Env Engg Lab

Environmental Engineering Lab Report Page|1
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LAB REPORT
Lab Layout & Equipment’s Description
Submitted to:
Ma’am Amaraha Batool
Submitted to:
Noman Ashraf (2015-CH-256)
Naveed Tahir (2015-CH-254)
Hamza Sarwar (2015-CH-248)
Usama Zafar (2015-CH-249)
Zubair Qadir (2015-CH-257)
Feb 11, 2019
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus)
Department of Chemical, Polymer& Composite Material Engineering, UET Lahore KSK Campus
Table of Contents
Biological Safety Cabinet ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Description: ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Classes of Biological Safety Cabinets: ................................................................................................................ 5
Sedimentation Process: ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Optimization of the Sedimentation: ..................................................................................................................... 6
Test Kits................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Description: ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Experimentation of Test Kit with Chlorine: ........................................................................................................ 9
Fume Hood Apparatus ...........................................................................................................................................10
Description: ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Types: .....................................................................................................................................................................11
Liner Materials: ......................................................................................................................................................11
Flocculation............................................................................................................................................................11
Effect on Turbidity: ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Slow Mixing: ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Digital Flocculator .................................................................................................................................................12
Description: ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Aeration tank: ........................................................................................................................................................13
Controlling the supply of oxygen in the aeration tank: ..................................................................................... 13
Deep Bed Filter Column .........................................................................................................................................14
Deep Bed Filter:................................................................................................................................................. 14
Water Purification system .....................................................................................................................................15
References: ............................................................................................................................................................15
Biological Safety Cabinet
A biological safety cabinet (BSC) is the primary barrier protection for

individuals working with biohazardous materials. Laboratory procedures that could
create airborne biohazards should always be performed in a BSC as it protects the
laboratory workers and the environment from aerosols or droplets that could spread
biohazardous material. The common element to all classes of biological safety
cabinets is the high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. This filter removes
particles with aerodynamic diameters of 0.3 microns (the ‘most penetrating particle
size’) with an efficiency of 99.97 percent. Particles with aerodynamic diameters
both larger and smaller than 0.3 microns – which includes the majority of bacteria
and viruses – are removed with virtually 100 percent efficiency. It is important to
note, however, that HEPA filters are ‘particle filters’ that do not remove vapors or
gases. [4]
Description:
Biosafety Cabinet Operational Procedures:
 Ready the work area. Operate cabinet blowers for five minutes before
beginning work to allow the cabinet to purge or remove particulates from the
cabinet.
 Disinfect the work area. Wipe the work surface, interior walls and surface of
the window with a suitable disinfectant such as 70% ethanol, 10% bleach
solution, an iodophor, or quaternary ammonium compound.
 Assemble material. Introduce only those items that are required to perform
the procedures and arrange in a logical order. Each item should be wiped with
a disinfectant prior to placing it into the cabinet in order to reduce the
introduction of contaminants. The flow of work should proceed across the
work surface from clean to contaminated areas. Similarly, pipette tip discard
trays containing disinfectant, biohazard bags, sharps containers, etc., should
be placed to one side inside the BSC.
 Wear protective clothing. Laboratory coats or solid front gowns should be
worn over street clothing and long-cuffed latex or other appropriate gloves
(e.g., nitrile, vinyl) should be worn for hand protection. The cuffs of the gloves
should be pulled up and over the cuffs of the coat sleeves.
 Perform procedures slowly by moving items in and out of the cabinet using a
straight in and out motion and avoiding side to side motions. Avoid rapid
movements. After placing arms/hands inside the BSC, manipulations should
be delayed to permit the cabinet to stabilize and allow the flow of air to remove
surface contaminants from your arms/hands.
 Do not block the front grille with papers, equipment, etc., as this may cause
air to enter the work space area instead of being drawn through the front grille
and into the HEPA filter. Arms should be raised slightly and operations should
be performed on the work surface at least four inches from the front grille.
The middle third area is ideal. Likewise, no operations or equipment should
block the rear exhaust grille. Any equipment generating aerosols such as a
microcentrifuge, vortex or blender should be placed near the rear of the
cabinet. A disinfectant-soaked towel can be placed on the work surface to
contain any spills or splatters that may occur.
 Open flames inside the cabinet create turbulence that can disrupt the pattern
of air and compromise the safety of the operator and affect product protection
(i.e., cause contamination). Flames can also damage the interior of the cabinet
as well as the HEPA filters. If a burner is necessary to sterilize tools such as a
loop or needle, consider the use of a touch plate burner that provides a flame
on demand, and place it to the rear of the cabinet. Alternatively, electric
furnaces or disposable, sterile tools can be used.
 If culture media or other fluids need to be aspirated, suction or aspirator flasks
should be connected to an overflow collection flask containing disinfectant
(the aspirated materials can then be discarded as noninfectious waste).
 When work is completed all items within the cabinet should be wiped down
with disinfectant and removed from the cabinet. Do not use the interior of the
BSC as a storage area since stray organisms may become "trapped" and
contaminate future experiments. The interior surfaces of the cabinet should be
cleaned with a disinfectant. Let the blowers operate for five minutes with no
activity inside the cabinet to purge the cabinet of contaminants.
 Investigators should remove their gowns and gloves and thoroughly wash
their hands before exiting the laboratory. [5]
Classes of Biological Safety Cabinets:

There are three main classes of biological safety cabinets (I, II & III). Each
type of cabinet provides protection through different configurations of HEPA
filtered laminar air flow into and within the cabinets as well as HEPA filtered exhaust
air.
Class I BSC’s:
Class I BSC’s are not used very often but tend to be used to enclose equipment
or procedures which have the potential to generate aerosols. They provide an inward
flow of unfiltered air, similar to a chemical fume hood, which protects the worker
from the material in the cabinet. The environment is protected by HEPA filtration of
the exhaust air before it is discharged into the laboratory or to the outside via the
building exhaust.
Class II BSC’s:
Class II BSC’s are the most common type of BSC and can be used with
biosafety level 1, 2 and 3 agents. Class II (Types A, B1, B2, and B3) biological safety
cabinets provide personnel, environment, and product protection. Air is drawn
around the operator into the front grille of the cabinet, which provides personnel
protection. In addition, the downward laminar flow of HEPA-filtered air provides
product protection by minimizing the chance of cross-contamination along the work
surface of the cabinet. Because cabinet air has passed through the exhaust HEPA
filter, it is contaminant-free (environment protection), and may be recirculated back
into the laboratory (Type A) or ducted out of the building (Type B).
Class III BSC’s:
Class III BSC’s are designed for work with level 4 agents and provide
maximum protection. The cabinet is gastight with a non-opening view window, and
has rubber gloves attached to ports in the cabinet that allow for manipulation of
materials in the cabinet. Air is filtered through one HEPA filter as it enters the
cabinet, and through 2 HEPA filters before it is exhausted to the outdoors. This type
of cabinet provides the highest level of product, environmental, and personnel
protection.
Sedimentation Process:
The purpose of sedimentation is to enhance the filtration process by removing
particulates. Sedimentation is the process by which suspended particles are removed
from the water by means of gravity or separation. In the sedimentation process, the
water passes through a relatively quiet and still basin. In these conditions, the floc
particles settle to the bottom of the basin, while “clear” water passes out of the basin
over an effluent baffle or weir. The solids collect on the basin bottom and are
removed by a mechanical “sludge collection” device. The sludge collection device
scrapes the solids (sludge) to a collection point within the basin from which it is
pumped to disposal or to a sludge treatment process. Sedimentation involves one or
more basins, called “clarifiers.” Clarifiers are relatively large open tanks that are
either circular or rectangular in shape. In properly designed clarifiers, the velocity of
the water is reduced so that gravity is the predominant force acting on the
water/solid’s suspension. The key factor in this process is speed. The rate at which
a floc particle drops out of the water has to be faster than the rate at which the water
flows from the tank’s inlet or slow mix end to its outlet or filtration end. The
difference in specific gravity between the water and the particles causes the particles
to settle to the bottom of the basin. Some plants have added baffles or weirs in their
sedimentation basins to limit short-circuiting through the basins, promoting better
settling. [3]
Optimization of the Sedimentation:
Optimization of the Sedimentation and Clarification Process Optimization of the
clarification process will minimize solids loading on the filters and will contribute
to enhanced filter performance and better overall treated water quality. A water
system should consider the following items when evaluating sedimentation basins:
 Conducting a tracer study in the sedimentation basin. Often, very simple
design changes can be made to improve sedimentation basin performance. For
information on tracer studies, see the LT1ESWTR Disinfection Profiling and
Benchmarking Technical Guidance Manual (EPA, 2003).
 Is sludge collection and removal adequate? Inadequate sludge collection and
removal can cause particles to become re-suspended in water or upset
circulation. Systems should disrupt the sludge blanket as little as possible.
Sludge draw-off rates can affect the sludge blanket. Sludge draw-off
procedures should be checked periodically, making sure sludge levels are low
and sludge should be wasted if necessary. Sludge pumping lines should be
inspected routinely to ensure that they are not becoming plugged. These lines
should also be flushed occasionally to prevent the buildup of solids.
 Do basin inlet and outlet conditions prevent the breakup of formed floc
particles? Settling basin inlets are often responsible for creating turbulence
that can break up floc. Improperly designed outlets are also often responsible
for the breakup of floc. Finger launders (small troughs with V–notch weir
openings that collect water uniformly over a large area of a basin) can be used
to decrease the chance of floc breakup.
 Is the floc the correct size and density? Poorly formed floc is characterized by
small or loosely held particles that do not settle properly and are carried out
of the settling basin. Such floc may be the result of inadequate rapid mixing,
improper coagulant dosages, or improper flocculation. Systems should look
to previous steps in the treatment train to solve this problem.
 Is the basin subject to short-circuiting? If the basin is not properly designed,
water bypasses the normal flow path through the basin and reaches the outlet
in less than the normal detention time. Causes of short-circuiting may include
poor influent baffling or improperly placed collection troughs. If the influent
enters the basin and hits a solid baffle, strong currents may result. A perforated
baffle may distribute inlet water without causing strong currents. Tube or plate
settlers may also improve efficiency, especially if flows have increased
beyond original design conditions. The installation of tube settlers can
sometimes double a basin’s original settling capacity.
 Are basins located outside and subject to windy conditions? Wind can create
currents in open basins that can cause short-circuiting or disturb the floc. If
wind poses a problem, installing barriers may reduce the effect and keep
debris out of the unit.
 Are basins subject to algal growth? Although primarily a problem in open,
outdoor basins, algae can also grow as a result of window placement around
indoor basins. Algae should be removed regularly to avoid buildup.
 Is the sludge blanket in SCUs maintained properly? Operators should be able
to measure the sludge depth and percent solids to ensure the sludge blanket is
within the manufacturer’s recommendations. A timing device to ensure
consistent blanket quality characteristics should control sludge removal rates
and schedule.
 Is the recirculation rate for SCUs within the manufacturer’s
recommendations? Various designs have different recirculation rates and flow
patterns. Systems should refer to the manufacturer’s operation manual

Bacterial leaching is still the second preferred method for copper extraction
because of the slowness of the biological process and the fact that it cannot be
carried out on a large scale means that there is a slow rate of return on the
business capital. However, the opposite is the case for gold mining where
bacterial leaching is the primary extraction process. This is because almost all
the gold is recovered and therefore proves to be more cost effective. [4]
Test Kits
Test kits are used for rapid testing of water quality and can provide on-the-spot
water quality information. However, test kits are often subject to a range of
limitations and interferences and should be used with caution. Different brands and
types of test kit can differ in a number of ways, such as in the level of accuracy, limit
of detection, detection range and method used for the testing. The results produced
by test kit-based analyses can also vary depending on whether they are being used
to analyze freshwater, wastewater or saline waters. The most suitable test kit for each
application should always be chosen and all instructions should be strictly followed.
Description:
Test kits should only be used in three situations:
 As a screening tool for the presence of an analyte of interest. The test kit must
be capable of detecting the analyte at the environmentally significant
concentration. If the analyte is detected, a water quality sample must be taken
to determine a more reliable result through laboratory analysis.
 Where the holding time for an analyte is so short that it is not possible for the
sample to be analyzed by a laboratory (see example of chlorine below). In this
case the test kit must be validated before use. It may be appropriate to
undertake validation in conjunction with a National Association of Testing
Authorities (NATA) accredited laboratory.
 As an emergency backup for instrument readings (for example, a damaged
pH probe). Solid liquid extraction unit
Experimentation of Test Kit with Chlorine:

Chlorine is widely used for disinfection of public water supplies, swimming
pools, and treated wastewaters. Some of the chlorine can be consumed in reactions
with substances present in the water including ammonia, nitrite, and organic matter,
producing chloramines and other disinfection by-products. Chlorination usually
involves the addition of a measured dose of one or more of the following - chlorine
gas (Cl2), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The addition
of chlorine gas alone results in a mix of all three in proportions dependent on factors
such as pH and temperature. The terms ‘free chlorine’ or ‘free residual chlorine’ are
used to refer to the concentration of dissolved chlorine gas, hypochlorite ion, and
hypochlorous acid left after the initially added chlorine has reacted with water
constituents.
The term ‘combined chlorine’ refers to chloramines produced by the
reaction of chlorine with (most commonly) ammonia, and the terms ‘total chlorine’
or ‘total residual chlorine’ refers to the sum of ‘free chlorine’ and ‘combined
chlorine’. Because the levels of ‘free chlorine’ relative to ‘combined chlorine’ can
change over a very short period of time, it is usual to measure chlorine using a test
kit or probe attached to a water quality meter. Test kits commonly used for chlorine
testing are based on a colorimetric system, involving the addition of a chemical DPD
(N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine), typically supplied in the form of tablets or
powder in a sealed container, to be applied to a prescribed volume of sample water.
The intensity of pink color produced by the reaction of the DPD with the chlorine
present in the water is then measured.
The methods used to measure the color intensity vary between test kit
types. Simple kits involve comparison by eye of the color intensity with a calibrated
chart or filter (similar to the ammonia chart illustrated in Figure 1). More
sophisticated (and accurate) methods measure color intensity digitally, using a
handheld spectrophotometer. The results from DPD-based test kits may be adversely
influenced by colors and interferences from chemicals present in the waters being
tested.
Environmental Engineering Lab Report P a g e | 10
Fume Hood Apparatus

A fume hood (sometimes called a fume cupboard or fume closet) is a type
local ventilation device that is designed to limit exposure to hazardous or toxic
fumes, vapors or dusts.
Description:
A fume hood is typically a large piece of equipment enclosing five sides of a
work area, the bottom of which is most commonly located at a standing work height.
Two main types exist, ducted and recirculating (ductless). The principle is the same
for both types: air is drawn in from the front (open) side of the cabinet, and either
expelled outside the building or made safe through filtration and fed back into the
room. This is used to:
 protect the user from inhaling toxic gases (fume hoods, biosafety cabinets,
glove boxes)
 protect the product or experiment (biosafety cabinets, glove boxes)
 protect the environment (recirculating fume hoods, certain biosafety cabinets,
and any other type when fitted with appropriate filters in the exhaust airstream)
Secondary functions of these devices may include explosion protection, spill
containment, and other functions necessary to the work being done within the
device. Fume hoods are generally set back against the walls and are often fitted with
infills above, to cover up the exhaust ductwork. Because of their recessed shape they
are generally poorly illuminated by general room lighting, so many have internal
lights with vapor-proof covers. The front is a sash window, usually in glass, able to
move up and down on a counterbalance mechanism.
On educational versions, the sides and sometimes the back of the unit are also glass,
so that several pupils can look into a fume hood at once. Low air flow alarm control
panels are common, see below. Fume hoods are generally available in 5 different
widths; 1000 mm, 1200 mm, 1500 mm, 1800 mm and 2000 mm. The depth varies
between 700 mm and 900 mm, and the height between 1900 mm and 2700 mm. These
designs can accommodate from one to three operators.
For exceptionally hazardous materials, an enclosed glovebox may be used, which
completely isolates the operator from all direct physical contact with the work
material and tools. The enclosure may also be maintained at negative air pressure to
ensure that nothing can escape via minute air leaks.
Types:
 Ducted Fume Hood
 Ductless Fume Hood
Liner Materials:
 Phenolic resin (for general applications)
 Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP)
 Epoxy resin
 Polypropylene (the best material for the majority of applications)
 Square-corner stainless steel (for durability and heat resistance)
 Coved-corner stainless steel (easier to decontaminate, for radiochemical and
biohazard applications)
 Cement board (for rough usage)
Flocculation
Flocculation is the next step in most treatment plants (in-line filtration plants being
the exception). Flocculation is the “snowballing” of small particles into larger
particles (called “floc”). It is a time-dependent process that directly affects
clarification efficiency by providing multiple opportunities for particles suspended
in water to collide through gentle and prolonged agitation. The process generally
takes place in a basin equipped with a mixer that provides agitation. This agitation
should be thorough enough to encourage inter-particle contact, but gentle enough to
prevent disintegration of existing flocculated particles. Particles grow by colliding
with other particles, and sticking together. Detention time is necessary for the
formation of floc. The longer the detention time, the larger the floc. Temperature and
pH also affect the flocculation process.
Effect on Turbidity:
Flocculation reduces the number of suspended solids particles as smaller
particles combine to form larger ones. This process may, or may not, result in
reduced turbidity in the flocculation chamber.
Slow Mixing:
Slow mixing is a key aspect of the flocculation process. In slow mixing, the
water is stirred to encourage floc particles to clump together. Stirring too fast can
break large particles apart, while stirring too slowly can prevent particles from
clumping enough. A wide variety of flocculation mixing mechanisms have been used
in water treatment. They include vertical shaft mechanical mixers, horizontal shaft
mechanical mixers, and hydraulic mixing systems.
Digital Flocculator
Flocculator (Jar Test Apparatus) is an equipment designed for testing water
soluble polymers used with conventional waste water treatment processes such as:
 Coagulation
 Flocculation
 Sedimentation in water
 Waste water treatment
Description:
 Deal for determine optimum coagulant concentration to ensure efficient

flocculation and save the cost.
 Light weight G.I housing finished in powder coated shade.
 Available in 4 or 6 paddle models for lab or field use.
 Paddles are driven by electronically controlled variable speed electronic brushless
steper motor.
 Stirring paddles are made of stainless steel which reach a maximum depth of 9
inches.
 Stirring rods can be adjusted removed individually during mixing.
 Provide effective glare free illumination of floc samples by fluorescent tubes.
 Diffuse plate is constructed of acrylic plastic and projects diffused light through the
floc samples.
Aeration Tank
Aeration tank:
A fluid holding tank with provisions to aerate its contents by bubbling air or another
gas through the liquid or by spraying the liquid into the air.
The biological treatment of the wastewater takes place in the aeration tank. Before the
wastewater gets to this tank, it is mixed with activated sludge. This contains countless
microorganisms, such as bacteria, that are able to break down the colloidal, organic
contaminants dissolved in the wastewater.
Controlling the supply of oxygen in the aeration tank:
To create optimum living conditions for the bacteria, the aeration tank must be
continuously supplied with oxygen (O2). As aeration is the major single energy user in a
wastewater treatment plant, with a power consumption of 50 – 80 %, the first and obvious
starting point for saving energy is the oxygen content in the aeration tank. It is absolutely
essential to determine and continuously regulate the oxygen content in the aeration tank.
Description:
Aerobic units, or small extended aeration package plants, utilize a suspended growth
wastewater treatment process, and may be used to remove substantial amounts of BOD
and suspended solids which are not removed by simple sedimentation (as occurs in septic
tanks). Under appropriate conditions, aerobic units may also provide for nitrification of
ammonia, as well as significant pathogen reduction. Some type of primary treatment
usually precedes the aerated tank. The aerated tanks contain an aeration chamber, with
either mechanical aerators or blowers, or air diffusers, and an area for final clarification
(settling). Aerobic units may be designed as either continuous flow or batch flow systems,
with most commercially available units being the continuous flow type. Effluent from the
aerated tank is conveyed either by gravity flow or pumping to either further treatment /
pretreatment processes, or final treatment and disposal in a subsurface soil disposal
system.
Deep Bed Filter Column
Deep Bed Filter:

A Deep Bed filter may be defined as a granular filter for removal of TSS from
secondary treatment effluent using a media depth of at least four feet at a filtration rate of
more than 2 gpm/ft2. Coarse media is normally used to encourage deep penetration of
solids into the media bed. This allows for longer filtration runtimes. Simultaneous air and
water backwashes are used to ensure cleaning of the filters as required. Severn Trent
Services offers gravity, pressure and modular filters and pre-assembled gravity deep bed
filters.
The medium is supported on a corrosion-resistant gauze mesh below, packed with
1kg of 10mm Ballotin to ensure good wash water distribution. Slotted sampling tubes
inserted through the wall penetrate into the media, and are fitted with control valves so
that suspension samples can be taken isokinetic ally. Pressure sensors are mounted on the
column 40mm apart, inclined at 60° allowing pressure drop across the column to be
recorded.
These sampling and pressure sensor probes are located at 40mm depth intervals, but
staggered in position, over 0.8m depth. Consequently, complete profiles of concentration
changes in the suspension and of pressure variation can be measured during filter
operation. The column can be operated as a pressure filter up to 1 bar.The service system
supplied comprises a pump, sump tanks, flow sensors, control valves, sparging device,
sampling ports and 21 pressure sensors.
Water Purification system
Water Purification system:

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological
contaminants, suspended solids and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for
a specific purpose. In water treatment or purification, these steps are followed:
Pre-treatment:
In pre-treatment, the water is passed through sand filters, or bag filters. These filters
remove large particulates from the water and pass it onto the next stage.
De-chlorination:
In this step, the water is generally passed through activated carbon/charcoal. It is known
to remove 32 organic/inorganic chemicals from the water and also removes the added
chlorine.
Water softening:
In this step, the salts of magnesium and calcium are removed from the water, that
converts the water from hard to soft water. The system is also using an RO membrane.
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis is a process for the reduction of dissolved ions (such as salts) from
water in which pressure is employed to force liquid (water) through a semi-permeable
membrane, which will transmit the water but reject most other dissolved materials. When
forced against the membrane surface, the dissolved materials are repelled, while the water
molecules are diffused through the membrane molecule by molecule, forming purer water
on the other side.
References:
1. Environmental Engineering Lab Manual

2. http://www.chemengonline.com
3. www.researchgate.net
4. Perry, R. a. (1997). Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill, Inc.,
New York. pp14-6, 18-22-2.
5. discoverarmfield.com/en/products/view/uop4/solid-liquid-extraction-unit

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Environmental Engineering Lab Report Page|1

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

Lab Layout & Equipment’s Description

Ma’am Amaraha Batool

Feb 11, 2019

University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus)

Biological Safety Cabinet

A biological safety cabinet (BSC) is the primary barrier protection for

Classes of Biological Safety Cabinets:

Class III BSC’s:

patterns. Systems should refer to the manufacturer’s operation manual

Experimentation of Test Kit with Chlorine:

Fume Hood Apparatus

 Deal for determine optimum coagulant concentration to ensure efficient

Deep Bed Filter Column

Deep Bed Filter:

Water Purification system

Water Purification system:

1. Environmental Engineering Lab Manual

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