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8.1 Acids and Bases, Proton

Trasfer

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20 Some reactions of a substance, R, are shown in the diagram.

magnesium
hydrogen

reacts with sodium carbonate

substance R carbon dioxide

copper(II) oxide
copper(II) sulfate

What type of substance is R?

A an acid
B a base
C an element
D a salt
0620/Q20/12/M/J/09

22 The graph shows how the pH of soil in a field changed over time.

At which point was the soil neutral?

11 A

pH of 7 B
soil D

5 C

3
0620/Q22/13/O/N/14
time 0620/Q22/12/O/N/14
0620/Q20/22/M/J/09

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 34 Substance K reacts with sodium carbonate to form a gas.

The gas turns limewater cloudy.

MNA MNA MNA

What is substance K and which process takes place in the reaction?

K process

A ethanol combustion
B ethanol neutralisation
C hydrochloric acid combustion
D hydrochloric acid neutralisation
0620/34/12/M/J/09

21 The diagram shows the pH values of four solutions.

1 2 10 11 12 13 14

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
P Q R S

Which of these solutions are alkaline?

A P only
B P and Q only
C Q, R and S only
D R and S only
0620/Q21/12/O/N/09

23 An aqueous solution of the organic compound methylamine has a pH greater than 7.

Which statement about methylamine is correct?

A It neutralises an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.

B It reacts with copper(II) carbonate to give carbon dioxide.
C It reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a salt.
D It turns blue litmus red.
0620/Q23/12/M/J/10

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26 A student added dilute hydrochloric acid to four metals and recorded the results.

Not all of the results are correct.

results
metal gas given off

1 copper yes
2 iron yes
3 magnesium no
4 zinc yes

Which two results are correct?

A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

0620/Q26/12/M/J/10
18 Which reaction will result in a decrease in pH?

A adding calcium hydroxide to acid soil

B adding citric acid to sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
C adding sodium chloride to silver nitrate solution
D adding sodium hydroxide to hydrochloric acid
0620/Q18/12/O/N/10

22 Which is not a typical property of an acid?

A They react with alkalis producing water.

B They react with all metals producing hydrogen.
C They react with carbonates producing carbon dioxide.
D They turn litmus paper red. 0620/Q22/12/M/J/11

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24 The oxide of element X was added to an acid. It reacted to form a salt and water.

oxide of
element X

acid

What is the pH of the acid before the reaction and what type of element is X?

pH type of element X

A greater than 7 metal

B greater than 7 non-metal
C less than 7 metal
D less than 7 non-metal
0620/Q24/12/O/N/10

19 Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide that reacts with aqueous calcium hydroxide.

Which type of reaction takes place?

A decomposition
B fermentation
C neutralisation
0620/Q19/12/M/J/11
D oxidation
17 Which type of reaction always forms a salt and water?

A exothermic
B neutralisation
C oxidation
D polymerisation 0620/Q17/11/O/N/11

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18 Which property is not characteristic of a base?

A It reacts with a carbonate to form carbon dioxide.
B It reacts with an acid to form a salt.
0620/Q18/11/O/N/15
C It reacts with an ammonium salt to form ammonia.
0620/Q18/12/O/N/11
D It turns universal indicator paper blue. 0620/Q18/11/O/N/11

24 When sodium reacts with water, a solution and a gas are produced.
sodium

water

The solution is tested with litmus paper and the gas is tested with a splint.

What happens to the litmus paper and to the splint?

litmus paper splint

A blue to red glowing splint relights

B blue to red lighted splint ‘pops’
C red to blue glowing splint relights 0620/Q30/12/O/N/11
D red to blue lighted splint ‘pops’ 0620/Q24/11/O/N/11

27 A chemical engineer plans to produce hydrochloric acid.

Which metal is best for the reaction container?

A copper
B iron
C magnesium
0620/Q29/12/O/N/11
D zinc 0620/Q27/11/O/N/11

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15 Which type of reaction always forms a salt and water?

A exothermic
B neutralisation
C oxidation
0620/15/12/O/N/11
D polymerisation
14 The diagram shows the reaction between zinc oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid.

zinc oxide powder

dilute aqueous
hydrochloric acid zinc chloride
20 °C 22 °C
pH 1 pH 7

before after

Which terms describe the reaction?

endothermic neutralisation

A  
B  
C  
D  
0620/Q14/12/M/J/12

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15 Four different gases are passed through the apparatus shown.

gas in gas out

damp red damp blue

litmus paper litmus paper

Which gas has no effect on either piece of litmus paper?

A ammonia
B carbon dioxide
C chlorine
D hydrogen
0620/Q15/12/M/J/12
16 An aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate was made by adding excess copper(II) oxide to dilute
sulfuric acid. The mixture was heated, stirred and then filtered.

dilute copper(II) sulfate

sulfuric acid solution

copper(II) oxide

heat

What was the pH of the acid before adding the copper(II) oxide and of the solution after filtration?

pH of acid before adding pH of solution

copper(II) oxide after filtration

A greater than 7 7
B greater than 7 less than 7
C less than 7 7
0620/Q16/12/M/J/12
D less than 7 greater than 7

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18 Barium hydroxide is an alkali. It reacts with hydrochloric acid.

How does the pH of the hydrochloric acid change as an excess of aqueous barium hydroxide is
added?

A The pH decreases from 14 and becomes constant at 7.

B The pH decreases from 14 to about 1.
0620/Q18/13/O/N/12
C The pH increases from 1 and becomes constant at 7.
0620/Q17/12/O/N/12
D The pH increases from 1 to about 14. 0620/Q18/11/O/N/12

19 A compound is a salt if it

A can neutralise an acid.

B contains more than one element.
0620/Q19/13/O/N/12
C dissolves in water.
0620/Q19/12/O/N/12
D is formed when an acid reacts with a base. 0620/Q19/11/O/N/12

32 The diagram shows two substances, X and Y, being heated together.

damp Universal Indicator

paper

substances X and Y

heat

The Universal Indicator paper turns blue during the experiment.

What are substances X and Y?

A ammonium nitrate and hydrochloric acid

B ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide
C sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
0620/Q33/12/O/N/12
D sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide 0620/Q32/11/O/N/12

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33 Carbon dioxide is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with

A calcium sulfate.
B carbon.

C copper(II) carbonate. 0620/Q32/12/O/N/12

0620/Q33/11/O/N/12
D limewater.

17 Some reactions involving sodium are shown.

Which reaction does not involve the formation of a base?

sodium oxide

A D

B
sodium sodium hydroxide

sodium chloride 0620/Q17/13/O/N/12

32 What are X and Y in the reaction shown?

ammonium chloride + solution X → alkaline gas Y

X Y

A hydrochloric acid ammonia

B hydrochloric acid chlorine
C sodium hydroxide ammonia
D sodium hydroxide chlorine 0620/Q32/13/O/N/12

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33 Which process does not produce carbon dioxide?

A combustion of petrol
B reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide
C reaction between an acid and a carbonate
D respiration 0620/Q33/13/O/N/12

18 Ant stings hurt because of the methanoic acid produced by the ant.

Which substance could, most safely, be used to neutralise the acid?

substance pH

A baking soda 8
B car battery acid 1
C lemon juice 3
0620/Q17/13/M/J/13
D oven cleaner 14 0620/Q18/11/M/J/13

19 The diagram shows one period of the Periodic Table.

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Which two elements form acidic oxides?

A carbon and lithium

B carbon and neon
C carbon and nitrogen
0620/Q21/13/M/J/13
D nitrogen and neon 0620/Q19/11/M/J/13

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20 The diagram shows an experiment.

blue red
litmus paper litmus paper

aqueous
ammonium chloride
+
aqueous
sodium hydroxide
heat

What happens to the pieces of litmus paper?

blue litmus paper red litmus paper

A changes colour changes colour

B changes colour no colour change
C no colour change changes colour 0620/Q20/13/M/J/13
0620/Q20/12/M/J/13
D no colour change no colour change 0620/Q20/11/M/J/13

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21 Two indicators, bromophenol blue and Congo red, show the following colours in acidic solutions
and in alkaline solutions.

indicator acid alkali

bromophenol blue yellow blue

Congo red violet red

A few drops of each indicator are added to separate samples of a solution of pH 2.

What are the colours of the indicators in this solution?

in a solution of pH 2
bromophenol blue is Congo red is

A blue red
B blue violet
0620/Q19/13/M/J/13
C yellow red
0620/Q21/12/M/J/13
D yellow violet 0620/Q21/11/M/J/13

16 Two oxides, X and Y, are added separately to dilute sulfuric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide.

X reacts with dilute sulfuric acid but Y does not react.

Y reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide but X does not react.

Which type of oxide are X and Y?

acidic oxide basic oxide metallic oxide

A X Y X
B X Y Y
C Y X X
D Y X Y 0620/Q16/12/M/J/13

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19 Which statement about the reaction of acids is correct?

A They react with ammonium salts to form a salt and ammonia only.
B They react with metal carbonates to give a salt and carbon dioxide only.
C They react with metal hydroxides to give a salt and water only.
D They react with metals to give a salt, hydrogen and water only. 0620/Q19/12/M/J/13

17 Which are properties of an acid?

1 reacts with ammonium sulfate to form ammonia

2 turns red litmus blue

1 2

A  
B  
C  
0620/Q18/13/O/N/13
D   0620/Q17/12/O/N/13

31 A sample of fertiliser is tested by warming it with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

A colourless gas is produced which turns red litmus paper blue.

Which element, essential for plant growth, must be present?

A nitrogen
B phosphorus
C potassium
D sulfur 0620/Q31/13/O/N/13

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19 Which statements about alkalis are correct?

1 When reacted with an acid, the pH of the alkali increases.

2 When tested with litmus, the litmus turns blue.
3 When warmed with an ammonium salt, ammonia gas is given off.

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only 0620/Q19/11/M/J/14

21 Which acid reacts with ammonia to produce the salt ammonium sulfate?

A hydrochloric
B nitric
C phosphoric 0620/Q19/13/M/J/14
0620/Q18/13/M/J/14
D sulfuric 0620/Q21/11/M/J/14

17 Different plants grow best under different pH conditions.

Which plant grows best in alkaline soil?

grows best in soil at

plant
pH

A cabbage 6-8
B potato 4-7
C strawberry 5-7
D wheat 6-7 0620/Q17/12/M/J/14

18 Which substance is the most acidic?

substance pH

A calcium hydroxide 12
B lemon juice 4
C milk 6
D washing up liquid 8 0620/Q18/12/O/N/14
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21 How many different salts could be made from a supply of dilute sulfuric acid, dilute hydrochloric
acid, copper, magnesium oxide and zinc carbonate?

A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 0620/Q21/12/O/N/14

32 Which method can be used to obtain ammonia from ammonium sulfate?

A Heat it with an acid.

B Heat it with an alkali.
C Heat it with an oxidising agent.
D Heat it with a reducing agent. 0620/1Q32/2/O/N/14

19 A colourless solution is tested by the following reactions.

Which reaction is not characteristic of an acid?

A A piece of magnesium ribbon is added. Bubbles are seen and the magnesium disappears.
B A pungent smelling gas is produced when ammonium carbonate is added.
C Copper oxide powder is added and the mixed is warmed. The solution turns blue.
D The solution turns blue litmus red. 0620/Q19/13/O/N/14

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15 The table shows the pH of four aqueous solutions, W, X, Y and Z.

substance
subs

W 7
X 9
Y 2
Z 5

Universal Indicator is added to each solution.

Which row shows the colour of each solution after the indicator is added?

W X Y Z

A blue green orange red

B green blue red orange
C orange red blue green
D red orange green blue 0620/Q15/11/M/J/15

15 Which statement is not correct?

A When a base reacts with an ammonium salt, ammonia is given off.

B When an acid reacts with a base, neutralisation takes place.
C When an acid reacts with a carbonate, carbon dioxide is given off.
D When the acidity of a solution increases, the pH increases. 0620/Q15/12/M/J/15

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33 A zinc compound forms carbon dioxide in two different reactions.

1 It is heated strongly.
2 It is added to hydrochloric acid.

Which type of reaction occurs in 1 and 2?

1 2

A combustion neutralisation
B combustion oxidation
C thermal decomposition neutralisation
D thermal decomposition oxidation 0620/Q33/12/M/J/15

34 Substance X is used to treat industrial waste.

industrial waste treated waste

pH 4 pH 7

What is X and which type of reaction occurs during the treatment?

X type of reaction

A calcium oxide (lime) neutralisation

B calcium oxide (lime) redox
C carbon neutralisation
D carbon redox 0620/Q34/12/M/J/15

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7 Which equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid is
correct?

A Na2CO3(s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)

B Na2CO3(s) + HCl (aq) → Na2Cl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)

C Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)

D Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I) 0620/Q7/12/F/M/15

14 Three chemicals, P, Q and R, were each dissolved in water. The table shows some of the
reactions of these solutions.

reaction when solid sodium reaction when heated with

solution
carbonate is added solid ammonium chloride

P gas evolved no reaction

Q no reaction gas evolved
R no reaction no reaction

The pH of the three solutions was also measured.

What are the correct pH values of these solutions?

P Q R

A 2 7 13
B 2 13 7
C 7 2 13
D 13 7 2 0620/Q14/12/F/M/15

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15 Which reaction is not characteristic of an acid?

A It dissolves magnesium oxide.

B It produces ammonia from ammonium compounds.
C It produces carbon dioxide from a carbonate.
D It produces hydrogen from zinc metal. 0620/Q15/13/M/J/15

16 Three liquids, P, Q and R, are added to a mixture of hydrochloric acid and Universal Indicator
solution.

The following observations are made.

P the colour of the indicator turns purple.

Q the colour of the indicator does not change.

R there is effervescence and the indicator turns blue.

What are P, Q and R?

P Q R

A sodium carbonate water sodium hydroxide

solution solution
B sodium hydroxide water sodium carbonate
solution solution
C water sodium carbonate sodium hydroxide
solution solution
D water sodium hydroxide sodium carbonate
solution solution 0620/Q16/13/O/N/15

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11 Solid hydrated sodium carbonate was added to solid citric acid.

The mixture was stirred and the temperature recorded every 10 seconds.

The results are shown on the graph:

25

20

15
temperature
/ °C
10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
time / s

Which row describes the reaction?

reaction type energy change

A neutralisation endothermic
B neutralisation exothermic
C thermal decomposition endothermic
D thermal decomposition exothermic 0620/Q11/11/O/N/15

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17 Which property is not characteristic of a base?

A It reacts with a carbonate to form carbon dioxide.

B It reacts with an acid to form a salt.
C It reacts with an ammonium salt to form ammonia. 0620/17/13/O/N/15

D It turns universal indicator paper blue. 0620/Q17/12/O/N/15

18 A sting from insect X has a pH of 6 and a sting from insect Y has a pH of 8.

The table shows the pH of four substances.

substance pH

hydrochloric acid 1
sodium hydrogen carbonate 8
sodium hydroxide 14
vinegar 5

Which substances are used to treat the two stings?

X Y

A hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide

B sodium hydrogen carbonate vinegar
C sodium hydroxide hydrochloric acid
D vinegar sodium hydrogen carbonate 0620/Q18/12/O/N/15

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25 Which substances do not react together?

A calcium + water
B copper + dilute hydrochloric acid
C sodium + water
D zinc + dilute hydrochloric acid
0620/Q25/12/O/N/15

12 Which of the following changes decreases the rate of the reaction between magnesium and dilute
hydrochloric acid?

1 diluting the acid

2 using larger pieces of magnesium

3 cooling the mixture

A 1, 2 and 3
B 1 and 2 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 2 and 3 only 0620/Q12/13/O/N/15

18 Zinc sulfate is a soluble salt and can be prepared by reacting excess zinc carbonate with dilute
sulfuric acid.

Which piece of equipment would not be required in the preparation of zinc sulfate crystals?

A beaker
B condenser
C evaporating dish
D filter funnel 0620/Q18/13/O/N/15

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18 Concentrated hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.

What is meant by the terms ‘strong’ and ‘acid’?

strong acid

A contains a low proportion of water accepts protons

B contains a low proportion of water donates protons
C fully ionised accepts protons
D fully ionised donates protons 0620/Q18/22/F/M/16

18 Which statements are properties of an acid?

1 reacts with ammonium sulfate to form ammonia

2 turns red litmus blue

1 2

A  
B  
0620/Q18/23/M/J/16
C  
0620/Q18/22/M/J/16
D  
0620/Q18/21/M/J/16

26 Three students, X, Y and Z, were told that solid P reacts with dilute acids and also conducts
electricity.

The table shows the students’ suggestions about the identity of P.

X Y Z

copper iron graphite

Which of the students are correct?

A X, Y and Z B X only C Y only D Z only 0620//Q26/21/M/J/16

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19 Hydrogen chloride gas reacts with water to produce an acidic solution. The equation for the
reaction is shown.

HCl + H2O → Cl – + H3O+

Which statement describes what happens during the reaction?

A The chloride ion is formed by accepting an electron from the water.

0620/Q19/23/O/N/16
B The hydrogen chloride loses an electron to form the chloride ion.
0620/Q19/22/O/N/16
C The water accepts a proton from the hydrogen chloride.
0620/Q19/21/O/N/16
D The water donates a proton to the hydrogen chloride. 0620/Q19/21/O/N/16

19 Which row shows how the hydrogen ion concentration and pH of ethanoic acid compare to those
of hydrochloric acid of the same concentration?

ethanoic acid compared to

hydrochloric acid
hydrogen ion
pH
concentration

A higher higher
B higher lower
C lower higher
D lower lower 0620/Q21/M/J/17 9/

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13

33 The following scheme shows four stages in the conversion of sulfur to sulfuric acid.

In which stage is a catalyst used?

stage A sulfur stage B sulfur

sulfur
air dioxide air trioxide

concentrated
stage C sulfuric
acid

stage D
concentrated
oleum
sulfuric acid water

34 Slaked lime is used to neutralise an acidic soil.

How does the pH of the soil change?

from to

A 6 7
B 7 8
C 8 7
D 8 6 0620/Q34/23/O/N/16

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19 A student investigates two acids W and X.

The same volumes of W and X are reacted separately with excess magnesium.

The student makes the following observations.

1 Hydrogen gas is produced at a faster rate with W than with X.

2 The total volume of hydrogen gas produced is the same for both acids.

Which statement explains these observations?

A The pH of W is higher than the pH of X.

B W is an organic acid.
C W is a stronger acid than X.
D W is more concentrated than X. 0620/Q19//22/F/M/17

19 Which statements about a weak acid, such as ethanoic acid, are correct?

1 It reacts with a carbonate.

2 It does not neutralise aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
3 It turns red litmus blue.
4 It is only partially ionised in aqueous solution.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4 0620/Q19/22/M/J/17

19 Chloric(I) acid, HCl O, is formed when chlorine dissolves in water. It is a weak acid.

What is meant by the term weak acid ?

A It contains fewer hydrogen atoms than a strong acid.

B It is easily neutralised by a strong alkali.
C It is less concentrated than a strong acid.
D It is only partially ionised in solution. 0620/Q19/23/M/J/17

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13 The mass of a beaker and its contents is plotted against time.

Which graph represents what happens when sodium carbonate reacts with an excess of dilute
hydrochloric acid in an open beaker?

A B C D

mass mass mass mass

0 0 0 0
0 time 0 time 0 time 0 time
0620/Q13/23/O/N/17 0620/Q13/22/O/N/17 0620/Q13/21/O/N/17

15 Ethanoic acid reacts slowly with calcium carbonate.

Which statements explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of the reaction?

1 The activation energy of the reaction is decreased.

2 There is an increase in collision rate.
3 The particles have more energy.
4 There will be fewer successful collisions.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4 0620/Q15/21/O/N/17

18 What is not a typical characteristic of acids?

A They react with alkalis producing water.

B They react with all metals producing hydrogen. 0620/Q18/23/O/N/17

C They react with carbonates producing carbon dioxide. 0620/Q18/22/O/N/17

D They turn blue litmus paper red. 0620/Q18/21/O/N/17

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17 Ethanoic acid reacts with water to produce an acidic solution.

Which row describes the roles of ethanoic acid and water in this reaction?

ethanoic acid water

A accepts a proton donates a proton

B accepts an electron donates an electron
C donates a proton accepts a proton
D donates an electron accepts an electron 0620/Q17/22/F/M/18

18 Which solution has the lowest pH?

A 0.1 mol / dm3 ammonia solution

B 0.1 mol / dm3 ethanoic acid
C 0.1 mol / dm3 lithium hydroxide
0620/Q18/21/M/J/18
D 0.1 mol / dm3 nitric acid

24 The following statements are made about the metals copper, iron, magnesium and zinc.

1 Their oxides are acidic.

2 They all conduct electricity in the solid state.
3 They all have high melting points.
4 They all react with dilute acids to form hydrogen.

Which statements are correct?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4 0620/Q24/21/M/J/18

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