, use or consult the comparison above.
7. Verbs of Wishing
Look at structure of the verbs of wishing below
A. 1. The employer wishes to improve the workers welfare.

2. I wishing to say words of thanks before my departure.
3. I wish you happy many returners of the day, mama.
4. She wished us a very happy stay in Malang.
B. 1. The test supervisor requested ( that ) we not bring anything suspicious into the hall.
2. The patrolman has insisted ( that ) my license be shown .
It is part B of the structure of the verbs of wishing and its related subjective that concern you
have particularly as you have already learned that uses of the verbs in your lesson on
transitive and intransitive verb as exemplified in part A. the meaning of the verb remains the
same in all the two patterns. The only differences is that part B departs in structure and
meaning from the way we use it in English into Indonesian translation.
35
UNIT VI
LEXICAL ADJUSTMENT
A. AFFIXED WORDS
You possibly still remember of your lessons in vocabulary that there are two kinds of
affixation, vid. Derivation and inflectional. I am quite sure that you still remember the
differences between the derivational affixes and the inflectional ones. By means of affixation
you can make derivational words (DW) as well as inflectional words (IW) from the base.
Look at the examples below:
D.W : foggy, communication, widen, happiness, unfriendly.

I.W : walks, worked, playing, books, stronger, smaller, Bob‟s.
Notice the translation of the base words (BW) and their derivational words from english into
indonesian:
English Indonesian
Water - Watery Air - Berair

Hope - Hopeless Harapan - Tanpa harapan
Beauty - Beautiful Kecantikan - Cantik
History - Historical Sejarah - Bersejarah
War - Pre-war Perang - Sebelum perang
Friend - Friendship Sahabat - Persahabatan
Red - Redden Merah - Menjadi merah
Happy - Happiness Bahagia - Kebahagiaan
Long - Lenght Panjang - Panjangnya
Frank - Frangkly Jujur - Dengan jujur
Advise - Advice Menasehati - Nasehat
Place - Place Menempati - Temapat
Continue - Continuous Meneruskan - Berkesinambungan
Educate - Education Mendidik - Pendidikan
Agree - Agreement Menyetujui - Persetujuan
Act - Active Melakukan - Aktif
Danger - Endanger Bahaya - Membahayakan
For your own sake, try to find the meaning of the following prefixes and suffixes:
ante-, anti-, auto-, bi-, circum-, con-, co-, com-, counter-, de-, dis-, ex-, hyper-, inter-,
macro-, mal-, micro-, mini-, mis-, mono-, multi-, no-, pan-, post-, pre-, prim-, pro-, re-,
semi-, sub-, trans-.
-able, -ance, -ation, -dom, -ee, -en, -er, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -ism, -ist, -less, -ly, -ness, -ship.
36
Notice also the translation of the base words and the inflectional waords from English into
Indonesian.
English Indonesian
Talk - Talks Berbicara - Berbicara

Read - Reads Membaca - Membaca
Teach - Teaching Mengajar - (sedang) Mengajar
Work - Worked Bekerja - Bekerja
Table - Tables Meja - Meja
Weak - Weaker Lemah - Lebih lemah
Cat - Cat‟s (tail) Kucing - (ekor) Kucing
It is clear from the examples above how you should translate the bound morphemes
attacned to the base words to make derivational words.
For examples :
[-y] → „ber‟ Watery -Berair
Cloudy -Berawan
Muddy -Berlumpur
Dusty -Berdebu
Foggy -Berkabut
Bloody -Berdarah
Yet adjustment in translation should be made for certain lexicons such as:
Rainy - Penuh hujan

Sunny - Cerah, penuh sinar matahari
Husky - Penuh dengan kulit, kering, scrak, tegap
Funny - Lucu
Bossy - Suka memerintah
Fleshy - Lunak, penuh danging
Though the word „bloody‟ can be transleted into „berdarah‟ other derivatives should be used
in other contexts.
Compare :
Bloody weekend - Akhir minggu (yang) berdarah
Cold blooded killer - Pembunuh berdarah dingin
He is bleeding - Dia (lk) berdarah
And do you know the meaning of „bloody-flux‟, „bloody-minded‟, bloody-sweat‟?. Look

them up in your dictionary! For the meaning of the other bound morphemes you should brush
up your modules on vocabulary (semester I). And try to find out the possible lexical
adjustments therein.
37
For the translation of the English inflectional words you don‟t likely have any problems since
„talk‟, „talks‟, and „talked‟ are translated the same „berbicara‟. The reason is that we do not
have tenses in Indonesian. The problems, however, will occur when translating Indonesian
sentences into English, e.g.
Dia belajar bahasa Inggris - He study English

Dia pulang kemarin - He go home yesterday (He goes home yesterday)
This kind of error is usually called the native language interference.
B. COMPOUND WORDS
Your module two on vocabulary has taught you that a compound word is a word that
consist of two or more parts that make up one meaningful unit. The meaning of compound
word can sometimes be detected quite easily from its parts but sometimes you have to make
some adjustments to achieve similar equivalence in translation. Study the following
examples!
Sunflower = sun + flower = Bunga matahari

(matahari) (bunga)
Eyeglassess = eye + glassess = Kacamata

(mata) (kaca)
Bookstore = book + store = Toko buku

(buku) (toko)
Toothache = tooth + ache = Sakit gigi

(gigi) (sakit)
Hot dog = hot + dog = Sejenis roti

(panas) (anjing)
Aircraft carrier = aircraft + carrier = Kapal induk

(pesawat terbang) (pembawa)
Green eyed = green + eyed = Iri

(hijau) (bermata)
Greenstuff = green + stuff = Sayur

(hijau) (bahan)
38
Grasshopper = grass + hopper = Belalang
(rumput) (pelompat)
Wristwatch = wrist + watch = Jam tangan

(pergelangan) (jam)
Bookworm = book + worm = Kutu buku

(buku) (cacing)
Ceasefire = cease + Fire = Genjatan senjata
(berhanti) (menembaki)
Dry-clean = dry + clean = Mencuci dengan bahan kimia

(kering) (mencuci)
Light-house = light + house = Mercusuar

(cahaya) (rumah)
Street-walker = street + walker = Wanita tuna susila

(jalan) (pejalan)
From the examples above, you can tranlete into Indonesian the words such as
sunflower, eyeglasses, bookstore, and toothache quite easily. The translation of the other
compound words, however, should be adjusted from mere word-for-word translation if
precise or nearly precise lexical equivalence should be attained. From the examples provided
you can also identify that some compounds are written as one word with or without hyphen
(bookworm, dry-clean) while others are written as two separate words (aircraft carrier).
39
UNIT VII
THE PROCES OF TRANSLATION
As you have learned, translation is transferring a text in the source language (LS) into
an equivalent text in the target language (Lt). This process is not simply translating each word
or phrase in the Ls to be transferred into the Lt. In many cases the process is not liner, but it
usually goes back and forth so that finally the translator can come to the most equivalent
translation of the original text.
Thus steps in this process are as follows:
1. Understanding the meaning or messages of the text in the Ls;
2. Looking for an equivalent meaning or message in the Lt;
3. Restructuring this equivalent meaning or message in the Lt into an accepted from of
text in the Lt.
This can be presented in the following diagram:
Text Text
Ls Lt
Restructuring
Meaning/ Meaning/
message Ls message Lt internal
proses
(proses batin)
40
Example: you are translate the text below into Indonesian
1. She insisted on taking innumerable outfits with her, and they arrived at the station
loaded with luggage.
2. “I wish, “ said the husband thoughtfully, “ that we‟d brought the piano.”
3. “You needn‟t be sarcastic, “ came the frigid replay. “it‟s not a bit funny.”
4. “I‟m not trying to be funny,” he explained sadly. ”I left the tickets on it.”
The first step is to understand the meaning/message of the text. You night need the
dictionary to look up for the difficult word/phases/construction, such as:
1. Outfit assemblage of articles

2. Innumerable too many to count, countless
3. Loaded with burdened with
4. Thoughtfully contemplative, considerate
5. Sarcastic being hers or ironical
6. Frigid without feeling, very cold
7. I wish that we‟d brought the piano
This construction is in the subjunctive mood, meaning that the speaker wishes to have
done so meting he did not do.
The second step is to look for the equivalence of meaning/message in Indonesian:
1. Cutfit pakaian, perlengkapan

2. Innumerable tak terhitung banyaknya
3. Loaded with dibebani dengan
4. Thoughtfully dengan merenung
5. Sarcasting sarkastis, mengejek
6. Wish hendak, ingin, berkehendak
Here you can see that the sentence “ I wish we‟d brought the piano” cannot be translated
straight away” saya ingin kita membawa piano” because the translation doesn‟t show the
mood of the original sentence (supposition) wich also has a touuch of regret.
So the third is to restructure the sentence into “ andaikata (saja) kita (juga) membawa
piano. “ you also have to consider the expression. “frigid” which means “ dingin” or “
formal”. But in this context the word “ ketus” may be the nearest equivalence. The last
sentence “I left thr tickets on it” can be translated “ saya meninggalkan karci-karcinya di
atapnya. “ but this sounds clumsy in Indonesian. So the nearest equivalence should be “
karcis ketinggalan di atas piano.”
The final step will be a well-structured translation:
41
Ia bersikeras untuk membawa banyak sekali perlengkapan dan (akhirnya) sampailah
mereka di statiun penuh dengan barang bawaan.
Andaikata saja kita juga membawa piano ,” kata suaminya dengan merenung.
“kau tidak perlu menyindir, “ terdengar jawaban yang ketus.” Itu sama sekali tidak lucu.”
Suaminya menjelaskan dengan murung, “aku tidak melucu karcisnya ketinggalan di atas
piano.‟
42
UNIT VIII
THE CONCEPT OF MEANING
As you have noticed in the process of translation, meaning plays an all important role.
There are different kinds of the meaning in language.
1. Lexical Meaning
Meaning as defined in the dictionary is called lexical meaning, e.g
English Indonesian
Arm lengan
Cave gua
Garden kebun
2. Grammatical meaning
Look at these following pairs of words
English Indonesian
1) a. Car factory pabrik mobil
2) b. Factory car mobil (kepunyaan) pabrik
3) a. Money pocket kantong uang
4) b. Pocket money uang saku
You can see that in English modifier come before the heads. In this case the second word are
the heads. On the other hand, in Indonesiaan we have the DM Rules, i.e. the heads (yang
diterangkan:D) come before the modifiers (M.Yang menerangkan). We can see here that
meaning of the words changes. Notice other example below.
1. Ali goes to Surabaya by train
2. Ali went to Surabaya by train
3. Ali is going to Surabaya by train
4. Ali has gone to Surabaya by train
In sentence I, it is habitual; in sentence 2 the action happens in the past; in sentence 3 the
action is still in progress; sentence 4 shows the completion of the action “go.”
To sum up, we can say that in English grammatical meaning is the meaning which is
determined by word order (syntax) and word forms (morphology).
43
3. Textual Meaning
Look at these examples:

That is ten times better. (kali)
His doctrine did not fit in with the time (zaman)
The child is counting his money. (menghitung)
There were ten of us, counting the children. (termasuk)
From the example above we see that the meaning of the words/phrases depends on the
text.
4. Situational Meaning
The meaning of a word or phases can also depend on the situation in which the word
or phrase is used.look at these examples.
1. Fire! (kebakaran)
2. Fire? (perlu korek)
3. Fire! (tembak)
The first example is used when we see a fire (kebakaran). In the second the word is used
when we offer fire to light up a cigarette. In the third, it is n order by the drill instructor to
begin to shoot a certain target.
Here we can see that different situations determine the meaning of the same word.
5. Socio-cultural Meaning
Look at this example:
Seorang teman lewat rumah di depan rumah Ani.
A: “Hai, mau ke mana?
B: “Mau ke sana, sedang apa?”
A: “ Berkebun. Mari Singgah.”
B: “ Terima kasih. Sudah siang. Lain kali ya.”
This conversation is very common in Indonesia. But if you examine further, the underlined
expressions here serve only as social formulas. The first one is in a greeting when you meet a
friend. Similarly in no. 2 the invitation to drop in is just a Social formula to show friendliness.
Also, in no 3 the promise to visit next time is just a friendly response. Consequently, it is
difficult to translate those social formulas into English because there is no such concept in the
English culture.
In the above example you can see that the meaning of the text is determined by the socio-
cultural concepts.
A. TEXTUAL MEANING AND ADJUSMENT
44
In the discussion on the meaning you have learned about textual meaning. Here are a few
more examples for further understanding. Notice the use of for in the following context.
1. He has a lived here for two years.

2. What are you waiting for?
3. This latter is for you.
4. He didn‟t attend the meeting, for he was busy.
Here you see that the text determine the meaning of the word for. In the dictionary the word
for can be translated into untuk. But here you have to consider the meaning of for in the text.
As a result the translation of the above sentences is a follows.
1. Ia telah tinggal di sini selama 2 tahun.

2. Apa yang anda tunggu? (Here the word for belongs to wait of the pharasal verb wait
for. So we need not translate the word for).
3. Surat ini untuk anda.
4. Ia tidak menghadiri pertemuan karena sibuk.(this for is not commonly used now)
From the above translations, you can see that adjustments should be made.
B. SITUATION MEANING AND ADJUSTMENT
Look at the following example:

You enter a shop to buy a book. The shop assistent will say in Indonesia,
“Bapak perlu apa?
The meaning of this question is that she offers to help you. If you translate the question into
English with.
“What do you mean?”
It will sound impolite. In this case you have to make adjustment in the translation, and thus
the proper question is:
“can I help you?”
Another example is the translating of “good morning” into Indonesian. Yu will readily
find that the closest equivalence of this phrase is “ selamat pagi”. However, when “ good
morning” is said at 11 a.m. the translation is “selamat siang”; and when said at 1 a.m., it is
translated into “ selamat malam.”
These examples should make you better aware that in the process of translation,
adjustments should be made, not only according to the text but also to different situations.
45
C. SOCIO-CULTURAL MEANING AND ADJUSMENT
From the concept of the meaning you have learned that it is important consider the socio-
cultural meaning before you translate into the target language. Here are some more examples.
1. Wife to husband: “ your coffee is ready, dear.”
Dear here is used to show affection to her husband.
2. Wife coming home finding the house in disorder; she exclaimed, ”oh dear, what a
mess!”
Dear here shows the shocking sight she sees.
In the Indonesian translation the closset equivalen of the first sentence will be, “kopinya
sudah siap, sayang.” And of the second, “masya Allah, acak-acakan benar!”
As you often hear it in speech , you must also frequently find the expression “dear” in
writing, especially as a salutation in latters, both formal and informal. Consider the following
examples.
1. Dear sirs,
We have just received an enquiry from a multi-national organization owning
several luxury hotels in east Africa. They are......
2. Dear Betty,
Thank you very much for inviting me to you birthday party but ......
At the first glance, you can see that the first example is a salutation in a formal letter,
while the second is a salutation in an informal one. The Indonesian translation of the first will
conventionally be “ Dengan Hormat,” and of the second “ Betty Yang baik” or, for more
intimate relationship, “Betty sayang.”
D. SOCIAL FORMULAS
Expressions or set phrases in order to induce and maintain verbal social contacts and
relations are called social formulas.
These formulas are closely related to socio-cultural meaning. And in the translation of
them you have to look for the closest socio-cultural equivalent in the target language. Look at
these examples:
Mr. Green : “Mr. Smith, may i introduce Mr. Brown to you? He is a friend of mine!”
Mr. Brown: “How do you do?”
Mr. Smith: “ How do you do?”
46
Mr. Brown: “It‟s nice to meet you.”
Mr. Smith : “the pleasure is mine.”
Here we can see that if we try to translate these social formulas into Indonesian, some of
them are untranslatable:
How do you do?
It‟s nice to meet you.
The pleasure is mine.
But it is not impossible that in the near future Indonesians will coin equivalent expressions
for these,
Smilialy,some social formulas in Indonesian cannot always be translated into English:
A: mau ke mana?
B: Ke sana, Ayo.
47
REFERENCES
Brislin, Richard W, Translation Application and Research. New York. 1976
Catford, I.C., A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Landon : Oxford University Press.

1965
Effendi A (1988) Materi Pokok Translation. Universitas Terbuka. 1988
Thomas, ed., Style and Language, Mit Press. 1966
48

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BUKU AJAR

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

PENULIS : JENY LEKATOMPESSY, S.Pd., M.TESOL

BIAYA BUKU AJAR : Rp. 3.000.000 (Tiga Juta Rupiah)

SUMBER : Dibiayai Dana Belanja Non Operasional Lainnya

Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan

Universitas Pattimura Tahun 2014

Ambon, September 2014

DR. THERESIA LAURENS, M.Pd JENY LEKATOMPESSY,S.Pd.,M.TESOL

Table of Content iii

Syllabus and Lesson Plans iv

Unit II : Types and Categories of Translation 4

Unit III: Translation Principles 8

Unit IV: Translation Procedure 10

Unit V : Grammatical Equivalence and Adjustment 15

Unit VI: Lexical Adjustment 21

Unit VII : The Process of Translation 25

Unit VIII: The Concept of Meaning 28

DR. ETTY MARJATI HOESIEN, M.Ls

Instructors : Jeny Lekatompessy, S.Pd., M.TESOL

The Process of 11 The Process of Translation Lecture 1 x 120 Module

1. Brislin, Richard W, Translation Application and Research. New York. 1976

Teaching and Learning Activities

Teaching and Learning Activities

Teaching and Learning Activities

Teaching and Learning Activities

Closing Summarize the lesson

Teaching and Learning Activities

2. Explain and discuss Grammatical Adjustment

Closing Summarize the lesson

Teaching and Learning Activities

Closing Summarize the lesson

Teaching and Learning Activities

Closing Summarize the lesson

Teaching and Learning Activities

Translation, as a process, is always uni-directional namely it is always performed in a

a) Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent

- Subject matter of the text

1. Full translation vs. partial translation

- Aku cinta Indonesia = I love Indonesia.

- I like hamburger = saya senang hamburger

The child has slept for three hours

1. Anak itu /telah tidur / selama / tiga jam.

2. Pemburu tua itu / membunuh / seekor beruangn muda.

1. Anak itu / telah tidur / selama / tiga jam.

2. Pemburu tua itu / membunuh / seekor beruang muda.

In this article „on linguistic aspects of translation‟, Roman Jacobson distinguishes

Please ensure that your baggage is

Messiereurs les passagers sont pries de

Silahkan memeriksa barang-barang anda

2. Adequate translation (for entertainment).

4. The translated of all learned, scientific and technical matter.

1. A translation must give the words of the original.

Harry - Tidak Merokok

Harry Does Not smoke

Saya Kembali Tidak Rumah

I Returned Not Home

- Perlu Di ketahui Bahwa……

It‟s Necessary Need That

Saya Mau - Melihat Jaran kepang

I need to see Jaran kepang

- Time is money - waktu itu sangat berharga

from Japanese, or from Chinese into Roman.