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Conflict of Interest
D‐dimer Testing: • Received D‐dimer assays in‐kind from bioMérieux and Stago for a
peer‐funded research study discussed in this presentation
Good, Bad, and Ugly
LO R I ‐ A N N LI N K I N S, MD, MSC ( C LI N E P I ) , F RC P C
MC MA STE R UN IVE RSITY, H A MILTO N , O N , C A N A DA
M AY 2 0 1 7
Objectives
1. To discuss the role of D‐dimer testing in venous
thromboembolism
2. To explain the concept of varying D‐dimer thresholds according
to age and pretest probability
3. To discuss D‐dimer testing within the context of a limited
laboratory budget
D‐dimer assays
• over 30 different assays using 20 different monoclonal antibodies
D‐dimer immobilized by • Differ with respect to target epitope, method of capture,
capture antibody detection and instrumentation required
D‐dimer binds with
detection antibody • Laboratories differ in how they report D‐dimer levels (FEU, DDU)
Colorimetric,
and there is no standard calibrator
fluorescent reaction or
agglutination endpoint • Sensitivity 69‐97% and specificity 43‐99%
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Wells PS et al. JAMA 2006;295:199‐207
Adjusting D‐dimer Threshold
= boundary between positive and negative D‐dimer result
• set by manufacturer for high sensitivity
• negative predictive value (NPV) of a diagnostic test is dependent on
the prevalence of the disease within the population being tested
a higher D‐dimer threshold can be used if the prevalence (C‐PTP) is
low
Wells’ Score for DVT SELECT Study
Meta‐analysis of 14 studies using a clinical prediction rule +/‐ D‐Dimer enrolling To determine if using a selective D‐Dimer strategy based on C‐PTP
outpatients with suspected DVT
for DVT is safe and reduces diagnostic testing compared to using a
uniform D‐Dimer threshold for all patients
Prevalence of DVT: 19% (95% CI: 16‐23%)
◦ Low: 5% (95% CI: 4‐8%)
RCT: 1,723 patients with first suspected DVT
◦ Moderate: 17% (95% CI: 13‐23%)
◦ High: 53% (95% CI: 44‐61%)
Wells PS et al. JAMA 2006;295:199‐207 Linkins et al. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:93‐100 Funded by Heart & Stroke Foundation of Ontario
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Randomized
SELECT Study
(n=1723)
Ultrasound
MDA‐D‐Dimer, bioMérieux; STA‐Liatest, Stago
To determine if using a higher D‐Dimer in patients with age > 50 is
safe and reduces need for diagnostic testing
PE likely or high C-PTP PE unlikely or non-high C-PTP
(n=426) (n=2898)
60 year‐old = 10 x age = 600 µg/L
D-dimer > 500 µg/L,
D-dimer < 500 µg/L But < age-adjusted ≥age-adjusted cutoff
Cohort study: 3,346 patients with suspected PE (n=817) cutoff
(n=337)
(n=1744)
CTPA
Righini et al. JAMA 2014;311:1117‐1124
VIDAs D‐dimer, bioMérieux; STA‐Liatest, Stago; Tina‐quant, Roche; Cobas h 232, Roche; D‐Dimer HS 500, IL Diagnositics; Innovance D‐dimer, Siemens
Adjust‐PE Study Age alone or just higher threshold overall?
VTE during 3 months follow‐up in age‐adjusted group: Retrospective analysis of 1,649 pts with suspected VTE:
0.3% (95% CI: 0.1 to 1.7%) Specificity
1) Age‐adjusted threshold 54% (95% CI: 51.9‐56.8)
23% fewer CTPAs in age> 75 group 2) Uniformly higher threshold 55% (95% CI: 52.6‐57.6);
3) Higher threshold in younger patients 53% (95% CI: 50.4‐55.3)
A higher threshold for D‐dimer in patients > 50 years of age is safe
and more efficient. gain in specificity due to higher threshold overall (620 µg/L)
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D‐dimer for Prognosis D‐Dimer Testing with a Limited Lab Budget
• Risk of recurrence after 3 months treatment for unprovoked VTE • Consider limiting access to D‐dimer testing for VTE in clinical
= 5% at 1 year and 30% at 5 years situations with low yield:
• D‐dimer checked 1 month after discontinuation of anticoagulation
when prevalence of VTE is high
“high” or “likely” score calculated based on a clinical prediction rule
• Meta‐analyses have shown that risk of recurrent VTE is higher in (e.g. Wells’ or Geneva)
patients with positive D‐dimer (8.9% per year; 95% CI: 5.8‐11.9%)
when the result is unlikely to be negative
compared to negative D‐dimer (3.5% per year; 95% CI: 2.7‐4.3%)
Active malignancy, recent surgery, pregnancy, active inflammation,
inpatients
Vehovsek et al. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:481‐492
D‐Dimer Testing with a Limited Lab Budget Practical Considerations for D‐Dimer Testing
• C‐PTP and Age‐adjusted thresholds • Data from clinical trials using one D‐dimer assay should not be
If offered, should be in association with clinical prediction rules and extrapolated to another D‐dimer assay
D‐dimer assays tested for this purpose in the literature
• Name of assay, manufacturer’s recommended threshold value and
unit of measure should be available to clinicians ordering the test
• D‐dimer testing for prognosis
Primarily the role of the clinician to use within appropriate context • Do not recommend chasing a positive D‐dimer result. D‐dimer
testing helps to exclude VTE in the appropriate clinical context
Thank‐you
Dr. Sarah Takach Lapner
Dr S. Bates, Dr. E Lang, Dr. S. Kahn, Dr. J Douketis, J. Julian, S. Parpia,
Dr. P. Gross, Dr. J. Weitz, Dr. F. Spencer, Dr. AY Lee, Dr. M O’Donnell,
Dr. MA Crowther, Dr. W Lim, Dr. S. Schulman, Dr. JS Ginsberg,
Dr. C. Kearon (SELECT Study Team)