Atomic Structure and Periodicity PDF

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
AND PERIODICITY
(General Chemistry I; Lecture 03)
NELSON M. PANAJON
Department of Chemistry
Central Luzon State University
ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
Early theories on atomic structure:
Democritus (460–370 BC) – proposed that the
world was made of two things: (1)
empty space and (2) fine but indivisible
particles called atomos
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 2
Aristotle (384-322 BC) – proposed that matter
is a continuum and not made up of
smaller particles like atomos
– further proposed that nature is
composed of earth, air, fire and water
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 3
Ludacris (95-55 BC) – described matter as
bodies composed of empty space that
allows movement
Robert Boyle – pushed on the
discontinuous view of matter which is
made up of particles
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 4
John Dalton (1766–1844 AD) –
refined the atomic view of
matter thru his Dalton’s
Atomic Theories
NMPanajon
John Dalton GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 5
Dalton’s Atomic Theories
1. Each element is composed of
extremely small particles called
atoms.
NMPanajon
Lecture 03 page 6
2. All atoms of a given element are
identical but they differ from
one element to another with
different properties.
NMPanajon
Lecture 03 page 7
3. Atoms of one element cannot be
changed into atoms of a
different element.
NMPanajon
Lecture 03 page 8
4. Compounds are formed when
atoms of more than one
element combine; with the
same relative number and kind
of atoms.
NMPanajon
Lecture 03 page 9
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
– explains several simple laws of chemical
combinations:
 Law of Definite (or Constant)
Composition
 Law of Conservation of Matter
 Law of Multiple Proportions
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 10
combinations:
 Law of Definite (or Constant)
Composition
– states that in a given compound, the
kinds and relative numbers of atoms are
constant
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 11
combinations:
 Law of Conservation of Mass
– states that the total mass of the
materials present after a chemical
reaction is the same as the total mass
before the reaction NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 12
combinations:
 Law of Multiple Proportions
– states that when two or more elements
combine to form more than one
compound, they combine in a ratio of
small whole numbers NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 13
EXERCISE 01
Illustrating the Law of Definite Composition
A 100mg sample of magnesium yields

166mg of magnesium oxide when combined
with enough oxygen. How many milligrams of
magnesium oxide will be produced from the
reaction of 144mg magnesium with sufficient
oxygen?
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 14
EXERCISE 02
Illustrating the Law of Conservation of Mass
A 0.455g sample of magnesium is allowed

to react with 2.315g of oxygen gas. If the sole
product is magnesium oxide and the mass of
the unreacted oxygen is 2.015g, how many
grams of magnesium oxide is produced?
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 15
EXERCISE 03
Illustrating the Law of Multiple Proportions
Hydrazine, ammonia, and hydrogen azide all

contain only nitrogen and hydrogen. The mass of
hydrogen that combines with 1.00 g of nitrogen for
each compound is 0.144g, 0.216g, and 0.0240g
respectively. Show how these data illustrate the law
of multiple proportions.
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 16
EXERCISE 04
Illustrating the Law of Multiple Proportions
The following data were collected for several

compounds of nitrogen and oxygen:
Show how these
data illustrate the
law of multiple
proportions.
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 17
EARLY RESEARCH ON ATOMIC PARTICLES
– early atomic theories didn’t have direct
evidence on the existence of atoms;
based only on experimental results done
in the laboratory
An image of the surface of silicon.

The image was obtained by a NMPanajon
technique called scanning tunneling GENERAL CHEMISTRY
microscopy. Lecture 03 page 18
– during the mid-1800s, scientists began
to study electrical discharge through a
glass tube pumped almost empty of air
– when a high voltage was applied to the

electrodes in the tube, radiation (known
as the cathode rays) was produced
between the electrodes NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 19
A simple cathode ray setup.
The first cathode ray tube was made by Michael Faraday in 1830.
A B
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 20
– subsequent experiments using the
cathode ray tube lead to the discovery of
the following:
 protons – in 1896 by Eugene Goldstein
 electrons – in 1897 by JJ Thomson
 neutrons – in 1932 by James Chadwick
 X-rays – in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen
 radioactivity –
in 1896 by Antoine Henri BecquerelGENERAL
NMPanajon
CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 21
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
A. The Plum-pudding Atomic Model
– proposed by JJ Thompson, states that
an atom is made up of negatively-charged
electrons (or e ) embedded in a
-
nebulous cloud of
positive charges of
protons (or p+)
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
A classic English plum pudding Lecture 03 page 22
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
A. The Plum-pudding Atomic Model
The Plum-pudding Theory
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
A classic English plum pudding Lecture 03 page 23
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
B. The Nuclear Atomic Model
– proposed by Ernest Rutherford,
disproves the Plum-pudding theory
through his alpha (α) - scattering
experiment in gold foil
NMPanajon
The alpha-scattering GENERAL CHEMISTRY
experiment Lecture 03 page 24
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
B. The Nuclear Atomic Model
The alpha-scattering
experiment
– states an atom has a dense center of

positive charge (the nucleus) from
which electrons move around NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 25
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
C. The Planetary Model of the Atom
– proposed by Neils Bohr, suggests that
the electrons move in a path of definite
amount of energy around the center
known as the nucleus
– the nucleus is composed of the

positively-charged protons and
neutral neutrons (nO) NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 26
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
C. The Planetary Model of the Atom
Mass and Charge of the sub-atomic particles
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
The nuclear atom Lecture 03 page 27
EARLY ATOMIC MODELS
D. The Quantum Mechanical Model
- developed by Erwin Schrodinger,
Werner Heisenberg and Louis de Broglie,
further enhances the planetary model by
stating that electrons move at various
energy levels with definite amount of
energy or quanta
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 28
ATOMIC AND MASS NUMBERS
- characterizes each atom of element
Atomic number, Z
- fingerprint of an atom; gives the
element’s unique number of protons
Mass number, A
- gives the total number of protons and
neutrons NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 29
ATOMIC AND MASS NUMBERS
- characterizes each atom of element
M.N. = A.N. + nO
For 12C;
6 p+ = 6, e- = 6, nO= 6 NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 30
EXERCISE 05
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons

are in (a) an atom of 197Au, and (b) a3890Sr+2 ion?
79
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 31
EXERCISE 06
Complete the table given below assuming each

column represents a neutral specie (or atom):
24
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 32
ISOTOPES
- atoms with the same number of protons
(or same atomic number) but different
number of neutrons
The different isotopes of carbon
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 33
ISOTOPES
The different isotopes of sodium
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 34
ATOMIC MASS
– the average atomic mass of each element
in the periodic table is the sum of the
exact individual isotopes and their
corresponding abundance
atomic massave = Ʃ atomic massisotope x relative

abundanceisotope
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 35
ATOMIC MASS
– expressed either in atomic mass unit
(amu) or grams per mole (g/mol) and is
equal to:
amu = 1.66054 x10-24 g
or 1 g = 6.02214 x1023 amu
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 36
EXERCISE 07
Chlorine has two isotopes: chlorine-35 and

chlorine-37 with corresponding relative abundance
and atomic masses as follows:
isotopic mass (in amu) % abundance
chlorine-35 34.968 75.53
chlorine-37 36.965 24.46
Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine.
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 37
EXERCISE 08
Three isotopes of argon contributed to its

average atomic mass of 39.948 amu. Given the
following:
isotopic mass (in amu) % abundance
Ar-40 39.9624 ???
Ar-38 37.96272 0.064
Ar-36 35.96755 0.337
Calculate the relative abundance of Argon-40.
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 38
QUANTUM NUMBERS
– describes the designation of how

electrons are distributed among various
orbitals in principal shells and
subshells
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 39
QUANTUM NUMBERS
shell – each division of space around the

nucleus where electrons travel; also
called the main energy levels (n)
orbital – a particular region in space

around the nucleus where the
probability of finding the electron is
greatest NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 40
QUANTUM NUMBERS
– set of numbers composed of:

 Principal Quantum Number, n
 Azimuthal Quantum Number, l
 Magnetic Quantum Number, ml
 Spin Quantum Number, ms
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 41
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Principal Quantum Number, n

– gives the main energy and the size of an
orbital
– directly proportional to the energy of the
orbital and the distance of the electron to
the nucleus
– has the integral values 1, 2, 3, etc
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 42
QUANTUM NUMBERS
The different main energy levels
Principal Quantum Number, n
n=7
n=1
Energy levels
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 43
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Azimuthal Quantum Number, l

– also called as the angular momentum
number, defines the shape of the atomic
orbital and comprises the sublevels of
the principal quantum number
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 44
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– has values related to n by the equation:
l=n–1
and can be 0, 1, 2, etc. (for n = 1, 2, 3, etc)
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 45
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– has values designated by letters s, p, d
and f for l values equal to 0, 1, 2, and 3
respectively
Letter designations for azimuthal quantum number
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 46
QUANTUM NUMBERS
The different shapes of an orbital ( Azimuthal Quantum
Number, l )
s orbital
p orbital
d orbital f orbital
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 47
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

– describes the orientation of the
degenerate orbitals and has values from
–l to +l including zero
– ml values would be one for l = 0 (s
orbital)
(that is ml = 0 ; one possible orientation)
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 48
QUANTUM NUMBERS
one orientation three orientations

(s orbital) (p orbital)
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 49
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– ml values would be five for l = 2
(d orbital)
(since ml = –2, –1, 0 , +1, +2)
five possible orientations!
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 50
QUANTUM NUMBERS
five orientations
(d orbital) NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 51
QUANTUM NUMBERS

– ml values would be seven for l = 3
(f orbital)
(since ml = –3, –2, –1, 0 , +1, +2, +3)
seven possible orientations!
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 52
QUANTUM NUMBERS
NMPanajon
seven orientations GENERAL CHEMISTRY
(f orbital) Lecture 03 page 53
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Spin Quantum Number, ms

– defines the orientation of the electron in
an orbital
– since electrons are to be placed at
different orientations, or spins, ms values
can either be +1/2 or – 1/2
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 54
EXERCISE 08
Which of the following set of quantum

numbers is plausible?
a. n = 3, l = 3, ml = 0, ms = -1/2
b. n = 4, l = 3, ml = +2, ms = -1/2
c. n = 4, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = +1/2
d. n = 3, l = 1, ml = +2, ms = -1
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 55
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
– a designation of how orbitals are filled
with electrons
– gives the total number of electrons in a
completely-filled main energy level given
by the equation;
total electrons = 2n2
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 56
– shows the valence and the core
electrons
valence electrons – outermost
electrons or those electrons on the
highest energy level (or n-value)
core electrons – the rest of the electrons

other than the valence electrons
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 57
– shows the valence and the core
electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
core electrons = 18 e_ valence electrons = 2 e_
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 58
– can be written through the expanded or
the abbreviated form
expanded form – identifies all the
electrons of the atom
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 59
abbreviated form – shows only the
noble gas element that is
isoelectronic with the configuration
of the core electrons and the valence
electrons
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 60
expanded form: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
core electrons = 18 e_s valence electrons = 2 e_s
40[Ar] = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

since 18
40[Ar]
abbreviated form: 18 4s2
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 61
– guided by the following principles
 Aufbau (or building block) Principle

 Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
 Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 62
Aufbau (or building block) Principle
– in filling orbitals with electrons, orbitals
with the lowest energy is filled first
– guided by the (n + l) rule; where lower

sum is prioritized
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 63
Aufbau (or building block) Principle
– the subshells contain different
maximum number of electrons
depending on the shape
no. of total electrons
s orbital orientation
1 (s) 2 e -s
p orbital 3 (px, py, pz) 6 e-s
d orbital 5 10 e-s
f orbital 7 14 e-s NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 64
Hunds Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
– in filling degenerate orbitals with
electrons, each orbital is “half-filled”
with one electron each before they are
filled with any electrons in excess
– stability decreases from fully-filled to

half-filled orbitals NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 65
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
– in filling orbitals with electrons, each
orbital is filled with electrons of opposite
spins
– implies that no two electrons can have
exactly the same set of quantum
numbers
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 66
1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s s<2
2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p p<6
3d 4d 5d 6d 7d d < 10
4f 5f 6f 7f f<
1
4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10….. Lecture 03 page 67
s block p block
(n) (n)
d block
(n-1)
f block
(n-2)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10….. Lecture 03 page 68
EXERCISE 09
Identify the set of quantum numbers for

the lone electron of hydrogen atom.
electronic
configuration orbital diagram
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 69
EXERCISE 10

each electron of lithium atom.
electronic
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 70
EXERCISE 11

the sixth electron of fluorine atom.
electronic
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 71
EXERCISE 12
Write the (a) expanded and (b)

abbreviated electronic configuration of
indium, 49In. (c) How many valence electrons
does Indium have?
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 72
EXERCISE 13
Write the (a) expanded and (b)

abbreviated electronic configuration of
phosphorus, 15P . (c) Identify the set of
quantum numbers for its last electron.
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 73
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Johann Dobereiner (1780–1849)
– the groups of three elements (or triads)
that have similar properties
ex. lithium, sodium and potassium
John Newlands
– expanded the group into eight
elements (or octaves) that have similar
properties NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 74
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907)
– enhances the work of
Newlands by
successfully proposing
an arrangement based
on the increasing
– atomic weight
had similar works with
Lothar Meyer NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Dmitri Mendeleev Lecture 03 page 75
– given much credit for
boldly predicting the
existence of
undiscovered elements
through blanks in his
table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
– also was able to correct
the atomic weights of
indium, berryllium and
uranium; placing them
properly in the periodic
table
– Father of Modern
Periodic Table NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Mendeleev’s
periodic table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 78
Henry Moseley (1887–1915)
– developed the concept of atomic
number and used it in arranging the
periodic table, two years after
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of the
– atom
proposed that physical and chemical
properties of elements vary periodically
with increasing atomic number NMPanajon
(Periodic Law)
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 79
PERIODIC TABLE: REVISITED
GROUPS
Modern
Periodic Table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 80
HALCOGENS NOBLE GASES
ALKALI METALS GROUPS
CHALCOGENS
ALKALINE-EARTH
Modern
Periodic Table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 81
PERIODS
Modern
Periodic Table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 82
TRANSITION
ELEMENTS
Modern
Periodic Table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 83
REPRESENTATIVE
ELEMENTS
Modern
Periodic Table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 84
s-BLOCK
Modern
Periodic Table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 85
p-BLOCK
Modern
Periodic Table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 86
d-BLOCK
Modern
Periodic Table
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 87
Modern
Periodic Table
f-BLOCK NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 88
PERIODIC TRENDS
– properties that varies through elements
down a group and across a period
A. Atomic Radius
– half the distance between two bonding
nuclei – implies the size of the
atom or molecule;
measured in
o
Angstrom units (A) GENERAL CHEMISTRY
NMPanajon
Atomic Radius Lecture 03 page 89

PERIODIC TRENDS
A. Atomic Radius
– decreases from left to right across a
period
– increases from top to bottom down a
group
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 90
PERIODIC TRENDS
Atomic
Radius
values
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 91
PERIODIC TRENDS
A1. Ionic Radius
– radius when an atom loses electron/s to
become a cation or accepts electron/s
to become an anion
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 92
PERIODIC TRENDS
A1. Ionic Radius
– cations are smaller than their atom
counterparts; anion are larger than
their parent atom
– for ions carrying the same charge, ionic
radius increases down a group NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 93
NMPanajon
Ionic Radius GENERAL CHEMISTRY
values Lecture 03 page 94
PERIODIC TRENDS
B. Ionization Energy, IE
– minimum energy required to release an
electron from a gaseous atom or ion to
become a cation
Ca(g) + IE  Ca + e + -
– usually positive since this is an added energy GENERAL CHEMISTRY

NMPanajon
Lecture 03 page 95
PERIODIC TRENDS
– can be first and second IE
Ca(g) + IE  Ca +
(g) + e- 1st IE
Ca +
(g) + IE  Ca 2+
(g) + e- 2nd IE
where 1st IE <<< 2nd IE

NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 96
PERIODIC TRENDS
– first ionization energy increases across a
period and decreases down a group
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 97
Ionization Energy, IE
Ionization Energy and
atomic number
Ionization NMPanajon
Energy Values GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 98
Ionization Energy, IE
Ionization NMPanajon
Energy Values GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 99
PERIODIC TRENDS
C. Electron Affinity, EA
– energy change associated with the
addition of electron to a gaseous atom
Cl(g) + e- Cl(g)
+ EA
-
– usually negative since this a released

energy
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 100
PERIODIC TRENDS
C. Electron Affinity, EA
– increases (becomes more negative)
from left to right of a period;
decreases (becomes more positive)
from top to bottom down a group
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 101
Electron Affinity, EA
Electron Affinity and
atomic number
NMPanajon
Electron Affinity GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Values Lecture 03 page 102
PERIODIC TRENDS
D. Electronegativity
– ability of an atom to attract a shared
pair of electrons to itself
– related to an atom’s ionization energy
and electron affinity
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 103
PERIODIC TRENDS
D. Electronegativity
– related to bond polarity
– increases from left to right across a
period; decreases from top to bottom
down a group
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 104
Electronegativity
NMPanajon
Electron Affinity GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Values Lecture 03 page 105
PERIODIC TRENDS: Summarized
INCREASING Ionization Energy
INCREASING Atomic Radius
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 106
PERIODIC TRENDS: Summarized
INCREASING Ionization Energy
INCREASING Electron Affinity
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 107
EXERCISE 14
Arrange the following in ascending

atomic radius: P, As, S and Se?
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 108
EXERCISE 14
Arrange the following in descending

ionic radius: Be+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, and Sr+2?
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 109
EXERCISE 14
Arrange the following in increasing

ionization energy: Ne, Na, P, Ar and K?
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 110
EXERCISE 14
Arrange the following in increasing

electronegativity: O, Ca, P, F and Fr?
NMPanajon
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lecture 03 page 111

Atomic Structure and Periodicity PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Atomic Structure and Periodicity PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

A 100mg sample of magnesium yields

A 0.455g sample of magnesium is allowed

Hydrazine, ammonia, and hydrogen azide all

The following data were collected for several

An image of the surface of silicon.

– when a high voltage was applied to the

The Plum-pudding Theory

– states an atom has a dense center of

– the nucleus is composed of the

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons

Complete the table given below assuming each

atomic massave = Ʃ atomic massisotope x relative

Chlorine has two isotopes: chlorine-35 and

Three isotopes of argon contributed to its

– describes the designation of how

shell – each division of space around the

orbital – a particular region in space

– set of numbers composed of:

Principal Quantum Number, n

Azimuthal Quantum Number, l

Azimuthal Quantum Number, l

Azimuthal Quantum Number, l

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

one orientation three orientations

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

Spin Quantum Number, ms

Which of the following set of quantum

core electrons – the rest of the electrons

40[Ar] = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

 Aufbau (or building block) Principle

– guided by the (n + l) rule; where lower

– stability decreases from fully-filled to

Identify the set of quantum numbers for

Identify the set of quantum numbers for

Identify the set of quantum numbers for

Write the (a) expanded and (b)

Write the (a) expanded and (b)

Atomic Radius Lecture 03 page 89

– usually positive since this is an added energy GENERAL CHEMISTRY

where 1st IE <<< 2nd IE

– usually negative since this a released

INCREASING Atomic Radius

Arrange the following in ascending

Arrange the following in descending

Arrange the following in increasing

Arrange the following in increasing

S-ar putea să vă placă și