Chapter 3 – Part I

Properties of a pure substance

• Homogeneous chemical composition
• Can be in more than one phase
• Can be a mixture of substances (e.g. air)

To use thermodynamics we defined a system Isolated –

with properties like the ones shown here. Closed –
We need these properties for designing a Open –
device like – turbines, engines, etc. or SYSTEM
anything new that you may invent.
PROPERTIES
(m): mass in kg
Questions:
(V): volume in m3
• Can you arbitrarily say that you want 1kg (T): temperature in K or C
of liquid water in your device at P=101.3kPa, (P): pressure in Pa = N/m2
T=500C and v=0.001m3/kg for it to work? (ρ): density in kg/m3
(v): specific volume in m3/kg
• How many properties do we need to know
in order to uniquely define the state?
 Water vapor Water vapor Water vapor

Liquid water Liquid water

P= 0.1MPa P= 0.1MPa P= 0.1MPa P= 0.1MPa

T= 20C T= 99.6C T= 99.6C T> 99.6C
1. Compressed or subcooled liquid – not ready to vaporize (AB)
2. Saturated liquid – just ready to vaporize (B)
3. Saturated liquid/vapor mixture – liquid vaporizing, vapor condensing (equil)
4. Saturated vapor – just ready to condense (C)
5. Superheated vapor – not ready to condense (CD)

D
Temperature

B 0.1 MPa C
Saturated-liquid
Saturated-vapor
A

Volume of 1kg of water (specific volume)

 IMPORTANT POINTS
Saturation temperature: Temperature at which a pure substance changes phase at a
given pressure.
Saturation pressure: Pressure at which a pure substance changes phase at a given
temperature.
Latent heat: The amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase-change.
Melting/freezing: Latent heat of fusion.
Evaporation/condensation: Latent heat of vaporization.
Temperature at which water starts boiling depends on the pressure => if the
pressure is fixed, so is the boiling temperature.

Saturation curve of water

Pressure of water vapor

Tsat=f(Psat)

Temperature of water vapor

 100kPa v
↓
ICE
Constant
‘P’ Heating
0.6113kPa

0.26kPa Heat

-10C
0C 0.01C
-20C
The P-T diagram
 Pa
Q

M
O The T-v diagram

9
.0
Liqu ed

22
L

press
N Critical

id
Com point
H
Superheated
10 MPa K vapor
Pa

J Liquid & vapor

Temperature

40 M

F 1 MPa G

D
B 0.1 MPa C

P Saturated-liquid line
Saturated-vapor line
MI A
E
Volume
 The P-v diagram

NOTE: In the liquid-vapor region T & P are not independent

Questions: How many properties do we need to know?
Answer: If in a single phase ⇒ 2 [ (P, T), (T, v), etc. ]
If saturated, p and T are not independent
Define “quality”
x = mg/mtot
x = 0 for saturated liquid
x = 1 for saturated vapor
V = V f + Vg = m f v f + mg vg

V mf mg
v= = vf + vg
mtot mtot mtot
= (1 − x ) v f + xvg or
= v f + xv fg (v fg = vg − v f )
Thermodynamic Table
B1: Steam table
B.1.1: Saturated, T entry ⇒ Psat vf vg
B.1.2: Saturated, P entry ⇒ Psat vf vg
B.1.3: Superheated vapor, T > Tsat(P)
B.1.4: Compressed liquid, P > Psat(T)
B.1.5: Saturated solid-vapor

B2: Ammonia (NH3)

B3: R-12
B4: R-22
B5: R-134a
B6: Nitrogen
B7: Methane (CH4)