PT Slab PDF

Report No.
Design of prestressed
Concrete flat slabs
© Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering

and the Institution of Structural Engineers
ISBN 0 - 620 - 17667 - 9
The South African Institution of Civil Engineering

Postnet- Suite 81
Private bag X65
Halfway House 1685
South Africa
Foreword
This Report is intended to serve as a manual of good practice for the design of prestressed concrete flat slabs..
In addition to the recommended procedures, other methods are described for the sake of completeness and to compare
different methods of design.
The Report was produced by a sub-committee of the Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil
Engineers, and the Institution of Structural Engineers.
The Committee consisted of:

Mr. T. Attwell
Dr. G. Cross (Chair)
Mr. B. D. Glover
Mr. M. Gohnert
Mr. A. E. Goldstein (Editor)
Dr. A. C. Liebenberg (Corresponding)
Dr. B. Lunt
Mr. M. Moore
Dr. P. C. Pretorius
Prof. H. Scholz
Mr. I. Spitz
Mr. J. v Greunen
Dr. D. Wium
A. E. Goldstein wrote most of the text, drew the diagrams, and wrote the computer programs.
It should be noted that a decimal point has been used in the text. Computer output generally uses a point and not a comma,
and it was felt that mixing two systems would be confusing.
INDEX
Item Page
0.0 Notation i
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Flat slabs 1
1.2 Flat Plates 1
1.3 Prestressed Flat Plates 1
2.0 Design Codes 2
2.1 Prestress Level 2
2.2 Design Method 2
2.3 Preliminary design using computer programs 3
2.4 Summary of design process 4
3.0 Preliminary choice of parameters 4
3.1 Loads 4
3.2 Depth 4
3.2.1 Effect of depth on Strength 4
3.2.2 Effect of depth on Deflection 4
3.3 Other Deflection considerations 5
3.3.1 Allowable Deflection 5
3.3.2 Creep and Shrinkage 5
3.3.3 Shrinkage Cracking 6
3.3.4 Live Load 7
3.3.5 Internal and external spans 7
3.3.6 Temperature Stress 7
3.3.7 Concrete Grade 7
3.3.8 Formula for slab depth 7
3.4 Prestress Level 8
3.5 Tendon Profiles and layouts 8
4.0 Loading 9
4.1 Vertical loads 9
4.1.1 Load Factors 9
4.1.2 Pattern Loads 9
4.1.3 Serviceability L.S. 10
4.1.4 External Spans 10
4.1.5 Permanent Live Load 10
4.2 Lateral Loads 10
4.3 Temperature stress and shrinkage 11
5.0 Calculation Methods 11
5.1 Load Balancing 11

5.2 Coefficients 11
5.3 Yield Line 11
5.4 Equivalent Frame 12
5.4.1 Vertical Loads 12
5.4.2 Lateral Loads 12
5.4.3 Waffle slabs 12
5.4.4 Young's Modulus 13
5.4.5 Column Stiffness 13
5.4.6 Drop panels 14
5.5 Grillage Analysis 14
5.5.1 General 14
INDEX
Item Page
5.5.2 Summary 15
5.5.3 Loads 15
5.5.4 Column Stiffness 15
5.5.5 Member properties 15
5.5.6 Torsional properties 15
5.5.7 Waffles 15
5.5.8 Lateral Loads 16
5.6 Finite Elements 16
5.7 Tendon Geometry 16
5.8 Friction and other losses 16
6.0 Serviceability Limit States 17
6.1 Allowable stresses at SLS 17
6.2 Crack Control 18
6.2.1 Crackwidth 19
6.2.2 Bar Spacing Rules 19
6.3 Deflection Control 19
6.3.1 Calculation of deflection 19
7.0 Ultimate Limit State - Bending 20
7.1 Redistribution of moments 20
7.2 Stresses 20
7.2.1 Report 25 method 21
7.2.2 Factored upward prestress load method 21
8.0 Ultimate Limit State - Shear 23
8.1 Provision of shear reinforcement 24

8.2 Waffle slabs 24
8.3 Openings 24
9.0 Detailing 24
9.1 Tendons 25
9.1.1 Layout 25
9.1.2 Notation 25
9.1.3 Tendon Spacing 25
9.1.4 Profiles and stools 26
9.2 Reinforcement 26
9.2.1 Minimum Non-prestressed reinforcement 26
9.2.2 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement 27
9.2.3 Reinforcement around openings 27
9.2.4 Bursting Reinforcement 27
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Item Page
Diagram 2.1 Substitution of tendon by equivalent loads 3

Diagram 2.2 Loads from tendon with reverse curvature 3
Diagram 3.1 Avoiding stress due to stiff walls or columns 6
Diagram 3.2 Distributed tendon layout 8
Diagram 3.3 Banded tendon layout 8
Diagram 3.4 Simplified profile of prestressing tendon 9
Diagram 4.1 Loading Patterns 10
Diagram 4.2 Increase of loading on first interior bay 11
Diagram 5.1 Analysis of cracked concrete section 12
Item Page
Diagram 5.2 Breadth of Moment transfer strip 13
Diagram 5.3 ACI torsion beam stiffness 14
Diagram 5.4 Member layout for grillage analysis 16
Diagram 5.5 Moment of Inertia at drops 15
Diagram 5.6 Loading on grillage members 16
Diagram 5.7 Member width for grillage elements 17
Diagram 5.8 Friction and draw-in 19
Diagram 8.1 Critical shears section in waffle slab 24
Diagram 8.2 Openings adjacent to columns 25
Diagram 8.3 Design procedure for shear reinforcement. 26
Diagram 91. Notional layout of tendons 27
Diagram 9.2 Notation for tendon drawings 28
Appendix A Calculation of Tendon Geometry
Appendix B Formula for slab span/depth ratio
Appendix C Sample Calculation ( 1 and 2)
Appendix D Neutral Axis depth and crackwidth at serviceability loads
Appendix E Crackwidth Computer Program
Appendix F Shrinkage deflection

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLAT SLABS
Notation Page i
A Area, Constant in Long's formula Ie Equivalent moment of inertia

a,b Sides of rectangle (a is smaller side) J Lever arm factor
Aps Area of prestressing tendon k 'Wobble factor' in friction eqn.
As Area of bonded reinforcement keq, kc Equivalent column stiffness
a1,a2 Distance from support to point of kcl Lower column stiffness
change of curvature in tendon kcu Upper column stiffness
acr Dist an ce from surfa ce of K1,K2,K3,K4 Coefficients in equation for span-
reinforcement bar to position of crack depth ratio
(Crackwidth formula) L Span centre to centre of columns
b1,b2,c1,c2 Dimensions of parabola LL ,LL Live load
(Appendix A) l1 Span in direction moments are
C Torsion equivalent moment of inertia calculated
for stiffness l2 Span in transverse direction
c1,c2 Size of rectangular column capital in m loss of prestress/unit length
direction of span, and transverse (ACI M Moment
col stiffness) Mcr Moment at first cracking
D Diameter of equivalent circular MD Design moment at midspan
column capital Mx Moment in x direction
DL Dead Load My Moment in y direction
d effective depth of slab (concrete to Mxy Torsional moment
centroid of reinforcement) Mxeff Effective moment in x direction
E Young's Modulus Myeff Effective moment in y direction
Ec Young's modulus for concrete MR Moment of resistance
Es Young's modulus for steel P Prestress
f Stress PF Final prestress
fc Concrete stress PL Permanent load
fct Tensile stress in concrete Px Effective prestress at distance x
fcu Characteristic cube strength of P0 Effective prestress at x=0 form
concrete anchorage
fci Initial cube strength Q Proportion of permanent load carried
fs Steel stress by prestressing
fpc Equivalent tendon stress after losses u shear perimeter
fpb Tendon stress at ultimate limit state v shear stress
f0.1k Tendon stress at 0.1% strain vc Permissible shear stress
G Shear modulus W Load
h overall depth of section x depth of neutral axis
I Moment of inertia Z Section modulus
Ig Gross moment of inertia
Icr Cracked moment of inertia
" Angle of shear reinforcement to ,m effective strain in tension at outer
horizontal fibre
)fu Increase in tendon stress due to Ds percentage of bonded reinforcement
bending deflection D pr percentage of prestressing steel
( loss in prestress due to draw-in
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLAT SLABS
1.0 Introduction
In 1989 the Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineers created a sub-committee to examine
the design of prestressed concrete flat slabs. It was found that a certain amount of poor design was prevalent, and the
committee decided to produce a booklet of recommendations for good practice.
The matter was considered especially important because the South African Loading Code was changed with effect from
1990, and the required factor on D.L. is now 1.2, whereas it was previously 1.4. This has the effect of reducing
reinforcement areas, and cracking and deflection require more attention. To make allowance for this, SABS 0100 was
revised, and among other changes, the allowable concrete shear stress was reduced by 10 percent, to lessen the probability
of brittle shear failures.
1.1 Flat Slabs
Flat slabs were originally invented in the USA at the beginning of this century, and there were a number of patented
systems.
The early reinforced concrete flat slabs all had drops, and columns with capitals, and were considered to be the structure
of choice for warehouse construction and heavy loads. Because of the columns capitals and drops, shear was not really a
problem.
Design was based on tests on stresses in reinforcement at working loads, and the early codes required a total moment in
a span of WL2/11.
It was realized that statically a total moment of about WL2/8 was required for equilibrium, (If the column diameter is D,
the statically required moment is (very closely) W(L-2D/3)2/8 where L-2D/3 is the effective span. The difference between
WL2/11 and WL2/8 was attributed to a mystical '2 way action'. In fact it was due partly to tensile stresses in the concrete
and partly to arching effects reducing the measured stress in the reinforcement.
The philosophy, and the empirical coefficients, persisted until the 1950's when the allowable stresses in reinforcement
were increased, limit state design was introduced, and the statically required moment of WL2/8 was introduced into the
codes. This was because it was felt that it was not safe to rely on arching or tensile strength of the concrete. In addition
to the changed moment coefficients, the frame method of analysis was required in certain cases.
1.2 Flat Plates

Flat plates were subsequently developed, with no drops and no column capitals, and due to the much cheaper shuttering
required, they became popular for residential and office buildings.
A number of catastrophic shear failures of flat plates occurred, including some where several floors of a building suffered
progressive collapse. As a result a large amount of research into shear in flat slabs has taken place, and various methods
of reinforcing slabs against shear failure have been developed. Because of the brittle nature of shear failures, conservative
design is necessary.
1.3 Prestressed Flat Slabs and Plates

Prestressed flat slabs and plates have been developed mainly in Australia and the USA over the last 30 years. They have
a number of outstanding advantages. Among these are a shallower depth (for the same deflection), quicker stripping of
shuttering, and greater shear strengths than plain reinforced slabs of the same depth. Prestressing is also applied to waffle
type slabs to achieve even greater spans.
Tendons in post-tensioned concrete are considered to be either bonded or unbonded. Unbonded tendons are usually single
strands covered with grease and an outer plastic sheath.Bonded tendons usually consist of a number of strands in a metal
sheath, which is grouted after the tendons are stressed.. Unbonded tendons have the advantage of low friction values,
maximum lever arm and drape due to the smaller diameter, fast placing and avoidance of grouting operations. In the USA
and UK, and in South Africa prestressed flat slabs have been almost entirely unbonded, whereas in Australia bonded
tendons are the rule.
The disadvantage of unbonded tendons is that the prestress depends on the anchorage remaining intact throughout the life
of the structure. Corrosion or accidental damage could cause tendon failures at any time, and detailing must take account
of this, to try and prevent or reduce the possible effects. The USA Uniform Building Code requires that for one-way slabs
unprestressed reinforcement sufficient to carry the Dead load + 1/4 live load at ultimate, is provided to prevent
catastrophic failures in the case of loss of prestress. The committee considers that prestressed flat slabs do not have a better
record than one-way slabs, and its recommendation is given below.
Prestressed Concrete Slabs Page 2
2.0 Design Codes
In the UK and S.A. the first generally accepted 'codes' for the design of prestressed flat slabs were Technical Report 17
of the Concrete Society, published in 1979, and Technical Report 25, published in 1984.
There have also been the CEB-FIP design code and other overseas codes which have not had much influence in S.A.,
except that a commercial computer program used in South Africa is based on the ACI code. Technical Reports 17 and 25
are based on the load balancing method for preliminary design, and on a frame method for analysis.
The ACI code also uses the frame method but takes account of the torsional flexibility of the slab at the columns (See
5.4.5). which reduces the apparent column stiffness. The ACI code uses an effective span of L-D, instead of L-2D/3.
Recently a certain amount of analysis has been done by the finite element method, and by grillage programs.
These are discussed later.
If premature failure due to shear is prevented, the interior panels of flat slabs have considerable reserves of strength due
to two way arching action, and membrane stress. There is no recognised design method which takes advantage of this at
present, so it is not feasible to take the extra strength into account. It does, however, emphasize the fact that exterior panels
are more vulnerable, and greater care must be taken with them. Because of the reserve of strength due to arching, the
Committee recommends that the exterior and corner spans be designed with additional non-prestressed reinforcement,
(similar to the USA Uniform Building Code for one-way slabs), but it is not considered necessary for internal spans.
The committee recommends that enough non-prestressed

reinforcement be provided, so as to ensure that if 50% of the
prestress in an external span is rendered ineffective for
some reason, the span will still be able to support before
failure, an unfactored ultimate load of DL + LL/4 or in the
case of warehouses DL + LL/2). A reinforcement of 0.25% of
The 0.25% reinforcement should be concentrated largely in the column band, say 75% in the column band, and 25% in
the slab band.
2.1 Prestress Level
Reports 17 and 25 require a minimum prestress level of 0.7MPa. The CEB-FIP code requires 1.0MPA and the ACI
0.86MPa. In a lecture given some years ago it was suggested that less than 1.4 MPa was too low a prestress, 1.4 to 3.5 MPa
was the 'proper' range, and over 3.5 MPa would cause excessive shortening. Many slabs are now designed with stresses
less than 0.7 MPa.
It is the Committee's philosophy that there is a continuous spectrum of concrete from plain reinforced to fully prestressed
concrete, and that there should be no arbitrary limits on prestress levels.
It is considered that prestressed flat slabs are essentially ordinary flat slabs, subjected to additional lateral loads
from tendons, which reduce the effective load on the slab, and to longitudinal prestress which helps to reduce
cracking.
However if prestress levels appreciably lower than the ones recommended in Reports 17 and 25 are used, there is a greater
onus on the designer to satisfy himself that the requirements for deflection and cracking are met.
The main advantage of prestressing slabs is that the prestress acts as an upward load resisting the effects of dead load,
reducing the long term dead load creep which is the cause of most of the deflection.
For this reason it is considered that if less than half the dead load is balanced, a good deal of the advantage of prestressing
is lost. (See section 3.2). However, the actual amount of prestress is an economic decision.
2.2 Design Method
1. Preliminary Manual Design

The method recommended depends on the load-balancing method made popular by Lin.
Prestressing is treated analytically by removing the prestressing tendon and replacing it by the equivalent forces that it
applies to concrete. (Diag. 2.1).
By taking reverse curvature of the tendon into account, the complete prestress loading diagram on the slab is derived
(Diag. 2.2).
The system may be described as follows:-
1. Decide on column centres, concrete grade (usually 30 or
more) and preliminary slab thickness, as well as drops,
capitals, etc. Choose a preliminary thickness from
paragraph 3.2.2, and from shear considerations. The shear
will often govern, unless capitals or drops are used, and
should be checked first.
2. Decide on the amount of load to be balanced. (This is an
economic decision)
3. Using the maximum drape possible, decide on the
preliminary geometry of the tendon. From (2) and (3)
calculate the prestress force required.
For a parabolic tendon of drape h, length L, Prestress P,
the equivalent upward load is given by W = PL2/8h and if
L and W and h are known, P may be calculated (see also
4.2).
4. Analyse the slab for Dead Load, Live Load (for pattern
loading see 4.1) and prestress load (use a preliminary
estimate for losses)
5. Calculate the working stresses at various points and
check for allowable tensile stress and deflections. It should
be noted that the limitation of tensile stress is not a good
way to limit cracking, but is acceptable for preliminary
design. Final design should be based on limiting
crackwidth.
6. Calculate the reinforcement required and check the
maximum compressive stress in the concrete for the
ultimate limit state.
7. Check the shear stress, and calculate the reinforcement required, if any.
8. Depending on the results of (5) and (6) it may be necessary to adjust the thickness and prestress, and perhaps to supply
additional non-prestressed reinforcement to control cracking or shear. Non-prestressed reinforcement is always required
over columns, and in external spans.
9. Check the prestress losses due to shrinkage, creep, friction etc. and adjust the prestress loading.
It should be noted that although the sample calculations take account of the variation in prestress along the length of the
structure, and of the effect of curvature of cables over the supports, it is sufficient for preliminary design to assume a
uniform prestress along the length of the structure (except where the prestress is varied by changing the number of tendons,
and to assume that the cables hang from the supports i.e. there is only upward distributed load from the tendons, and
downward point loads at the supports. (See
Diag 3.4) In deciding whether to vary the
number of tendons, it may be taken as a rule
of thumb that 7m of tendon is equal to the
cost of two anchorages.
Some desi gn ers ma ke the above
assumptions even for final design. However
it should be realised that one is designing
the non-prestressed reinforcement for the
difference between the downward loads due
to permanent load and live load, and the
upward load due to prestress. The difference
between these quantities may be sensitive to
small variations in either one.
2.3 Preliminary Design Using Computer programs.

Several programs are available which enable changes in the slab thickness, concrete grade, number of tendons etc. to be
easily made, and the results noted. The programs show stress, deflections, and additional reinforcement required, as well
as highlighting areas of excessive shear stress. The preliminary design may be very quickly established, and a final analysis
performed as in 2.2.4 to 2.2.8 above.
For final design using commercially available programs, see the comments in 5.0.
2.4 Summary of Design Process
The design method is iterative.

1. Establish or revise design
2. Analyse
3. If results are not satisfactory repeat (1) and (2).
If a good choice of parameters is made, only one or two iterations may be necessary. As the effective stresses and
deflections depend on the difference between the applied loads and the prestress balancing load, there is an advantage in
the design process to making the difference small.. However the actual prestress load required depends on economics, and
it may well be economical to make the slab a bit thicker, add more reinforcement, and reduce the prestress to obtain the
cheapest design.
In a multi-storey building it is usually better to make the slab as shallow as possible to save on architectural cladding costs,
as well as on column loads and foundations, and the greater part, or all, of the dead load should be balanced.
3.0 Preliminary Choice of Parameters
3.1 Loads
The design is dependant on the loads applied. The loads are usually fixed by the clients requirements, but the live load,
finishes and partition loading must be carefully considered and provision made for possible future changes in use. An
important aspect is loading during construction. In multi-storey work, the load on a slab depends on the cycle of casting
and stripping props, and the total load during construction can exceed twice the self weight of the slab. This may be
appreciably more than the dead + live load case, and the resultant tensions can cause cracking, and deflections can be built
into the slab being cast even before it is stripped.
3.2 Depth
The design of a flat slab has to meet two major requirements, strength and deflection.
3.2.1 Strength
The slab must be deep enough that shear failure is prevented (See 8.0) and that the section taking moment is strong
enough. (mostly only critical at external columns and at the first interior column). Shear failure may be prevented in 4
ways.
1) By making the slab deep enough
2) By increasing the shear perimeter by using columns with capitals, or larger columns
3) By increasing the slab depth locally - ie. by drops
4) By using shear reinforcement, which can consist of stirrups, inclined bars, or steel studs welded to a steel plate, or
welded steel shear-heads, or by increasing the level of prestress or bending reinforcement. (Although the equations
in the code show that shear strength is related to area of reinforcement, the effectiveness of using additional bending
reinforcement on the shear strength is doubtful, and this last method is not recommended).
3.2.2 Choice of slab depth for deflection control

Common practice in South Africa is to use span-depth ratios in the range 28 for heavily loaded slabs, to 40 or 42 for lightly
loaded slabs, such as slabs for domestic dwellings, or roofs.
Report 25 states:
Type of Construction Loading Span:Depth Ratio
Flat Plates Light 40 to 48
Normal 34 to 42
Heavy 28 to 36
Waffle Slabs Heavy 28 to 32
Where the span-depth ratio relates to the longer span.

In this report a formula is proposed (in 3.3.8) and its derivation explained in Appendix B. A comparison of the formula
with the nomogram in Report 25 is also given.
The proportion of LL which should be taken as permanent load depends on the type of loading. (see 4.1.5)
3.3 Deflection
It is necessary to decide on the allowable deflection, which depends on:

1) The presence of brittle partitions, walls and finishes.
2) Required limits to slopes for drainage or machinery
3) Aesthetic considerations
4) Requirements for vibration control, which is related to flexibility, and therefore to deflection.
3.3.1 Allowable Deflection
Allowable long term deflections are usually given, for normal buildings, as span/300 or 20mm, whichever is smaller, or
span/500 if there are rigid partitions. Even span/500 may be unsafe if there are large panels of brittle partitions. In this
case a value of span/750 may be appropriate. Various guidelines have been given by various authorities.
SABS 0160-1989, Table E-2:
Different limits are given, ranging from Span/300 to Span/500, depending on the limit of deformability. A limit of
10mm is given to prevent horizontal cracking in walls.
ACI 318-1989, Table 9.5(b):
Total deflection occurring after non-structural members are installed should not exceed span/480.
Concrete Society Technical Report 17:
Deflection, including the effects of creep, should not exceed Span/350 or 20mm in cases where partitions may be
affected by deflections.
For spans over 9m, greater care should be taken.
For the calculation of deflection, see 6.3.1
3.3.2 Creep and Shrinkage

Creep
The major factor in deflection is the long term component, due to creep of the concrete under compressive stress. The
amount of creep is affected by the humidity level, and in the very dry conditions which occur in much of S. Africa at times,
the creep can be higher than in the UK or Europe. Some local aggregates give rise to very high creep, and figures of as
much as 5 times the short term deflection have been recorded. Where aggregates are known or suspected to be liable to
excessive creep, tests should be done.
Because long term creep deflection is important, prestressing which counterbalances an appreciable part or all of the dead
load, is very effective in preventing excessive deflection.
The depth of the slab has to be carefully considered in relation to the amount of prestress, and where the prestress is low,
the slab must be made relatively deeper to control deflection. Partially prestressed slabs are especially susceptible to long
term creep because of the very early age at which shutters are struck; typically at 3 days, when the concrete reaches 15
MPa. (This can increase creep by up to 50%) (See BS8110 or SABS0100 part II). If deflection control is very important,
consideration should be given to prestressing and stripping the slab at a later stage, e.g. when the strength reaches 25 MPa.
This will reduce creep losses as well as deflection.
Long-term deflection can be determined by considering the ratio of long-term to short-term curvature of the member.
The properties of aggregates can influence the deflections to a large extent. Methods are being developed for allowing for
the effects of different aggregate types.
Shrinkage
Shrinkage can be a considerable factor influencing the deflection of reinforced concrete members. This is because eccentric
bonded reinforcement restrains the shrinkage, causing warping and deflection. The amount of deflection is related to the
area of reinforcement, and for prestressed flat slabs with unbonded tendons, which only have appreciable reinforcement
over columns, the effect is considered likely to be small. The effect is greater for cracked slabs, and if cracking is likely,
should be considered. It may be analysed by conceptually separating the reinforcement from the concrete, allowing the
concrete to shrink, applying compressive forces to the reinforcement and placing the reinforcement back in the concrete.
Forces equal and opposite to the compressive forces are applied to the complete structure. Alternatively the shrinkage can
be simulated by temperature stresses. Creep has to be allowed for. A sample calculation is given in Appendix F
3.3.3 Shrinkage Cracking
Where the distance between expansion joints is large, shrinkage stresses may cause additional cracking, which further
reduces the stiffness of the slab. Some South African aggregates have very large shrinkage, and if small deflections are
essential, tests should be done.
Both temperature and shrinkage effects are worse where there are stiff columns or walls, and special precautions may have
to be taken (e.g. leaving gaps to be cast later.) See Diag. 3.1
3.3.4 Live Load

Because deflections due to live load may be important, although there is no appreciable creep component for non-
permanent live load, slabs also have to be thicker where the live load is high, (in addition to problems relating to shear
and compressive stresses due to bending)
3.3.5 Internal and External Spans

Because of the reduction of continuity at the outer column, moments in outer spans tend to be greater, and so, of course,
are the deflections.
It is therefore desirable that the external spans should be shorter than the internal ones. (Preferably about 10% to 20%
shorter). If this is not possible, the slab depth may be increased in the outer spans and if a uniform slab depth is desired,
in the internal spans as well. Alternatively a greater proportion of load can be balanced in the external span. This is usually
the preferred solution.
3.3.6 Temperature Stress.
Where the slab is exposed directly to the sun, temperature stresses may become sufficiently large to crack the slab, even
if there is a fairly high level of prestress. This reduces the effective stiffness of the slab, and increases deflection.
Insulation is strongly recommended
3.3.7 Grade of Concrete
Because the Modulus of Elasticity (E) of the slab directly affects deflection, and because the Modulus of Elasticity is related
to the grade of concrete, this factor needs to be carefully considered.
Although SABS 0100 gives the average relation between normal concrete grade and Young's Modulus as
E = (20+0.2Fc)GPa it should be noted that E can vary considerably, and if deflections are critical, tests of the concrete
should be made, or the paper by Dr. Mark Alexander giving E's for S.A. aggregates should be consulted. (The Civil
Engineer in South Africa Vol 27, No 6. June 1985). As actual E's can vary considerably, if the aggregates are not
controlled, a value of 0.8 of the above formula value is recommended.
3.3.8 Formula for Choice of slab depth.

To help in the preliminary section of slab depth, a semi-empirical formula taking the above factors into account has been
derived.
The formula is:
where P L is Permanent load in KPa (3.5 is a creep factor)

L is Live Load in KPa
Q is proportion of Permanent Load carried by prestress. (The factor of 3.5 for creep is multiplied by 0.9 to allow for
possible losses)
K1 is factor for end span or internal span: K1 = 0.90 for End span
K1 = 1.0 for Internal span
K2 is factor for cracking by temperature stress or shrinkage
K2 = 0.95 if cracking is likely:
K2 = 1.0 if it is not
K3 = (E conc/26)1/3
Where E conc is the expected short term E of the concrete to be used
(26 GPa is the expected E of 30 grade normal concrete)
K4 is factor for drops or flat plates:
for flat plates K4 = 1.0
for slab with adequate drops K4 = 1.15
With sufficient experience the

designer may decide to make K1
0.95 for external spans, and
1.05 for internal spans.
3.4 Prestress Level
T h e minim um pres tr ess

requirements of the codes are
partly to ensure that the
c on c r ete remains mainly
uncracked, which reduces
deflection. However in certain
circumstances these suggested
prestress levels may not be
enough for this purpose,
especially where temperature
stresses are large (eg. in a roof
slab exposed to the sun without
insulation), or where shrinkage
stresses are large.
It is not a recommendation of the Committee that any minimum prestress level is maintained, but if the prestress is less
than 0.7 MPa, greater care must be taken to
ensure that deflections and cracking are not
excessive (ie. the serviceability limit states).
It is also considered that if the amount of load
balanced by the prestress is less than half the
dead load, there is not much advantage in
prestressing the slab.
3.5 Tendon Profile and Layouts

There are a number of different possible tendon
layouts in plan.
The one favoured by the early designers in PSC
flat slabs was to
concentrate some in the column band, and
spread the rest out in the slab band, in the same
proportion as the reinforcement in traditional
R.C. flat slabs ie. 60 to 75% in the column band,
and 40 to 25% in the slab band. (Diag. 3.2)
This has to a considerable extent been replaced

by a system where the tendons are concentrated
over the columns in one direction, and spread
out uniformly in the other direction, as if the slab
were spanning onto beams spanning between
columns. (Diag. 3.3) This system gives the maximum effective drape, and the most effective use of prestress. Because
there are fewer tendons over the columns in one direction, the shear strength may be somewhat reduced. If the column
spacing is different in the two directions, the banded tendons would normally lie in the direction of the shorter span.
A system has also been developed where all the tendons in each direction are concentrated over the columns. This system
has disadvantages, because the drape of the tendons in one direction has to be appreciably less than in the other direction
in order that the tendons in one direction may pass over the tendons in the other direction at the columns. (Alternatively,
the tendons could be 'woven' so that some of the tendons in one band pass over, and some under, the other band. This is
not considered practical). In addition, the self weight of the slab is not uniformly balanced. The system does, however, give
a better shear capacity. Reinforcement should be supplied in the 'slab' area between the bands to control cracking, and local
shear failures due to concentrated loads.
It is also possible to provide prestressing in one direction only, and use ordinary reinforcement in the other direction. This
would normally only be done if the spans in the two directions were very unequal.
Tendons are usually arranged in profile to obtain the maximum drape, and are normally fixed to approximately parabolic
profiles, to give a fairly uniform upward load on the slab. (See Diag.3.4). This maximum drape may be reduced in shorter
spans, to keep the prestress level as uniform as possible. In external spans, the tendons at the outside edge are usually kept
fairly close to the centreline of the slab to reduce problems with bursting. It is advantageous to lift them a small amount
above the centreline to counteract the hogging moments, and to increase the drape as much as possible, which also reduces
the sagging moments in the first span
Instead of parabolic profiles, more or less straight lines have also been used and in this case the uniform downward load
of the slab is notionally balanced against upward point loads. The geometry is easier, and fewer stools are required.
4.0 Loading
4.1 Vertical Loads
4.1.1 Load Factors

The revised loading code, SABS0160, which was issued in May 1990, radically changed the required load factors and
loading pattern.
The load factor for live load remains at 1.6 but that for dead load is 1.2 with a proviso that design moments for factored
(Live + Dead) shall not be less than the moments for 1.5 DL.
4.1.2 Pattern Loading
In addition, pattern loading is not required for dead load, (which eliminates some of the discrepancy in flat slab design
between the tables of coefficients, and accurate analysis).
It is therefore necessary, for flat slabs to consider 3 loading cases, which are calculated for working loads and then factored
for ultimate load. (See Diag. 4.1). These are: Dead load on all spans, live load on even spans, and live load on odd spans.
To these should be added the analysis for the prestress loading, making four analyses necessary.
These may be factored and combined for ultimate load limit states, as well as the limit states of deflection and cracking.
Dead load x 1.2 + pattern live loading x 1.6 (or Dead load x1.5) gives maximum sagging moments in alternate spans, and
Dead load x 1.2 + uniform live load x 1.6 (or Dead load x 1.5) gives maximum hogging moments.
4.1.3 Load Factors for Serviceability State.
It is a requirement of the Loading Code that the dead load be factored by 1.1 (if 1.1 is more unfavourable than 1.0) for the
states of deflection and cracking, as experience and tests have shown that the actual dead load of a structure is generally
greater than would be expected from the nominal sizes. The Load Factor for live load would normally be 1.0
4.1.4 External Spans
It is, strictly speaking, necessary that the effects of two-way action be taken into account eg. in the first bay of a multiple
bay structure, the first internal strip tends to take more load than the average strip. A preliminary analysis may be done
in the lateral direction. (Diagram 4.2).
The panel spanning along column line (2) & (4) will have additional load due to the greater negative moments at these
points. This is often not taken into account in calculations, as it appears that designers feel that plastic redistribution will
ensure that the slab is safe. Where shear stresses are high, and a brittle failure is therefore more likely, it should however
be taken into account.
4.1.5 Permanent Live Load

The proportion of Live load which is taken as permanent varies with the type of loading, and may vary from 0% for
garages, to 50% to 75% for storage facilities.
4.2 Lateral Load

Flat slab structures are occasionally designed as frames to take lateral loads due to wind. They are not well adapted to do
so, because of the difficulty of transferring moments from the slab to the columns.
Prestressed flat slabs are not suitable for earthquake loading because of reversal of stresses. Where earthquake loading
is a requirement, other means of resisting the loading should be provided - usually concrete shear walls, or concrete frames
with brick infill.
The frame to be analysed for lateral load is usually, in the British method, taken to have the stiffness of half the width of
the panel, to allow for the effects of torsional flexibility (See 5.4.2). An appropriate 3 dimensional analysis (3d frame or
finite element) will give good results.
4.3 Temperature Stress, and Shrinkage

If temperature stresses and shrinkage are important, the differential temperature between the top and bottom of the slab
must be assessed. It depends on the exposure to the sun, the latitude and altitude, and the ventilation in the building.
Shrinkage may be assessed from SABS0100, and converted for analysis purposes into a general temperature drop. Many
frame and grillage programs allow thermal loadings, although Grillage programs would normally only allow for bending
due to differential temperature, and therefore would not allow for shrinkage. Shrinkage will be important in long
structures and where columns are stiff or shear walls exist, and may be analysed by simulating the shrinkage by a
temperature drop in the frame analysis. (See Appendix F). Temperature stresses in South Africa tend to be higher than
in Europe, and can cause large cracks, even where the analysis appears to show that there is no tension.
5.0 Calculation Methods
In addition to the methods given below, computer programs are available to do complete designs. The designer should
check the assumptions carefully. It has been noted that some designers use appreciably lower prestress losses than would
be calculated in terms of the code recommendations. In addition, the load and material factors should be checked. It is
not acceptable to use ACI stresses with SABS load factors.
5.1 Load Balancing
This has already been mentioned in 2.2.1. If all the load were exactly balanced by the prestress, then there would be no
resultant stresses, except compression in the concrete, and the slab would remain perfectly level. Obviously this is not
possible (because the live load can vary), and the out of balance loading must be analysed by one of the methods below.
5.2 Coefficients
All codes give a series of coefficient for designing flat slabs by the empirical method. They may be used for preliminary
design, but are not considered adequate for final design.
5.3 Yield Line
Yield line methods have been used to design reinforced concrete flat slabs, but because they do not take compatibility into
account, problems of cracking and deflection have arisen. The methods are not considered suitable for prestressed flat
slabs for serviceability conditions, and for ultimate load conditions, the rotation capacity required may not be obtainable.
5.4 Equivalent Frame

All codes allow the use of an equivalent 2 dimensional frame to analyse the effects of vertical and horizontal loads on flat
slabs. A lot of experience has been accumulated with this method, and the codes are basically written with the frame
analysis in mind.
5.4.1 Vertical Loads
The equivalent width of frame is taken as the distance between the centre lines of slab bands. The equivalent I (Moment
of Inertia) of the slab is usually taken as the I for an uncracked slab. (But see later for corrections to this) Drops should
be taken into account if they exceed 1/3 of the slab width. This is rather tedious to do if hand calculations are used, but
computer programs will handle them easily.
If cracking is likely, ie. for low prestress, high temperature stress, and high shrinkage stress, the equivalent I should be
reduced to that of a cracked section (Diag. 5.1).
Column stiffness must be taken into account, including the effects of capitals. Loading is taken to be appropriate to the
width of the frame, although at the first internal frame it may be appreciably higher. (see 4.1.4)
5.4.2 Lateral Loads
If the columns are considered to be rigidly connected,as in the method of Report 25, the equivalent frame width is taken
as one half that for vertical loads, due mainly to the ineffective torsional connection of the slab to the column. The correct
column stiffness is important.
5.4.3 Waffle Slabs
Waffle slabs have a solid section adjacent to the column, and ribs and slab construction between column capitals. Because
there is.. less concrete in the ribs, there is more likelihood that a waffle.. slab will crack and the section properties of the
ribs should be based on a cracked section.
It is necessary to allow for the greater equivalent I in the solid section, and to take account of this in the analysis. The
result is that the hogging moments over the columns are increased, and the sagging moments in the ribs reduced in
comparison with a homogeneous slab.
The lateral distribution of moments between column and slab bands is similar to a solid flat slab except:
1. If the solid section is at least one third of the smaller dimension of the surrounding panels, the column band width
should be based on the width of solid section.
2. The design moments to be resisted by the middle strip should be increased in proportion to its increased width,
and the design moment in the column strip decreased by the same amount. It should be noted that although the total
moment in the column band is reduced, the moment per unit width in the column strip is increased.
In order to ensure that the normal punching shear clauses for flat slabs can be applied to the area adjacent to the column,
the solid section should extend at least 2.5 times the slab thickness from the column face.
Where a shear perimeter falls outside the solid section, the shear force may be considered to be distributed equally between
the ribs, but where two ribs meet at a corner, the effective width of rib is only 1.4 times the rib width. (see Diag. 8.1). If
shear reinforcement is required in the ribs, it should extend an effective depth into the solid section.
5.4.4 Young's Modulus
It is necessary to take two moduli of elasticity into account when calculating deflections, a short term modulus for live
load, and a long term modulus for dead load, which takes into account the effect of creep. The one may be greater than
the other by a factor of 3 or more. Because our climate is much drier than Europe or most of North America, the creep
coefficients used in those countries are too low for our conditions. SABS0100 part 2 gives tables and graphs for estimating
creep. (See also note in 3.3.7 re aggregates). Also the Young's modulus at initial prestress may be less because of the lower
strength at that time.
5.4.5 Column Stiffness

BS8110 and SABS0100, and the ACI code treat the subject of column stiffness quite differently. The first two assume that
the column is rigidly fixed to the slab over the whole width of the panel. The ultimate negative moment at the outer
columns is checked, and if it exceeds the moment of resistance of the width of slab immediately adjacent to the column
(See diag. 5.2) then the moment at the outer column must be reduced. It is not clear if it is intended that the moments at
the first interior column must be increased, but the slab sagging moments must be increased to maintain equilibrium The
ACI code, on the other hand, makes allowance for the loss of stiffness due to torsion (See Diag. 5.3) and reduces the
column stiffness accordingly..The ACI method is far more logicalbut Long (see below) gives a method which is simpler
to use than the A.C.I. method. If a grillage or finite element program is used, the rather tedious ACI formula is
unnecessary.
Be
cau
s e
the
BS
8 1
10/SABS0100 method tends to over estimate the column moments, and
because the BS8110 method requires that the moment at the outer
columns be reduced if it exceeds the moment of resistance, it is desirable
to model the column stiffness more accurately.
It is recommended, if the frame method is used, (and not grillage or finite
element analysis), that the Long or the ACI method of calculating
column stiffness allowing for torsional stiffness of the slab be used. (See
diag. 5.4)
The torsional stiffness of a rectangular section is given by C G where C
is the equivalent torsional moment of inertia, and G is the shear modulus,
or approximately G= 0.4 E (Young's Modulus)
C is given for a rectangle a x b by (approximately)
C= (1/3 - (3.36a/16b)(1 -(a/b)4 /12))a3 b
where a is the smaller dimension of the rectangle, and b the larger. A
simpler but less accurate formula is :
C = 3 b3d3/(10(b2 + d2))
Where the section is composed of several rectangles, the torsional

moment of inertia may be estimated by adding the C's for the individual
rectangles.
ACI 318 states 'the stiffness kt of the torsional members shall be
calculated by the following expression'
kt = ( 9 EcsC/(l2(1-c2/l2)3))
where c2 and l 2 relates to the transverse spans on either side - (see diag
5.3) and E c is the Young's modulus of the concrete slab.
It is common practice in grillage analysis of bridge decks to reduce the
torsional stiffness of members by one half, to allow for the effects of
cracking, and this is recommended.
The stiffness of the columns above and below should be calculated taking
account of the capitals and increased inertia at slab level. However, if
these are neglected, the column stiffnesses will be approximately 4EI/L
then 1 / Keq = 1 / Kcu + 1 / Kcl + 1/ Kt

Where Keq is the equivalent column stiffness
Kcu is the upper column stiffness
Kc1 is the lower column stiffness
Kt is the torsional stiffness
from this Keq may be calculated.
The stiffness of the slab may be calculated by assuming that the gross section of the concrete is effective.
I = b d3/12
A more accurate method is to use the equivalent I value based on the cracked section, but this requires an iterative
analysis.
Using these values a structural analysis can be made.
Long's method of calculating the effective stiffness of the column is:-
If the span is L, the column dimension in the direction of the span is c, the column stiffness is kc, (4EI/L for a prismatic
section), the slab (or beam) thickness is h then the equivalent column stiffness is
ke = kc/(1+A kc L/(E h3 c))
where A is .0564 for interior columns and .1272 for exterior columns.
If the column has capitals, or drops are used, they should be taken into account in the column stiffness.
Long's method gives a slightly larger stiffness than the ACI method for internal columns.
The design moments are taken at the face of the columns, and at about mid span, but the sum of the design moments must
not be less than W (L-2D/3 )2/8. If there are column capitals, the critical section for moment may not be at the face of the
column, but somewhat away from the face, where the effective depth is less, and the tendon is lower. This only applies
if the increased thickness of the capital is taken
into account for calculating the slab strength,
which is not usually done.
5.4.6 Stiffness with drop panels

First calculate the I of the cross section with the
drop.
Two methods are common.
1) To calculate as a T beam, assuming that the drop is sufficiently wide to force the slab to act with it (see Diag 5.5.1).
or:-
2) To calculate the separate I's and add them as if the section were Diag. 5.5.2
Then the effective stiffness of the slab in the longitudinal direction can be obtained from the tables in the ACI code, from
Column Analogy, or from a structural analysis program.
5.5 Grillage Analysis

5.5.1 General
Because grillage analysis programs are fairly generally available, a grillage analysis is an attractive method for final
analysis after the preliminary design has been done, especially if the slab is irregular and does not fall in the range for
which the frame analysis was developed.
In "Design of reinforced concrete flat slabs, to BS8110" - CIRIA report 110, Robin Whittle has written a chapter on
grillage modelling, and has favourably compared the results of the analysis with experimental results.
The member layout recommended is shown in Diags. 5.4 and 5.7. It should be noted that if the grid is too coarse, the total
calculated moments in each direction will be somewhat less than the statically required moment. The effect for the
recommended spacing is negligible.
A full frame in one direction should be analysed, with preferably 2 or 3 bays in the other direction. For an internal bay,
points of maximum moment and zero shear may be assumed at the centre lines of slab bands. Pattern loading should be
taken into account.
5.5.2 Summary of grillage analysis.
The method may be summarised as :-
5.5.2.1 The layout is based on centre lines of columns. Columns are represented by point supports (with bending
stiffness in 2 directions).
5.5.2.2 A member is used to connect columns (A1, A2 Diag. 5.4).
5.5.2.3 The stiffness of these members is based on a width equal to the width of the column plus a slab depth. This
ensures that the local nature of moment transfer is realistically modelled, because this is where the stress
concentration exists.
5.5.2.4 Lines of members should connect centre lines of panels (D1, D2)
5.5.2.5 Lines of members should be placed at quarter
points of panels (C1, C2).
5.5.2.6 A line of members should be placed at about the
width of members A1, A2 from the centre lines of columns. If
spans are small, this line may be omitted.
5.5.2.7 Member width should be based on half the distance between centre lines of members (see Diag. 5.6).
5.5.3 Loading
Whittle states that member loading gives better results than nodal loading. The recommended method of distributing slab
loads is shown in diag. 5.6 but a uniform loading may be assigned in proportion to the ratio of the sides - (eg. for a panel
with an aspect ratio of 2, the UDL is 1/3 of the total load on each long side, and 1/6 of the total load on the short side.)
For sides of a and b, the loading would be a/(2(a+b)) on side a, and b/(2(a+b)) on side b.
5.5.4 Column Stiffness

Columns are normally considered fixed at the remote end, and the equivalent stiffness of the column support is 4EI/L,
but if there are capitals they should be taken into account.
If the remote end is supported on a small footing, 3EI/L is more appropriate. Because the torsional stiffness of the slab
is taken into account in the grillage method, it is not necessary to reduce the column stiffness as in the ACI frame method.
5.5.5 Choice of member properties

Separate analyses are required if the serviceability and ultimate limit states are to be accurately modelled, as the state of
cracking is likely to be different. If an accurate analysis is required, an iterative process is required. First moments and
stresses are calculated, then the state of cracking is assessed, and the analysis is repeated.
For the cracked section properties, it may be assumed that the tensile stress in the concrete is 1.0 MPa for short term
deflections, and 0.55 MPa for long term. The analysis to obtain the moment of inertia is complicated, but can be handled
by a computer program (See Appendix D). A reasonable simplification is to calculate the neutral axis, assuming no
tension in the concrete, and calculate the reinforcement stress. The additional moment of inertia from tension stiffening
is given by Whittle as b(h-x)3 fct Es/(3 fc Ec) (see Diag. 5.1). In the case of prestressed slabs the position of the neutral
axis may be calculated by moving the line of the compressive force to the line of the reinforcement, and increasing the
moment. (See Appendix D)
For approximate analysis, which is normally adequate, it may be assumed that the gross moment of inertia of the
uncracked slab (ignoring reinforcement) reduces by 1/2 when cracked.
5.5.6 Torsional properties.

Cracking of the edge beam reduces its torsional stiffness near the column.
BS8110 recommends that the torsional constant of the beam be taken as 1/2 the St. Venant Value.
ie C = 1/2 k a3b where a is the smaller dimension, b is the larger, and
k is (approximately) 1/3 - (3.36a / 16b)(1 - (a/b) 4/12)
G may be taken as 0.4 Ec
Torsional moments may be combined with bending moments by the method of Wood and Armer. (Concrete 1968,2, pp.
69-76) i.e. by taking an effective moment Mxeff = Mx +K Mxy in the x direction, and similarly, Myeff = My + Mxy(1/K)
where K is normally 1.0 but may be chosen by the designer.
5.5.7 Waffle Slabs

Torsional stiffness may be neglected in the ribs, but should be taken into account in the solid area.
5.5.8 Grillage - Transverse Loads
A grillage is not applicable for analysing lateral loads, but a 3 dimensional frame program, using the same modelling as
the grillage, with vertical members for columns, will give good results.
5.6 Finite Elements
Elastic finite elements are not really well adapted to analysing flat slabs.
The time taken is longer than for an equivalent grillage program, it is more difficult to adjust the stiffnesses to allow for
cracking, and the results are not easy to interpret.
Most grillage and finite element programs suffer from the disability that it is difficult to model a finite size of column,
and the elastic solution for slabs supported on a point support gives an infinite moment at the point support. Consequently
the smaller the grid or finite element mesh, the larger will be the local moments given by the program. Non-linear finite
elements do not have this disadvantage, but it is not yet feasible to use non-linear finite elements for routine office design.
The use of a member on the column centreline slightly wider than the column gives good results in a grillage analysis.
If finite elements are used, the elements should follow the recommendations for grillage analysis in 5.6.3, and column
stiffness must be taken into account, and a complete frame in one direction should be modelled, with, preferably, at least
2 or 3 bays in the other direction. The resultant torsion is dealt with in the same way as for grillages. (See 5.5.6)
5.7 Geometry of tendons
Report 25 gives a method for calculating the tendon geometry. (Given here in Appendix A). It is necessary to assume
values for a1, a2, and for the dimensions from the soffit of the slab b1, b2, b3.
It is common to assume a1, a2 to be 5% of the span, but it is more logical to proportion them so that the radius of the
tendon over the column is a reasonable value considering the tendon diameter - say 100 tendon diameters, and assume
the cap is actually a circle, not a parabola. There is some advantage to having the maximum slope at the critical shear
perimeter as the inclined tendon force reduces the shear stress. Some designers use a constant value of a 1, a2 , throughout,
even with different spans.
The equivalent upwards and downward loads applied by parabolic tendons to the slab are given by PH= wL2/8 where H
is the sag and L the span. (See Diagram in Appendix A)
ie. for A-B, w = 8P c1/ (2a1)2 = 2P c1 / a12 downward
for BCD, (Sag of left side) = (b1-c1-b2), and equivalent span = 2(X-a 1)
and equivalent w = 8P( b1-c1 -b2 )/(2(X-a1))2 upwards
5.8 Friction and other losses
Losses in prestress need to be estimated initially, and checked when the design has crystallized.
Losses to be calculated are:
1. Due to friction
2 Due to 'draw-in' at the anchorage.
3. Due to elastic shortening. This loss could be reduced by re-stressing the tendon, but this is hardly ever done in slabs.
The loss is about 0.5% of the initial prestress, and is sometimes neglected in practice.
4. Due to shrinkage
5. Due to creep -- creep losses may be reduced by stressing at as late a date as possible. Creep is one of the larger losses.
6. Due to relaxation of the prestressing steel
Relaxation information should be obtained from the manufacturer. SABS 0100 states that the loss should not be less than
the 1000 hour relaxation figure. (BS8110 gives multipliers varying from 1.5 to 2.0 on the 1000 hour figures). If the
manufacturers figures are not available, a loss varying between 10% at an initial prestress of 80% to 3% for an initial
prestress of 50% of characteristic strength may be assumed. For low-relaxation strand normally available, losses of 3%
to 4% are commonly used.
Adequate information about items 1 to 5 is given in the codes.
Loss due to friction may be split into 2 parts, one due to 'wobble' in the sheath, which occurs even if the tendon is straight,
and one due to curvature of the tendon. 'Wobble' may be attributed to the tendons sagging between supports, and thus
causing additional curvature.
The effective prestress at any distance x immediately after stressing, and before the anchorage is set and 'draw-in' occurs
is given by where k is the 'wobble factor, x is the length, 2 is the total angle that the tendon
has turned through in radians, and : is the friction factor.
For the unbonded tendons used locally, the value for k is often taken as .0025. (see SABS 0100). : is sometimes
taken as 0.12 for the type of tendon and sheath used locally, although CP110 gives 0.25). Report 17 gives 0.12.
FIP recommends : = 0.05, and k= .001, which is considerably less, but is justified for greased tendons. It is noted that
some prestressing suppliers use k = .00025, and : = .06, based on tests.
The committee recommends k = .001, and : = .06 for strand available locally.
The angle turned through may be calculated by the simple geometry of the parabolas, since the tangent to a parabola
passes through a point equal to the drape of the parabola below the mid point.
In the diag. in Appendix A (From Fig. 73 report 25) the angle 2 at mid span is given by
Arctan (2 c1 /a1 )+ Arctan( 2 (b1 - b2 - c1)/(x-a1))
An alternative way to calculate friction losses is to calculate the lateral pressure on the concrete due to the tendon
curvature (this is normally done to calculate the moments due to prestress), and multiply the lateral pressure by the
coefficient of friction. (See 'Friction losses ...by equivalent load method. E. Keyder, PCI Journal March-April 1990). It
is difficult to take account of 'wobble' by this method unless an equivalent angle is added to alow for it.
The loss due to 'draw-in' is calculated on the assumption that the loss of prestress due to friction is a straight
line. (See example in report 25, p36).
If the 'wedge set' or 'draw-in' is x mm, (usually

4 to 8mm) then it is assumed that friction acts
in the opposite direction and if the prestress
loss is , and the length over which the
loss occurs is L, then if the prestress loss/metre

is m (kN/m)
now L/2AE= x
but = 2mL
Therefore mL2/AE= x
and
then PF = Po - 2mL
i.e. knowing x,m, calculate L, then knowing Po calculate PF

which gives the final prestress after draw-in losses, but before losses due to shrinkage and creep.
From this the other losses are deducted to give the final prestress. For short spans the wedge-set effect is important. With
greased tendons, there is a tendency for the stress in the tendon to even out over a period of time, but it is considered that
a low values for friction takes account of this.
6.0 Serviceability Limit States
6.1 Allowable stresses at Serviceability Limit State
It is considered that stresses are not a serviceability limit state. (Tensile stresses calculated on un-cracked sections do not
correlate well with cracking), but it has been traditional to calculate tensile stresses to limit cracking. For this reason the
method is included, but the committee recommends that cracking is controlled by incremental stress and that the tensile
stress method is used for preliminary design only.
It should be realised that shrinkage and temperature stresses tend to be higher in South Africa than in Europe, and
cracking is likely to be more severe.
However tensile stress is a good indicator of where cracking may be a problem.
The stresses in the concrete at serviceability limit state can be calculated by the formula
fc= P/A + M/Z (assuming an uncracked section)
where M is the nett moment from the analysis for dead load, live load, and balance load due to prestress at the critical
section - either the face of the column or near mid span.
The tensile stress is limited, to reduce cracking, to the values given in the table (from Report 17). These vary from
.15o(fc). to .45 o(fc).
Since the tensile strength at transfer (stressing) may be less, this is taken into account. The formula really only applies
to an uncracked section, and even if the tensile stress is limited, there is no guarantee that the section will not crack, due
e.g. to shrinkage or temperature stresses.
As bonded reinforcement will always be supplied over columns, the third column is applicable. Cracking stress in concrete
is usually about 0.9 o(fc) MPa but varies considerably.
Compression stresses are not related to a serviceability condition.
Presumably the amount of bonded reinforcement which qualifies the section to qualify for column 3 is not less than
0.15% of the section area, the minimum quantity recommended in Reports 17 and 25
LOADING CONDITION PERMISSIBLE PERMISSIBLE TENSION

COMPRESSION
With Bonded Without Bonded

Reinforcement Reinforcement
Maximum Stress at Transfer
0.33 fci 0.45 0.15

At sagging moment locations
At hogging moment locations 0.24 fci 0.45 0
Maximum Stress at Service
At sagging moment locations 0.33 fcu 0.45 0.15
At hogging moment locations 0.24 fcu 0.45 0
If the concrete is subject to severe temperature stress (e.g. due to sun) or to shrinkage stress, these values may not be adequate,
and either the prestress should be increased, or extra bonded reinforcement should be supplied.
A better method is to calculate the incremental stress in the reinforcement, and limit it to some arbitary value, (see below) at
working loads, or to use the formula given below, from SABS 0100 , or that from BS 8007 (See also Appendix D and the
crackwidth computer program supplied).
6.2 Crack Control by incremental moment.
Three approaches may be followed.
In the first two, the distribution of moments between the column band and the slab band should be taken as the standard one for
flat slabs. i.e. for hogging moment 75% in the column band, and 55% for sagging moments.
The incremental moment is the difference between the total moment, and the moment required to reduce the compression in the
concrete adjacent to the reinforcement to zero.
In the first method, the incremental stress in the steel is controlled, and experience shows that crackwidth is satisfactory (See e.g.
S.A. Bridge code). For a crackwidth of 0.1mm the Bridge Code states that the incremental stress should be limited to 75MPa
For a crackwidth of 0.2mm, the incremental stress should be 150 MPa.
This is considered very conservative. However if there is appreciable prestress, it may not be possible to reach the recommended
tensile stress and maintain compatibility of strains
In the second, method the incremental stress is calculated as the stress caused by the incremental moment. Then a computer
program for crackwidth may be used, or the following formula.
(See Appendix D for an explanation of the formula)

In the third method the aim is to provide adequate reinforcing so that the cracks are well distributed. Rules are given in
6.2.2
6.2.1 Crackwidth
6.2.2 Bar spacing rules.
For un-prestressed slabs, the bar spacing rules given in SABS 0100 are adequate.
The Swiss approach is to limit crackwidth by an empirical formula specifying the minimum amount of ordinary
reinforcement to distribute cracks.
For end spans
Ps = 0.50 Ppr, but not less than 0.05%
where Ps = Percentage of ordinary reinforcement (deformed HT steel)
Ppr = Percentage of prestressing steel
For internal spans, no minimum steel quantities are required. The steel required for the Ultimate limit state is assumed
to be adequate.
Over columns, the minimum steel area of 0.3% must be provided over a width equal to the width of the column + three
times the effective depth. Additional steel equal to 0.15% is required over the remainder of the column zone.
6.3 Deflection Control
Deflection may be controlled in the preliminary design by using the suggested span-depth rules, if at least one half of
the dead + live load is balanced by prestress. Where the depth approaches the minimum, or conditions are such that
excessive creep or temperature conditions may be expected, or loads are unusually heavy, the deflections should be
calculated.
For final design the deflections should be calculated, making allowance for two-way action, creep and cracking.
6.3.1 Calculation of Deflection

The deflection calculated from the analysis may be used, using the gross moment of Inertia, and corrected using the ACI
method (as proposed by Branson:)
where Mcr = moment at first cracking of the concrete

MD = design bending moment at midspan
Ig = gross moment of inertia
Icr = cracked moment of inertia based on the transformed steel areas of both stressed and
non-stressed steel. (bonded or unbonded)
For continuous members Ie can be modified as follows:
Ie = 0,85 (Ie)centre span + 0,15 (Ie)supp ort for members continuous over one support.
and
Ie = 0,70 (Ie)centre span + 0,15 (Ie)left + 0,15 (Ie)right for members continuous both sides.
For cracked members the stiffness term (EI)cr is relatively insensitive to the modular ratio.
The maximum deflection at the centre may be taken as the sum of the maximum deflections of two orthogonal frames.
This is conservative. A better method is to calculate the deflection in the column band in one direction, and the slab band
in the other diirection, and add them. However there are so many unknowns, (Elastic modulus, cracking, creep,
shrinkage, etc.) that no method is entirely satisfactory. (See sample calculation in Appendix C)
Deflection may also be calculated using finite element programs, but unless the non-linear conditions are taken into
account, the accuracy to be expected is not greater than for the frame type of analysis.
If a grillage program is used with correction made for cracking, the accuracy may be expected to be reasonable.
The deflection due to creep should be taken into account. This is usually taken into account by using a reduced Young's
Modulus.
7.0 Ultimate Limit State
7.1 Redistribution of moments

Because a continuous beam or slab structure will only collapse in bending when 3 hinges form in a span, the attainment
of ultimate moment at a section does not necessarily cause collapse. If the structure is able to form a plastic hinge, the
load may be increased until full capacity is reached at other sections. For this reason it is permissible to re-distribute the
moments for the ultimate limit state.
For prestressed concrete, SABS 0100 states that redistribution is permissible providing:--
(a) Equilibrium between internal forces and external loads is maintained under each appropriate combination of
design ultimate load.
(b) The reduction made to the maximum design moment (hogging or sagging), derived from an elastic maximum
moments diagram covering all appropriate combinations of design ultimate load does not exceed 20%, except that
in structures over 4 storeys high, where the frame provides lateral stability, the maximum reduction is 10%.
(c) Where the design moment is reduced, the neutral axis depth x should be checked to see that it is not greater than
( -0.5)d where
d is the effective depth

is the ratio of moment at the section after re-distribution, to the maximum elastic moment.
This last rule will generally rule out re-distribution in members which do not have a low prestress level.
The ACI code allows re-distribution of hogging moments in prestressed members by up to 20%, depending on the
concrete strength and reinforcement.
The committee recommends that 15% redistribution be permitted with no further calculation, but that if a larger
redistribution is desired, the literature should be consulted.
7.2 Stresses
When tendons are bonded, they can reach their failure stress in bending in localized areas, at the ultimate limit state.
Because unbonded tendons can stretch over their full length, the stress in the tendons at failure may not reach 'yield'. The
incremental stress in the tendon, above that induced by the prestressing process, after allowing for losses, is due to the
deflection of the slab increasing the effective length between anchorages. There are two suggested ways to calculate the
ultimate limit state in bending.
These differ in that the Report 25 method ignores so-called 'secondary' moments, and the second suggested method,
(which is recommended), takes them into account.
7.2.1 Report 25 Method

The method given in Report 25 is to calculate the factored dead load and (patterned) live loads moments, ignoring the
effect of the prestress. The prestressing steel is considered as reinforcement (at a stress depending on relative area of the
tendons), together with any non-prestressed reinforcement. The Ultimate MR of the section may be obtained from table
3.1 of Report 17, (which is the same as SABS 0100) and is reproduced below:
Stress in tendons as a proportion Ratio of depth of neutral axis to
0.025 1.23 0.10
0.05 1.21 0.16
0.10 1.18 0.30
0.15 1.14 0.44
0.20 1.11 0.56
fpb may not exceed 70% of fpu
Where MR = Aps fp b( d-x/2)

The stress fp and the depth of neutral axis x are obtained from the table.
If bonded steel is provided, as is essential over columns, the ratio in the first column of the table is
(fpc Aps + 0.87 fs As)/(fcu bd).
The increase may be taken from the table above, or from Concrete Society Report 23 on partial prestressing, which gives:-
-
fpb not greater than f0.1k/1.15
fpb = fpc +
where fpc is the stress after losses, and
at midspan, and
at supports.
d is the effective depth

L is the tendon length between anchorages
Ep is the Young's modulus of the prestressing steel.
It should be pointed out that for an unbonded tendon, the stress in the tendon is not related to the strain in the
adjacent concrete, and normal bending theory does not really apply.
In addition, it does not seem logical that the tendons over supports would have a greater stress than at mid-span.
7.2.2 Factored upward prestress load method
This method regards the tendons as external forces on the slab, and is therefore compatible with the design assumptions
of the balanced load method.
The method is to apply the factored dead load and (patterned) live loads and apply lateral loads due to an increased
prestress in the tendons (due to deflection) in the same way as in 2.2. The additional prestress may be taken from 7.2.1.
If the second method is used, as it is not logical for an unbonded tendon to have radically different forces at different
points along its length, it would be logical to assume an overall increase of 1.5dEp/17L for calculating the lateral loads
due to prestress,
The overall prestress compressive force is applied to the section, and the decompression moment calculated. This is the
moment required to cause zero stress in the concrete at the level of the prestressing steel. Additional reinforcement, at
a stress of fs/1.15, is supplied to meet the ultimate load conditions.
At the Ultimate limit state the stress in the concrete, using either a rectangular stress block or the parabolic stress block
of SABS 0100, should not exceed 0.45 fcu which includes the material factor m .
At the supports, not less than 0.15% of the gross cross-sectional area based on the width of the column plus twice the slab
depth each side of the column must be provided.
(See also the requirement in 2.0 for exterior spans to provide enough steel for the condition that 50% of the prestress is
lost.)
At external columns the non-prestressed reinforcement must be bent down and well bonded.
8.0 Shear
Shear need only be calculated for the ultimate limit state. Most codes, now and in the past, calculated the shear stress at
h/2 or h from the column face. The ACI code uses h/2, but the allowable shear stress for punching is twice that for one
way shear.( The ACI code allows a maximum shear stress of 3 o(fc) for one way slabs, and 6 o(fc) for two-way slabs, in
psi, equivalent to .25 - .5 o(Fc) in Mpa.)
The failure surface where a punching shear failure occurs in a section unreinforced for shear, is a pyramid or cone with
an angle of 25o to 30o to the horizontal. For this reason CP110 some years ago changed the method of calculating
punching shear stress to a perimeter of 1.5h from the face of the column or capital. This had the result that the calculated
shear stress in punching shear is approximately the same as for one way shear. The perimeter was changed in the recent
amendment from a rounded rectangle, to a plain rectangle.
However the unmodified SABS0100 and CP110 method does not give good results for thin slabs, which are stronger than
the method would predict, or for thick slabs, which are weaker, and a correction factor has been incorporated. (The SABS
and BS codes also take account of the percentage of reinforcement, which is neglected in the ACI code.)
In SABS 0100 the shear resistance is given as:

vc = 0.171 (fcu * 100 Ase/bd)1/3 * (400/d)1/4 (Units MPa and mm)
Where Ase is the equivalent area of reinforcement passing through the critical perimeter, and is equal to
As + Aps * fpsu/410 MPa.
where A s is the area of non-prestressed high tensile reinforcement, and A ps is the area of the prestressing steel, and fpsu
is the characteristic strength of the prestressing tendon.
It should be noted that in the South African Code the correction factor applies for all depths, whereas BS8110 has
a cut-off point for slabs deeper than 400mm. This will affect deep slabs, such as foundation rafts.
fcu is the characteristic strength, d is the effective depth and b is the width of the critical perimeter.
Ase/bd must not be taken greater than 0.03 (ie. 3%)
The allowable stress may be different on adjacent sides and the average value is calculated.
This formula applies to a DL factor of 1.2, as used in the new loading code. The old allowable stress has accordingly been
reduced by 10%.
The effective load for which the shear is to be calculated must be derived from the analysis, and this must be multiplied
by a factor to allow for the effect of moment transfer to the columns.
At internal columns the effective shear (due to the effect of transfer of moment to the columns)
Veff = V (1+1.5M/Vx) but where spans are approximately equal,

Veff = 1.15V may be assumed.
Where V is the total shear from the elastic analysis for a particular load case , M is the moment transferred to the column
for the same load case. This may be reduced by 30% if the equivalent frame analysis is used, and if there is pattern
loading, but not otherwise. x is the length of the side of the shear perimeter parallel to the axis of bending.
At external columns where bending is about an axis parallel to the free edge
Veff = 1.25 V
For external columns where bending is about an axis perpendicular to the free edge
Veff = V (1.25 + 1.5Mt/Vx), or 1.4 V may be used for approximately equal spans.
Mt = transverse M, which may be reduced by 30% if a frame analysis and pattern loading has been used. (In the old
code, the slab moments could only be adjusted by 15%)
The effective shear Veff at any perimeter away from the face of the column may be reduced by the vertical component of
the prestressing tendons lying within a width 0.7 d each side of the column face. (It should be noted that for cracked
prestressed beams, the vertical component of the tendon force may not be assumed to reduce the effective shear.) Where
it is desired to check the shear stress at a perimeter closer than 1.5h, the allowable shear stress may be increased by a
factor 1.5h/av where a v is the distance of the perimeter from the column face. The shear perimeter is reduced if there are
holes near the column. (See Diag. 8.2)
In all cases the effective shear should be checked in both directions, and the average taken.
If the shear stress at the control perimeter exceeds the permissible, shear reinforcement must be provided.
8.1 Provision of shear reinforcement in a failure zone (for definition of zone see Diag. 8.3). If v exceeds vc, shear
reinforcement may be provided in slabs exceeding 150 mm thick to increase the shear resistance in accordance
with the formula:-
Asv is the area of shear reinforcement,
" is the angle between the shear reinforcement and the plane of the slab, (usually 90o)
d is the effective depth. and u the shear perimeter.
v-vc must not be taken as less than 0.4 MPa
For slabs greater than 200mm thick, fs = fyv (the characteristic strength of the shear reinforcement), or 425 MPa,
whichever is less.
For slabs between 150 mm and 200 mm thick, fs = fyv*(h-150)/50 or 425*(h-150)/50, whichever is less.
The reason for reducing the allowable steel stress in shear for depths less than 200mm thick, is that for thinner
slabs shear reinforcement is not as effective. For slabs less than 150mm thick, shear reinforcement is not
considered effective.
(There is a system popular in the USA which uses studs welded to a metal strip. This seems to be effective in
shallower slabs). The shear reinforcement should be distributed evenly around the zone on at least 2 perimeters.
The spacing around the perimeter should not exceed d. In assessing the shear reinforcement required, shear
reinforcement within the zone provided to reinforce other zones may be taken into account.
8.2 Waffle slabs.

Ribs are designed as beams, and the solid section as for ordinary flat slabs. (see 5.4.3)
8.3 Openings
Where openings are near a column, the shear strength is adversely affected. See Diag. 8.2 for recommendations on how
to deal with holes near columns.
9.0 Detailing
9.1 Tendons
9.1.1 Layout
As pointed out in 3.4, there are a number of different possible tendon layouts. (see Diags. 3.1 and 3.2). The principle to
be followed is that tendons exert a load on the slab, upwards where they are concave upwards, and downwards where the
tendons are concave downwards. The upward loads due to tendons should, as far as possible, balance the downward loads
due to the self weight, live load, and the downward load from other tendons. The downward load from tendons should
be taken by supports, or by other tendons. The transfer of load is illustrated diagrammatically in Diag. 9.1
Where there is an irregular column layout there is an advantage in being able to trace the way the load is carried to the
supports, but even for regular column layouts the tendon layout in Diag. 3.2 simplifies the construction sequence, and
enables the maximum drape to be obtained for most tendons.
9.1.2 Notation
The notation developed in the U.K., and shown in Diag. 9.2 should be used, and Diagram 9.2 should be included on the
tendon layout drawing.
9.1.3 Tendon spacings
9.1.3.1 Maximum spacing
There is no requirement for maximum tendon spacing, in that tendons may be arranged in bands, but where tendons are
spaced out, it is considered good practice to space them at not more than 6 slab depths apart, or 8 slab depths if adequate
non-prestressed reinforcement is provided to control cracking. A minimum of two tendons in each direction should pass
through the critical shear area at the column. For punching shear it is advantageous to position more than 50% of the
tendons through the critical shear area.
9.1.3.2 Minimum spacing
Where tendons are grouped in bands, the clear spacing should be large enough to ensure that proper compaction of the
concrete can be effected, and to allow room for non-prestressed reinforcement, so that the tendon spacing should bear
some relation to the reinforcement spacing. An absolute minimum clear space of 75 mm for a vibrator should be provided
between each group of 3 tendons, and the tendons between the 75mm openings should be spaced at not less than 1.5 times
the aggregate size, i.e. 30 mm if 19 mm aggregate is used.
At anchorages the grouped tendons are splayed out in plan, to enable the anchorages to be placed. Where tendons are
deviated in plan, it must be realized that forces are applied to the structure, and the designer must satisfy himself that
these forces are properly catered for. The same applies where tendons are deviated round openings.
9.1.4 Profiles and stools.

Various profiles are used in practice, including parabolic and 'harped' or straight line profiles.
Where straight line profiles are used, deviated at the quarter points of the span, the tendons are tied to the bottom
reinforcement mat, and stools need only be provided over the remaining 50% of their length.
Stools should be provided at a minimum spacing of one meter, to achieve a smooth accurate profile.
The most commonly used stool is fabricated from welded steel mesh which is cut and bent to give the required height.
Stools are available in heights from 70 mm, increasing in increments of 10 mm.
Not less than 6 mm wire should be used for stools from 70 mm to 150 mm high.
For stools 160 mm to 250 mm high 8 mm wire should be used, and for stools 260 mm to 350 mm high 10 mm wire should
be used.
Stools are available in lengths of 1200 mm and 2400 mm. It is recommended that a continuous length of stool be provided
under banded tendons, while individual stools(min 200 mm long) are used for single tendons. To ensure stability of the
stools for individual tendons during concreting, Y10 lacer bars should be tied to the row of stools at the span quarter
points for the whole length of the row of stools.
9.2 Reinforcement
9.2.1 Minimum non-prestressed reinforcement
A minimum area of non-prestressed reinforcement should be provided in the top at all supports, in the bottom of all
column bands,and in the bottom of external slab bands. (see also crack control - 6.1, and the requirements for the Ultimate
Limit State in external spans in 2.0)
9.2.1.1 Positive (sagging) moment areas.

The minimum area should be 0.075% of the gross cross-sectional area of the band.(But see also 2.0). Fifty percent of the
bars should have a minimum lap of 300 mm at support lines. Where the concrete is calculated to be in tension, enough
reinforcement should be provided to limit the incremental stress, or to control the crack width by other methods. The bars
which do not extend to the support lines should have a minimum length of half the span. Lapping the bars at supports
gives a post-failure strength due to catenary action in the case of a catastrophic failure.
9.2.1.2 Negative moment areas.

The minimum area of non-prestressed reinforcement provided over supports is 0.15% wh, where w is the column width
plus 4 times h, and h is the overall slab depth. This reinforcement is to be spread over a width equal to the column width
plus 1.5h on either side of the column. Not less than 4 Y12 bars at a maximum spacing of 200 mm should be provided.
The reinforcement should extend at least one sixth of the clear span on each side of the support.
9.2.2 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
Where prestressing is in one direction only, the normal percentages of reinforcement for non-prestressed slabs must be
provided in the other direction. These are:
0.12% if High Tensile steel is used
0.27 % if mild steel is used.
Maximum spacing should not exceed 5 times the slab thickness, or 500 mm, whichever is smaller.
9.2.3 Reinforcement around openings
Horizontal deviations of tendons which may be necessary to avoid openings, chases, inserts, etc,. should have a radius
of curvature not less that about 6.5 m to avoid excessive lateral forces which might cause cracking. They should preferably
not be deviated through an angle more than that corresponding to a slope of 6:1. At least 300 mm of straight tendon
should extend beyond the corners of the opening, and at least 75 mm clearance should be provided between the tendon
and the edge of the opening. In cases where the deviation exceeds a slope of 6:1, Y10 hairpin bars, at not more than 150
mm centres, should be used to transmit the lateral forces from the tendons to the surrounding concrete.
For larger openings, where it is necessary to terminate some tendons, the top and bottom of the slab adjacent to the
opening should be reinforced with diagonal bars at the corners, and around the periphery of the opening. Openings should
preferably be located in the slab band areas of two-way slabs to reduce the effect of the opening on the shear capacity of
the slab.
9.2.4 Bursting reinforcement
The analysis of end blocks may be made by using SABS 0100 Clause 4.8.5.
Hairpin bars should be provided perpendicular to the edge of the slab. and bursting reinforcement parallel to the edge of
the slab. They should be well bonded at corners, if the tendons are at all close to the corner. R8 spirals are commonly
used around the tendons, just behind the anchorage, and are considered part of the bursting reinforcement.
From the basic equation for parabolas y=kx2, consider the parabolas AB, BCD, an
2
c1 = k 1 a 1 and c2 = k 2 a 2 2 (1)
Letting B 1 = b1 - b2 and B 2 = b3 - b2
2
Then (B1 - c1) = k (X-a
and1 ) (B 2 - c2) = k (L-X-a2)2 (2)
The slope =dy/dx and the parabolas are tangential at B and D
but
(3)
From Equations (1) and (3) :

c1 = -k(X - and
a 1)a1 c2 = -k(L - X -a 2)a2
From Equation (2)
B1 + k(X - a 1)a1 = k(X-a 1)2
andB2 + k(L - X -a 2) = (L - X -a2)2
These combine to give the quadratic :
l X2 + mX + n = 0
where l = (b3 - b1)
m = (2L - a 2)(b1 - b2) - a 1(b3 - b2)
andn = -(b1 - b2)(L -a 2)L
with the solution : If l = 0 then X = -n/m
Then c1 = (b1 -b2)a1/Xand c2 = (b3 - b2)a2/(L - X)
The drape is given by:

APPENDIX B
For a beam with span L, and uniform load w, stiffness EI, the deflection is
where k= 5/384 for simply supported beams and

k= 1/384 for fully fixed ends.
Approximately
k= :1.4/384 for internal spans
k= 2.6/384 for external spans of flat slabs.
The effective load causing deflection may be taken as :

weff= (Creep factor) * Permanent Load + Live Load
and if it is assumed that
(for spans less than 10 m),
and
Therefore
and
If the proportion of permanent load balanced by prestress is Q, the effective load
weff = (creep factor (1-Q)PL + LL)
and if the creep factor is taken to be 3.5 and to allow for the fact that the prestress might not be fully effective, the proportion
of permanent load balanced is multiplied by 0.95, then:
To allow for the effect of end spans, different E's than the one assumed (for class 35 concrete), and to alow for the possibility that
slabs may be in a situation which is unfavourable for deflection due to a greater likelihood of cracking (e.g. exposed to the sun), factors
K1 to K4 are introduced.
K1= Factor for end span or For

internal
end span
span. K1=0.9
Appendix B Page 2
For internalK1span
=1.0
K2= Factor for cracking K2=1.0 if cracking is unlikely and
K2=0.95 if it is.
K3= Factor for effect of concrete modulus:
K4= Factor for drops or

K4=flat
1.0 plates
for flat plates
K4= 1.15 if adequate drops are used
To alow for the fact that L/h cannot be infinite, even if the load is all balanced, and also to allow for the fact that the shear affects
the depth, set
and after examining a number of different slabs, and calculating the constants, o
The nomogram given in Report 25 (Diag A) which presumably assumes that the prestress used conforms with the
recommendations for balancing 1/2(DL + Ll), shows an example for L=8m, Fc = 35 mPa, LL= 3.5 kPa which gives a
depth of 175mm and L/h = 45.7. This is actually outside its own recommendations of L/h = 34 to 42 for normal loading
Substituting the above values in the above formula, and assuming that half of (DL + LL) is balanced, and that the slab
thickness is 180mm as an initial guess
Say permanent load = 0.18 x 24 = 4.32, with no permanent live load
Then Q = 4.32*2/(3.5+4.32) = 0.905 ( proportion of DL balanced)
from the formula L/h = (14+53/1.92)*1.01 = 44.32 and 8.0/44.32 = 0.18 so depth = 180 mm
APPENDIX C
Given:-- 4 bays each way 8000 x 7000 Ult. Load factors DL 1.2 and 1.5 as SAB S 0160-1989
1.0 kPa finish LL 1 .6
1.8 kPa partitions
2.5 k Pa live load Floor to floor 3.0m
Slab w ill be protected from weather A s s um e 15.2 mm Dia c ables, low r elaxation 18m m s heath
Internal columns 500 x 500 Breaking Strength 260.5 KN str ess to 80 % U lt
External columns 300 x 500 Area 140 sq. mm. E= 198 GPa
W ind load s tak en b y sh ear walls Relaxation 1.5% at 1000 hrs
CALCULATION COMMENT
As su me in itially a 200 thick slab self DL = 5.0 kPa T o be ch anged
As su me 3 0 M Pa c onc rete fin. 1.0 later
part. 1.8 Fac tored
Total perm. 7.8 9.36
Live load 2.5 4.0
Total DL+ LL 10.3 13.36
Service (1.1DL) 11.1
Balance 50% of DL + LL say 5.15 kPa in 8 m sp an

then % of permanent load balanced = 66% less in 7 m sp an
From formula for suggested slab depth (page 6): l/h= 36.7 k 1 k 2 k 3 k 4
where k1,k2,k3 and k4 are approximately 1.0 for internal spans.
SAMPLE CALCULATION 1 Page 2
CALCULATION COMMENT
f or in ter nal b ays h = 8 00 0/ 36 .7 = 2 17 m m s ay 2 10 m m
for external bays k 1 is 0.9 0 and h = 2 40 m m b ut inc rease p roportion of load balanc ed in external s pans in 800 0 direc tion.
say Q (% of permanent load balanced) = 80% then l/h = 35.5: accept this.
then self DL = 5.25 kPa Fac tored
T o tal p er m = 8.05 9.66 r evis ed D L
Service (LL) 8.85
Live load 2.50 4.0
TOTAL 11.35 13.66
Check for shear: Say d = 210 - 33 = 177

1. W ith no column capitals:
Approx. max shear at ist internal column = 1.12 x 8.0 x 7.0 x 13.66 = 860 kN
Design shear = 1.15 x 860 = 1012 kN
1.12 fac tor to
At a perimeter of 1.5 d outside the column of 500 x 500, shear stress = 1012/(1.01 x 4 x .177)
allow for extra
= 1.41 MPa
sh ear in firs t int.
For 3% of reinforcement (maximum allowed) :
bay at f irs t col.
Sh ear reinf or
allowable shear stress = =1.0 6 M Pa T herefor e
cap itals u su ally
prefer red
= either:Make slab thicker or use shear reinf. or use col. capitals.

As contractor has colu mn shutters with capitals, use capitals:
For an alysis as su me E of s lab = c ode value: i.e. (20 + 0.2 x 30) = 26.0 GPa
From the cross-sections, take the effective top cover as 47mm to C/L cable for 7m span, and (63 + 31)/2 = 4 7mm for 8 m span. As bottom cover is 41 for 8 m sp an,
effective d rap e = 21 0 - 8 8m m = 12 2 m m.
For 7m span, drape is 210 - 98 =112 mm.
From the diagrams of the cable shapes in the end spans (the cables in centre spans will have the same positions as at the ends of outer spans), the
proper ties of th e parabolas may be d educ ed, and then th e loss es d ue to cu rvature.
Referring to the formula in Appendix A, the following table may be calculated.

Span a1 a2 b1 b2 b3 L l m n X c1 c2 Drape
8.0 end 0.4 0.4 0.13 .041 0.163 8.0 0.0330 1.34 -5.411 3.7018 .0096 .0114 .0944
8.0 cent 0.4 0.4 0.163 .041 0.163 8.0 0.0 1.854 -7.418 4.0 .0122 .0122 .1098
7.0 end 0.35 0.35 0.13 .051 0.163 7.0 .0330 1.039 -3.677 3.2114 .0086 .0103 .0853
7.0 cent 0.35 0.35 0.163 .051 0.163 7.0 0.0 149 -5.214 3.5 .0112 .0112 .1008
CALCULATION COMMENT
Loads to be Balanced:-- See p age 1
For 8m span, balance 0.8 x permanent load in external span:
For n ormal intern al bay 7 x 10.5 5 x .8 = 5 9 kN /m For f irst intern al
For 8 m internal span, balance 0.66 of permanent load bay, increase
i.e. 7 x 10.55 x .66 = 4 8.7 k N/m cab les to allow for
incr eased load at
firs t
For 7 m s pan, b alance 0 .55 x per man ent load in external & internal sp an. internal support
For internal and external bay, 8 x 10.55 x .55 = 46.4kN
internal spans
wou ld h ave
From the loads to be balanc ed, the req uired p restres s f orce = . This is the final force after losses, and smaller prestress
f or ce f or sam e
load balanced,
assuming a loss of say 18% for 8m spans, and 16% for 7m spans, the initial prestress can be calculated. The angle which the bec aus e of larger
cab le 'rotates' throug h is als o required for the f riction c alculation. T hey are calc ulated fr om th e form ula for a par abola. drape.
e.g. for the 8m end span 1= Arctan (2 x 78.4/3268.4) x 2 + Arctan( 2 x 113.5/3931.6) x 2 = .2113 Radians
The following table shows the calculation results.
Sp an Load Drape Ef f. Len gth P f inal An gle to C/L An gle C /L to T otal ang le
(rad) end (C um ul)
8 m end s pan 45.08 .0944 7.2 4051 .09615 .1135 .20965
8m 2nd sp an 34.15 .1098 7.2 2874 .122 .122 .45365
8m 3rd s pan -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- .69765
8m last s pan as 1st .907 3 rad
7m 1s t sp an 35.42 .0853 6.3 2699 .09838 .1182 .21658
7m 2nd sp an 35,42 .1008 6.3 2283 .128 .128 .4726
7m 3rd s pan -do- -do- .7286
7m 4th s pan as 1 st s pan .945 2 rad
Losses:
8 m spans
The total loss due to friction and wobble is i.e. 12.58 % loss es
7m spans
The total loss due to friction and wobble is i.e. 11.9 % loss es.
CALCULATION COMMENT
8 m sp ans : end s pan Although one
T he pres tress required to balanc e 59 kN /m w ith a drap e of .09 51, an d an eff ective length of parab ola of 8 - 0.8 = 7.2 m is given sh ould c alculate
the loss es f rom
the exponen tial
by equ ation, it is
qu ite acc eptab le
to calculate the
allowing an es timated 1 8% loss es, P init = 37 74 kN
loss at the end,
If c ables of 15.2 mm dia (ult. s trength 260 kN ) are str ess ed to 80 % of ult. the n o. of cab les requ ired
and inter polate.
An even num ber
= of c ables is better
if str ess ed from
both ends.
8m sp ans : 2nd sp an
The prestress required to balance 37.2 kN with drape of .1122 =
CALCULATION COMMENT
Allowin g the s ame los ses , P init = 2620 kN, and no of cables = ,
say 12
Assume that the cables in the end span are taken to 1.5 m past the 1st support, and that half the cables are stressed from each
end, th e diagram s on the next pag e may be d rawn . Althou gh s trictly one s hould c alculate the los ses from the exponen tial
equation it is quite acceptable to use a linear method.
An even number of cables is better if stressed from both ends.
For 7m external span. force to balance 35.4 kN /m, with drape of .0853, and effective length of 6.3m,= 206 0 kN Diag rams su ch as
W ith 16% losses , no of cables = 12.1 say 12 (i.e. balance a bit less load for shorter span) sh own ma ke it
For intern al span , forc e to balanc e 35.4 kN /m w ith drap e of .10 08, P f in a l = 1744 kN easy to know what
No. of cables = 10.1 say 10 the force at any
section is.
The shorter spans
can have a
som ewhat s maller
part of load
balanced.
8 m sp ans : For 1 cab le, start forc e (Live end) = 80% x 260k N = 208 kN ,
en d f or ce ( at d ead en d) = .8 74 2 x 2 08 = 1 81 .8 3, an d los s es p er m ar e 2 6. 33 /3 2 = .8 17 7 k N /m
T he loss es in th e 8 m sp ans du e to 5 mm 'pu ll-in ' are g iven b y:
, and 2 x .8177 x 13.02 = 21.29 kN
For 7 m s pans : end f orce = .881 0 x 208 = 18 3.24 kN , and los s/m = 24 .75/2 8 = .8 84 k N/m
loss es d ue to pu ll-in of 5 m m are: ,
and - 2 x 12.52 x 884 = 22.14 kN
T he f orc es in the c ables du e to friction and wob ble an d p ull-in are s how n on p ages 5 an d 6 for 8 m and 7m sp ans res pec tively
Other Losses:
Elastic Shortening
8m spans
Average stress in end 9.5 m =(3331+3472)/(7 x .21 x 2)= 2.31 MPa
In Centre part ((2305+2339)/2 x6.5)+ (2339+2338)x8/2)/(14.5 x 7 x .21) = 1.59 MPa
Losses in end =2.31 x 198/(26 x 2) = 8.81 MPa
Average loss over span = (2.31 x 9.5 x 2 + 1.59 x 13)/(2 x 32m)x 198/26 = 7.68 MPa
Loss per cable = 140 x 10 - 6 x 8 .8 1 x 1 00 0 k N = 1.2 3k N in en d s pan s ( x 6 = 7 .4 kN )
= " x 7.68 x " = 1.07 kN in centre spans (x 12 = 12.9kN )
Total in end spans 20.3 kN
7m spans
Average stress end spans = (2583 + 2699)/(2 x 8 x .21) = 1.57 MPa
In centre average force =((2311 + 2347)/2 x 4.02 x 2 + 2347 x 2.98)/11 = 23 38 kN
Stres s = 233 8/(8 x .2 1) = 1.39 MP a
Losses in end span = 1.57 x 198/(26 x 2) = 5.97 MPa x 140 x 10 - 6 x 1000 = .84 kN
Loss in 2 c ables = 2 x .84 = 1.68 kN
Losses in centre span = 1.38 x 198/52 = 5.25 M Pa x .140 = .735 kN
Loss in 12 c ables = .735 x 12 = 8.8 kN
Total in end span = 8.8 + 1.7 = 10.5 kN
The resultant forces are shown in the diagrams on page 8.
CALCULATION COMMENT
7m
Spans:
End
Sec tion
2.62 5/(
8 x .21)
x
198/26
x3.7 x
140 x
10 - 6
=6.16
kN per
cab le
Centre
2.3 2/
(8 x
.21) x
198/26
x3.7x
140 x
10 - 6 =
5.4 kN
Aver age f or long cab les = (6.1 6 x 8.5 + 5 .4 x 5. 5)/1 4 = 5.8 6 kN per c able
Total Creep loss End 2 x 6.2 + 12 x 5.86 = 82.7 kN
Centre 12 x 5.86 = 70.3 kN
CALCULATION COMMENT
Long term losses
Relaxation 1.5% x 2 = 3%
For 8m spans: end span 3% x 4442 kN = 133 kN The code gives
centre 3% x 3100 = 93 kN a factor of 2.0
For 7m spans: end span 3% x 2593 = 78 kN on the 1000
centre 3% x 2330 = 70 kN hour value for
Creep. class1 BS5896
If stressed at 3 days (common for prestressed flat slabs) and with a humidity of 45%, the creep for a 210
slab, interpolating between 150 and 300 thick slabs given in the code (BS8110) gives a creep factor of 3.7
Then loss = stress in concrete x ratio of moduli x 3.7
8m spans: End Section conc. stress = (4.406 MN + 4.592)/(2*7*.21) = 3.06MPa Varies with
Loss of steel stress = 3.06 * 3.7 * 198/26 = 86.2MPa initial
Per cable 86.2 x .140(Area) = 12.1 kN prestress, temp
Centre Section 3.09/(7 x .21) x 198/26 x 3.7 = 59.2 MPa etc.
Per cable 59.2 x .14 = 8.29 kN Therefore average loss in long cables Should strictly
=(12.1x9.5m + 8.29x6.5m)/16m = 10.55 kN be taken as
Total creep loss: End 12.1 x 8 + 10.55 x 16 = 265.6 kN stress at the
Centre 10.55 x 16 = 168.8 kN centroid of the
cables.
7m spans creep End section

Sh rinkage.
From BS 8110 (or SABS 0100) for Relative Humidity of 45% and 210 thick slab, the 30 year shrinkage is 370x10 - 6 T hen los s of
steel stress = 370x 10 - 6 x 198000 = 73.3 MPa
Force per cable = .140 x 73.3 = 10.26 kN
10 .2 6 x 24 = 246 .1 kN : 10.2 6 x 16 = 164 .1 : 10 .26 x 14 = 14 3.6 : 1 0.26 x 12 = 1 23.1
Total loss
Cause 8m En d s pan 8m C entre 7m En d s pan 7m Cen ter
Elas tic 36.1 kN 22.9 10.5 8.8
Relaxation 133 kN 93 78 70
Shrinkage 246 .2 164 .2 143 .6 123 .1
Cr eep 265 .6 168 .8 82.7 70.3
TOTAL 681 449 315 272
Percentage of init. force 14.1 14.2 11.1 11.2
loss after friction loss
% Los s d ue to fric tion 11.0 7.6 11.0 7.4
T otal % los s of initial 25.4 21.8 22.6 18.6
It may be s een that du e to the fairly high level of prestres s th e loss es are app reciably hig her than the 16 % (or less ) ass um ed by s ome c omm ercial
des igners .
From the figu res f or long-term loss , the final p restres s c an be c alculated
Pos ition Initial prestress (after elastic losses) Loss Final prestress
8m end s pan 4406 kN 681 3725 kN
4563 3882
8m 2nd sp an 4592 681 3911
3050 449 2601
3105 2656
3095 2646
7m end s pan 2582 315 2267
2668 2353
7m 2nd sp an 2688 315 2373
2302 272 2030
2338 2066
ANALYSIS
The slabs are analysed by the equivalent frame method, using Long's method to calculate the equivalent stiffness of the columns.
Three loading cases are needed: Dead load on all spans, Line load on even spans, and live load on odd spans.
These may be combined together with the load factors to give the desired bending moments diagrams.
An y method of analysis may be u sed : mom ent dis tribution if a com puter is not available, or a frame an alysis if on e is available.
T he h ogg ing m om ents for th e ultim ate limit stat e m ay then be red uc ed b y 15% , and the s agg ing m om ents inc reas ed ac cor ding ly to main tain
eq uilib riu m .
The design moment is at the face of the column or capital, , but the the total statically required moment is: W (L-2D/3)2 /8
If a computer program is used, there is an advantage in arranging a node at 1/3 of the column or capital dimension from the centreline of the column,
as th e mom ent at that poin t will not be less than th e mom ent given f or static ally required m omen t.
Loads
LOAD Servic e Ultim ate Ultim ate Dead L oad
(1.1DL + LL) (1.2DL + 1.6LL) (1.5 DL)
Finis hes 1.10 kPa 1.20kPa 1.5kPa
Partitions 1.98 2.16 2.7 kPa
Self. W t 5.77 6.30 7.87kPa
T otal D L 8.85 9.66 12.07kPa
Live load 2.50 4.00
Total loads on spans

Service Ultim ate Self only
8 m Sp an s D L 61.9 5kn /m 67.6 2kN /m 36.75
8m spans LL 17.5 28.0 36.75
7 m sp an s D L 70.8 77.28 42 .0
7m spans LL 20.0 32.0 42 .0
NO TE: As the Ultimate Deadload case of 1.5 DL at 12.07 kPa is less than the Ultimate DL + LL of 13.66 kPa, it may be effectively ignored, although
there may be some places where the moments could be fractionally higher. A construction loading at initial prestress may need to be calculated if the
propping is not adequately arranged.
Loads due to prestress

For a parabola, the equivalent uniform load caused by a tension in the cable is given by w L 2 /8 = P h where h is the drape
for the c ables. T he drap es c an be read from the table on p age 3
The loads will not be uniform, but will be trapezoidal if the variation of prestress along the beam is taken into account
In addition the moments due to eccentricity at the ends must be taken into account in the analysis if the cables are not exactly central. In our case we
have assumed a 20mm eccentricity upwards at the ends.
Th e moment at the end of the 8m s pans will be 3725 x .02 =74.5 kNm
Th e moment at the end of the 7m s pans will be 2267 x .02 = 45.3 kNm
T he load s g iven are f or fin al pres tres s. In itial pres tres s ( after fric tion an d elas tic los ses ) c om bine d w ith d eadload only m ay be a c ritic al state, bu t it is
probably suff icient to take the stresses due to final prestress and m ultiply them by an average factor.
Note: T he forc es at interm ediate points are interpolated
Pos ition Pres tres Drape Leng th Lateral load

s
8m 1st. span L end 3725 .0096 0.8 447.0 kN/m down
8m 1s t start of sag 3741 .0944 7.2 54.50 kN/m up
8m 1s t . end of sag 3866 .0944 7.2 56.3 2 -do-
8m 1st span RH end 3882 .0114 0.8 553.2 kN/m down
8m 2nd span L end 3882 .0122 0.8 592.0 down
-do- end of c able 3911 .1098 7.2 66.27 up
Pos ition Pres tres Drape Leng th Lateral load

s
-do- beyond end 2601 .1098 7.2 44.07 up
8m 2nd RH end 2656 .0122 0.8 371.8 kN/m down
7m 1st span LH 2267 .0086 0.7 318.3 down
7m 1s t: start of sag 2276 .0853 6.3 39.13 up
7m 1s t end of sag 2344 .0853 6.3 40.30 up
7 m 1s t R H 2353 .0103 0.7 395.7 down
7m 2nd LH end 2353 .0122 0.7 430.3 down
7m 2n d en d of cab le 2378 .1008 6.3 48.21 up
7m 2n d b eyond end cab le 2030 .1008 6.3 41.24 up
7m 2nd Rh end 2066 .0122 0.7 377.8 kN/m down
Colu mn s: S tiffn ess by Long 's m ethod

8m s pans E xterior: E (30 MPa)=26GPa
I c =.5 x .3 3 /12 = 1.125 x 10 - 3 m u nits
K c = 4E I/L c
K e = K c /(1+.1272K c L/Eh 3 c)
K e = K c /(1 + .1272 (4Ic L/L c h 3 c)
wher e L=8 m, L c =3, h =.21 , and c = .3
Then equivalent stiffness = stiffness x .645
or equiv. I = 725 x 10 - 6
8m sp ans interior : I c = .5 4 /12 = 5.208 x 10 - 3 , k = .0564
c= 0.5
Then equiv. stiff = stiff x .596 Equiv I = 3.10 x 10- 3
7m exterior I c = .3 x .5 3 /12 = 3.125 x 10 - 3
c=0.5 k=.1272
Then equiv stiff = stiff x .555 Equiv I = 1.73 x 10- 3
7m interior I c = 5.208 x 10 - 3 , c=.5, k= .0564
Then equiv. stiff = stiff x .628 Equiv I = 3.27 x 10- 3
Slab Stiffness The moment of Inertia of the 8m spans is 7 x .213 /12 = .0054 m 4
The moment of inertia of the 7m spans is 8 x .213 /12 = .00617 m 4
T he E is taken as the sam e as the c olum ns , and th e creep fac tor (for c alculation def lections due to long term loads ) as 3 .5
The results of the analysis are given below: Because the structure is symmetrical, only the first two spans are shown.
It should be realised that as the loads are calculated for an interior span, the first interior column band should be reinforced for
approximately a 7% greater load
i.e. for this design, 1 extra prestressing cable, and some additional reinforcement over the columns.
M O M EN T S
Pos ition ULT ULT Service D L s elf on ly Final Prestress Initial Prestress
(1.2 D L + 1.6 Ll) ( ad ju sted 15 % ) (1.1DL +LL)
8m 1st span Left - 27 .0 kN m -20 -17 .0 - 6.0 +91 .3 +10 8.0
8m 1s t span centre 404.4 439 .0 301 .4 134 .4 -16 9.8 -19 9.6
8m 1st span right -60 1.8 -48 2.2 -21 1.6 275 .5 323 .8
-45 7.9
8m 2nd span left -52 0.5 -41 3.0 -39 6.2 -18 3.3 237 .7 279 .1
8m 2n d span c entre 240 .1 288 .3 170 .9 67.5 -79 .5 -93 .0
8m 2nd span right -37 4.5 -28 9.0 -28 5.1 -13 1.9 154 .2 180 .4
7m 1st span left -47 .6 -34 .0 -31 .1 -10 .5 49.5 56.5
7m 1s t span centre 324 .1 354 .7 240 .8 106 .8 -79 .7 -90 .4
7m 1st span right -48 6.4 -38 4.4 -36 9.9 149 .2 167 .7
-17 0.8
7m 2nd span left -43 7.5 -34 2.8 -33 3.1 -15 4.1 139 .7 157 .1
7m 2n d span c entre 211 .3 246 .6 146 .6 56.8 -59 .1 -67 .0
7m 2nd span right -31 3.6 -23 7.5 -23 8.7 -11 0.4 116 .7 132 .1
DEFLECTIONS (allowing 3.5 creep factor on permanent loads)

As su min g an u nc rack ed s ection
Pos ition Service Load (1.1DL +LL) Final Prestress Net D eflection
8m 1s t sp an 2 8. 7 m m - 18 .7 m m 1 0. 0 m m
8m 2nd sp an 9 .0 m m - 4. 7 m m 4 .3 m m
7m 1s t sp an 1 4. 9 m m - 5. 6 m m 9 .3 m m
7m 2nd sp an 5 .0 m m - 2. 6 m m 2 .4 m m
Serv iceability Lim it State
For controlling cracking, it has been traditional to limit tensile stresses. For the sake of completeness, this will be done, but the incremental stress
method is considered better, so this method is also given The permissible tensile stress is given as 0.45 %f c or 2.46 MPa
Serviceability Tensile stress

Pos ition Net moment Com p. kN Stress Stress N et tens ile Z of s ection Area
(servic e- (m omen t) (comp) stres s (M Pa) (M units) (M units)
prestress)
8m 1s t L 72.0 3725 ±1.4 2.53 - .051 .4 1.47
8m 1s t C 131 .6 3882 2.56 2.64 -

8m 1s t R -18 2.4 3911 2.66 0.89
3.55
8m 2nd L -15 8.5 3911 3.08 2.66 0.42
8m 2nd C 91.4 2601 1.78 1.77 -
8m 2nd R 130 .9 2656 2.55 1.81 0.74
7m 1s t L 2267 0.31 1.65 - .0588 1.68
-18 .4
7m 1s t C 161 .1 2353 2.74 1.40 1.34
7m 1s t R -22 0.7 2373 3.75 1.41 2.34
7m 2nd L -19 3.4 2373 3.29 1.41 1.88
7m 2nd C 87.5 2030 1.49 1.21 0.28
7m 2nd R -10 6.6 2066 1.81 1.23 0.58
It m ay be s een th at all of th e str ess es ar e less than the R eport 25 str ess es, an d w iould b e acc epted . H owever t he c rac kwid th c alcu lation g ives s lightly
diff ernt res ults
To calculate the steel required to control crackwidth, the formula in BS8007 is used.
T he requ ired area of s teel is given by c alculating the tens ion requ ired for a m omen t of M + P (d-h /2), and then red uc ing the ten sion b y P. i.e.
trans ferring the com pres sive forc e to the reinforc emen t level.. 75% of the total hoggin g m omen t and 5 5% of the total sag ging mom ent s hould b e taken
in the column band for the purpose of calculating crackwidths
T he following table was calc ulated us ing a c omp uter pr ogram for c rack widths to BS 800 7 It m ay be seen that areas ar e sim ilar to the areas req uired
for ultim ate load, whic h s upp orts th e Rep ort 25 s tress es. S AB S 0 100 seem s to give s lightly higher areas if th e tensile s tress in the c onc rete is taken
into acc ount.
Required area of reinforcement for cracking ( 0. 15 % = 31 5 s q .m m /m )
Pos ition Net. Moment Mom ent /m Prestress Steel stress Bar d Area
(service-prestress) in band MPa (Max 270) Dia. ( sq .m m /m )
8m 1s t L 7 2.0 kN m 5.4 2.53 - 180 nil
8m 1s t C 131 .6 20.7 2.64 nil
8m 1s t R -18 2.4 39.1 2.66 10 @ Nom inal
8m 2nd L -15 8.5 2.66 300

8m 2nd C 91.4 -14.4 1.77 nil
8m 2nd R -13 0.9 28.1 1.81 10@ Nom inal
300
7m 1s t L -18 .4 - 1.34 166 nil
7m 1s t C 161 .1 22.1 1.40 Nom inal
7 m 1s t R -22 0.7 41.4 1.41 193 12 @ 609
180
7m 2nd L -19 3.4 - 1.41
7m 2nd C 87.5 -12.0 1.21 Nom inal
7m 2nd R -10 6.6 20.0 1.23 10 @ Nom inal
300
(Calculated using SABS0100 with 0.2mm crackwidth)
Ultim ate Load Lim it State.

(No reduction of moments has been taken although 15% is allowed)
T he dec omp ress ion m omen t, equal to the pr estres s x Z , is the m omen t required to reduc e the com pres sion on the extreme f ibre to zero.
If the applied moment (Ultimate dead + Live + prestress) is less than the decompression moment, no reinf. is required. If it is greater, an equivalent
mom ent is c alculated, b y disp lacing the pres tress to the level of the reinforc emen t, and ad ding a mom ent of P x (d-h/2 ). T he tens ion calc ulated fr om
this m omen t then h as th e pres tress forc e dedu cted , to obtain the req uired s teel area. i.e (M/j-P)/f s
Req uired A rea of reinf orcem ent for U ltimate Lim it State
The ultimate M.R. of concrete = 4651 bd 2 = 126 kNm for the 7m spans. None of the design moments exceeds this.
The approximate moment /metre taken by Nominal reinforcement is 391 MPa x 0.75 d x .15% x .21m = 16.8 kNm for d=.182
15.3kNm/m for d=.166
Pos ition Net. Moment Net Moment Mom . /m Mom ent/m Design d-h /2 Bar D ia Area
(Ul t-prestress) /m in band P(d-h/2) Ps x Z/2 Mom ent/m & spacing ( sq .m m /m )
8m 1s t L 64.3 13.8 34.5 18.6 — 65 mm 10@ 250 Nom
8m 1s t C 234 .6 36.9 36.0 19.4 72.9 N o m.
8m 1s t R -32 6.3 -69 .9 36.3 19.6 106 .2 12@ 250 396
8m 2nd L -28 2.8
8m 2nd C 151 .1 23.7 23.3 13.0 47.0 Nom
8m 2nd R -22 0.3 -47 .2 25.3 13.6 72.5 150
7m 1s t L -2.0 13.8 12.1 49 mm Nom
7m 1s t C 233 .7 32.1 14.4 10.3 46.5 Nom
7m 1s t R -33 7.2 -63 .2 14.5 10.3 77.7 16@ 300 636
7m 2nd L -28 0.4 14.5
7m 2nd C 144 .3 19.8 12.5 10.0 32.3 Nom
7m 2nd R -18 1.5 -34 .0 12.65 9.0 46.6 Nom
Us ing the R eport 25 meth od of c alculating the reinf orcem ent requ ired for u ltimate m omen ts:-
T his m ethod d oes not tak e acc ount of the m omen ts d ue to pres tress , but eff ectively ass um es th e cables are bond ed, and that the m omen ts are taken
over the full width of the section.
At the first interior support, of the 8m spans
f p e = 3.882MN/(24 x 140. x 10 - 6 ) =1155.4 MPa (Effective prestress)
f p u= .260 MN/140. x 10- 6 =157.1 MPa then fp e /f p u =.622
A p s = 24 x 140 x 10- 6 =3.36 x 10 - 3
Effective depth of cables =.163m (see page 3 of calcs)
From T able 31 of SA BS 010 0 or T able 4.4 of BS 811 0, f p uA p s /f c ubd = .141 and design stress in tendons = .78 f p u =1 44 8M Pa f rom the tab le
Then N.A. depth = 1448 x 24 x 140. x 10 - 6 /(7 x .45 x 30) = 51.5 mm and lever arm = .163 -.0515/2 = .137
M.R. Prestress = .137 x 1448 x 140. x 10 - 6 x 2 4= 66 7.7 kN m
Actual ultimate moment 601.8 kNm. Therefore no additional steel required.
T he other p ositions are ch ecked in the table below
Pos ition Ult. M .78fp u x140. x 10- Ef f.d N.A . depth Lever arm M .R . )M As reqd.
6
x No. c ables
8m 1s t L - 27.0 4 .8 65 M N .130 5 1. 5m m 104 .2 507 0 0
(.15%
min)
8m 1s t C 404 .4 -do- .163 -do- 137 .2 667
8m 1s t R -601 .8 -do- -do- 667
8m 2nd C 240 .1 3 .2 43 M N -do- 3 4. 3m m 145 .8 472
8m 2nd R -374 .5 -do- -do- -do-
7m 1s t L - 47.6 2 .8 38 M N .130 3 0. 0m m 114 .9 326 .1
7m 1s t C 324 .1 -do- .163 148 .0 420
7m 1s t R -486 .4 -do- -do- -do- 66.4 1203
sqmm
(Y16@160
300)
7m 2nd C 211 .3 2 .4 32 M N -do- 2 5. 7m m 151 .1 360
7m 2nd R -313 .6 -do- -do- -do-
I t is als o d es ir ab le to c h ec k th e u lt im at e load c as e w it h h alf of th e c ab les in th e en d s p an rem oved , w it h D L + .2 5 L L, in th e en d s p an s on ly. T h e M R

due to h alf the nu mb er of c ables m ay be taken as half the M .R. in the table above if R eport 25 meth od is u sed , or the m omen ts c alculated f or
prestress may be halved and deducted from the moments for DL + .25LL
T he s econ d m ethod w ill be used
Pos ition Ult. M Ps M/2 M om en t/ m Net. M /m Req uired A rea

(DL + .25lL) PS X(d- h/2)/2 (per m col band)
8m 1s t L - 8.2 kN m 46.6 1 7.2 kN m 25.4 -
8m 1s t C 172 .8 -84 .9 18.0 31.8 -
8m 1s t R -26 7.9 137 .7 18.1 46.0 120 Nom
7m 1s t L - 15.4 24.7 6.9 8.6 -
m 1 st C 137 .6 -41 .2 7.2 20.4 -
7m 1s t R -19 0.0 74.6 7.3 28.9 149 Nom
It may be s een that the rein forc emen t is for th e 1.2D L + 1 .6LL ultimate load c ase is adequ ate and that th e servic eability crack ing req uirem ents does
not affect the reinforcement in any areas.
Deflections:
T he def lections in the table above wer e calc ulated for a non-c rack ed s lab
If the sections are cracked, the Moment of Inertia would be 2.56 x 10- 3 instead of the uncracked value of 5.4 x 10 - 3
Using the formula (p17), and taking moment at first cracking as the moment at which the tensile stress reaches 2MPa, the cracking moment in the 8m
1st span is (2.56 + 2) x 7 x .212 /6 =2 34 kN m
Then Ie midspan = 3.66 x 10- 3
Ie Support = 2.82 x 10 - 3 us ing the servic e load mom ents c alc ulated ab ove
The actual moment over the support is more concentrated, and there may be more cracking.
The net equivalent M. of I. is then.85 x 3.66 = .15 x 2.82 = 3.53.
T he c alculated d eflection w ill then be 5.4 /3.53 x the calc ulated one.
Now the calc ulated def lection as su mes that the s lab acts as a ban d s pann ing in on e direction , and n eglects the sp an in the oth er direc tion.
If on e add s h alf th e calc ulated def lection in the sh ort dir ection to the c alcu lated d eflec tion in the lon g d irec tion, th is w ill prob ably be a r easonab le
estim ate.
T h e tot al d ef lec tion is th en (1 0. 0 + 4. 6) x 5 .4 /3 .5 3 = 22 .3 m m

This is 1/358 of the short span, and is acceptable if there are no rigid partitions.
Sh ear: T he c alculated u ltimate sh ear at the firs t interior su pport ( at the fac e of the s upp orts) is (from the com puter c alculations ) 841 .95 k N ( as
comp ared to the simply supported load of 765.9kN) . T he shear assum ed in the preliminary calculations was 86 0 kN
Th e design shear is 1.15 times this, or 968.2 kN
Altern atively, from the cod e, V eff = V t (1 + 1.5M t /V t x)
M t , the moment transmitted to the column, is 226.0 kNm, and x is 1.5 + .18 x 1.5 (The column capital + 1.5 slab depths)
then V eff = 1.227 x 841.95 =1 033.4 kN

From this m ay be dedu cted the vertical c omp onent of the pres tress ing c ables
At 1 .06 m from the c/l of colum n, the s lope of the c ables is .052 9 fr om th e properties of the p arabola in the 8 m s pan
vertical component = 5 /24 x 3882 x .0529 =42.6 kN x 2 = 85.4 kN
In the 7m span the slope is .0575
Com ponen t = 5/1 4 x .052 5 x 237 3 kN =48 .45 k N x 2 =96 .9
Total vert. component on 4 sides =182.3 kN and net design shear = 1033.4 - 182.5 = 851 kN
In width of capital + h = 1.5 + .21= 1.71, no of cables =5 for 8 m span, and 6 for the 7m span.
Area of reinforcement (Y16 @300) =6 y16 in each direction.
Average % = 100(1860 x 5,5 x 140.x 10 - 6 + 6 x 201 x 10- 6 x 450)/1.71 x .21x 450) = 1.22%
Permissible shear stress = .76 MPa
Actual shear stress = 851/(4 x 2.04 x .167) = .63 MPa. Therefore no shear reinf. reqd
At other columns, shear is less, and moment transferred to column is smaller, No shear reinforcement required.
One should also calculate that the width of slab at the external columns is adequate to transfer the moment, but with Long's method, the moment
tran sf erre d is qu ite s mall, an d w ith the c olum n c apitals , it is not nec essary.
APPENDIX C
Slab Calculation 2
Now try calculating the same slab, with the minimum recommended balanced load of 50% of self-weight. (As opposed to 50% of DL
LL used in the first calculation). The same thickness of slab will be used, with the same layout
Given:-- 4 bays each way 8000 x 7000 Ult. Load factors DL 1.2 and 1.5 as SABS 0160-1989
1.0 kPa finish LL 1.6
1.8 kPa partitions
2.5 kPa live load Floor to floor 3.0m
Slab will be protected from weather Assume 15.2mm Dia cables, low relaxation
Internal columns 500 x 500 Breaking Strength 260.5 KN
External columns 300 x 500 Area 140 sq. mm. E= 198 GPa
Wind loads taken bv shear walls Relaxation 1.5% at 1000 hrs
CALCULATION COMMENT
Assume a 210 thick slab. See diagrams in
first part of
calculation
Balance 50% of Permanent Load 8.05kPa /2for internal spans Formula would
For external 8M spans, balance same proportion of load as previously, i.e 80/66x 0.5 =.606 Permanent load give 230 slab
From the formula, the slab should be somewhat thicker than 230mm, but take 210 as minimum practicable.
then self DL 5.25 kPa Factored revised DL

Total perm = 8.05 9.66
Service (1.1) 8.85
12 factor to
Live load 2.50 4.0 allow for extra
shear in first int.
TOTAL 11.35 13.66
Check for shear as before, 210 is a bit thin, but acceptable with capitals
As contractor has column shutters with capitals, use capitals:

For analysis assume E of slab = code value: i.e. (20 + 0.2 x 30) = 26.0 GPa
From the cross-sections, take the effective top cover as 47mm to C/L cable for 7m span, and (63 + 31)/2 = 47mm
for 8 m span. As bottom cover is 41 for 8 m span, effective drape - 210 - 88mm = 122 mm.
For 7m span, drape is 210 - 98 =112 mm. (See Diag. Calculation 1)
From the diagrams of the cable shapes in the end spans (the cables in centre spans will have the same positions as
at the ends of outer spans), the properties of the parabolas may be deduced, and then the losses due to curvature.
Referring to the formula in Appendix A, the following table may be calculated, as before.
Span a a2 L 1 m n X c2 Drape
l b2 b3 cl
8.0 end 0.4 0.4 0.1., .041 0.163 8.0 0.0330 1.34 -5.411 3.7018 .0096 .0114 .0944
8.0 cent 0.4 0.4 0.163 .041 0.163 8.0 0.0 1.854 -7.418 4.0 .0122 .0122 .1098
7.0 end 0.35 0.35 0.13 .051 0.163 7.0 .0330 1.039 -3.677 3.2114 .0086 .0103 .0853
7.0 cent 0.35 0.35 0.163 .051 0.163 7.0 0.0 149 -5.214 3.5 .0112 .0112 .1008
CALCULATION COMMENT
Loads to be Balanced:— See page 1
For 8m span, balance 0.606 x permanent load in external span:
For normal external bay 7 x 8.05 x .606 = 34.15 kN/m For first internal
For 8 m internal span, balance 0.5 of permanent load bay, increase
i.e. 7 x 8.05 x 5 = 28.17 kN/m cables to allow
for increased
load at first
For 7m span, balance 0.50x permanent load in external & internal span. internal support
For internal and external bay, 8 x 8.05 x .5 = 32.20kN
CALCULATION COMMENT
internal spans
H>I2 would have
~rom the loads to be balanced, the required prestress force = This is the final force after
smaller prestress
8xDrape
force for same
losses, and assuming a loss of say 18% for 8m spans, and 16% for 7m spans, the initial prestress can be calculated, load balanced.
The angle which the cable 'rotates' through is also required for the friction calculation. They are calculated from the because of
formula for a parabola. larger drape.
e.g. for the 8m end span O = Arctan (2 x 78.4/3268.4) x 2 + Arctan( 2 x 113.5/3931.6) x 2 = .2113 Radians
The following table shows the calculation results.
Span Load Drape Eff. Length Angle to C/L Angle C/L to Total angle
(rad) end (Cumul)
8 m e n d span 34.15 .0944 7.2 .09615 .1135 .20965
8m 2nd span 28.17 .1098 7.2 .122 .122 .45365
8m 3rd span -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- .69765
8m last span as 1st .9073 rad
7m 1st span 32.2 .0853 6.3 .09838 .1182 .21658
7m 2nd span 32.2 .1008 6.3 .128 .128 .4726
7m 3rd span -do- -do- .7286
7m 4th span as 1st span .9452 rad
Losses:
8 m spans
The total loss due to friction and wobble is factor = e-0025 * 32-° - -06 * -9073 = .8742 i.e. 12.58 % losses
7m spans
The total loss due to friction and wobble is factor = e-'0025 x 28-° - -06 x a9452 = .8810
i.e. 11.9 % losses.
CALCULATION COMMENT
8 m spans: end span Although one
The prestress required to balance 59 kN/m with a drape of .0951, and an effective length of parabola of 8 - 0.8 should calculate
the losses from
34.15 x 122 the exponential
7.2 m is given by = 2344 kN equation, it is
8 x .0944
quite acceptable
to calculate the
allowing an estimated 18% losses, P—, = 2859 kN loss at the end,
If cables of 15.2mm dia (ult. strength 260 kN) are stressed to 80% of ult. the no. of cables required and interpolate.
An even number
2859 is better if
= 13.7 say 14 cables stressed from
0.8 x 260
both ends.
8m spans: 2nd span

The prestress required to balance 28.17 kN with drape of .1122 =
28.17 x 7.22
= 1627 kN
8 x .1122
Allowing the same losses, Pinit( = 1984 kN. and no of cables = ,
1984
= 9.5 cables
208
say 10.
Assume that the cables in the end span are taken to 1.5 m past the 1st support, and that half the cables are stressed
from each end, the diagrams on the next page may be drawn. Although strictly one should calculate the losses from
the exponential equation it is quite acceptable to use a linear method.
An even number is better if stressed from both ends.
.33 kN
7 m Spans Effects of friction

Stressing forces in cables before other losses
CALCULATION COMMENT
For 7m external span, force to balance 32.20 kN/m, with drape of .0853, and effective length of 6.3m.=1873 kN Diagrams such
With 16% losses , no of cables = 10.8 say 12 as shown make
For internal span, force to balance34.15 kN/m with drape of .1008, Pfma] = 1585 kN -> 1887 kN before losses it easy to know
No. of cables = 9.0 say 10 what the force at
any section is.
Take losses due to friction and pull-in as before (see first calculation)
The results are diagrammed on pages 5 and 6
Because the
Other Losses: cables are
Elastic Shortening stressed one at a
8m spans time, the
Average stress in end 9.5 m =(2590+2699)7(7 x .21 x 2)= 1.80 MPa average loss is
In Centre part ((1927+1949)/2 x3.52)+ (1949)x2.98)/6.5( 7 x .21) = 1.32 MPa 0.5 times the
Losses in end span =1.80 x 1987(26 x 2) = 6.85 MPa Ratios of E
Average loss over whole span = (1.80 x 9.5 x 2 + 1.32 x 13)/(2 x 32m)x 198726 = 6.11 MPa moduli x stress
Loss per cable = 140 x 10"6 x 6.85 x 1000 kN = .96kN in end spans (x 4 = 3.8kN)
= " x6.11 x " = 0.86 kN in centre spans (x 10=8.6kN)
Total in end spans 12.4 kN
7m spans
Average stress whole length =((2223 + 2313.6)x 8.5+(1925+1956)/2 x 2.87 +1956 x 1.63) /(14x8x.21)= 1.19 MPa
In end average force =((2223 + 2313.6)/2=2268.2—>1.35MPa
Losses 10 cables per cable = 1.19x 1987(26 x 2) x 140 x 10-6 x 1000 = .63 kN
Loss in 2 cables = 1.35x 140x 10'6x 198726/2=0.72 kN
10 x .63 + 2 x .72 = 7.8kN total
Total in centre span = 6.3 kN
The resultant forces after friction and elastic losses are shown in the diagram below.
CALCULATION COMMENT
Long term losses The code gives
Relaxation 1.5% x 2 = 3% a factor of 2.0
For 8m spans: end span 3% x (2578+2687)/2 kN = 79 kN on the 1000
centre 3% x( (1918+1940)/2x3.52 +(1940 x 2.98/6.5))=1934kN x 3%=58kN hour value for
For 7m spans: end span 3% x 2252 = 67.6kN class 1 BS5896
centre 3% x 1950 = 58.5 kN
Creep. (Same creep factor as 1st calc)
If stressed at 3 days (common for prestressed flat slabs) and with a humidity ol 45%, the creep for a 210 slab, Varies with
interpolating between 150 and 300 thick slabs given in the code (BS8110) gives a creep factor of 3.7 initial prestress,
Then loss = stress in concrete x ratio of moduli x 3.7 temp etc.
8m spans: End Section conc, stress = (2.578 MN + 2.687)/(2*7*.21) = 1.79MPa Should strictly
Loss of steel stress = 1.79 * 3.7 * 198/26 = 50.5MPa be taken as
Per cable 50.5 x .140(Area) = 7.06 kN stress at the
Centre Section( (1.918+1.94)x 3.52+1.94x 2.98)/6.5/(7 x .21) x 198/26 x 3.7 = 37.1 MPa centroid of the
Per cable 37. 1x .14 = 5.19 kN Therefore average loss in long cables cables.
=(5.19x6.5+7.06x9.5)/16m = 6.30 kN
Total creep loss: End 7.06 x 4 + 6.3 x 10 = 91.2 kN
Centre 6.3x10 = 63kN
7m spans End Section Conc stress after elastic losses(2215.1 + 2305.8)/(2x 8 x.21)= 1.345MPa
Centre ((1918.7 + 1947.7)/2 x 2.87 + 1949.7x 1.63) /(4.5 x 8 x 2.1)= 1.154 MPa
Average(1.154 x 5.5 + 1.345 x 8.5)/14 = 1.27MPa
Loss of steel stress : end 1.345 x 3.7 x 198/26= 37.9MPa
Per cable 37.9 x .14 = 5.306 kN
Centre loss of steel stress 1.27 x 3.7 x 198/26 = 35.78MPa
loss/cable = 35.7 x .14 = 5.0kN
Losses in centre 10 x 5.0 = 50kN
Losses in end section 12 x 5.306 = 63.7 kN
7m spans Relaxation end span 2 cables 3% x (373.4 + 388.6V2 = 11.43kN
Total 10 cables (1956x 11.37 + 1950 x 2.63)/14--> 1912.8 kN
1912.8 x 3% = 57.4 kN
Total for 12 cables = 68.8 kN
Shrinkage as before: for 1 cable 10.26 kN
8m spans 14 cables —>143.6 kN

10 cables —> 102.6 kN
7m spans 12 cables —> 123.1 kN
10 cables —>102.6 kN
Total loss
Cause 8m End span 8m Centre 7m End span 7m Center
No of cables 14 10 12 10
Initial force 2912 kN 2080 2496 2080
(208kN/cable)
Elastic 12.4 kN 8.6 7.8 6.3
Relaxation 79 kN 58 67.6 58.5
Shrinkage 143.6 102.6 123.1 102.6
Creep 91.2 63 63.7 50
TOTAL 321.2 232 262 217.4
Percentage of init. force 11.1 11.1 10.5 10.4
loss after friction loss
%Loss due to friction 11.4 7.45 11.08 8.31
Total % loss of initial 22.5 18.5 21.6 18.7
The losses are somewhat lower than with the higher prestress but still appreciably higher than the 16% (or less) assumed by some commercial
designers.
From the figures for long-term loss, the final prestress can be calculated
Position Initial prestress (after elastic losses) Loss Final prestress

8m end span 2578 kN 311 2267 kN
2669 2358
8m 2nd span 2687 311 2376
1918 223 1695
1940 223 1717
1940 1717
7m end span 2215 255.6 1959
2289.5 -do- 2034
7m 2nd span 2306 -do- 2050
1919 210 1709
1948 210 1738
ANALYSIS
The slabs are analysed by the equivalent frame method, using Long's method to calculate the equivalent stiffness of the columns.
Three loading cases are needed: Dead load on all spans, Line load on even spans, and live load on odd spans.
These may be combined together with the load factors to give the desired bending moments diagrams.
Any method of analysis may be used: moment distribution if a computer is not available, or a frame analysis if one is available.
The hogging moments for the ultimate limit state may then be reduced by 15%, and the sagging moments increased accordingly to maintain
equilibrium.
The design moment is at the face of the column or capital, but the the total statically required moment is: W(L-2D/3) /8
If a computer program is used, there is an advantage in arranging a node at 1/3 of the column or capital dimension from the centreline of
the column, as the moment at that point will not be less than the moment given for statically required moment.
Loads (As for previous calculation)
LOAD Service Ultimate Ultimate Dead Load
(1.1DL + LL) (1.2DL + 1.6LL) (1.5 DL)
Finishes 1.l0kPa 1.20kPa l.SkPa
Partitions 1.98 2.16 2.7 kPa
Self. Wt 5.77 6.30 7.87kPa
Total DL 8.85 9.66 12.07kPa
Live load 2.50 4.00
Total loads on spans

Service Ultimate Self only
8m Spans DL 61.95kn/m 67.62kN/m 36.75
8m spans LL 17.5 28.0 36.75
7m spans DL 70.8 77.28 42.0
7m spans LL 20.0 32.0 42.0
NOTE: As the Ultimate Deadload case of 1.5 DL at 12.07 kPa is less than the Ultimate DL + LL of 13.66 kPa, it may be effectively ignored,
although there may be some places where the moments could be fractionally higher. A construction loading at initial prestress may need
to be calculated if the propping is not adequately arranged.
Loads due to prestress

For a parabola, the equivalent uniform load caused by a tension in the cable is given by w L2 /8 = P h where h is the drape
for the cables. The drapes can be read from the table on page 1
The loads will not be uniform, but will be trapezoidal if the variation of prestress along the beam is taken into account
In addition the moments due to eccentricity at the ends must be taken into account in the analysis if the cables are not exactly central. In
our case we have assumed a 20mm eccentricity upwards at the end'
The moment at the end of the 8m spans will be 2267 x .02 =56.7 kNm
The moment at the end of the 7m spans will be 1959 x .02 = 49.0kNm
The loads given are for final prestress. Initial prestress (after friction and elastic losses) combined with deadload only may be a critical state,
but it is probably sufficient to take the stresses due to final prestress and multiply them by an average factor.
Note: The forces at intermediate points are interpolated
Position Prestress Drape Length Lateral load

8m 1st. span L end 2267 .0096 0.8 272.0 kN/m down
8m 1st start of sag 2272 .0944 7.2 33.1kN/m up
8m 1st . end of sag 2353 .0944 7.2 34.28 -do-
8m 1st span RH end 2358 .0114 0.8 336.0 kN/m down
8m 2nd span L end 2354 .0122 0.8 359.6 down
-do- end of cable 2376 .1098 7.2 40.26 up
-do- beyond end 1717 .1098 7.2 29.1 up
8m 2nd RH end 1717 .0122 0.8 261.8 kN/m down
7m 1st span LH 1959 .0086 0.7 275.1 down
7m 1st: start of sag 1966 .0853 6.3 33.80 up
7m 1st end of sag 2026 .0853 6.3 34.83 up
7m 1st RH 2034 .0103 0.7 342.0 down
7m 2nd LH end 2034 .0122 0.7 405.1 down
7m 2nd end of cable 2050 .1008 6.3 41.65 up
7m 2nd beyond end cable 1709 .1008 6.3 34.72 up
7m 2nd Rh end 1738 .0122 0.7 346.2 kN/m down
272 kN/m 336 359.6 261.6
0.4
Loads on 8m spans due to final prestress
275.1 kN/m 342 405.1 346.2
Loads on 7m spans due to final prestress
Columns: Stiffness by Long's method (See Sample Calculation 1)

7m spans Exterior: E (30 MPa)=26GPa
fe =.5 x .33 /12 = 1.125 x 10-3 m units
Kc = 4EI/LC
Kc = Kc /(1+.1272KC L/EhJc)
Ke = Kc /(I + .1272 (4IcL/Lch3c)
where L=8m, LC =3, h=.21. and c= .3

Then equivalent stiffness = stiffness x .645
orequiv. I = 725 x 10"6
8m spans interior : Ic = .54/12 = 5.208 x 10-3 , k = .0564
c= 0.5
Then equiv. stiff = stiff x .596 Equiv I = 3.10 x 10-3
7m exterior Ic = .3 x -53/12 = :- .125 x 10-3
c=0.5 k=.1272
Then equiv stiff = stiff x .555 Equiv I = 1.73 x 10-3
7m interior I = 5.20?, x 10-3 . c=.5. k= .0564
Then equiv. stiff = stiff x .628 Equiv I = 3.27 x 1-3
Slab Stiffness The moment of Inertia of the 8m spans is 7 x .213 /12 = .0054 m
The moment of inertia of the 7m spans is 8 x .213 /12 = .00617 m
The E is taken as the same as the columns, and the creep factor (for calculation deflections due to long term loads) as 3.5
The results of the analysis are given below: Because the structure is symmetrical, only the first two spans are shown.
It should be realised that as the loads are calculated for an interior span, the first interior column band should be reinforced for
approximately a 7% greater load.
i.e. for this design, 1 extra prestressing cable, and some additional reinforcement over the columns.
MOMENTS
Position ULT ULT Service DL self only Final Prestress

(1.2DL +1.6L1) (adjusted 15%) (1.1DL +LL)
8m 1st span Left -22.9 kNm -14.1 -17.0 - 6.0 +63.4
8m 1st span centre 367.0 403.1 301.4 134.4 -99.6
8m 1st span right -557.3 -441.7 -457.9 -211.6 167.9
8m 2nd span left -476.8 -378.4 -396.2 -183.3 148.1
8m 2nd span centre 215.5 264.1 170.9 67.5 -54.1
8m 2nd span right -343.1 -264.7 -285.1 -131.9 105.7
7m 1st span left -40.8 -25.6 -31.1 -10.5 48.8
7m 1 st span centre 293.7 326.5 240.8 106.8 -69.7
7m 1st span right -445.4 -352.0 -369.9 -170.8 125.1
7m 2nd span left -400.9 -314.1 -333.1 -154.1 118.6
7m 2nd span centre 185.9 225.9 146.6 56.8 -49.7
7m 2nd span right -287.3 -217.5 -238.7 -110.4 98.0
DEFLECTIONS (allowing 3.5 creep factor on permanent loads)

Assuming an uncracked section (see later for correction)
Position Service Load (1.1 DL +LL) Final Prestress Net Deflection
8m 1st span 28.7 mm -10.7 mm 18.0 mm
8m 2nd span 9.0 mm - 3.7 mm 6.3 mm
7m 1st span 14.9 mm - 4.6 mm 10.3 mm
7m 2nd span 5.0 mm - 2.0 mm 3.0 mm
Serviceability Limit State
For controlling cracking, it has been traditional to limit tensile stresses. 4.O4 Mfti
For the sake of completeness, this will be done, but the incremental stress
\^ t»
method is considered better.. (Use the program described in Appendix E)
The permissible tensile stress is given as 0.45Ö fcor 2.46 MPa
T = 4.O4x75.2/2
\ \
/
/
\
752. mm
h = 21O mm
=151.9 kN ^
4.P4 \ /
1 x 210 mm/
V^ 4.04
4.0 -i- 7.24 / /
= 75.2 mm
\•
7.24 MRi
Elastic interacted etraeeee- equivalent tension
Serviceability Tensile stress

Position Net moment Comp. kN Stress Stress (comp) Net tensile Z of section Slab Area
(service-prestress) (moment) stress (MPa) (M units) (M units)
8m 1st L 46.4 2267 ±0.90 1.54 .0514 1.47
8m 1st C 201.8 2358 3.93 1.57 2.36
8m 1st R -290.0 2376 5.64 1.60 4.04*
8m 2nd L -248.1 2376 4.83 1.60 3.23*
8m 2nd C 116.8 1717 2.27 1.17 1.10
8m 2nd R 179.4 1717 3.49 1.17 2.32
7m 1st L 17.7 1959 0.30 1.17 - .0588 1.68
7m 1st C 172.1 2034 2.93 1.19 1.74
7m 1st R -244.8 2050 4.16 1.21 2.95*
7m 2nd L -214.5 2050 3.65 1.21 2. 44
7m 2nd C 96.9 1709 1.65 1.02 0.63
7m 2nd R -140.7 1738 2.39 1.03 1.36
It may be seen that 3 of the stresses are more than the Report 25 stresses, and reinforcement is required. The tension to be taken by
reinforcement is calculated by simply taking the force from the tensile stress diagram as in the sketch at a stress of 0.58 f v It should be
noted that it is assumed that the moments are evenly distributed across the section. This is clearly incorrect.
151.9kN /(.58 x 450) ->582sq.mm/m ->Y12 @ 180
To calculate the steel required to control crackwidth by a more logical method, the formula in BS8007 is used. Moments are taken about
the level of the tension steel reinforcement, i.e.
The required area of steel is given by calculating the tension required for a moment of M + P(d-h/2), and then reducing the tension by P.
i.e. transferring the compressive force to the reinforcement level.. 75% of the total hogging moment and 55% of the total sagging moment
should be taken in the column band for the purpose of calculating crackwidths
The following table was calculated using a computer program for crackwidths to BS8007 It may be seen that areas are similar to the areas
required for ultimate load, which supports the Report 25 stresses. SABS 0100 seems to give slightly higher areas if the tensile stress in the
concrete is taken into account. Hogging moments are taken as 75% of total in column bands, and 55% for sagging moments
The result is slightly more reinforcement in the position which requires more than nominal reinforcement
Required area of reinforcement for cracking (0.15% = 315 sq.mm/m)
Position Net. Moment Moment /m Prestress Steel stress Bar Dia. d Area
(service-prestress) in band MPa MPa (sq.mm/m)
8m 1st L 46.4 kNm 9.9 1.54 - 180 nil
8m 1st C 201.8 31.7 1.57 10@300 nil
8m 1st R -290.0 62.! 1.60 238 16 @ 200 992
8m 2nd L -248.1 246 12@ 120 946
8m 2nd C 116.8 -18.3 1.17 nom nil
8m 2nd R -179.4 38.4 1.17 360 10@250 Nominal(297)
7m 1st L -17.7 - 1.17 166 nil
7m 1st C 172.1 23.6 1.19 Nominal
7m 1st R -244.8 45.9 1.21 271 12@180 625
7m 2nd L -214.5 1.21
7m 2nd C 96.9 -13.3 1.02 Nominal
7m 2nd R -140.7 26.4 1.03 nom Nominal
(Calculated using SABS0100 with 0.2mm crackwidth. See Appendix E) The areas are slightly greater than for the Report 25 Calculation
(e.g Y16 at 200 or Y12 @ 1?0 as compared with Y12 at 180)
Ultimate Load Limit State.

15% reduction of hogging moments ( with corresponding increase of sagging moments) is allowed and has been taken.
The decompression moment, equal to the prestress x Z, is the moment required to reduce the compression on the extreme fibre to zero.
If the applied moment (Ultimate dead + Live + prestress) is less than the decompression moment, no reinf. is required. If it is greater, an
equivalent moment M' is calculated, by displacing the prestress to the level of the reinforcement, and adding a moment of P(d-h/2). The
tension calculated from this moment then has the prestress force deducted, to obtain the net tension on the reinforcement M7Jd-P. The
required steel area, is then (M;/Jd-P)/fs
The ultimate M.R. of concrete = 4651 bd2 = 126 kNm for the 7m spans and 154 kNm for the 8m spans. None of the design moments
exceeds this. The lever arm as a proportion of effective depth is given approximately by
d-h/2 = 65mm for the 8m spans, and 49mm for the 7m spans.
The approximate moment /metre taken by Nominal reinforcement is 391 MPa x 0.75 d x .15% x .21m= 16.8 kNmford=.182 mm
15.3kNm/m for d=. 166
Required Area of reinforcement for Ultimate Limit State
Position Net. Moment Net Moment Mom. /m DecomMom/m Design Net Bar Dia Area
(Ult-prestress) /m in band P(d-h/2) Prestress x Z Moment/m Tension & spacing (sq.mm/m)
(A) (B) (A+B) kN/m
8m 1st L 49.3 10.6 21.0 11.3 — Y10@250 Nom
—
8m 1st C 303.5 47.7 21.4 69.1 116.6 Y10@250 298
8m 1st R -273.8 -58.7 21.8 80.5 155.4 Y10@200 398
8m 2nd L -230.3
8m 2nd C 210.0 33.0 16.0 49.0 Nom
8m 2nd R -159.0 -34.1 16.0 50.1 47.1 121
7m 1st L -23.2 4.3 '2.0 8.6 — Nom
7m 1st C 256.8 35.3 12.2 47.5 Nom
7m 1st R -226.9 -42.5 12.4 54.9 105.4 Y10@250 270
7m 2nd L
7m 2nd C 176.2 24.2 10.5 34.7 Nom
7m 2nd R -119.5 -22.4 10.6 33.0 Nom
The reinforcement areas required for ultimate load by this method are a bit smaller than those required for crack control
Compare the above calculation with the Report 25 method of calculating the reinforcement required for ultimate moments:-
This method does not take account of the moments due to prestress, but effectively assumes the cables are bonded, and that the moments
are taken over the full width of the section.
At the first interior support, of the 8m spans
f,pe = 2.358lMN/( 14 x 140. x 10-6) =1203.1 MPa (Effective
prestress)
fpu = 260.5 MN/140. x 10-6=1860.7 MPa
-.
Aps = 14x 140 x10-6 =l.96x 10-6
Effective depth of cables =.163m (see page 3 of calcs)
From equation 52 of BS8110
for l/d =16/0.163 =98, f pb = 1203.1 + 61.2= 1264 MPa For end 8m spans (SABS 0100) 1=32/2=16
0.7 f = 1302 MPa therefore use 1264MPa For internal spans, 1= 32/3 = 10.67
For 7m end spans , 1=28/2=14, and for 7m internal spans, 1=28/3=9.33 (for 8m int 1295MPa, for 7m end 1274.
For prestress only, Tult = 2.478 MN for 7m internal f b = 1302MPa)
Then N.A. depth = 2.478/(7 x .45 x 30) = 26.2 mm and
lever arm = .163 -.026/2 = .150 m
M.R. Prestress = .150x 2.478= 371.4 kNm
Actual ultimate moment 441.7kNm. Therefore additional steel is required.
d r e i n f =.182and dcable = .163
Say approximately Tensionreinff= (441.7- 371.4)7371.4 x 2478kN = 469
At 391 MPa (450/1.15), the area required = 1392 sq.mm over 3.5 m width = 343 sq. mm/m (Y10 @ 220 )
Try Y10 @ 200 : Area = 1374 sq.mm Tensile capacity =537 kN
See diagram, Tension = 2478+537 kN = 3015kN. N.A depth = 3015/C7 - .45 x 30)=31.9mm
MR =537x .16 6+ 2478 x .147 = 453kNm O.K.
The other positions are checked in the table below
0.15% =315sqmm/m-->Y10 @ 250
Position Ult. M fpb x!40. x 10-6 Eff.d N.A. depth Lever arm M.R. DM As reqd.
x No. cables
8m 1st L -14.1 2.478 MN .130 27mm 116 287 0 0
(.15%
min)
8m 1st C 403.1 -do- .163 -do- 149 371 32 Nom
8m 1st R -441.5 -do- -do- 371 70.5 Y10 @200
8m 2nd C 264.1 1.813 MN -do- 19.3mm 153 279 0 Nominal
SAMPLE CALCULATION 2 Pase 13
Position Ult. M f pb x!40. x 10-6 Eff.d N.A. depth Lever arm M.R. DM As reqd.
x No. cables
8m 2nd R -264.7 1.813 MN -do- 268 0 Y10 @250
7m 1st L - 25.6 2.138 MN .130 19.8mm 120 257
7m 1st C 326.5 -do- .163 -do- 153 327.3
7m 1st R -352.0 -do- -do- -do- 25 Y10@250
7m 2nd C 225.9 1.813MN -do- 16.8mm 154.6 282
7m 2nd R -217.5 -do- -do- -do- 0 Y10@250
The reinforcement required for ultimate moments by this method are slightly less than required for cracking, and slightly less than the reinforcement
required by the suggested method..
Ultimate MR of section = 537x .166 + 2473 x .147= 453 kNm
It is also desirable to check the ultimate load case with half of the cables in the end span removed, with DL + .25 LL. in the end spans only. The
MR due to half the number of cables may be taken as half the M.R. in the table above if Report 25 method is used, or the moments calculated for
prestress may be halved and deducted from the moments for DL + .25LL
The second method will be used
Position Ult. M PSMom/2 Moment/m Ult Net. M/m Required Area

(DL + .25LL) PS (d-h/2)/2 Mom/m for tension (per m col band)
8m 1st L - 8.2 kNm 36.7 -
8m 1st C 172.8 -49.8 10.7 27.1 37.8 169. sq mm Norn
8m 1st R -267.9 83.9 10.7 57.4 68.1 622. sq mm Y12 at 180
7m 1st L - 15.4 27.0 4.3 2.9 7.2 -
7m 1st C 137.6 -24.4 4.3 18.9 23.2 -
7m 1st R -190.0 62.6 4.3 35.6 39.9 355. sq mm Nom
It may be seen that the reinforcement for the 1.2DL + 1.6LL ultimate load case is adequate everywhere except the first interior support of the 8m
spans
Deflections:
The deflections in the table above were calculated for a non-cracked slab
If the sections are cracked, the Moment of Inertia would be 2.56 x 10-3' instead of the uncracked value of 5.4 x 10-3
Using the ACI formula , and taking moment at first cracking as the moment at which the tensile stress reaches 2MPa, the
cracking moment in the 8m 1st span is (1.54+ 2) x 7 x .21 2 /6 = 182 kNm. Taking the design moments as the serviceability moments, and taking
the moments due to prestress into account, the moment at midspan of the 8 m 1st span is 201.8 kNm. i.e. cracked, and at the first internal support
290 kNm
Then Ie midspan = 4.13 xl0 - 3
I Support = 3.26 x 10-3 using the service load moments calculated above
The actual moment over the support is more concentrated, and there may be more cracking.
The net equivalent M. of I. is then.85 x 4.13 + .15 x 3.26 =4.0
The calculated deflection will then be 5.4/4.0 x the calculated one.
Now the calculated deflection assumes that the slab acts as a band spanning in one direction, and neglects the span in the other direction.
If one adds half the calculated deflection in the short direction to the calculated deflection in the long direction, this will probably be a reasonable
estimate.
The total deflection is then (18.0 + 5.15) x 5.4/4.0 = 31mm

This is 1/223 of the short span, and may be acceptable if there are no rigid partitions. It should be noted that if there are reasons the slab might be
more cracked, e.g. temperature stresses or shrinkage, the deflections could be considerably greater.
Shear: The calculated ultimate shear at the first interior support ( at the face of the supports) is (from the computer calculations) 841.95 kN (as
compared to the simply supported load of 765.9 kN) . The shear assumed in the preliminary calculations was 860 kN
The design shear is 1.15 times this, or 968. kN
Alternatively, from the code, Veff = Vt (1 + 1.5M/Vt x)
Mt, the moment transmitted to the column, is 226.0 kNm, and x is 1.5 + .18 x 1.5 (The column capital +1.5 slab depths)
then Veff = 1.227 x 841.95 =1033.4 kN

From this may be deducted the vertical component of the prestressing cables
At 1.06 m from the c/1 of column, the slope of the cables is .0529 from the properties of the parabola in the 8m span
vertical component = 4/14x 2267 x .0529 =34 kN x 2 = 68 kN
In the 7m span the slope is .0575
Component = 5/12 x .0525 x 2056 kN =44.9 kN x 2 =89.8 kN
Total vert. component on 4 sides =157.8 kN and net design shear = 1033.4 - 157.8=875 kN
Area of reinforcement (Y10@200) in one direction, and Y12 @ 180 in the other. Average is 510 sq mm/m
Average % = 100(1860 x 4,5 x 140.x 10"6 + 510x1.71 x 10-6 x 450)/(1.71 x .21x 450) = 0.97%
Permissible shear stress = .0.70 MPa
Actual shear stress = 851/(4 x 2.04 x .167) = .63 MPa. Therefore no shear reinf. reqd
At other columns, shear is less, and moment transferred to column is smaller. No shear reinforcement required.
One should also calculate that the width of slab at the external columns is adequate to transfer the moment, but with Long's method, the moment
transferred is quite small, and with the column capitals, it is not necessary.
APPENDIX D
Neutral Axis deoth and crackwidth
at serviceability loads
APPENDIX E
Computer Programs
The com puter programs sup plied with this b ook are contained in a com pressed file called startzip.exe. Copy this file to a
directory on your hard drive, move to the directory, and type startzip and press Enter,
The files will then be uncom pressed, and start.exe, crackdes.exe, multdes.exe, parab ola.exe, and vb drt10.exe will be in
the directory.
To start the programs, type start and press Enter.
A screen will appear, with 4 buttons marked
'Crack D esign',
"Ultimate load'
'Parabola Properties'
'Quit'
with the 'crack design' highlighted. If you have a mouse, click on the program you want to run. If not, press T ab to move
from one button to another. When the program you want is highlighted, press Enter.
Crackwidth Program
This program is designed to calculate the reinforcement to control cracking in accordance with the formulae in BS 8110
Structural Concrete. (Same as SABS 01 00), BS 8007 (Liquid Retaining Structures), and the older codes CP11 0 and BS
5337.
In the case of BS 8110 , one may choose to use either the method where an effective tensile stress is assumed in the
concrete or where a correction for tensile stress is made in the formula.
No printer drivers are included, and it is assumed that the user will adjust the printer to print at least 130 characters in the
page width.
The neutral axis depth is calculated in accordance with the formulae in Appendix D.
The program will not calculate reinforcement of a diameter bigger than one eighth the slab thickness. Maximum spacing
is assumed as 3 times the effective depth, but this may be changed.
Young's modulus is take as half the instantaneous value in SABS 0100, i.e. (20 + 0.2 F cu ) GPa.
For 30 M Pa concrete the instantaneous modulus is 26 00 0 MPa, and the default value is 1300 0 MP a.
The designer may change this..
Maximum allowable stress in tension in the reinforcement is given as 80% of the characteristic strength, and the com for
tension. (e.g. in water retaining structures) compressive stress in concrete is limited to 0.45 F cu . Maximum allowed
characteristic strength for steel is 425 M Pa for BS 533 7, and 450 MP a for the others.
When inputting information, a value may be h ighlighted in the input box. If so this is the default value, and if you press
Enter, will be accepted. T he allowab le range of values is given in the box, and values outside this range will not be
accepted.
Information to be input is:
Printer port. One may select Screen, LPT1:, LPT2:, COM 1:, COM2 :, or File.
Default is LPT1:
If file is chosen, you are asked to enter a nam e. CRKD ES.TXT is the default.
The code to be used.
Maximum crack width. (for BS 8007 this may only be 0.1mm or 0.2mm.
Characteristic steel strength. Maximum 450 MPa, or 425 MPa for BS 5337.
The concrete grade.
Slab overall depth.
Clear cover. (The effective cover to the centreline of bar is assumed to be the sam e for tension and for comp ression
reinforcement if this is used.).
Is there comp ression reinforcement?
If so, one may choose either a constant percentage, or a constant ratio to the tension steel.
The m oment per metre width.
Prestress in MPa. +for compression, and - for tension, e.g. for water retaining structures.
The user is then asked if automatic design is to be performed, or if it is wished to input trial spacings and diameters.
The maximum spacing of reinforcement may then be changed. Default is 3 times the effective depth, or 750mm.
The Y oung's modulus is then input. Default value is as above.
The user is also asked if it is desired to calculate the cracked moment of Inertia (for deflection calculations)
The title, date, and code selected is then printed.

If automatic calculation is chosen, the program prints the required diameters and spacings, together with steel and
concrete stresses, calculated crack width.
If screen is not the printer, the N.A. depth, strains, and distance from the surface of the bar to the potential crack (A cr) is
printed out.
The program then proceeds to the change m enu, where one m ay change any of the above information, or exit..
If manua l calculation is chosen, the sam e inform ation is printed out, together with w arnings if the crackwidth is
exceeded.. One may then input a new diameter and sp acing, or proceed to the change menu. If exit is chosen, one is
returned to the start screen.
Below are examples of the output, applied to calculations in Appendix C.
It amy be seen that in some cases the crack width is less than desired, either because the spacing of bars would otherwise
exceed the maximum, or because the area of reinforcement has been increased to avoid excessive stresses, or because the
minimum percentage of reinforcement would be too low.
Ultimate Load Program.

This program calculates the diameters and sp acing required for the ultim ate load condition.
A slab width of 1 m is assumed initially, but may be changed, and otherwise the same input is required as for the
crackwidth program (except the code , manual calculation, and Young's modulus). The moment must be the factored
ultimate moment. It should be noted that the percentage of reinforce me nt is related to the effective depth, and not the
over all depth. If this is borne in mind, the program can also be used for designing columns in bending and comp ression.
The force has to be translated to a prestress in MPa.
Parabola properties program

This calculates the properties of parabolas with 3 points of inflection, to the formulae given in Appendix A.
The method of input is as for the crackdesign program. If a value is shown highlighted, it may be selected by pre ssing
Enter.
Information req uired is :
Printer (As above)
Job title.
Span
Height of cable at left side, centre, and right side. (If a span was entered previously, the values for the previous span are
used as the default)
Distances of the points of contraflexure from left and right sides.
The program then calculates the geom etry.
The user is then given the option to calculate approximate cable forces.
The program assumes 15 .2m m diameter tendons, which are comm only used. The properties assumed are printed out.
Information required is :
Initial prestress as percentage of ultimate. (Normally 75 or 80)
Wobble factor ( A value of .001 is the default)
Friction factor (A value of ,06 is the default)
Estim ated percentage losses (20% is the default)
Lateral load in KN/m which the prestress is required to balance.
The pull-in at the anchorage (5mm is the default)
For internal spans, the pull-in would be less or zero.
The program then prints out the input, the num ber of cab les req uired, the initial prestress before pull-in, the effective
upward and dow nward loads on the slab, based on the effective prestress after friction and pull-in, but before other losses,
and the cumulative loss due to friction, as a fraction. It also prints out the draw-in at the end of the span.
One may then exit the program, or input another span in the series.
CRACK WIDTHS TO BS 8110. formula Design Crack Width (mm): 0.2
PRE STRESS (MPa) 2.04
Mom M/bd2 (Tension REINF AREA % ) (Comp Reinf) STRESSES MPa Crack N.A. depth Strain el Strain e2 Acr
KNm MPa Size(s) Crs mm2/m mm2/m % Conc Reinf mm mm xlOOO
53.7 1.70 25 540 909 0.51 0 0.00 12.31 167.1 0.131 94.3 1.16 0.30 259.4
53.7 1.66 20 540 582 0.32 0 0.00 13.41 234.6 0.173 84.2 1.54 0.47 261.7
53.7 1.62 16 371 542 0.30 0 0.00 13.50 246.2 0.165 83.3 1.58 0.50 179.4
ADJUSTED TO REDUCE STRESSES Max steel 360.0 Max cone 13.50
53.7 1.59 12 218 520 0.28 0 0.00 13.50 253.0 0.146 82.9 1.59 0.51 105.9
53.7 1.57 10 154 509 0.28 0 0.00 13.50 256.3 0.131 82.8 1.59 0.52 76.1
53.7 1.55 8 101 499 0.27 0 0.00 13.50 259.6 0.111 82.7 1.60 0.52 51.8
53.7 1.54 6 58 489 0.26 0 0.00 13.50 262.9 0.090 82.5 1.60 0.53 34.0
Note:-- Cables are 15.2 mm, Pult = 260.5KN, area 140 mm2
Note:-- E of cables taken as 198 GPa
Initial Prestress % of Ultimate, 80.00
SPAN 8.000 metres
Al A2 Bl B2 B3 L Coeftl Coeffm Coeffn X Cl C2 Drape
0.400 0.400 0.120 0.045 0.180 8.000 6.000E-02 1.116E+00 -4.560E+00 3.4472 0.0087 0.0119 0.0925
wobble factor friction (mu) draw in mm load KN/m estimated losses %
2.500E-03 6.000E-02 5.0 45.0 21.0

Reqd P final Pinit No of cables downward left downward right upmiddle cumul . loss ;
3151.2 3988.9 20 388.30 572.57 53.06 0.9682
P startinit P endinit Angle to CL Angle cl to end loss to cl loss to end pstart-pullin length pullin
3988.9 3862.0 8.701E-02 1.186E-01 0.9853 0.9682 3569.5 13.218
Drawin at end 1.97
SPAN 8.000 metres
Al A2 Bl B2 B3 L Coeffl Coeffm Coeffn X Cl C2 Drape
0.400 0.400 0.180 0.045 0.180 8.000 O.OOOE+00 2 . 052E+00 -8.208E+00 4.0000 0.0135 0.0135 0.1215
wobble factor friction (mu) draw in mm load KN/m estimated losses %
2.500E-03 6.000E-02 2.0 45.0 21.0
Reqd P final Pinit No of cables downward left downward right upmiddle cumul . loss ;
2400.0 3038.0 15 477.13 494.43 53.98 0.9338
P startinit P endinit Angle to CL Angle cl to end loss to cl loss to end pstart-pullin length pullin
3038.0 2930.0 1.349E-01 1.349E-01 0.9811 0.9645 2827.5 7.798

Drawin at end. = 0
Test of Multdes program for slabs 0/A DEPTH 210
WIDTH 1000 mm COVER 20 mm CONC. 30 MPa STEEL 450 MPa
Prestress 2.04 MPa
Moa Tension Reinf AREA 1 (Coup ) N.A. Load F.
KM Size(s) Crs mm2/m/% \m mm2/i \ Depth mm
50.3 25 540 909 0.51 0 0.00 20.80 1.932
50.3 20 540 582 0,32 0 0,00 16.26 1,628
50.3 16 540 372 0.20 0 0.00 12.61 1.335
50,3 12 410 276 0.15 0 0.00 10,60 1.156
50.3 10 283 278 0.15 0 0.00 10.67 1.163
50.3 8 180 279 0.15 0 0.00 10.74 1.171
50,3 6 101 281 0.15 0 0.00 10.80 1.178
Test of Multdes program for columns
0/A DEPTH 300 WIDTH 500 m COVER 25 m CONC. 30 MPa STEEL 450 MPa
Prestress 8.33 MPa
MOB Tension Reinf AREA \ (Coup ) N.A. Load F.
KM Size(s) Crs n2/i \ n2/i \ Depth n
175.0 32 502 1601 1.24 1601 1.24 56.91 0.999
175,0 25 318 1543 1,18 1543 1.18 57.43 0.999
175.0 20 209 1504 1.13 1504 1.13 57.78 0.998
175.0 16 137 1473 1.10 1473 1.10 58.06 0.998
175.0 12 79 1437 1.07 1437 1.07 58.30 0.996
APPENDIX F
Sample Calculation for shrinkage deflection in Prestressed flat slabs
To analyse a structure for shrinkage, separate the slab from the columns, and the reinforcement from the slab, and allow
the slab to shrink.
Then ap ply forces to the slab and reinforcement to bring them into juxtaposition again
For 45% Relative Humidity, SABS 0100 Part II gives i. shrinkage (from the curves supplied) of 420 x 10'6 for a 150
thick slab, and 360 x 10' 6 for a 300 thick slab.
Interpolating for a 210 slab gives a shrinkage strain of 396 \ 10"
In a length of 32m this gives an overall shortening of 12.7mm.
If 0.15% reinforcement is assumed, with E-200 x 10 6 , and a short-term concrete K of 26 x 10 6 with a creep coefficient
of 3.5, this gives a long-term E for conc rete of 7.43 x 10 .kPa
If the centroid of the reinforcement is 25mm from the surface (80mm from the centre of the section), and a notional
force of P kN /m width is applied at the level of the reinforcement, the stress in the concrete is given by:
Stress = P/A ±P x 0.0 8/Z
Now A= .08, and Z at the level of the reinforcement is - 21 3 /12/ 0.08 - 9.65 x 10" 6
Then the stress at the level of the reinforcement is (4.76±8.29) P = 13.06P kPa
The stress at the top and bottom of the slab is 4.76P ± 10.88P
If the concrete shrinks 12.7 mm, let the extension in the slab due to compression in the reinforcement be x mm
The total comp ression shortening in reinforcem ent =
= 0.0127 - x
P x 32
200 x 106 x 0.21 x 0.0015
P x 32 x 13. 0 6 = x
7 . 4 3 x 10 6
and extension in slab
=
Adding the equations, x is eliminated, • ing P = 22.46 kN /m
The moment /m is 22.5 x .08 = 1.8 kNm/m, x= 1.26mm, and the stress in the reinforcement is 71MPa
the total shortening is 11 .4 m m , giving a strain of 356 x 10"
The m oment will cause the section to bow, and conceptually one then applies a temperature gradient through the section
to straighten it, and a temperature rise to lengthen it. One then fixes the slab to the columns, and one can ap ply a
reverse temp erature gradient to the slab , and a temp erature fall to m ake it shorten..
(See accom panying diagram , showing the concept)
For a temperature coefficient of 1 x 1 0 - 5 per /C , which is commonly assumed for concrete, the overall temperature drop
is 35.6 /C,
The stress due to the moment is P x 10.88 or 244.3 kPa, and the strain is 32.9 x 10-6 . The temperature to cause this
strain is 3.29 /C, and the total fall in temperature through the slab is 6.58 /C. or 31.3 /C/m
Take 8m span slabs, width 7m, 210mm thick, area 1.47 1=5.4 x 10-3 (See Appendix C)
Column stiffness external (See Appendix C) I - 72 .5 x 10 -6
internal I = 5.21 x 10-3
It is assumed that at the columns the top steel is more than the bottom steel by 0.15% so that the curvature over the
columns is exactly reversed from that at midspan.
The resultant deflection in the first span is 1.2mm , and in the second span 1.8mm. This is assuming an uncracked
section, and the cracked deflection would be somewhat greater. Also, the deflection is in one direction only, so that
the additional deflection in the slab band transversely should be calculated.
However, the total is a fairly sm all prop ortion of the Dead + Live load deflection of about 3 1 m m for the second
calculation.
The major effect of shrinkage may be to cause additional deflection by increasing the amount of cracking
APPENDIX F
Diagram 1.

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Report No.

© Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering

ISBN 0 - 620 - 17667 - 9

The South African Institution of Civil Engineering

The Committee consisted of:

5.1 Load Balancing 11

8.0 Ultimate Limit State - Shear 23

8.1 Provision of shear reinforcement 24

Diagram 2.1 Substitution of tendon by equivalent loads 3

Appendix A Calculation of Tendon Geometry

Appendix B Formula for slab span/depth ratio

Appendix C Sample Calculation ( 1 and 2)

Appendix D Neutral Axis depth and crackwidth at serviceability loads

Appendix E Crackwidth Computer Program

Appendix F Shrinkage deflection

A Area, Constant in Long's formula Ie Equivalent moment of inertia

1.1 Flat Slabs

1.2 Flat Plates

1.3 Prestressed Flat Slabs and Plates

2.0 Design Codes

The committee recommends that enough non-prestressed

2.1 Prestress Level

2.2 Design Method

1. Preliminary Manual Design

2.3 Preliminary Design Using Computer programs.

2.4 Summary of Design Process

The design method is iterative.

3.0 Preliminary Choice of Parameters

3.2.2 Choice of slab depth for deflection control

Type of Construction Loading Span:Depth Ratio

Flat Plates Light 40 to 48

Waffle Slabs Heavy 28 to 32

Where the span-depth ratio relates to the longer span.

It is necessary to decide on the allowable deflection, which depends on:

3.3.1 Allowable Deflection

3.3.2 Creep and Shrinkage

3.3.3 Shrinkage Cracking

3.3.4 Live Load

3.3.5 Internal and External Spans

3.3.6 Temperature Stress.

3.3.7 Grade of Concrete

3.3.8 Formula for Choice of slab depth.

The formula is:

where P L is Permanent load in KPa (3.5 is a creep factor)

With sufficient experience the

3.4 Prestress Level

T h e minim um pres tr ess

3.5 Tendon Profile and Layouts

This has to a considerable extent been replaced

4.1 Vertical Loads

4.1.1 Load Factors

4.1.2 Pattern Loading

4.1.3 Load Factors for Serviceability State.

4.1.5 Permanent Live Load

4.2 Lateral Load

4.3 Temperature Stress, and Shrinkage

5.0 Calculation Methods

5.1 Load Balancing

5.3 Yield Line

5.4 Equivalent Frame

5.4.4 Young's Modulus

5.4.5 Column Stiffness

Where the section is composed of several rectangles, the torsional