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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-019-09337-3
Abstract
Educational improvement projects are increasingly focused upon the significant role
of data in determining student performance, teachers’ learning, and schools’ ability
to initiate local reforms. Thus, schools are moving toward a new approach to learn-
ing, progressing from the routine to the non-routine through inquiry-based work-
ing. In addition, educational improvement requires teachers to exhibit the capacity
to change, namely, to implement the innovations proposed by government agencies
or the schools themselves. Therefore, the current study investigates the extent to
which the inquiry-based working of primary school teachers predicts their capacity
to change. Furthermore, the study identifies which aspects of inquiry-based work-
ing are the critical drivers in the capacity to change. A mixed model analysis of
questionnaire data collected from a sample of 787 teachers at 65 Dutch elementary
schools revealed that the central aspects of inquiry-based work (i.e., working with an
inquiry habit of mind, demonstrating data literacy, using data in the classroom, and
using data at the school level) are significant in promoting an increased capacity to
change. Working with an inquiry habit of mind emerged as the most critical aspect.
Data use in the classroom and at the school level are complementary factors that
also enhance a teacher’s capacity to change.
* Judith Amels
judith.amels@hccnet.nl
1
Marnix Academy, University for Teacher Education, Utrecht, The Netherlands
2
Penta Nova, Academy for Leadership in Education, Utrecht, The Netherlands
3
Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University
of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Journal of Educational Change
Introduction
Schools across the world are currently facing official demands to raise performance
standards, narrow pupil performance gaps in reading and mathematics, and to pro-
vide challenges for the gifted at the same time (Deppeler and Ainscow 2016). To
initiate and implement the reforms that allow schools to meet such demands also
requires that teachers develop the capacity to change their teaching and learning
practices. This capacity encompasses all conditions at the school and teacher level
that enhance educators’ professional learning and promote advances in teaching
(Hopkins et al. 2011; Thoonen et al. 2012). Strategies for school improvement often
rely on the assumption that teachers are able and willing to change and that both
teachers and schools have the capacity to transform. However, research confirming
this capacity is limited, especially in primary education. More accurately, extant lit-
erature on school improvement has not sufficiently explored how schools enhance
their educational quality or realize sustainable, long-term change (Hopkins et al.
2014; Staman et al. 2014; Valenzuela et al. 2016).
Modern projects aimed at educational improvement tend to focus on data and
their influence in determining student performance and teacher learning, along
with the schools’ ability to initiate local reforms and the success of these improve-
ment efforts (Datnow and Hubbard 2015). Data alone, however, cannot provide
all the information that educators need. Educators must analyze and interpret
them in order to formulate answers to urgent questions about educational quality
and student outcomes (e.g., Earl and Katz 2006; Van Geel et al. 2016). So-called
inquiry-based working arguably generates school improvements (Datnow and Hub-
bard 2015). Nonetheless, no prior research has established a relationship between
teachers’ inquiry-based working on the one hand, and the capacity to change on the
other–even though both constructs relate to school improvement and effectiveness
(Hopkins et al. 2011).
To add to the knowledge in the area of school improvement, this study inves-
tigates whether an inquiry-based disposition enhances teacher’s capacity to reform
and which aspects of inquiry-based working can be assumed as the most important
drivers of a teacher’s capacity to change. For this purpose, we chose a quantitative
approach (a quantitative survey involving 787 teachers from 65 primary schools)
because we were interested in exploring these general patterns and relationships,
recognizing that such an approach does not allow for an in-depth exploration. Such
an exploration will be the next step if meaningful patterns are found. Accordingly,
in this article, we first define and explain teacher’s capacity to change and inquiry-
based working. We also describe how the relationship between these two factors is
understood within the literature. Secondly, we describe the context of our study, as
well as the variable measurement and our multilevel analysis approach. Following
the results, the most important findings and conclusions are presented and discussed
in the final paragraph.
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Theoretical framework
Inquiry‑based working
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report their findings to others. They are capable of transforming data into infor-
mation and then information into actionable knowledge. To do so, they need to be
able to identify, collect, organize, analyze, summarize, and prioritize data. How-
ever, within this focus upon teachers’ personal data interpretation and learning
processes, both teachers and school leaders must also be able to acknowledge the
existing potential for bias (Katz and Dack 2014).
Consequently, teachers who adopt an inquiry-based approach use data within
their classrooms to inform them of ways to adapt their instruction and learning to
correspond to students’ needs. Finally, such teachers also use data at the school level
when considering how to enhance educational quality.
As they use these data, teachers collectively learn. They concentrate on develop-
ing higher-quality teaching methods by employing, adjusting, and adapting stand-
ards (Ainscow et al. 2016; Seashore Louis and Lee 2016). This approach results in
new insights, which then leads to new explicit knowledge at the school level. The
outcomes include enhanced teaching and learning by teachers, sharper educational
goals, and a stronger sense of ownership of the developments by the instructors.
As deep learning takes place, reform and sustainable change occur for both indi-
vidual teachers and the team as a whole (Camburn and Han 2016; Katz and Dack
2014). School cultures in which data use, an inquiry habit of mind, and data literacy
are common can foster educational improvement and teacher professionalization
(Krüger and Geijsel 2011; Schildkamp et al. 2012). However, educational improve-
ment requires a teacher’s capacity to change to be at a particular level.
Capacity to change
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them to devote more efforts to attaining organizational goals. Job satisfaction here is
meant as the result of a relaxed and positive emotional state attained within experi-
ences within one’s job (Hulpia et al. 2009). However, job satisfaction is a complex
variable, influenced by both the dispositional characteristics of the employee and
the situational factors of the job (Singh and Kaur 2010). Teachers who are satis-
fied with their jobs are likely to demonstrate greater dedication to the organization
and are willing to contribute to, and accept, change. Motivational variables–such as
self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and the ability to embrace school goals as personal
targets–keep teachers abreast of current trends in education and increase their will-
ingness to apply those advances to their own teaching practices (Hulpia et al. 2009;
Thoonen et al. 2012).
To develop a capacity for change, teaching skills are critical. Skills develop over
time, and experienced teachers may be more capable of changing their mindsets by
drawing on other perspectives (Desimone 2009). Additionally, in the Dutch educa-
tional context, teachers at graduate school level, wherein teachers develop an inquiry
habit of mind and endorse the relevance of inquiry-based working, are increasingly
desired. Accordingly, background characteristics–such as the amount of teaching
experience and teacher’s level of education–seemingly influence the extent to which
teachers work in an inquiry-based way (e.g., Kocór and Worek 2017; Mueller 2013;
Mullola et al. 2011; Rubie-Davies et al. 2012).
To investigate the extent to which teachers’ inquiry-based working explains dif-
ferences in the capacity to change, the current study centered on primary schools
in the Netherlands. The aim was to determine whether an inquiry-based disposition
enhances teachers’ capacity to transform, with the ultimate goal of improving educa-
tional quality. Accordingly, the central research questions were as follows:
Figure 1 illustrates the key concepts and how they, in line with the research ques-
tions, are assumed to be related.
Method
In the Netherlands, children aged 4 to 12 years participate in eight years of pri-
mary education. Education is compulsory from the age of five years. In the last
year of primary education, students receive a recommendation for appropriate sec-
ondary schooling. These suggestions are partly based on the results of a national
test, though parental and teacher preferences also play a role. Most Dutch primary
schools are government-funded private institutions, and many have a religious
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affiliation. Although the Netherlands does not have a national curriculum, there is a
national standardized framework with indicators included. Schools are autonomous,
which means that they have the right of self-government–encompassing the freedom
to make independent decisions–on the responsibilities that have been decentralized
to schools (Neeleman 2018, p. 4). This autonomy is reflected in school’s policies
related to pedagogical approaches, personnel, and financial management. Quality
standards apply to all schools, however, and the national inspectorate is tasked with
ensuring educational quality. A risk-based approach is followed, wherein control of
output is central (Ehren et al. 2017). Based upon the Dutch context of an applied
quality standard to all schools and the absence of a national curriculum, a teach-
er’s capacity to change is relatively important. To serve the different educational
needs of their students, teachers should be able to initiate and adapt educational and
instructional improvement and, simultaneously, comply with the quality standards.
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Almost 500 schools were invited by post and e-mail to participate in this study.
A total of 65 schools took part, most of them located in the mid-western or east-
ern regions of the Netherlands. A web-based survey was sent to 1209 teachers,
all working with students between the ages of 4 and 12 years, including students
with special educational needs. The questionnaire was completed by 963 teachers
from April to June, 2016, representing a response rate of 79%. For 176 partici-
pants, more than 10% of the data were missing; these incomplete response sets
were excluded from the analysis. A sample of 787 teachers was, therefore, gener-
ated. The sample’s gender ratio (89.4% female, 10.6% male) reflected that of the
larger population of Dutch primary school teachers (87% female, 13% male; see
www.statline.nl).
The demographic characteristics of the participants are summarized in Table 1.
A few respondents (32%) were younger than 35 years. The grade distribution was
fairly equal, and almost 70% of the teachers had bachelor’s degrees. Team sizes
ranged between 4 and 38 teachers, and the participation rate of the teams varied
between 31% and 100%.
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Variable measures
Inquiry‑based working
Capacity to change
The capacity to change was investigated and assessed by means of multi-item scales
(total of 56 items), measuring (1) teachers’ collaborations, (2) the ways teachers
undertook professional learning activities, and (3) three motivational variables (i.e.,
the extent to which teachers internalized school goals, the teachers’ sense of self-
efficacy, and job satisfaction).
To measure collaboration, three scales addressed joint work (6 items, e.g., “In our
team, we evaluate new approaches,” Cronbach’s alpha = .84), task interdependency
(4 items, e.g., “In our team, we need information from each other to do our jobs,”
Cronbach’s alpha = .72), and collegial support (6 items, e.g., “My colleagues tell me
about the difficulties they face in teaching and how they solve them,” Cronbach’s
alpha = .85).
The extent to which the teachers undertook professional learning activities was
measured with four scales. The first addressed the degree to which the teachers kept
themselves up-to-date in the field of teaching (6 items, e.g., “I undertake initiatives
on my own to ensure my own professional development,” Cronbach’s alpha = .86).
Subsequently, the extent to which the teachers experimented (4 items, e.g., “In my
lessons, I test new instructional approaches,” Cronbach’s alpha = .74) and reflected
(5 items, e.g., “I compare my current teaching to my teaching from one year ago,”
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Cronbach’s alpha = .80) were assessed, as was the degree to which the teachers
shared their knowledge and experience (6 items, e.g., “In our team, teachers share
opinions and ideas about educational developments,” Cronbach’s alpha = .89).
Four items measured the extent to which teachers internalized school goals and
generated them into personal targets (e.g., “I completely endorse our school goals
and my actions support them,” Cronbach’s alpha = .80). Both a sense of self-efficacy
(e.g., “I feel like I am successful in my work,” Cronbach’s alpha = .81) and job satis-
faction (e.g., “I am satisfied with my job as a teacher,” Cronbach’s alpha = .88) were
measured with 5 items each.
Background characteristics
The survey included items to measure five background traits. Gender was binary
(1 = female, 2 = male). Respondents could choose from five age categories (coded
1–5): < 25 years, 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–54 years, or ≥ 55 years. The years
of experience variable featured four levels: 1 = less than 4 years, 2 = 4–10 years,
3 = 10–15 years, and 4 = 15 years or more. For the educational level of the partici-
pants, 1 = no bachelor’s or master’s degree, 2 = bachelor’s degree, and 3 = master’s
degree. Finally, the class level taught (grades 1–8) took the respective grade as a
value, and then the option “other function (special educational needs)” was coded 9.
Data analysis
Multilevel methods were used to analyze the data. Intra-class coefficients computed
for the intercept-only models illustrate the effect of clustering on the ten variables
reflecting the different aspects of a teacher’s capacity to change; the values range
from .03 to .32. Subsequently, to assess the extent to which all four inquiry-based
variables explain within-school differences in the capacity to change, multilevel
analyses were performed (procedure Mixed, SPSS version 23, SPSS Inc., 2016). For
each dependent variable (collaboration, undertaken learning activities, and motiva-
tional variables), the analysis calculated the difference between a model containing
all four inquiry-based working variables and an empty (intercept-only) model.
The independent variables were group mean-centered because the analysis was
not focused on the school level but rather on teachers’ perceptions (Tabacknick
and Fidell 2013). With regard to the amount of within-school variance explained
by the multilevel models, the factor of interest was the reduction in the variance
within the random intercept parameters due to the inclusion of different aspects of
inquiry-based working, or their combinations. Demographic characteristics served
as covariates. The full model, including the four aspects of inquiry-based working
and the demographic characteristics, offered a significantly better fit than one that
only integrated the intercepts (see Table 2). Across the participants, the slopes did
not vary. For each dependent variable, the final model differed significantly from
the full model, as illustrated in Table 2. All four predictors of inquiry-based work-
ing improved the fit of the model in terms of each aspect of the capacity to change.
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Table 2 Comparison of multilevel models predicting the capacity to change on the basis of inquiry-based working
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The demographic predictors also improved the model’s fit, and each contributed
uniquely to each dependent variable to establish the best possible fit.
Results
Descriptive statistics
For the four aspects of inquiry-based working, the mean item scores varied between
4.17 and 4.59. The mean scores for the capacity to change aspects spanned from
3.81 to 4.47. The midpoint on the 5-point Likert scales is 3.0, so these results indi-
cated positive, relatively high scores for all variables, as detailed in Table 3. The dis-
tribution measures revealed a moderately negative skewness for two inquiry-based
working aspects; namely, data literacy and classroom data use. For the latter, a high
positive kurtosis also emerged. However, skewness and kurtosis do not make a sub-
stantive difference in an analysis with a sample that is greater than 200 respondents
(Tabacknick and Fidell 2013).
Multilevel analysis
The next step was to examine the extent to which teachers’ inquiry-based working
explained differences in the capacity to change, and then determine which aspects
of inquiry-based working were most critical for enhancing primary school teachers’
capacity to change. The dependent variables referred to collaboration, professional
learning activities undertaken, and the three motivational factors. The independent
variables pertained to the aspects of inquiry-based working: working with an inquiry
habit of mind, demonstrating data literacy, using data at the school level to improve
educational quality, and using data in classrooms. The analysis included both the
main and interaction effects.
The correlations were moderately high (0.5 ≥ r ≤ 0.7). For one-sided testing, the
results are significant if the p value is less than or equal to 0.05. In the following
tables, significance levels appear in bold font. To gauge the eta-squared effect sizes,
this study used Cohen’s (1988) values: 0.02 = small, 0.13 = medium, and 0.26 = large
effect.
Collaboration variables
Collaboration was measured using three scales: (1) joint work, (2) task interdepend-
ency, and (3) collegial support. The results in Table 4 reveal that working with an
inquiry habit of mind and using data in classrooms had significant predictive power
for task interdependency; data use at the school level significantly and positively
predicted joint work. Moreover, working with an inquiry habit of mind predicted
collegial support to a significant degree. Demonstrating data literacy, however, was
not a significant predictor of any aspect of collaboration. The eta-squared values
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Table 3 Descriptive results for the scales used
N M SD Skewness Kurtosis
SE SE
Journal of Educational Change
Inquiry-based working Working with an inquiry habit of mind 787 4.17 .59 − 1.03 .09 2.03 .17
Demonstrating data literacy 787 4.51 .54 − 2.15 .09 8.25 .17
Data use at the school level 787 4.16 .63 − .88 .09 1.31 .17
Data use in classrooms 787 4.59 .49 − 2.45 .09 10.73 .17
Capacity to change Collaboration Joint work 787 3.84 .78 − .93 .09 .54 .17
Task interdependency 787 4.33 .58 − 1.70 .09 4.33 .17
Collegial support 787 3.91 .71 − .80 .09 .82 .17
Motivation Internalizing school goals into personal goals 787 4.47 .59 − 1.87 .09 5.70 .17
Sense of self efficacy 787 4.19 .58 − 1.19 .09 2.91 .17
Job satisfaction 787 4.31 .69 − 1.61 .09 3.52 .17
Professional learning activities undertaken Keeping up to date 787 4.20 .67 − 1.08 .09 1.44 .17
Experimenting 787 4.15 .63 − .92 .09 1.41 .17
Reflecting 787 4.44 .53 − 1.81 .09 6.79 .17
Sharing knowledge and experience 787 3.81 .77 − .85 .09 .73 .17
1 = totally disagree, 2 = partly disagree, 3 = neither disagree nor agree, 4 = partly agree, 5 = totally agree. M = mean item scores, SD = standard deviation, SE = standard
error
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Joint work 3.88(.06) .06(.04) .18 − .05(.05) .33 .13(.05) .01 .07(.06) .24 .12
Task interdependency 4.35(.03) .25(.04) .00 .01 (.05) .79 .00(.05) .97 .16(.06) .00 .19
Collegial support 3.94(.05) .13(.04) .00 .02(.05) .76 .01(.05) .78 .08(.06) .17 .13
Keeping up to date 4.20 (.03) .65 (.04) .00 .15 (.05) .00 .05 (.04) .24 .06 (.05) .30 .43
Experimenting 4.16 (.03) .40 (.04) .00 .04 (.05) .49 − .04 (.05) .45 .18 (.06) .00 .25
Reflecting 4.46 (.02) .35 (.03) .00 .04 (.04) .34 .04 (.03) .28 .17 (.04) .00 .44
Sharing knowledge 3.86 (.05) .13 (.04) .00 − .01 (.05) .82 .13 (.04) .00 .00 (.05) .96 .18
and experience
Motivational variables
The motivational variables, related to the capacity to change, involve the extent to
which teachers internalize school goals, their sense of self-efficacy, and their job
satisfaction. Table 6 illustrates the ability of the inquiry-based working variables
to predict these motivational variables. Working with an inquiry habit of mind,
using data at the school level, and using data in classrooms were significant, posi-
tive predictors of internalizing school goals as personal aims. A teacher’s sense
of self-efficacy was significantly, positively predicted by working with an inquiry
habit of mind, demonstrating data literacy, and using data in classrooms. The eta-
squared values (η2 = 0.11–0.32) were medium or large, so 11%–32% of the vari-
ance in the motivational variable scores was explained by inquiry-based working.
However, none of the four aspects of inquiry-based working was a significant pre-
dictor of job satisfaction. Moreover, no interaction effects emerged between the
aspects of inquiry-based working and the motivational variables.
A teacher’s level of education provided a significantly positive predictor of
keeping up to date (b = 0.058, SE = 0.02, p = 0.009). Teachers with a master’s
degree were more willing to keep abreast of new knowledge and educational
developments than were instructors without one. The teacher’s education level
was also a significant, negative predictor of joint work (b = −0.006, SE = 0.02,
p = 0.001), collegial support (b = −0.098, SE = 0.03, p = 0.001), sharing knowl-
edge and experience (b = −0.14, SE = 0.03, p < 0.001), internalizing school
goals (b = −0.06, SE = 0.02, p = 0.01), and job satisfaction (b = −0.07, SE = 0.03,
p = 0.007). That is, teachers who had attained a master’s degree were less inclined
to exhibit these aspects of a capacity to change.
As the results in Table 7 demonstrate, the model was capable of explaining
within-school differences among teachers. Regarding aspects of the capacity
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Table 6 Multilevel analysis: summary of inquiry-based working variables’ ability to predict motivational variables
Intercept* Working with an inquiry Demonstrating data literacy Using data at the school Using data in classrooms η2
habit of mind level
b (SE) b (SE) p b (SE) p b (SE) p b (SE) p
Internalizing school goals 4.52 (.03) .20 (.03) .00 .04 (.04) .39 .10 (.04) .01 .14 (.05) .00 .32
into personal goals
Sense of self-efficacy 4.22 (.03) .16 (.04) .00 .19 (.04) .00 .03 (.04) .49 .13 (.05) .01 .30
Job satisfaction 4.36 (.05) − .00 (.04) .95 − .03 (.05) .48 − .05 (.04) .23 .05 (.05) .31 .11
Discussion
This study sought to investigate how and to what extent teachers’ inquiry-based
working predicts their capacity to contribute to change. The answers to these ques-
tions can help different stakeholders to develop strategies for initiating school
reforms and improving the change capacity of teachers. The teachers’ change capac-
ity was operationalized in terms of three aspects: (1) teachers’ collaborations, (2) the
extent to which teachers undertake professional learning activities, and (3) motiva-
tional variables. Each aspect was divided into several sub-aspects.
Regarding our first research question, ‘To what extent does teachers’ inquiry-
based working in primary schools predict their capacity to change?’, we found that
all the inquiry-based working variables—working with an inquiry habit of mind,
demonstrating data literacy, data use at the school level, and data use in class-
rooms—were significant drivers, promoting an increased capacity to change among
teachers. Together they have a relatively great impact on teacher’s change capacity.
Thus, inquiry-based working is of great importance with respect to reinforcing the
capacity to change within primary schools. Hence, schools can focus on enhanc-
ing the inquiry habit of mind and data literacy of their teachers, along with their
use of data in classrooms and at the school level. If teachers work in such a way,
they are likely to collaborate, learn, have a high sense of self-efficacy, and feel moti-
vated to try to accomplish the school’s goals. Whereas Seashore Louis and Lee
(2016) in their research suggested that in a culture in which data use is a common
and shared activity teacher professionalization emerges, in our study, we adopted
data use related to inquiry-based working, which is a much broader approach. In
this approach, besides having skills to work with data, an inquiry-based attitude
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school level and at the classroom level seem to be complementary factors that sup-
plement each other’s ability to affect a capacity to change. Their complementarity is
understandable, in that data use at the school level influences teamwork, while data
use in the classroom, experimentation, reflection, a sense of self-efficacy, and the
internalization of school goals into personal goals are all based on individual teacher
actions (Earl and Katz 2006).
In contrast with our supposition, teacher’s job satisfaction was not predicted by
any aspect of inquiry-based working. An explanation for this may be found in the
fact that job satisfaction is a complex variable, influenced by both the dispositional
characteristics of the individual and the situational factors of the job (Singh and
Kaur 2010). However, in the current study, the measurement of job satisfaction did
not integrate situational factors. Therefore, caution is required with respect to this
finding.
Supplementary to our research questions, we found some interaction effects.
First, working with an inquiry habit of mind and demonstrating data literacy nega-
tively interacted with joint work and task interdependency. It appears that teachers
who work with an inquiry habit of mind and who also demonstrate data literacy,
are less inclined to engage in joint work featuring interdependent tasks. We identi-
fied that working with an inquiry habit of mind, teacher’s capability to reflect, self-
efficacy, and the extent to which teachers internalize school goals into personal goals
relate to the characteristics of individual teachers. In contrast, joint work and task
interdependency require shared capabilities. Furthermore, the results from the cur-
rent study reflect the teachers’ own perceptions, which can be called a limitation.
(Schwartz 1999). It is also important to emphasize that the methods used in this
study were not intended to find causal relationships. This means caution is advised
regarding the findings and the interpretations.
As a second negative interaction effect, it seems that teachers with an inquiry
habit of mind, who use data at the school level, do not tend to share knowledge and
experiences with others. However, teachers working with an inquiry habit of mind
appear to be more reflective upon their own actions and behavior when they also
use data at the school level. It may be the case that teachers working with an inquiry
habit of mind and demonstrating data literacy believe that they are able to inter-
pret the data they collect and that they can give feedback to themselves. In this way,
these educators may feel autonomous. Autonomy is a facet of an internal condi-
tion, and, as such, it relates to the motivational variables (Little 1990). For teachers
with a strong sense of autonomy, this trait may lead to stand-alone behavior rather
than collaboration. These teachers may believe that they do not need feedback from
their colleagues to verify their way of working. On the other hand, considering the
positive interaction between teacher’s inquiry habit of mind, data use, and teacher’s
reflectivity, it seems that when a teacher’s reflective process is based on curiosity
and data, their reflection may even more strongly alter their mindsets by drawing on
other perspectives, which is in line with the findings of Desimone (2009). School
leaders could use this positive interaction by providing teachers with challenging
tasks. Such challenging and innovative work requires reflectivity and may enhance
teacher’s capacity to change even further.
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Conclusions
This study enriches our understanding of inquiry-based working and how teacher’s
change capacity links in with conditions in this way of working. From a theoretical
perspective, our findings offer new insights in how inquiry-based working is related
to the capacity to change of primary school teachers. Valuable conclusions can be
drawn about the reinforcement of teacher’s capacity to change, which we operation-
alized in terms of collaboration, professional learning activities, and motivational
variables. First, inquiry-based working strongly appears to predict teacher’s capacity
to change, which means that these teachers seem to be likely to collaborate, initiate
their own professionalization, have a high sense of self-efficacy, and feel motivated
to contribute to achieve the school’s goals.
Second, herein, the most important driver seems to be working with an inquiry
habit of mind. A strong inquiry habit of mind might serve teacher’s inclination
to collaborate and obtain a high level of professional learning. Also, such a habit
may contribute to teacher’s sense of self-efficacy and their internalization of school
goals into personal goals. In addition, as we found data use at the school level and
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