Phase Changes

The graph was drawn from data collected as a

substance was heated at a constant rate. Use the
graph to answer the following questions.

At point A, the beginning of observations,

the substance exists in a solid state. Material in
this phase has ____definite___ volume and
__definite___ shape. With each passing minute,
__kinetic__ energy is gained by the substance.
This causes the molecules of the substance to __move___ more rapidly, which we detect by a rise in
__temperature_. At point B, the temperature of the substance is _70_°C. The solid begins to __melt_ and builds
up __potential_ energy. At point C, the substance is completely _melted_ or in a __liquidous_ state. Material in
this phase has ___definite__ volume and __indefinite__ shape. The energy put to the substance between
minutes 5 and 9 was used to convert the substance from a __solid__ to a __liquid__.

Between 9 and 13 minutes, the added heat increases the ___kinetic_ energy of the substance. During the
time from point D to point E, the liquid is __boiling__ and building up __potential_ energy. By point E, the
substance is completely in the _gaseous_ phase. Material in this phase has __indefinite__ volume and
__indefinite_ shape. The energy put to the substance between minutes 13 and 18 converted the substance from a
__liquid_ to a __gaseous__ state. Beyond point E, the substance is still in the ___gas__ phase, but the
molecules are moving __faster_, as indicated by the increasing temperature.
Substance Melting point Boiling point
Bolognium 20 °C 100 °C
Which of these three substances was likely used in this
Unobtainium 40 °C 140 °C
phase change experiment? Foosium 70 °C 140 °C
Foosium

If the mass of this sample was 20g, and the amount of heat required to go from 40 to 60°C was 500kJ, what is
the specific heat of this substance?
q = m C ΔT
500kJ = 20g (C) (20)  C = 1.25 kJ/g
Let’s summarize the terms used to describe phase changes:
Deposition

Melting Boiling

Solid Freezing Liquid Condensing Gas

Sublimation

An example of something that sublimes is carbon dioxide or iodine.

Which direction is exothermic? Cooling
Which direction is endothermic? Heating

When a substance is heated enough, that energy is being used to

eventually break apart the intermolecular forces between the molecules. If
you picture a heating curve, you know that first the solid particles are
converting all of that potential energy that they have stored up in to kinetic
energy. What does that part of the curve look like? Diagonal line
Once the melting point is reached, what is happening to the substance?
It changes form a solid to a liquid; the molecules start to get farther
apart.
What does the curve look like? A flat line
This is true of the part of the curve at the boiling point also. Knowing this,
can we use the equation that you learned yesterday to calculate the amount
of energy a substance needs to change phases? No – Δ T is zero
But there is still heat being added and a certain amount of heat is needed
by different substances to change phases. The amount of heat needed to
convert a unit of mass of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting
point is called the heat of fusion (Hf). When this heat is absorbed it
increases the potential energy of the substance until the intermolecular
forces can be overcome, without an increase in kinetic energy – and that’s
why the temperature is constant during a phase change. Likewise, the heat
energy needed to convert a unit of mass of a substance from a liquid to a
gas is called the heat of vaporization (Hv).

These values are constants that are dependant on the type of substance.
They are given in Table B of your reference tables for water. For example,
if the heat of fusion of water is 334 J/g, which means that it takes 334
joules of energy to change 1 gram of solid water to liquid water at its
melting point. How could you put the value given for the heat of
vaporization of water in to words? It takes 2260 joules of energy to
change 1 gram of liquid water to gaseous water at its boiling point.

Although q=mCΔT doesn’t work at phase changes, we can still calculate

the amount of heat needed if we know the mass of the substance and the
heat of vaporization or fusion. Did you notice on Table T that it also says
that q = m Hf or m Hv? Here’s an example problem:
How much heat energy is absorbed when 10g of ice melts to form liquid
water at the same temperature? 10g x (334 J/g)= 3340J = 3.34kJ

Try this one – how much energy is required to vaporize 10 grams of water
in to steam? 10g x 2260J/g = 22600J = 22.6 kJ

Looking at both of those values, which phase change requires more energy
to overcome the intermolecular forces present? L G