Step 2

To recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Group:

203058_24

Vladimir Paredes Álvarez Selected item 1.

JOSE ANGEL BOSSA DIAZ Selected item 2

Alexis Mina Selected item 3.

Ricardo Cordoba Selected item 4 .

Alexis Pedroza Selected item 5.

“UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD”

School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering

Electromagnetic Theory and Waves

2019 16-01
 Introduction

En el siguiente documento, se desarrollara la temática de la propagación de la onda

electromagnética en diferentes medios, analizando así como las condiciones del medio de
propagación afectan a la onda y al mismo tiempo a su transmisión, pudiendo observar
diferentes clasificaciones de medios que por sus propiedades condicionan la transmisión de la
onda electromagnética por estos y analizando diferentes conceptos generados, como
atenuación, tangente de perdida, velocidad, refracción y profundidad de penetración.
 Developed activity (consolidate)

1. Explain the concept of "loss tangent" applied to electromagnetic wave

propagation media, and indicate how it is calculated.
R//. The “loss tangent”: Also known as tan delta, is the relationship between
the conduction current and the displacement through a specific medium, this
relationship is constant and depends on the parameters of the medium and the
frequency of the signal that apply to you The equation used to calculate it is:
𝜎
tan 𝛿 =
𝜔∗𝜖
2. According to the "tangent of losses", how can the means of propagation be
classified?
R//. Basic classification for media based on the “tangent of losses”:
 Perfect dielectrics
 Perfect drivers
 Good insulators
 Good drivers
 Dissipative dielectrics

3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous
point have?
R//. Concepts of each of the means of propagation:
 Perfect dielectrics: they do not present conduction current, therefore, they
do not have losses due to Joule effect. Tan 𝛿 = 0 ⟹ 𝛿 = 0
 Perfect conductors: they do not present polarization current, therefore, they do not
𝜋
have capacitive effects or load accumulation. Tan 𝛿 → ∞ ⟹ 𝛿 = 2

 Good insulators: they present conduction current and have losses due to Joule effect,
but this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they are also
called "low loss dielectrics". Tan 𝛿 → 0+ ⟹ 𝛿 → 0+
  Good conductors: they present polarization current, therefore, they have capacitive or
load accumulation effects, but the conduction current and Joule losses are much more
𝜋
significant. Tan 𝛿 → ∞ ⟹ 𝛿 → 2
 Dissipative dielectrics: they have both effects and none is negligible compared to the
𝜋
other. 0 < 𝛿 < 2

4. On what does the propagation velocity of an electromagnetic wave depend?

R//. The phase velocity of electromagnetic waves depends only on the
electromagnetic properties of the medium in which they propagate and not on
the relative displacement between observers, which clearly violates the laws of
mechanics known. This observation gave rise to the so-called special theory of
relativity, whose fundamental statement was published, in the year 1905, by
Albert Einstein.
The phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a non-dissipative medium is:
1
𝑣𝑝 =
√𝜇𝜀
The speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum is a universal constant whose
value turns out to be equal to the speed of light and is determined by:
1
𝐶𝑜 = = 3 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠
√𝜇0 𝜀0
What is the relationship between the speed of propagation and the refractive
index of a medium?
R//. The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light
in vacuum and the phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific
medium is represented by the letter n and is given by:
𝑐0
𝑛=
𝑣𝑝
Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in
vacuum, the refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater than
or equal to 1
In the case of perfect non-magnetic dielectrics, the refractive index remains:
𝑐0 𝑐0
𝑛= ⟹𝑛=𝑐 ⟹ 𝒏 = √𝜺𝒓
𝑣𝑝 0
⁄ 𝜀
√ 𝑟
 5. What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and how
can I calculate it?
R//. The penetration depth of a wave 𝛿𝑝 is the inverse of the attenuation
constant. Since the power of a signal is proportional to the square of its
amplitude, when the signal drops to 36% of its value, its power drops to 13%.
1
𝛿𝑝 =
𝛼

Conclusiones
Exercises (one per student)
1. Student name: Vladimir Paredes.

A dissipative medium has the following parameters:

𝜀𝑟 = 3.5, 𝜇𝑟 = 2.2 and 𝜎 = 1.9 𝑆/𝑚
Find the wavelength and the amount of wavelengths that will penetrate a
10MHz signal.

Solución

Para calcular la longitud de onda primero se debe calcular la velocidad a la que se

desplaza la onda y como conocemos las propiedades del medio la velocidad que
calculamos se conoce como velocidad de fase

1
𝑉𝑝 =
√𝜇𝜖

Pero nos dan solo el 𝜖𝑟 = 3.5 y el 𝜇𝑟 = 2.2 por lo que debemos calcular el 𝜇 y el 𝜖
𝜖 = 𝜖0 ∗ 𝜖𝑟
𝜖 = 8.8541 ∗ 10−12 ∗ 3.5
𝜖 = 3.0989 ∗ 10−11
𝜇 = 𝜇0 ∗ 𝜇𝑟
𝜇 = 1.25663 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 2.2
 𝜇 = 2.7645 ∗ 10−6
Remplazamos los valores en la formula inicial
1
𝑉𝑝 =
√𝜇𝜖

1
𝑉𝑝 =
√2.7645 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 3.0989 ∗ 10−11

1
𝑉𝑝 =
√8.5670 ∗ 10−17

1
𝑉𝑝 =
9.2557 ∗ 10−9

𝑉𝑝 = 108.04 ∗ 106 𝑚/𝑠

Con la velocidad de fase se puede calcular la longitud de onda con la formula

𝑉𝑝
𝜆=
𝑓

Remplazamos los valores y nos queda

108.04 ∗ 106 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆=
10 ∗ 106 1/𝑠

𝝀 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝒎𝒕

Para la segunda pregunta que tiene que ver con la profundidad de penetración, lo
primero que debemos hacer es clasificar el medio para saber con cual formula
trabajar
Como vimos anteriormente los medios se clasifican con la tangente de perdida y
su fórmula es
 ℴ
𝑇𝑎𝑔𝛿 =
𝑤𝜖
Remplazamos
1.9 𝑠/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑔𝛿 =
2𝜋𝑓 ∗ 3.0989 ∗ 10−11
1.9 𝑠/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑔𝛿 =
62832000 ∗ 3.0989 ∗ 10−11

1.9 𝑠/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑔𝛿 =
1.9471 ∗ 10−3

𝑇𝑎𝑔𝛿 = 975.80
Como vemos que la tangente de perdida es tan grande podemos afirmar que se trata
de un conductor perfecto
Como ya sabemos que es un conductor perfecto podemos usar la formula
1
𝛿=
𝛽
Teniendo en cuenta que

𝛽 = 𝛼 = √𝜋𝜎𝜇𝑓

Remplazamos
1
𝛿=
√𝜋𝜎𝜇𝑓
1
𝛿=
√3.1416 ∗ 1.9 ∗ (1.25663 ∗ 10−6 ) ∗ 10 ∗ 106
1
𝛿=
75
𝛿 = 0.01333𝑚𝑡
 𝜹 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎

2. Student name: Jose Angel Bossa.

In a medium with the following characteristics, 𝜀𝑟 = 2,5, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.3 and 𝜎 =

1.8𝑥10−3 𝑆/𝑚 find these parameters for a 1GHz signal:
a. Loss tangent.
b. Propagation constant.
c. Phase velocity.
d. Wavelength.
e. Index of refraction.
Explain the meaning of each found value.

𝜇 = 1.3 ∗ 𝜇0 = 1.63363𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚

𝜖 = 2.5 ∗ 𝜖0 = 2.21355𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
a) Loss Tangent:
Be
𝜎
𝛿 = tan−1
𝜔∗𝜖
1.8𝑥10−3 [𝑆/𝑚]
𝛿 = tan−1
𝐹
(2𝜋 ∗ 1𝑥109 [𝐻𝑧]) ∗ (2.21355𝑥10−11 [𝑚])

𝛿 = tan−1 0.01294
𝛿 = 0.74°
This angle means that material is a dielectric.
b) Propagation Constant:
As the material is a dielectric, the Attenuation constant can be write as
𝜋 ∗ √𝜖𝑟
𝛼= ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿
𝜆
 𝜋 ∗ √2.5
𝛼= ∗ 0.012916
0.166295 𝑚
𝛼 = 29.87 ∗ 0.012916
𝛼 = 0.38581 𝑁𝑝/𝑚

And the Phase Constant as

2𝜋 2𝜋𝑓
𝛽= =
𝜆 𝑣𝑝
2𝜋
𝛽=
0.166295 𝑚
𝛽 = 37.7834 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
Thus
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽
𝛾 = 0.38581 + 𝑖37.7834

|𝛾| = √0.385812 + 37.78342

|𝛾| = √1427.7342
|𝛾| = 37.7854
The change measure of the phase and amplitude of wave when its propagated, is 37.7854
c) Phase Velocity
Be
𝑘 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜖
𝑘 = (2𝜋 ∗ 1𝑥109 𝐻𝑧)√(1.63363𝑥10−6 )(2.21355𝑥10−11 )
𝑘 = (6 283 185 307)6.01341𝑥10−9
𝑘 = 37.78338 𝑚−1
Thus
𝜔
𝑣𝑝 =
𝑘
𝑣𝑝 = 1.66295𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
It means that velocity of wave in that specific medium, that is an insulator (dielectric),
is approximately a half of speed of light. So, this medium can act as a refraction,
reflection or dispersion medium since it changes the velocity of propagation of EM waves.
 d) Wavelength
2𝜋
𝜆= 𝑘

2𝜋
𝜆 = 37.78338

𝜆 = 0.166295 𝑚 = 16.6295 𝑐𝑚
In relation with frequency and wavelength, it can be determinated that this wave
corresponds to the Radio Spectrum, specifically to UHF. Thus, this wave changes his
phase in 2π each 16.6225 cm.
e) Index of refraction
Be
𝑐
𝑛 = √𝜇𝑟 ∗ 𝜖𝑟 = 𝑣 
𝑝

𝑐
𝑛 = √1.3 ∗ 2.5 = 
1.66295𝑥108

𝑛 = 1.8
As said in “Phase Velocity” point, this medium has a refraction characteristic. It is defined
by the index of refraction that has a medium value.

3. Student name: Alexis Mina

An open medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics 𝜀𝑟 = 5.5, 𝜇𝑟 =

1.9 and 𝜎 = 14.6𝑥10−6 𝑆/𝑚
Find the power transmitted by a 200MHz signal with a maximum electric field of
127V/m and find the skin depth of the signal.

Power transmitted
Calculate the loss tangent
 𝜎 14.6 ∗ 10−6 S/m
Tan(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜖 2𝜋 ∗ 2 ∗ 108 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 5.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9 𝐹 ∕ 𝑚
36𝜋

Tan(𝛿) = 2.42 ∗ 10−5

𝑗𝜔𝜇
η=√
𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀

it is replaced

8
𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 2 ∗ 10 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1.9 ∗ 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7
η=√
1
14.6 ∗ 10−6 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 2 ∗ 108 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 5.5 ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ 10−9

η = 70.53 + 0.00085jΩ
η = 217.8 〈69°〉Ω

Now the power is determined

The initial power transmitted to the medium is (𝑥 = 0):

2 |
|𝐸𝑥0
𝑝0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑛
2|η|
it is replaced

|127V/m |2
𝑝0 = cos(69°)
2|217.8|Ω

𝑝0 = 36𝑊 ∕ 𝑚2
 Skin depth of the signal
1
𝛿𝑝 =
|𝑎|
it can be calculated by the following equation

Since we do not have the attenuation constant, it is calculated.

𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖)

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽

1
𝛾 = √𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 2 ∗ 108 ∗ 1.9 ∗ 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 (14.6 ∗ 10−6 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 2 ∗ 108 ∗ 5.5 ∗ ∗ 10−9 )
36𝜋

𝛾 = 0.0016175 + 13.5408758𝑗

𝛼 = 0.0016175 𝑁𝑝 ∕ 𝑚
So

1
𝛿𝑝 =
|0.0016175 𝑁𝑝 ∕ 𝑚|
𝛿𝑝 = 618.23 𝑐𝑚

4. Student name: Ricardo Cordoba.

For a medium with the same electromagnetic characteristics than the third
problem, find the losses per length unit for a 400MHz signal. If the original signal
has an electric field of 120Vrms/m. Find the losses in watts when the signal travels
20m in the medium.

Solution: As the statement tells me that the characteristics of the medium are
the same as the previous problem, we must bear in mind that:
𝜀𝑟 = 5.5, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.9 and 𝜎 = 14.6𝑥10−6 𝑆/𝑚
The first thing I do is calculate the tangent of losses to discriminate the medium
like this:
1
Knowing that: 𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 4 × 108 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑔 y 𝜖 = 5.5 ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ 10−9 𝐹 ⁄𝑚 so:
𝜎 14.6𝑥10−6 𝑆/𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛿 = ⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛿 =
𝜔∗𝜖 1
2𝜋 ∗ 4 × 108 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑔 ∗ 5.5 ∗ 36𝜋 × 10−9 𝐹 ⁄𝑚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜹 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓

The medium is a low loss dielectric so the intrinsic impedance is given by:
 𝜇 4𝜋 × 10−7
𝜂=√ ⟹𝜂=√
𝜀 1
5.5 ∗ 36𝜋 × 10−9

𝜼 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟓𝜴

The attenuation constant is:

𝑆
𝜎𝜂 14.6𝑥10−6 𝑚 ∗ 160.7495𝛺
𝛼= ⟹𝛼=
2 2
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑 ⟹ 𝜶 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑵𝒑⁄𝒎
As the losses in units of length are requested, 𝑥 = 1𝑚
%𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 −2𝛼𝑥
−3
%𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 −2∗1.173×10
%𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐%
From the above we can deduce that in this medium for each meter traveled,
0.2% of the power is lost.
Therefore if a 20m run is made:
%𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 −2𝛼𝑥
−3
%𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 −2∗20∗1.173×10
%𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟑%
 Now the initial power is:
|120 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 ⁄𝑚|2
𝑃0 = ⟹ 𝑷𝟎 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟓𝟖 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐
|160.7495|𝛺

The losses therefore are:

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 89.58 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 ∗ 0.04583
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒔 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟒 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐

5. Student name: Alexis Pedroza.

For a 400MHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation per length unit.
How long does the signal have to travel, in order to have an attenuation greater
than 3dB?

5. Para una señal de 400MHz, viajando en agua de mar, encuentre la atenuación por unidad de longitud. ¿Cuánto
tiempo tiene que viajar la señal para tener una atenuación mayor que 3dB?.
 Solucionando:

1. Tangente de Perdidas:

Siendo:

Ɛ0= 8,8541878 x 10-12 Ɛr = 80

Ɛ = Ɛr * Ɛ0 = 708,33 x 10-12
𝑓 = 4x108 Hz
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 = 8𝜋 ∗ 108
𝜎=4

4
𝜔 ∗ 𝜖 = 1.78 tan(𝛿) = = 2.25 tan−1 (2.25) = 66,040
1.78

Tan(Ᵹ ) = 2.25
Para este ejercicio tenemos un medio dieléctrico disipativos.

Calculo de permeabilidad:

𝝁 = 𝝁𝒓 ∗ 𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝝁𝒓 = 𝟏 𝝁 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔

Obteniendo la propagación Constante, para dieléctrico disipativos.

𝑟 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) 𝜔𝜀 = 1.78 𝜔𝜇 = (1.257𝑥10−6 )𝑥 (25.133𝑥108 ) = 3158,841
 𝑟 = √3158.841𝑗(4 + 1.78𝑗)

Siendo

A= 64.059 atenuación constante.

B= 98.62 i

Se tiene:

𝛼 = 64,059 para la atenuación constante.

𝛽 = 98.62 𝑖

La atenuación en decibeles por unidad de longitud queda de la siguiente manera:

𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐵
𝛼 = −8.68𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝛼 = −556.032
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚

Para tener una atenuación mayor de -3dB, la señal debe recorrer una distancia de:

𝑑𝐵 −3𝑑𝐵 −3𝑑𝐵
𝛼 𝑥 = −3𝑑𝐵 𝑥= = = 5.39𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑚 𝑑𝐵 556.032𝑑𝐵
𝛼 −
𝑚 𝑚
 Conclusions (one per student)

Conclusion 1: Student name 21/5000

(one per student)
Conclusion 2: Student name

Conclusion 3: Student name

Conclusion 4: Student name

Conclusion 5: Alexis Pedroza, los medios físicos donde se propaga o transmite una señal u
onda, influyen en la señal de todas las formas, pudiendo afectar el tiempo de transmisión, los
datos transmitidos y la distancia de recepción de la misma. Por lo tanto, analizar esto permite
que la transmisión de señales en las comunicaciones electrónicas sea efectiva y se conozca con
anterioridad sus limitaciones. Pudiendo conocer el campo de cobertura y todas sus
atenuaciones.

...

The conclusions should be written with their own words and should focus on the concepts
explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the activity, it is suggested
to present a conclusion by topic, the result of learning obtained as evidence of conceptual
assimilation.

To obtain a good writing it is suggested to read the written several times, correcting and
adjusting the text until obtaining a clear and coherent postulate. Avoid superficiality and
simplicity.
 References (one per student)
Bibliography 1: JOSE ANGEL BOSSA

 Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. 25-70. Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/l
ogin.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, 519-
524. Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/l
ogin.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Bibliography 2: Jose Angel Bossa

 Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless. 25-70.
Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, 519-524.
Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Bibliography 3: Alexis Mina

catedra.ing. (s.f). Obtenido de https://catedra.ing.unlp.edu.ar/electrotecnia/camposyo/PropOndasPlanas.pdf

wikilengua. ((s.f)). Obtenido de

http://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Terminesp:medida_de_la_tangente_del_%C3%A1ngulo_de_p%C3%A
9rdidas

Bibliography 4: Ricardo Cordoba

Paz. P, A., (2013). Electrodinámicas y Ondas. Electromagnetismo para ingeniería electrónica
(pp. 196-199). Cali, Colombia: Editorial. Sello Editorial Javeriano. Retrieved from:
http://www.academia.edu/15312004/Electromagnetismo

Bibliography 5: Alexis Pedroza: Alejandro paz parra, 2013. Electromagnetismo para

ingeniería electrónica, campos y ondas. Pp(197-243).Colombia: javeriana.
https://es.scribd.com/document/364143165/Electromagnetismo-Para-Ingenieria-Electronica-
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