Data Communication and Computer Networking LAB

Name: Muzaffar Ali

Reg# FA16-BCE-085(A)
Submitted To: Prof. Modassar Ishfaq
Date: Feb 14,2019
 Report#1
Title:
To explain the Basic Idea about OSI Reference Model, Networking
Devices and Transmission Media based on networking standards

Objectives:
1. Identifying distinguish multiple transmission media and devices based on
IETF & IEEE standards
2. To comprehend the concept of layers using OSI reference model and TCP IP
protocol stack.
3. To understand the basic difference between OSI reference model and TCP
IP protocol.
4. Basic understanding of Wireshark.

Explanation:
OSI reference model has the seven layers as following
1. Application Layer ( Syntax and Semantic presentation)
2. Presentation Layer
3. Session Layer
4. Transport Layer ( TCP and UDP)
5. Network Layer ( Logical Addressing)
6. Link Layer (Physical Addressing)
7. Physical Layer ( Moves bits between devices)
OSI reference model is less reliable model than TCP IP protocol but OSI model
guarantees the data to transfer through transport layer but in TCP IP protocol
does not guarantees to transfer the data as this model has only four layers. OSI
reference model is a general model but TCP IP protocol isn’t a general model
and does not allow for any other application. OSI model follows horizontal
approach this means when sender is operating in transport layer receiver
should also operate in transport layer but TCP IP protocol follows vertical
approach this means when sender is operating in transport layer than receiver
will operate network layer. OSI model shows problem to fit the protocol in
model and are easily replaceable as the technology changes but protocol is
hided in this model. TCP IP does not allow protocols to fit in and its not easy to
replace protocols. OSI model provides both connection less and connection
orientated services but TCP IP protocol provides only connection less services.
Hubs:
Hubs are sharing device that has several ports in it. When a physical connection
is implemented through hubs they transmit the data or transfer the data to every
other device wired through port that makes the hub very insecure because if we
need to send data to a specific computer and many computers are connected
through hub than hub will send data to every other computer so it is very
unsafe.
Switches:
Switch are very alike hubs but they are more secure than hubs they also have
many ports but they transfer the data to that computer whom we intend to
transfer so switches are better. Switches reads mac address and port of
computer and transfer data to desired location.
Routers:
Hubs and Switches can’t read IP Addresses but a router can it has several ports
connected through physical devices IP addresses are for outside computers or
wireless devices so routers is best option for transmitting data from one wireless
device to another.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we learned about different protocol systems like OSI
reference model and TCP IP protocol. We understand the differences between
OSI and TCP IP protocol. We studied the different layers of OSI refence model
and studied their properties. We learned about Switches, Hubs and routers. We
also looked the practical applications and differences between routers, hubs and
switches.