Lecture 5: Fluid Flow Concepts
Lagrangian Approach
-analyzes the motion of ​individual particles
-basic equations are derived for a given mass
of fluid (system)
-where energy and momentum can be
transferred to and from it
System
-main subject of analysis in the Lag.
Approach
-a definite mass of material (i.e the free body
of a fluid element)
Used to derive the governing equations:
-Law of conservation of mass
-Newton’s 2nd law of motion
CLASSIFICATIONS
-variation with ​time;​ steady or unsteady
-variation with ​space; ​uniform flow or non
uniform
Other;
-Incompressible (density = 0) vs compressible -mean velocity, ​V = Q/A
flow
-laminar vs turbulent flow
-ideal vs real fluid flow
-rotational vs irrotational flow
Eulerian Approach
-analyzes the motion of the ​fluid at fixed
reference point​ or volume in space
-equations are derived to express ​changes
in ​mass, momentum, and energy​ in the
fixed point or volume (control volume)
Control Volume
-used in Euler. Method of analysis
-fixed region in space where ​flow ​occurs ​into
and out ​of the region
*Control surface: boundary of the control
volume
FLOW
VARIABLE
Discharge/ Volumetric Flow Rate (​Q​)
-volume of fluid passing through section per
unit of time
- ​Q = VA
Note:
-If flow is uniform, Q= VAcos(theta)
Mass flow rate (𝒎)-​ mass of fluid passing through a section per unit of time
𝒎 =​ρ𝑄
Extensive Property-​ any property that depends on the amount of matter present (i.e. mass,
momentum, energy, weight)

Intensive Property-​ any property that is independent of the amount of matter present (i.e
density, pressure, temperature)

Reynolds Transport Theorem

-Relates two approaches by converting the Rate of change of property of a system =

system analysis​ to a ​control volume
analysis Rate of change of property
in the control volume +
“The rate of change of property, N, of a
system is equal to the rate of change of Net flow of property through the control
property, N, in the control volume plus surface (FLUX)
the net flow of the property through the
control surface” *FORMULA*

Continuity Equation

-Flow enters the tube at surface 1 and exits at *​FIGURE*

surface 2
-no flow across streamtube walls

Law of conservation of mass

-​state that the mass, ​m​, within a system
remains constant in time

Steady Flow
-the amount of property inside the CV does
not change with respect of time
Uniform Flow
-​the velocity distribution at 1 and 2 does not
vary across the section (uniform, constant)

Incompressible Flow
-​the density of the fluid is constant

For any CV that has several inlet and outlets

LECTURE 8: ENERGY EQUATION AND BERNOULLI EQUATION

1st Law of Thermodynamics

- Application of the law of conservation energy to heat and thermodynamic processes
- States the heat, Q, added to a system minus the work, W, done by the system depends
only upon the initial and finals states (internal energy) of the system