UNIT – V SNGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS and SPECIAL MACHINES

PART – A

1. Classify the types of single Phase induction motor.

i. Split phase induction motor
ii. Capacitor start induction motor
iii. Capacitor start capacitor run motor
iv. Shaded pole induction motor

2. Why a single phase induction motor is not self starting?

It has distributed stator winding and a squirrel cage rotor. When fed from a single
phase supply, its stator winding produces a flux (or field) which is only alternating i.e.
one which alternates along one space axis only. It is not a synchronously revolving (or
rotating ) flux, as in the case of a two- or a three phase stator winding, fed from a 2 or
3 phase supply. Now, an alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary squirrel
cage rotor cannot produce rotation (only a revolving flux can). That is why a single
phase motor is not self starting.

3. State principle that the double revolving field theory make use of.
This theory makes use of the idea that an alternating uni-axial quantity can be
represented by two oppositely-rotating vectors of half magnitude. Accordingly, an
alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes, each equal to
half the value of the alternating flux and each synchronously in opposite direction.

4. Differentiate between “capacitor start” and “Capacitor start capacitor run”

single phase induction motor.
A capacitor run motor uses a capacitor permanently connected in series with
auxiliary winding, creating and maintaining a phase difference between the two
windings of motor . The fields by these two windings this create two magnetic fields,
which effectively produce a rotating magnetic field, acting on the rotor. Torque
produced by this field keeps the rotor spinning.

Capacitor start motor uses a large value capacitor (usually electrolytic) in series
with auxiliary winding only to give large torque to rotor. Phase difference created is
much more than capacitor run motor. Since electrolytic capacitor can be kept in
service for only a short time, it is cut off by a centrifugal switch within maximum of 3
seconds, once the motor attains nearly 70 % of rated speed. The motor can then run on
one winding without capacitor.

5. State any two applications of Universal Motor?

Because of high starting torque it is used in
• Electric traction
• Hoists,
• Locomotives etc.,
6. Draw the speed –torque characteristics of a shaded pole motor.

7. How is single phase spilt in a induction motor?

Single phase induction motor needs a split phase to start because if the motor
wants to run then it needs rotating magnetic field . Rotating magnetic field is produced
only on two phase and three phase supply only. So to produce rotating magnetic field
the single phase winding is splitted into two windings and the two windings are main
winding and auxilary winding.

8. Mention the applications of shaded pole motor.

Since starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low, these motors are only
suitable for low power applications e.g., to drive:
– small fans
– toys
– hair driers
– desk fans etc.

9. Is it possible to change the direction of rotation of a shaded pole type induction

motor? Justify your answer.
The speed reversal is very difficult. To achieve the speed reversal, the
additional set of shading rings is required. By opening one set and closing other,
direction can be reversed but the method is complicated and expensive.

10. Write the use of shading coil in the shaded pole motor.
A portion of each stator pole is surrounded by a short-circuited turn of copper strip
called shading coil. The effect of the shading coil is to cause the field flux to shift
across the pole face from the unshaded to the shaded portion. This shifting flux is like
a rotating weak field moving in the direction from unshaded portion to the shaded
portion of the pole.

11. Explain the principle behind repulsion motor.

Repulsion motors are based on the principle of repulsion between two magnetic fields.
Consider a 2-pole salient pole motor with a vertical magnetic axis. The armature is
connected to a commutator and brushes.
12. How can an universal motor be reversed?
The concentrated pole (or salient pole) type universal motor may be reversed by
reversing the flow of current through either the armature or field windings. The usual
method is to interchange the leads on the brush holders. The distributed field
compensated type universal motor may be reversed by interchanging either the
armature or field leads and shifting the brushes against the direction in which the
motor will rotate.

13. What is hysteresis motor?

A hysteresis motor is a synchronous motor without salient (or projected) poles and
without dc excitation which starts by virtue of the hysteresis losses induced in its
hardened steel secondary member by the revolving filed of the primary and operates
normally at synchronous speed and runs on hysteresis torque because of the retentivity
of the secondary core. It is a single-phase motor whose operation depends upon the
hysteresis effect i.e., magnetization produced in a ferromagnetic material lags behind
the agnetizing force.

14. Describe the principle of operation of reluctance motors?

Reluctance motors operate on the principle that forces are established that
tend to cause iron poles carrying a magnetic flux to align with each. The rotor consists
of four iron poles with no electrical windings. The stator has six poles each with a
current-carrying coil.

15. Mention the application of switched reluctance motor.

i. General purpose industrial drives
ii. Traction
iii. Domestic appliances like food processors, vaccum cleners and washing
machines etc., and
iv. Office and business equipment.

16. Give the advantages of brushless DC motor.

• Brushless DC motors have many advantages over their brushed DC motor
counterparts. The most obvious advantage of a brushless motor is its lack of
brushes and physical commutator. This difference means that there are many
fewer parts that can wear out or break and need to be replaced than in a
brushed motor. A BLDC motors tend to be more reliable, last longer, and be
more efficient. In fact, BLDC motors have life expectancies of over 10,000
hours.

• Another advantage of a brushless motor is that it can operate at speeds above

10,000 rpm in both loaded and unloaded conditions. It is also capable of
operating with less noise and electromagnetic interference than a brushed
motor because its internal parts are completely enclosed.
 17. Compare PMBL DC motor and switched reluctance motor.
Switched Reluctance motor PMBLDC

Conduction angle for phase current is Brushes are not present; Sparking will not
controlled and synchronized with the rotor occur as brush is not present
position, usually by means of a shaft position
sensor

The SRM is designed for efficient power No need of brush maintenance

conversion at high speed

18. How universal motor is different from DC motor?

Universal motor is nothing but dc series motor. When dc motor is supplied
with ac supply then torque generated is positive for both half cycles. Because during
negative half cycle , armature current reverses and flux also reverses so that resultant
torque is in the same direction as that of positive half cycle. Some changes must be
made to use dc motor as universal motor are :
• Entire magnetic circuit is laminated in order to reduce eddy current loss. So
universal motor has expensive construction than dc series motor .
• Series field winding uses few turns as possible to reduce reactance of field
winding to a minimum. It reduces vtg drop across field winding.
• A high field flux is obtained by using a low reluctance magnetic circuit .
• There is considerable sparking between brushes and commutator when
motor is used on ac . Because alternating flux establishes high currents in the
coils short-circuited by brushes. When the short circuited coils break contact
from commutator , excessive sparking is produced. This can be eliminated
by using high resistance leads to connect coils to commutator segments. 
19. What is a Stepper Motor?
A stepper motor or step motor or stepping motor is a brushless DC electric
motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's position can
then be commanded to move and hold at one of these steps without any position
sensor for feedback (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to
the application in respect to torque and speed.
20. Design the step angle of a four phase stepper motor with 12 stator teeth and 3
rotor teeth.

Where
m = Number of stator phases
Nr = Number of rotor teeth
Given, m = 4 ; Ns = 12 ; Nr = 3

Step angle, β = 30°