GLOBAL MARKETS FOR OLEOCHEMICAL FATTY ACIDS

CHM062C
January 2017

Andrew McWilliams
Project Analyst

ISBN: 1-62296-412-8

BCC Research
49 Walnut Park, Building 2
Wellesley, MA 02481 USA
866-285-7215 (toll-free within the USA),
or (+1) 781-489-7301
www.bccresearch.com
info@bccresearch.com
CHM062C - Global Markets for Oleochemical Fatty Acids

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 2
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND INTENDED AUDIENCE 3
SCOPE AND FORMAT 4
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 5
ANALYSTS' CREDENTIALS 6
RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 6
BCC RESEARCH WEBSITE 7
DISCLAIMER 7

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 9
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS, THROUGH 2021 ($
9
MILLIONS)
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS,THROUGH 2021
9
($ MILLIONS)

CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY 12

INTRODUCTION 12
CHANGES IN THE OLEOCHEMICAL WORLD 13
RECENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN BRIEF 14
WHAT ARE OLEOCHEMICALS? 15
TABLE 1 AN OVERVIEW OF OLEOCHEMICALS 16
FIGURE 1 BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE OLEOCHEMICAL INDUSTRY 17
NATURAL FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCERIN 17
FIGURE 2 SATURATED FATTY ACID 18
FIGURE 3 UNSATURATED FATTY ACID 18
TABLE 2 NATURAL SATURATED FATTY ACIDS WITH CARBON CHAIN LENGTH,
19
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND EXAMPLES OF ORIGIN
TABLE 3 NATURAL UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS WITH CARBON CHAIN LENGTH,
20
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND EXAMPLES OF ORIGIN
Tall Oil Fatty Acids (TOFA) 20
Castor Oil 21
Branched Fatty Acids 21
Glycerin(e) 22
FIGURE 4 GLYCERIN MOLECULE 22
Biodiesel and Glycerin 22
Synthetic Glycerin and the Glycerin Market 23
FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES 24
FATTY ALCOHOLS 24
SOAPS 25
DIMERS 26
ESTERS 26
FIGURE 5 ESTER MOLECULE 26
Esterification/Transesterification Process 27
AMIDES 27

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FIGURE 6 ETHANAMIDE 27
AMINES 28
FIGURE 7 AMINES 28
SULFONATES 29
FIGURE 8 SULFONATE 29
FUNCTIONALITY AND BUILDING BLOCKS 30
NONIONIC SURFACTANTS FROM METHYL ESTERS 30
BUILDING BLOCKS FOR POLYMERS 31
RAW MATERIALS 31
GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF OILS AND FATS 31
TABLE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OILS AND FATS PRODUCTION BY SOURCE,
32
THROUGH 2021 (MILLION METRIC TONS)
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OILS AND FATS PRODUCTION BY SOURCE, 2015
32
(%)
FIGURE 10 GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE/ANIMAL FATS AND OILS, 2015
33
AND 2021 (%)
CONSUMPTION OF FATS AND OILS IN OLEOCHEMICALS 34
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF OILS AND FATS, 2000 AND 2015 (%) 35
PRODUCTION OF OILS AND FATS: REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AND DEMAND 37
TABLE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OILS AND FATS PRODUCTION BY REGION,
37
THROUGH 2021 (MILLION METRIC TONS)
CHOICE OF RAW MATERIALS 38
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCERIN 39
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS NATURAL OILS AND FATS 39
Nomenclature 39
Composition, Saturated versus Unsaturated, MUFA versus PUFA 40
Properties 41
TABLE 6 COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF NATURAL OILS AND FATS 41
COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL FATTY ACIDS AND
43
GLYCERIN
Properties 43
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF COMMON NAMES 44
Arachidic Acid (C20) 44
Behenic Acid (C22) 44
Capric Acid (C10) 44
Caproic Acid (C6) 45
Caprylic Acid (C8) 45
Lauric Acid (C12) 46
Myristic Acid (C14) 46
Palmitic Acid (C16) 46
Stearic Acid (C18) 47
TABLE 7 SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS 47
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY COMMON
47
NAMES
Erucic Acid (C22:1) 48
Gadoleic Acid (C20:1) 48
Linoleic Acid (C18:2) 49
Linolenic Acid (C18:3) 49
Myristoleic Acid (C14:1) 49

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Oleic Acid (C18:1) 50
Palmitoleic Acid (C16:1) 50
Ricinoleic Acid (C18:1OH) 51
TABLE 8 SELECTED PROPERTIES OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 51
PROPERTIES OF GLYCERIN AND TOFA 51
Glycerin 51
TABLE 9 PROPERTIES OF GLYCERIN 53
Tall Oil Fatty Acids (TOFA) 53
TABLE 10 EXAMPLE OF PROPERTIES OF TOFA 53
END USES, APPLICATIONS 54
THE MANUFACTURING LANDSCAPE 54
Hydrolysis or Splitting 54
FIGURE 12 SPLITTING COLUMN 55
Segregation/Separation 56
Distillation of Fatty Acids 56
Hydrogenation (Hardening) 57
Partial Hydrogenation 57
GLYCERIN PURIFICATION 57
MANUFACTURERS OF PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT 58
Which Technology to Use 58
FATTY ACID MANUFACTURERS AND THE INDUSTRY 60
A Changing Manufacturer's Landscape 60
Mergers and Acquisitions, Strategic Changes 61
TABLE 11 SELECTION OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS WITH AN IMPACT IN THE
64
FATTY ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES INDUSTRY
TABLE 12 CAPACITY CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENTS 66
LEGISLATION 71
TRENDS AND IMPACTS 72
REGIONAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DEVELOPMENTS 72
RENEWABLES-GREEN CHEMISTRY-SUSTAINABILITY 74
FIGURE 13 RSPO ENTRY PAGE FOR PLAYERS IN THE PALM OIL PRODUCTION
76
SUPPLY CHAIN

CHAPTER 4 OVERVIEW OF MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS 79

INTRODUCTION 79
CHANGING NATURE OF OLEOCHEMICAL PRODUCERS 79
OLEOCHEMICAL-BASED FAMILY 80
OLEOCHEMICAL COMPARED TO FOSSIL FUEL-BASED PETROCHEMICALS 80
GREEN CHEMISTRY 81
SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL INDUSTRY 81
MANUFACTURING LANDSCAPE 83
TABLE 13 SNAPSHOT OF BASE FATTY ACID CAPACITY BY REGION, 2015 (MILLION
84
METRIC TONS)
FIGURE 14 SNAPSHOT OF BASE FATTY ACID CAPACITY BY REGION, 2015 (MILLION
84
METRIC TONS)
FATTY ACID GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OVERVIEW 85
TABLE 14 GLOBAL MARKET FOR BASE FATTY ACID CONSUMPTION BY REGION,
85
THROUGH 2021 (%*)

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FIGURE 15 GLOBAL MARKET FOR BASE FATTY ACID CONSUMPTION BY REGION,
85
2015-2021 (%)
APPLICATIONS FOR OLEIC ACID AND ITS SIMPLE DERIVATIVES 86
TABLE 15 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR OLEIC ACID AND ITS SIMPLE DERIVATIVES 86
ECONOMIC OUTLOOK 87
TABLE 16 REAL DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATES, 2014-2017 (%) 87
FIGURE 16 REAL DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATES, 2014 TO 2017 (%) 88
IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES 88
PRODUCT OVERVIEW 89
FATTY ACID TYPES 89
TABLE 17 SPLIT OF FATTY ACID TYPES ACROSS REGIONS IN TERMS OF
90
CONSUMPTION, 2015 (%)
DISTILLED FATTY ACIDS 90
TABLE 18 EXAMPLES OF DISTILLED FATTY ACIDS 91
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 91
TABLE 19 EXAMPLES OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 92
TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKETS FOR DFA AND PUFA BY REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($
92
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 17 GLOBAL MARKETS FOR DFA AND PUFA BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($
92
MILLIONS)
FRACTIONATED FATTY ACIDS 93
TABLE 21 EXAMPLES OF FRACTIONATED FATTY ACIDS 93
TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FFA BY REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) 94
FIGURE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FFA BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 94
STEARIC ACID 95
TABLE 23 EXAMPLES OF STEARIC FATTY ACIDS 95
TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR STEARIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($
96
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 19 GLOBAL MARKET FOR STEARIC ACID BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($
96
MILLIONS)
OLEIC ACID 97
TABLE 25 EXAMPLES OF OLEIC FATTY ACIDS 97
TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OLEIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($
98
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OLEIC ACID BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 98
PRICES 99
TABLE 27 AVERAGE PRICE OF FATTY ACIDS, THROUGH 2021 ($/METRIC TON) 100
DEMAND BY APPLICATION 100
CAPTIVE COMPARED TO MERCHANT 100
TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FATTY ACID BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2021 ($
101
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FATTY ACID BY SEGMENT, 2015-2021 ($
101
MILLIONS)
ANIMAL FEED 102
TABLE 29 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR ANIMAL FEED BY REGION, THROUGH
103
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 22 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR ANIMAL FEED BY REGION,
103
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES 104

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TABLE 30 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES BY
104
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES BY
104
REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
DETERGENTS AND CLEANERS 105
TABLE 31 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR DETERGENTS AND CLEANERS BY
106
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 24 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR DETERGENTS AND CLEANERS BY
106
REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
EMULSION POLYMERIZATION 107
TABLE 32 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR EMULSION POLYMERIZATION BY
107
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 25 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR EMULSION POLYMERIZATION BY
107
REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
LUBRICANTS 108
TABLE 33 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR LUBRICANTS BY REGION, THROUGH
109
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 26 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR LUBRICANTS BY REGION,
109
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
ORE PROCESSING 109
TABLE 34 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR ORE PROCESSING CHEMICALS BY
110
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 27 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR ORE PROCESSING CHEMICALS BY
110
REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
RESINS 110
TABLE 35 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR RESIN BY REGION, THROUGH 2021
111
($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 28 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR RESIN BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($
111
MILLIONS)
TEXTILE SOFTENERS 112
TABLE 36 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR TEXTILE SOFTENERS BY REGION,
112
THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 29 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR TEXTILE SOFTENERS BY REGION,
112
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
VULCANIZATION 113
TABLE 37 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR RUBBER PRODUCTS BY REGION,
113
THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 30 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR RUBBER PRODUCTS BY REGION,
114
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
WAXES 114
TABLE 38 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR WAX PRODUCTS BY REGION,
115
THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 31 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR WAX PRODUCTS BY REGION,
115
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
DERIVATIVES 115
FIGURE 32 MAJOR FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES 116
TABLE 39 COMPARISON OF MINERAL OIL VS. FATTY ACID ESTERS FOR LUBRICANT
117
APPLICATIONS
TABLE 40 TYPICAL DIMER AND ISOSTEARIC ACIDS YIELD (%) 118
TABLE 41 COMMON TYPES OF FATTY ACID HYDROPHOBES 119

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TABLE 42 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR DERIVATIVES BY REGION, THROUGH
119
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 33 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR DERIVATIVES BY REGION,
119
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
OTHERS 121
TABLE 43 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR OTHERS BY REGION, THROUGH 2021
121
($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 34 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR OTHERS BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($
121
MILLIONS)
SURFACTANT ALTERNATIVES BASED ON FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY 122
RAW MATERIAL OVERVIEW 122
SPLIT OF FATS AND OILS CONSUMED IN FATTY ACID 123
TABLE 44 PERCENTAGE SHARE OF RAW MATERIALS FOR FATTY ACID, 2015-2021
123
(%)
FIGURE 35 PERCENTAGE SHARE OF RAW MATERIALS FOR FATTY ACID, 2015-2021
124
(%)
TABLE 45 CHOICE OF MATERIAL FOR SELECTED FATTY ACIDS 124
FIGURE 36 SPLIT ACROSS TROPICAL OILS, 2015-2021 (%) 124
TABLE 46 TROPICAL OILS PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION METRIC TONNES) 126
FIGURE 37 TROPICAL OILS PRODUCTION, 2007-2015 (MILLION METRIC TONNES) 126
BIODIESEL IMPACT ON RAW MATERIAL AVAILABILITY 126
ANIMAL RAW MATERIAL 127
TABLE 47 GLOBAL ANIMAL FATS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, THROUGH
128
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 38 GLOBAL ANIMAL FATS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
128
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TROPICAL OILS OVERVIEW 129
TABLE 48 GLOBAL TROPICAL OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
130
THROUGH 20121 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 39 GLOBAL TROPICAL OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
130
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
SOFT OILS OVERVIEW 131
TABLE 49 GLOBAL SOFT OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, THROUGH
132
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 40 GLOBAL SOFT OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, 2015-2021
132
($ MILLIONS)
CRUDE TALL OIL 133
TABLE 50 GLOBAL CRUDE TALL OIL MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
134
THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 41 GLOBAL CRUDE TALL OIL MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
135
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TOTAL RAW MATERIAL PICTURE FOR THE FATTY ACID INDUSTRY 135
TABLE 51 RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION BY REGION,
136
THROUGH 2021 (%)
TABLE 52 FATTY ACID MANUFACTURERS’ CONSUMPTION OF RAW MATERIALS BY
137
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
GLYCERIN 137
GLYCERIN GRADES 138
GLYCERIN PRODUCTION 138
TABLE 53 GLYCERIN PRODUCTION FROM NATURAL FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
139
THROUGH 2021 (THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS)

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BIODIESEL IMPACT ON GLYCERIN MARKET 139
TABLE 54 GLOBAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2008-2015 (%/MILLION MT) 139
FIGURE 42 GLOBAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2008-2015 (%) 139
GLYCERIN APPLICATIONS 141
TABLE 55 MAJOR ESTABLISHED GLYCERIN APPLICATIONS 141
New Outlets for Glycerin 142
TABLE 56 EMERGING GLYCERIN APPLICATIONS 142
OVERVIEW OF GLYCERIN PRICES 143
TABLE 57 AVERAGE GLYCERIN PRICE PER METRIC TONNE, 2005-2015 (%) 143
FIGURE 43 AVERAGE GLYCERIN PRICE PER METRIC TONNE, 2005-2015 (%) 144
TABLE 58 GLOBAL GLYCERINE MARKET, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) 144
FIGURE 44 GLOBAL GLYCERINE MARKET, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 144

CHAPTER 5 LEGISLATION 147

INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND LEGISLATION 148
HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS (HACCP) AND GOOD
148
MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP)
ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY (EHS) 148
GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING OF
148
CHEMICALS (GHS)
FIGURE 45 FIRST EXAMPLE OF GHS LABELING 149
FIGURE 46 SECOND EXAMPLE OF GHS LABELING 149
EUROPE 150
Raw Materials, Renewables, Energy 150
Animal Byproduct Regulation (ABPR) 150
TABLE 59 ABPR RISK CATEGORIES 151
Renewable Energy and Biofuels 153
Reach 155
VOC Solvents Emissions 156
AMERICAS 157
North America 157
Renewable Fuel Policies 157
Safe Cosmetics Act 158
EU ABPR Effects NAM/USA 159
Import Regulations 159
Latin America 160
Brazil 160
ASIA 161
Indonesia 161
Palm Oil Stimulation Plans and Regulations 161
Malaysia 162
Import and Export Regulations 163
Renewable Fuels Policy 163
India 164
Import Regulations 164
China 164
Import Regulations 164

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CHAPTER 6 TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF FATTY ACIDS 167
HISTORY 167
FIGURE 47 THE PRINCIPAL MODEL OF THE OIL LAMP HAS REMAINED THE SAME
167
THROUGHOUT HISTORY
COMPOSITION AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS 167
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF FATTY ACIDS 168
SHORT-, MIDDLE- AND LONG-CHAIN FREE FATTY ACIDS 169
TABLE 60 EXAMPLES OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND TWO EXAMPLES OF
170
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Conjugated Linoleic Acid 170
FIGURE 48 VISUALIZATION CIS AND TRANS 171
TABLE 61 EXAMPLES OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 171
SOURCES OF FATTY ACIDS 172
TABLE 49 GLOBAL SOFT OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, THROUGH
173
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
NATURAL SOURCES OF FATS AND OILS 173
Vegetable 173
Animal 174
DIFFERENT SOURCES AND EXCEPTIONS 174
PRODUCTION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS AND OILS 175
SPLITTING OR HYDROLYSIS 175
Saponification or Soap Boiling 175
FIGURE 50 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF SOAP BOILING PROCESS 175
Twitchell Process 176
FIGURE 51 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF TWITCHELL PROCESS 176
Autoclave or In-batch Splitting 177
FIGURE 52 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF AUTOCLAVE OR IN-BATCH SPLITTING 177
Colgate-Emery Process 177
FIGURE 53 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF COLGATE-EMERY SPLITTING PROCESS 178
Splitting of Specific Delicate Unsaturated Fatty Acids 178
FIGURE 54 FATTY ACID AND GLYCERIN PRODUCING REACTIONS 178
Byproduct Glycerin (aka Glycerol) 179
SEGREGATION, PURIFICATION AND HYDROGENATION 179
Segregation versus Separation 180
Distilled Fatty Acids 180
FIGURE 55 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF DISTILLATION PROCESS 180
Segregation of Raw Fatty Acids into Solids and Liquids 181
Historic Method: Pressing 181
Emersol Process 181
Solexol Process 182
Wet Separation Process 182
Follow-Up 182
Hydrogenation 183
FIGURE 56 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF HYDROGENATION PROCESS 183
GLYCERIN BACKGROUNDS AND PROCESSES 184
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 184
GLYCERIN RECOVERY 184
PURIFICATION 185

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CHEMISTRIES OF GLYCERIN 186
USES OF GLYCERIN 186
FATTY ACIDS REACTIONS AND DERIVATIVES 187
SALT FORMATION 187
ESTER FORMATION 187
FIGURE 57 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF A COMMON ESTERIFICATION PROCESS 188
Numerous Applications 188
Transesterification 189
FIGURE 58 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS 189
NITROGEN DERIVATIVES OF FATTY ACIDS 190
REDUCTION 191
HALOGENATION 192
REACTIONS ON THE HYDROCARBON CHAIN 192
Sulfation 192
Sulfonation 193
Sulfurization 193
Oxidation 193
Polymerization 193
Combustion 194
Reactions of Castor Oil and Its Fatty Acids 195

CHAPTER 7 PATENTS AND NEW TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN FATTY ACID TECHNOLOGY 197
INTRODUCTION 197
HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 197
ALGAE 198
ENZYMES AND MICROORGANISMS 199
HIGH ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED (HEAR) 200
HIGH OLEIC SUNFLOWER (HOS) 200
GLYCERIN 201
PATENT SEARCH 202
TABLE 62 FATTY ACID PATENTS, BY ASSIGNEE/INVENTOR 203

CHAPTER 8 COMPANY PROFILES 215

INTRODUCTION 215
MAJOR GLOBAL NATURAL FATTY ACID PLAYERS 216
FIGURE 59 MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL MAJOR PLAYERS, 2015 (%) 217
COMPANY PROFILES 218
AARHUSKARLSHAMN AB (AAK) 218
Recent Developments 219
A. AZEVEDO INDUSTRIA E COMERCIO DE OLEOS LTDA. 219
ABITEC CORP. (ASSOCIATED BRITISH INGREDIENT TECHNOLOGIES) 219
Recent Developments 220
ACIDCHEM INTERNATIONAL SDN. BHD. 220
ACME-HARDESTY 221
ADEKA CORPCORP. 221
ADVANCED ORGANIC MATTER S.A. (AOM) 222
AKZONOBEL/BOXING CHEMICAL CHINA 222

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ALEMDAR KIMYA ENDUSTRISI A.S. 223
ALLOCCO 223
AMBROGIO PAGANI SPA 224
ARIZONA CHEMICAL (KRATON) 224
Products and Applications 224
Recent Developments 225
ASHLAND INC. 226
BAERLOCHER GMBH 226
Recent Developments 227
BAKRIE SUMATERA 227
Recent Developments 227
BASF CORP. 228
Recent Developments 228
BEHN-MEYER HOLDING AG 228
BERG+SCHMIDT GMBH & CO. KG 229
Recent Developments 229
BRAIDO; GRUPO BRAIDO INDUSTRIA AGROQUIMICA 230
BRASWEY S.A. INDUSTRIA E COMERCIO 230
CAILA Y PARES, SA 231
CHEMITHON CORP. 231
CHEMOL COMPANY INC. 231
CHEMPRI OLEOCHEMICALS 232
CHEMREZ TECHNOLOGIES INC. 232
Recent Developments 232
CHIBA FATTY ACID CO. LTD. 233
CHRISTEYNS OLEOCHEMICALS (CHRISTEYNS NV) 233
Recent Developments 234
CISADANE RAYA CHEMICALS, PT (CRC) 234
COLGATE-PALMOLIVE (INDIA) LTD. 235
COMMODITY TRADING S.R.O. 235
CREMER OLEO 235
Recent Developments 236
CRODA INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS 237
Recent Developments 237
CROWN IRON WORKS COMPANY 237
Recent Developments 238
DAVY PROCESS TECHNOLOGY LTD. 238
DERICHEM (MALAYSIA) SDN. BHD. 238
DERIVES RESINIQUES ET TERPENIQUES SA, LES (DRT) 239
DESMET BALLESTRA OLEO 239
Recent Developments 239
DONGMA OILS AND FATS/DONGMA OLEOCHEMICALS CO. LTD. 240
DUA KUDA INDONESIA (PT) 240
EASTMAN CHEMICAL 240
ECOGREEN OLEOCHEMICALS PTE 241
Recent Developments 241
ELEVANCE RENEWABLE SCIENCES INC. 242

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Recent Developments 242
EMERY OLEOCHEMICALS 243
Recent Developments 244
ESTEARINA PARANAENSE, CIA. COMPANHIA 245
EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG 245
EXCELVITE. 246
FACI SPA 246
FATTY CHEMICAL (MALAYSIA) SDN. BHD. 247
FELDA GLOBAL VENTURES HOLDINGS SDN BHD (FGV) 247
FELDA IFFCO SDN. BHD. 248
FELDA IFFCO LLC. 248
FELDA IFFCO OIL PRODUCTS SDN. BHD. 249
FERRO CORP. 249
FINECHEM SPECIALTY LTD. 249
FORCHEM OY 250
Recent Developments 250
FPG OLEOCHEMICALS SDN. BHD. 251
GEORGIA-PACIFIC LLC (GP) 251
GLYCONA S.R.O. 251
Recent Developments 252
GODREJ INDUSTRIES LTD. 252
Recent Developments 252
HANGZHOU OLEOCHEMICALS CO. LTD. 253
Recent Developments 253
HARIMA CHEMICALS 253
Recent Developments 254
HB INTERNATIONAL SA 254
HOBUM OLEOCHEMICALS GMBH 255
HUDONG HOUSEHOLD AUXILIARIES COMPANY LIMITED 255
INTER-CONTINENTAL OILS AND FATS PTE. LTD. (ICOF) 256
IFFCO EMIRATES REFINING COMPANY LTD. 256
IMPERIAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS (THAILAND) CO. LTD. (IIC) 257
IMPERIAL-OEL-IMPORT (IOI) 257
INDUSTRIA CAMPINEIRA DE SABÃO E GLICERINA (CAMPINEIRA) 257
INTERMED SDN. BHD. 258
IOI OLEOCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES BHD. 258
ACIDCHEM INTERNATIONAL SDN. BHD. 258
Recent Developments 259
INDUSTRIAL OLEOCHEMICAL PRODUCTS, (IOP) 259
JAYANT AGRO-ORGANICS LIMITED 260
JIANGSU JINMA OIL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD. 260
JIANGSU NEW HUAMING OLEOCHEMICAL CO. LTD. 260
JIANGSU YONGLIN OLEOCHEMICAL CO. LTD. 261
JINAN HAOHUA INDUSTRY CO. LTD. 261
JOCIL LIMITED 262
KAO OLEOCHEMICAL 262
Kao Penang Group 262

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CHM062C - Global Markets for Oleochemical Fatty Acids

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Recent Developments 263
KASHIMA CHEMICAL CO. LTD. 263
KEMIRA CHEMIE GES.MBH 263
KERRY OLEOCHEMICAL SHANGHAI CO. LTD. 264
Recent Developments 264
KEWALRAM OILS SDN. BHD./KEWALRAM CHANRAI 265
KLK OLEOCHEMICALS (KUALA LUMPUR KEPONG BERHAD) 265
Products and Brands 266
Recent Developments 266
LAMBERTI ITALIA SPA 267
LASCARAY S.A. 267
LG CHEMICALS 268
LURGI (AIR LIQUIDE) 268
JJ-Lurgi Engineering (M) Sdn. Bhd. 269
MATERIA OLEOCHEMICALS ARGENTINA 269
MATERIA HNOS. S.A.C.I.F. 269
MATRIX OLEOCHEM SDN. BHD. 270
MAZZONI LB 270
INGEVITY 270
MERIDIONAL TCS IND. E COM DE OLEOS S/A 271
Recent Developments 271
MIGASA 271
MIRACEMA NUODEX INDUSTRIA QUIMICA LTDA. 272
MISSION NEWENERGY LTD. 272
MUDPETROL S.R.L. 273
MUSIM MAS 273
Recent Developments 274
MIYOSHI OIL AND FAT CO. LTD. 274
NANJING XINXU INDUSTRY LIMITED COMPANY 274
NEW JAPAN CHEMICAL CO. LTD. (NJC) 275
NIMIR INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS 275
NORDISCHE OLWERKE (WALTER) CARROUX GMBH 276
OLEO CHEMICAL A.S. 276
OLEOCHEM INDIA PVT. LTD. 276
OLEOMUD, COMPANIA QUIMICA 277
OLEON 277
OLEON N.V. 277
Recent Developments 278
OLEOQUIMICA BRAZIL 279
OXITENO 279
Recent Developments 280
PACIFIC OLEO/PACIFIC OLEOCHEMICALS SDN. BHD. 280
PAN CENTURY OLEOCHEMICALS SDN. BHD. 281
PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA III 281
Recent Developments 281
PERMATA HIJAU GROUP 282
PENTAL 282

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CHM062C - Global Markets for Oleochemical Fatty Acids

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Recent Developments 283
PETER GREVEN GMBH & CO. KG 283
Recent Developments 283
PILIPINAS KAO 284
PMC BIOGENIX 284
Recent Developments 285
PRIGNITZER CHEMIE GMBH 285
PROCTER & GAMBLE CHEMICALS 285
Recent Developments 286
PT. BINA KARYA PRIMA 286
PTT GLOBAL CHEMICAL PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED (PTTCH) 287
QUIMIC S.A. DE C.V. 287
RAJ CHEMICALS 287
RIKEVITA SDN BHD 288
(RUGAO) SHUANGMA CHEMICAL CO. LTD. 288
SAKAMOTO ORIENT CHEMICALS CORP. (SOCC) 289
SAKAMOTO YAKUHIN KOGYO CO. LTD. 289
SEGEZHA PPM 289
SERVOTECH INDIA LTD. 290
SETUZA A.S. 290
SHANGHAI SOAP CO. LTD. 290
SICHUAN TIANYU OLEOCHEMICAL CO. LTD. 291
SIME DARBY 291
Recent Developments 292
SIM ESTEARINA 292
SINAR OLEOCHEMICAL INTERNATIONAL, PT SOCI MAS 292
SMARANA OLEO CHEMICALS SDN. BHD. 293
SO.G.I.S INDUSTRIA CHIMICA S.P.A. 293
TERRAVIA 293
Recent Developments 294
SOUTHERN ACIDS BERHAD 294
SREE RAYALASEEMA ALKALIES AND ALLIED CHEMICALS LTD. 295
PT SUMI ASIH 295
SUNSHINE OLEOCHEMICALS LTD. 296
SWEE KEE M&E AND CONSTRUCTION SDN. BHD. 296
TAIKO PALM OLEO 296
TALLOW PRODUCTS PTY. LTD. 297
TECK GUAN OLEOCHEMICAL 297
THAI CASTOR OIL INDUSTRIES COMPANY LTD. 298
THAI OLEOCHEMICALS 298
TIMUR OLEOCHEMICALS 299
TRIVEDI ENTERPRISES PVT. LTD. 299
TWIN RIVERS TECHNOLOGIES (FELDA COMPANY) 299
UNION DERIVAN, SA (UNDESA) 300
Recent Developments 300
UNITED COCONUT CHEMICALS INC. 301
VANTAGE OLEOCHEMICALS 301

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CHM062C - Global Markets for Oleochemical Fatty Acids

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VVF LTD. 302
Recent Developments 302
WILMAR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 303
Recent Developments 304
WUJIANG JINYU LANOLIN CO. LTD. 304
YIHAI (LIANYUNGANG)OLEOCHEMICAL IND. 304
YUEYANG CH-CHENG OLEOCHEMICALS CO. LTD. 305
ZIBO FENBAO CHEMICAL CO. LTD/ZIBO KEHONG GREASE CO. LTD. 305

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CHM062C - Global Markets for Oleochemical Fatty Acids

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE HEADING PAGE NO.
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS, THROUGH 2021 ($
9
MILLIONS)
TABLE 1 AN OVERVIEW OF OLEOCHEMICALS 16
TABLE 2 NATURAL SATURATED FATTY ACIDS WITH CARBON CHAIN LENGTH,
19
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND EXAMPLES OF ORIGIN
TABLE 3 NATURAL UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS WITH CARBON CHAIN LENGTH,
20
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND EXAMPLES OF ORIGIN
TABLE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OILS AND FATS PRODUCTION BY SOURCE, THROUGH
32
2021 (MILLION METRIC TONS)
TABLE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OILS AND FATS PRODUCTION BY REGION, THROUGH
37
2021 (MILLION METRIC TONS)
TABLE 6 COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF NATURAL OILS AND FATS 41
TABLE 7 SELECTED PROPERTIES OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS 47
TABLE 8 SELECTED PROPERTIES OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 51
TABLE 9 PROPERTIES OF GLYCERIN 53
TABLE 10 EXAMPLE OF PROPERTIES OF TOFA 53
TABLE 11 SELECTION OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS WITH AN IMPACT IN THE
64
FATTY ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES INDUSTRY
TABLE 12 CAPACITY CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENTS 66
TABLE 13 SNAPSHOT OF BASE FATTY ACID CAPACITY BY REGION, 2015 (MILLION
84
METRIC TONS)
TABLE 14 GLOBAL MARKET FOR BASE FATTY ACID CONSUMPTION BY REGION,
85
THROUGH 2021 (%*)
TABLE 15 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR OLEIC ACID AND ITS SIMPLE DERIVATIVES 86
TABLE 16 REAL DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATES, 2014-2017 (%) 87
TABLE 17 SPLIT OF FATTY ACID TYPES ACROSS REGIONS IN TERMS OF
90
CONSUMPTION, 2015 (%)
TABLE 18 EXAMPLES OF DISTILLED FATTY ACIDS 91
TABLE 19 EXAMPLES OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 92
TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKETS FOR DFA AND PUFA BY REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($
92
MILLIONS)
TABLE 21 EXAMPLES OF FRACTIONATED FATTY ACIDS 93
TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FFA BY REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) 94
TABLE 23 EXAMPLES OF STEARIC FATTY ACIDS 95
TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR STEARIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($
96
MILLIONS)
TABLE 25 EXAMPLES OF OLEIC FATTY ACIDS 97
TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OLEIC ACID BY REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($
98
MILLIONS)
TABLE 27 AVERAGE PRICE OF FATTY ACIDS, THROUGH 2021 ($/METRIC TON) 100
TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FATTY ACID BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2021 ($
101
MILLIONS)
TABLE 29 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR ANIMAL FEED BY REGION, THROUGH
103
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 30 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES BY
104
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 31 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR DETERGENTS AND CLEANERS BY
106
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 32 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR EMULSION POLYMERIZATION BY
107
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)

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CHM062C - Global Markets for Oleochemical Fatty Acids

TABLE HEADING PAGE NO.

TABLE 33 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR LUBRICANTS BY REGION, THROUGH
109
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 34 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR ORE PROCESSING CHEMICALS BY
110
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 35 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR RESIN BY REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($
111
MILLIONS)
TABLE 36 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR TEXTILE SOFTENERS BY REGION,
112
THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 37 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR RUBBER PRODUCTS BY REGION,
113
THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 38 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR WAX PRODUCTS BY REGION,
115
THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 39 COMPARISON OF MINERAL OIL VS. FATTY ACID ESTERS FOR LUBRICANT
117
APPLICATIONS
TABLE 40 TYPICAL DIMER AND ISOSTEARIC ACIDS YIELD (%) 118
TABLE 41 COMMON TYPES OF FATTY ACID HYDROPHOBES 119
TABLE 42 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR DERIVATIVES BY REGION, THROUGH
119
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 43 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR OTHERS BY REGION, THROUGH 2021
121
($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 44 PERCENTAGE SHARE OF RAW MATERIALS FOR FATTY ACID, 2015-2021 (%) 123
TABLE 45 CHOICE OF MATERIAL FOR SELECTED FATTY ACIDS 124
TABLE 46 TROPICAL OILS PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION METRIC TONNES) 126
TABLE 47 GLOBAL ANIMAL FATS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, THROUGH
128
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 48 GLOBAL TROPICAL OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, THROUGH
130
20121 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 49 GLOBAL SOFT OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, THROUGH
132
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 50 GLOBAL CRUDE TALL OIL MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
134
THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 51 RAW MATERIAL CONSUMPTION IN FATTY ACID PRODUCTION BY REGION,
136
THROUGH 2021 (%)
TABLE 52 FATTY ACID MANUFACTURERS’ CONSUMPTION OF RAW MATERIALS BY
137
REGION, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 53 GLYCERIN PRODUCTION FROM NATURAL FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
139
THROUGH 2021 (THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS)
TABLE 54 GLOBAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2008-2015 (%/MILLION MT) 139
TABLE 55 MAJOR ESTABLISHED GLYCERIN APPLICATIONS 141
TABLE 56 EMERGING GLYCERIN APPLICATIONS 142
TABLE 57 AVERAGE GLYCERIN PRICE PER METRIC TONNE, 2005-2015 (%) 143
TABLE 58 GLOBAL GLYCERINE MARKET, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) 144
TABLE 59 ABPR RISK CATEGORIES 151
TABLE 60 EXAMPLES OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND TWO EXAMPLES OF
170
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
TABLE 61 EXAMPLES OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 171
TABLE 49 GLOBAL SOFT OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, THROUGH
173
2021 ($ MILLIONS)
TABLE 62 FATTY ACID PATENTS, BY ASSIGNEE/INVENTOR 203

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CHM062C - Global Markets for Oleochemical Fatty Acids

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO.
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR NATURAL FATTY ACIDS,THROUGH 2021 ($
9
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 1 BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE OLEOCHEMICAL INDUSTRY 17
FIGURE 2 SATURATED FATTY ACID 18
FIGURE 3 UNSATURATED FATTY ACID 18
FIGURE 4 GLYCERIN MOLECULE 22
FIGURE 5 ESTER MOLECULE 26
FIGURE 6 ETHANAMIDE 27
FIGURE 7 AMINES 28
FIGURE 8 SULFONATE 29
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OILS AND FATS PRODUCTION BY SOURCE, 2015 (%) 32
FIGURE 10 GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE/ANIMAL FATS AND OILS, 2015 AND
33
2021 (%)
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF OILS AND FATS, 2000 AND 2015 (%) 35
FIGURE 12 SPLITTING COLUMN 55
FIGURE 13 RSPO ENTRY PAGE FOR PLAYERS IN THE PALM OIL PRODUCTION SUPPLY
76
CHAIN
FIGURE 14 SNAPSHOT OF BASE FATTY ACID CAPACITY BY REGION, 2015 (MILLION
84
METRIC TONS)
FIGURE 15 GLOBAL MARKET FOR BASE FATTY ACID CONSUMPTION BY REGION,
85
2015-2021 (%)
FIGURE 16 REAL DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATES, 2014 TO 2017 (%) 88
FIGURE 17 GLOBAL MARKETS FOR DFA AND PUFA BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($
92
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FFA BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 94
FIGURE 19 GLOBAL MARKET FOR STEARIC ACID BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 96
FIGURE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OLEIC ACID BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 98
FIGURE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FATTY ACID BY SEGMENT, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 101
FIGURE 22 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR ANIMAL FEED BY REGION, 2015-2021
103
($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES BY
104
REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 24 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR DETERGENTS AND CLEANERS BY
106
REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 25 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR EMULSION POLYMERIZATION BY
107
REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 26 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR LUBRICANTS BY REGION, 2015-2021
109
($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 27 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR ORE PROCESSING CHEMICALS BY
110
REGION, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 28 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR RESIN BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($
111
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 29 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR TEXTILE SOFTENERS BY REGION,
112
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 30 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR RUBBER PRODUCTS BY REGION,
114
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 31 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR WAX PRODUCTS BY REGION,
115
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 32 MAJOR FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES 116

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CHM062C - Global Markets for Oleochemical Fatty Acids

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO.

FIGURE 33 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR DERIVATIVES BY REGION, 2015-2021
119
($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 34 GLOBAL FATTY ACIDS MARKET FOR OTHERS BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($
121
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 35 PERCENTAGE SHARE OF RAW MATERIALS FOR FATTY ACID, 2015-2021
124
(%)
FIGURE 36 SPLIT ACROSS TROPICAL OILS, 2015-2021 (%) 124
FIGURE 37 TROPICAL OILS PRODUCTION, 2007-2015 (MILLION METRIC TONNES) 126
FIGURE 38 GLOBAL ANIMAL FATS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, 2015-2021
128
($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 39 GLOBAL TROPICAL OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
130
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 40 GLOBAL SOFT OILS MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION, 2015-2021 ($
132
MILLIONS)
FIGURE 41 GLOBAL CRUDE TALL OIL MARKET FOR FATTY ACIDS BY REGION,
135
2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS)
FIGURE 42 GLOBAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2008-2015 (%) 139
FIGURE 43 AVERAGE GLYCERIN PRICE PER METRIC TONNE, 2005-2015 (%) 144
FIGURE 44 GLOBAL GLYCERINE MARKET, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 144
FIGURE 45 FIRST EXAMPLE OF GHS LABELING 149
FIGURE 46 SECOND EXAMPLE OF GHS LABELING 149
FIGURE 47 THE PRINCIPAL MODEL OF THE OIL LAMP HAS REMAINED THE SAME
167
THROUGHOUT HISTORY
FIGURE 48 VISUALIZATION CIS AND TRANS 171
FIGURE 50 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF SOAP BOILING PROCESS 175
FIGURE 51 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF TWITCHELL PROCESS 176
FIGURE 52 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF AUTOCLAVE OR IN-BATCH SPLITTING 177
FIGURE 53 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF COLGATE-EMERY SPLITTING PROCESS 178
FIGURE 54 FATTY ACID AND GLYCERIN PRODUCING REACTIONS 178
FIGURE 55 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF DISTILLATION PROCESS 180
FIGURE 56 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF HYDROGENATION PROCESS 183
FIGURE 57 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF A COMMON ESTERIFICATION PROCESS 188
FIGURE 58 SIMPLE VISUALIZATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS 189
FIGURE 59 MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL MAJOR PLAYERS, 2015 (%) 217

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