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It all started with the clinical trial called Anna O. Freud worked with Dr. Josef Breuer on
this case. Some even consider Breuer as the grandfather of psychoanalysis. Anna O was a case of
a disturbed young lady. She suffered from high levels of anxiety mixed with phobias. Freud and
Breuer treated and experimented with the treatment options of Anna O’s condition which laid the
ground work for psychoanalysis (Meissner 21). Freud’s lectures and many books were based on
this single case known as Anna O. The basis of the psychoanalytic theory is categorized by the
id, ego, and superego. All these unconscious actions work together to balance each other out.
The id is the instinctive unconsciousness which is the instincts we are born with as an infant. For
example, when a baby is hungry the baby cries. The only thing to make the baby stop crying is to
feed the baby. The ego is the rational part of the brain that develops a little later in childhood.
For example, a 3 or 4 year old knows not to hit someone or they will get in trouble. Then the
superego develops and the child knows not to hit because they will hurt the other person, thus
gaining the moral aspect. The ego and superego are the main gateway for being accepted into
society by controlling the id. The psychoanalytic theory related to crime comes from the
imbalance of these id, ego and superego (Meissner 163). When these id, ego, and superego are
simply triggers of underlying problems that has caused the imbalance of the id, ego and
superego. The root to these problems is hid in the unconscious and must be brought to the
conscious by psychoanalysis therapy. Psychoanalytic theory has been a major contribution and
laid the ground work for many other personality theories for instance; Freud’s Psychosexual
Theory and Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Theory Along with every theory there come
criticisms. One criticism of psychoanalytic therapy is the cost of the treatment and the
effectiveness. It may take many sessions a week or years and even then the effectiveness of the
psychoanalytic therapy can be questioned (Cherry). A few criticisms of this theory according to
wilderdom.com are; concepts seem poorly designed, lack of scientific proof, case-study method
(used neurotic wealthy European females), and overemphasis on sexual drive. Another major
criticism of Psychoanalytic theory is that, “most of Freud’s ideas were based on case studies and
clinical observations rather than empirical, scientific evidence” (Cherry). Therefore, the
empirical validity of this theory has been compromised. It is for the most part widely accepted
that psychoanalytic theory is not a scientific theory. For several obvious reasons mainly because
the theory is a tautology because it is not testable. This theory is not measurable either because
the unconscious mind cannot be measured. Many aspects of the psychoanalytic theory also
entertain the idea of circular reasoning and often open-reasoning. This means that the evidence
major implications set into place today. Probation is one of the policy implications
psychoanalytic theory plays a part in. For many years’ probation and case work relied on the
aspects of sociology but it has been discovered that psychoanalytic theory also helps to get a
deeper understanding and better results in probate’s (Smith). Another policy implication that is
straighter forward is rehabilitation. Our Justice system has many implications for rehabilitation.
Drug rehabilitation, Juvenile corrections, and access to therapy while incarcerated are a few.
Psychoanalytic Theory believes that if these offenders can bring their unconscious motives for
acting out and committing crime to the surface they can be corrected and will prevent the
The Psychoanalytic Theory has made many contributions in the world of criminology
especially in the policy implications in recent years. There are criticisms to every theory just as
there are for this one. It is very rare that there is an anonymous agreement on every aspect of a
theory. Even though there are fallacies in this theory there are other many great aspects that have
helped develop and spark ideas for other great theories. Hopefully one day we will have enough
information to be able to prevent these criminals from acting before the crime is committed.
Until then we have many theories to think about and the policy implications that can possibly