Introduction

Model

Formulation
Computational method for
Application
the dynamics of railway tracks on
Conclusions a non-uniform viscoelastic foundation

T. Hoang1, D. Duhamel1, G. Foret1, J-L. Pochet²

1Laboratoire Navier, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, France, 2Eurotunnel Group, France
 Introduction
Introduction • Dynamic models of a railway track
Model • Loads of a train (wheel - rail contact)
Formulation • Rail and sleepers
Application • Ballast and foundation
Conclusions • Coupling of analytic and numerical
models

Non-uniform zone

09/11/2017 Computational method for the dynamics of railway tracks on a non-uniform viscoelastic foundation 2 /12
 Analytic models of railway tracks
Introduction
Identical supports Non-uniform supports:
Model
• Models of Mead (1970s) • The support stiffness can be non-
Formulation
• Model for viscoelastic foundation identical by different reasons:
Application
of Metrikine et al. (1999) • Damages of sleepers, rail pads
Conclusions
• Model for nonlinear foundation by • Non-homogenous foundation,
Hoang et al. (2015) transition zone,…
• Existing models: Hoang et al.
𝒗 (2016)
𝑄#
[1] T. Hoang et al.,Response of a Periodically Supported
Beam on a Non-Uniform Viscoelastic Foundation subject to
kn Moving Loads, proceeding of RAILWAY 2016, Cagliari, Italy.

09/11/2017 Computational method for the dynamics of railway tracks on a non-uniform viscoelastic foundation 3 /12
 nodal forces replaced DISbyD the
IL sleeperDII displacement uI 0 contac
and
result from equation 7
and R s = (R1 · · · RN )T the vectors of the displacements and re
By
result from equation
substituting
⎛ ∗ ∗ ∗ the⎞ ⎛ second
⎜⎜⎜ DS S D̃7S L DS I ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ wS ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ −RS ⎟⎟⎟
⎞ ⎛ and⎞ third rows o

Non-uniform supports ⎛ [1] ⎜⎜⎜∗ ∗ ⎞ ⎛

D̃ D̃ D̃ u = 0
⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎛ ⎟⎟⎟ ⎞⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎜ DS S D̃⎜⎝S L R
∗ S =
∗ LL −wD̃ LIS ⎟⎠w L
LS
⎞
∗DS I ⎟
⎜ ⎜ S ⎟ ⎟ ⎜⎝ S⎜⎜ −R
⎜ ⎟
⎟⎠ S ⎟⎟⎜⎝⎜ ⎟⎟⎠
⎜⎜⎜ ∗ DIS D̃⎟⎟⎟⎟IL⎜⎜⎜⎜ DII⎟⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜⎜uI
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟⎟ 0
⎜⎜⎝ D̃LS D̃LL D̃LI ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ uL ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟⎟
By
where
∗ substituting ⎠ ⎝the second ⎠ ⎝ and⎠third rows of the afore
D IS D̃ IL D II u I 0
𝒗 * D̃LL D̃LI −1 + ,
Non-uniform D̃=Szone
) ∗
Introduction RSthe
By substituting −=D̃SD̃
secondwSand− third
D̃ rows
D ∗ of the aforementio
SS SL SI
where
D̃IL DII
Model RS = −D̃S wS
,−1 + ∗ ,
Formulation where On the other ) side,
∗ ∗
the
* +
beam
D̃LL D̃LI and itsLS supp
D̃
D̃S = D̃S S − D̃S L DS I ∗
• There are some supports with • permits to obtain + a relation
Relation between displacements D̃,IL +between
−1 D II ∗ , DISthe s
Application ) ∗ * D̃LL D̃LI D̃LS
and reaction forces of supports
∗
D̃S equation
= D̃ − and
D̃ Dthe steady state condition isas
mof
Conclusions
different behaviors placed OnSthe
S other S L side,
S I theD̃beamD and itsDsupports
∗
IL II IS
between identical supports On the
permits to obtain a relation between the supports di
C
other side, e R̃the S =
the w̃S +
beam and wecondition
equation and steady stateits supportsasisfollows
modelled (see
• The non-uniform zone has no permitswhere 𝑪 to obtain, 𝒘
where %
a relation
R̃ % and w̃
between the supports displacem
depend only on the
are the sleeper responses
Ce R̃steady
S S= w̃state S +w
parameters of the rail and the loads.
Scondition
dynamical effect on the supports equation and
with
the
is transformation
e
T : vector of all sleeper reaction
as follows
matrix
(see [1])
ofinthe two
responses at a large distance where • R̃
Ce R̃S = w̃S + we
S and w̃ S are the sleeper responses the refer
with Tforces in the moving reference
isTtransformation a1
iω matrix
a2
iω vof the two a
iω vNreferences
) *
• The supports at large distance from where R̃S and = the diag
• w̃S : vector of all sleepers
are ) sleeper
v e a · *·in· ethe reference of
e aresponses
the non-uniform zone are in the with T is transformation
a1
iω v iω v2 iω vN
Tdisplacement in the moving reference
= diag ematrix e of ·the · · etwo references which
steady-state. where a p is the coordinate of the sleeper p.
[1] T. Hoang et al., proceeding
) a1 a2 of RAILWAY 2016, Cagliari, Italy.
aN *
T where
= diaga peiω is thev eiω ⎛coordinate
v · · · eiω vof the sleeper ⎞ p. The funct
⎛ ⎜⎜ η0 η1 · · ⎞· ηm−1 ⎟⎟
09/11/2017 Computational method for the dynamics where ⎜⎜⎜ η0⎜⎜⎜ viscoelastic
of railway tracks on a non-uniform
a p is the coordinate ηof · · ηsleeper
1 ·the foundation
m−1 ⎟⎟⎟ p. The 4 /12
⎟⎟⎟ functions Ce
⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ ηm−1 η0 · · ⎟⎟· ηm−2 ⎟⎟ K 1
 If we separate the inner and boundary DOF result
of the from equation we
foundation, 7 can write
D dynamical stiffness matrix of the foundation ⎛ ∗ ∗ ∗ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
S denotes
⎛ the ⎞ foundation ⎛ DOF ⎞ at the contact surfaces with ⎜ D D̃ SL D
⎜⎜⎜ S∗ Sthe sleepers
SI ⎟
⎟ ⎜
⎜ w S ⎟
⎟ ⎜
⎜ −R S ⎟
⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎜ Stheu ⎜⎜⎜ SDOFf ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎟⎟⎟ at the left boundary ⎜⎜⎜ D̃LS D̃LL D̃LI ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ uL ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟⎟⎟
Coupling of analytic model and FEM
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
denotes ⎟⎟⎟ foundation ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
L ⎜⎜⎜ u ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟⎟ ⎝ ∗
D D̃ D u 0
⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
L L
R udenotes
= ⎜⎜⎜ the
⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ , foundation
⎟ F = ⎜⎜⎜ DOF
⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ at the right boundary
⎟ IS IL II I
2 denotes ⎜⎜⎝ uRthe ⎟⎟⎠ other foundation fR ⎟⎟⎠ name
⎜⎜⎝Author DOF
/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
I By substituting the second and third rows of the
ω angular uIfrequency 0
Dj
Introduction
Qe equivalent force of the Qj
periodically supported beam RS =v −D̃S wS
where S , L , R and
Ke equivalent I denote
stiffness of the for the nodessupported
periodically in the different
beam parts of the foundation as shown
where
Model nomenclature). Then, equation 3 can be rewritten as follows
) ∗ * + D̃LL D̃LI ,−1 + D̃∗
Formulation ∗ LS
⎛Left (L) ⎞⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ a D̃S = D̃S S −
R p D̃S L DS I Right (R)
D̃IL equation
DII ∗
DS Sthe
By using
⎜⎜boundary Dfinite
SL D SR D
element
Sleeper ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ uS ⎟⎟we can
(S)S I method ⎜⎜ fS obtain the following results from the dynamicboundary ofDthe
IS
Application contact surfaces ⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟Defect zone
⎟⎟
D D D D
⎜⎜⎜ LS LL LR LI ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ uL ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ fL ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎜ ⎟
M
⎟
ü(t) + Cu̇(t) + Ku(t) =⎟⎟ ⎜⎜F(t) ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ On the other side, the beam and its supports i
Conclusions ⎜⎜⎜ D
⎜⎝ RS DRL DRR DRI ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ uR ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ fR ⎟⎟⎠ permits to obtain a relation between the suppor
• Dynamic equation of the
where DC
M, DILK D
IS and areIRtheDmass,
II udamping
I 0
and stiffnessAnalytic formulation:
• equation andofthe
matrices thesteady state condition
foundation, as follow
and u(t), F(t) are the
foundation:
placements and forces. We can write
Fig. the aforementioned
1. Coupling equation
of analytical and numerical
In !the steady state,"we suppose that the defect zone is included C e R̃ in the frequency domain
models
S = w̃S + wein a sufficiently large in
dynamical−ω2 Mresponses
+ iωC + Kare unchanged
u(ω) = F(ω) when thewhere moving S forces
R̃and and w̃S come theand
aremethods. leave
sleeper this
responses interval
in the
This article presents a new model which is a coupling How to substitute the boundary condition
of analytical numerical When the rail togethe
with itsequal to the time for the
or Boundary conditions:
supports is considered as a force to cover
periodically the length
supported withofHoang
beam, T the track
et al. interval
is transformation [1,7] (so-called
matrix
proved a of the
relation the
twosteady
betweenrefere
ths
support•displacements
and the analytic formulation into the
andωLreaction forces inωLthe steady state and this relation )holds a
iω v1 for
a2
iω all types iω
aN *
of foundation. By
T = diag e e v ···e
e relation fordynamic equation of the foundation?
v
i v i v
uR = umodel,
using this analytical
D(ω)u(ω) ,we fcan
L e= F(ω) R =write
−fL this all DOF at the contact surfaces between the sleepers an
the foundation. Then, this relation is substituted in the finite where a p is
element modelthe coordinate
of the foundationof theinsleeper
order to Theth
p.get
where
dynamical L, v are
response.
09/11/2017 the length
Computational of the intervalof railway tracks on a non-uniform
method for the dynamics and the moving force speed respectively.
⎛ viscoelastic foundation 5 /12
⎜⎜ η0 η1 · · · ηm−1 ⎟⎟
⎞
 If we separate the inner and boundary DOF ofwhere the foundation, we can
S , L , R and I denote for the write nodes in the different parts of the founda
where S , L⎛, R and ⎞ I denote ⎛ for ⎞ the nodes in the different By using
nomenclature).
partsthe of finite
Then,
the element
equation
foundation
3 can be method
as
rewrittenwe
shown can
as follows
in Figureobtain 1 the Tab
(see foll
uS ⎟⎟ fS ⎟⎟ where ⎞ ⎛ S⎞ L⎛ R⎞ , , and I denote for the n
nomenclature). ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟Then, equation ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ 3 can be rewritten as follows ⎜⎜⎜ DS S DS L DS R DS I ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ uS ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ fS ⎟⎟⎟
⎜ ⎜ ⎛
nomenclature). Then, equation 3 can
⎜ ⎜
⎜⎜⎜M ü(t)
DLL+DC u̇(t) ⎟⎟+⎜⎜⎜ uKu(t) ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ f=⎟⎟⎟F(t)
Developing dynamic equation
⎜⎜⎜ uL ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ fL ⎟⎟⎟ DLS LR DLI ⎟
u
⎛ ⎜⎜⎜ u ⎟⎟⎟ = , F = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ L⎟ ⎟ = ⎜ L⎟

⎜⎜⎜ DS S⎜⎝ DRS ⎟⎠L DS R DS ⎜⎜⎜⎝I ⎟⎟⎟fR⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟⎠uS ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ fS ⎟⎟⎟
⎜ ⎞ ⎛⎟ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎜⎜⎜ D D D D ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ u ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ RS RL RR RI ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎛R ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠
where DM, IS CDILand DIR K DIIareu⎜the I DSmass, damping and ⎞stiffness
⎛ ⎞ m⎛
⎜⎜⎜ S DS L DS R DS I ⎟⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜⎜ uS ⎟⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜⎜
⎜⎜⎜ D uDI D D ⎟⎟⎟0⎜⎜⎜ u ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟⎟ 0
⎜⎜⎜ LS LL LR LI ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎜ DRS DRL DRR DRI ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ uR ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ fR ⎟⎟⎟ placements
In the steady and forces.
state, we suppose ⎜⎜⎜We D canthe
that
LS D write
LL
the
D
defect aforementioned
zone
LR D is LI ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ uinL ⎟⎟⎟a suffic
included eq⎜⎜⎜
where SD, L , RD andDI denote
⎝
IR DII
⎠ ⎝for
uI the nodes
⎠ ⎝
0
⎠ in the dynamical
different parts ofare
! responses theunchanged
foundation
⎜⎜⎜ " whenastheshown moving in Figure
forces ⎜⎜⎜ 1and
⎟⎟⎟come =
⎟⎟⎟(see
leav⎜ T
Expansion of dynamic equation:
•nomenclature). IS IL D D D D u ⎜
Then, equation 3 can be rewrittenequal as follows to−ω
2
M for+ iωC +K RS the=RL
u(ω) F(ω)ofRRthe(1) RI ⎟ ⎜⎜⎝ R (so-call ⎜
Introduction the time the force
⎜⎜⎝to cover length track ⎟⎠interval ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝
In the DIS Dlarge IL Dinterval
IR DIIof track uI so tha
Model ⎛ steady state, we suppose ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ that ⎛ the ⎞ defect zoneuis included
R = uL e
i ωL in a sufficiently
, fR = −fL e
ωL
i
or S: sleeper contact surfaces
v v
dynamical ⎜⎜⎜ DS SresponsesDS L DS Rare DSunchanged
I⎟⎟ ⎜
⎜ uS ⎟⎟ when ⎜
⎜ fS ⎟⎟ the moving forces come and leave this interval but with a delay whi
theL: left boundary ofnodes
In the steady thestate,
statewe suppose th
⎜⎜⎜ D D D D ⎟⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜⎜ u ⎟⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟⎟⎟
Formulation equal ⎜⎜to the LS time LL forLRthe force
LI ⎟ ⎜ toL cover ⎟ = ⎜ the (2)
L ⎟ length where
of L, v are interval
track the length(so-calledthe intervaltheandsteady moving force
condition)speed respectiv
ByR: right boundary
D(ω)u(ω)equation
substituting = F(ω) 6nodes into equation 5 and transforming the rows and
⎜⎜⎜ D D D D ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ u ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Application
⎜⎝ RS RL ωL
RR RI ⎟ ⎜ RωL⎟ ⎜ R⎟ dynamical
to uL and uR , we can obtain the following result
responses are unchanged
i
eiI v I: other nodes
⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
uRD= IS uD L eIL v D, IRfRD=II −fL u 0 equal to the time for the force to cov
Conclusions
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜⎜ DS S D̃S L DS I ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ uS ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ fS ⎟⎟⎟
where are thestate,
L, vsteady
In the lengthweofsuppose
the interval
thatand
thethe moving
defect zone ⎜⎜⎜ force
is D̃
⎜⎜⎝ D̃LS speed
D̃LI ⎟⎟⎟⎟respectively.
included ⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ in ⎟⎟⎟a sufficiently
uL ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟⎟⎟
⎜ ⎟ large interval of track so
• By using the foundation boundary condition: i ωL i ωL
LL ⎜
uleave =u of ,the matrix
L e interval fbut
R =with
−f Laedelay w
⎜ v v
By substituting equation 6 into equation
when 5the
andmoving
transforming IS D̃IL the
Dforces D II rows I and
uand R0columns D correspon
⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
dynamical responses are unchanged come this
to uL and
equal to theuR time
, we can obtain
for the thetofollowing
force cover theresult
lengthwhere
of the track interval (so-called the steady state condition)
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ωL ⎞ where i
L, v are−i
the length of the interv
ωL ωL
⎜⎜⎜uDS=S uD̃SeLi vD,S I ⎟⎟⎟f⎜⎜⎜ u=S ⎟⎟⎟−f e⎜⎜⎜ifSv ⎟⎟⎟
ωL D̃LL = DLL + DRR + e DLR + e DRL v v

⎜⎜⎜ R L ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜R ⎟⎟⎟ L ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ By substituting equation 6 into eq

(3)
ωL ωL
⎜⎜⎝ D̃LS D̃LL D̃LI ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ uL ⎟⎟⎠ = ⎜⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎟⎠ D̃S L = DS L + ei DS R , D̃IL = DIL + ei DIR
v v

−i u L and uR , we −i
+ eto DRS , D̃LI = DLI + e can DRIobtain the follo
ωL ωL
where L, DvIS are
D̃ILtheDlength
II uIof the interval
0 and the moving D̃LSforce
= DLSspeed respectively. v v

By substituting equation 6 into equation 5 and transforming Equation 7 is a the rows

reduced
⎛and
form of columns
the dynamic of the
⎞ ⎛matrix
equation under
⎞ the D ⎛steady
corres ⎞s
where ⎜ DS S between
D̃S L D ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜⎜ uSand⎟⎟⎟⎟ the foundatio
theSsleepers
I⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ fS ⎟⎟⎟
to uL and uR , we can obtain the following result nodal forces fS at the contact⎜⎜⎜⎜surface
D̃ D̃ D̃ u 0
⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜⎜ Theref ⎟⎟⎟
i ωL ωL with one degree of freedom corresponding to its vertical
−i ⎜ LS LL LI
⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜displacement.
L
⎛D̃LL = DLL + DRR ⎞ ⎛+ e ⎞v D⎛LR +⎞ e v DRL ⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟⎠
09/11/2017 ⎜⎜⎜ DS S Computational
D̃S L DS Ii ωL ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ u ⎜⎜⎜ fS ⎟⎟⎟
method for the dynamics surface with a sleeper have the
of railway tracks on a non-uniform same vertical
D D̃
viscoelastic D
foundation 6
displacementuwhich is equal 0 to
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
S ⎟ i ωL
IS IL II I /12
D̃⎜⎜⎜ S˜ L = ˜DS L +˜ e ⎟⎟⎟v ⎜⎜⎜DS R⎟⎟⎟, ⎜⎜⎜D̃IL⎟⎟⎟ = DIL + e v D
⎟
⎟ weIRdenote w1 , R1 the displacement and reaction force of the sleeper S 1 as sho
 k
By substituting equation 6 into equation 5 and transforming the nodal force the rows fi withand ∂S 1 .
i ∈ columns of the matrix D c
By combining equations 8 and 9, we have
to uL and uR , we can obtain the following result 4 In a similar way, we have Author name / Procedia Engineering 0
!! ! ! ! ⎛⎜ ! ⎞⎟
Sleepers – foundation contact where ∂S f = is the d
contact u +
surface d
between u ⎜⎜⎜ the ∀k ⎟⎟⎟ S !
sleeper
−Rk 1 = ki i dik uk = ki i ⎜ dik ⎟⎟⎠ uk =1 and the d̃S 1fo
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 1
⎜⎜⎜ DS S D̃S L DS I ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ uS ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ fS ⎟⎟⎟ DSM corresponding to nodal force f and
⎜⎝
d the column of DSM
k
c
i!∂S 1 1 k i∈∂S 1 i ki
i∈∂S k i∈∂S 1 k
D̃ D̃ D̃ u = 0
⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎝ LS LL LI ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ L ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ ⎟⎟⎠ !
Author name / Procedia Engineering 00 By fi =
substituting d ( u equation ∀i ∈ ∂S 1 8 3into the aforementioned eq
DIS D̃IL DII uI 0 (2017) 000–000 where d̃S 1kk =ik k i∈∂S 1
dik . Thus, equation 10 defines a new
ByCombining of rows:
the nodal force f with i ⎛∈ ∂S . ⎞
Introduction where
R 1 , w1 Contact surface
∂S ∂S
• combining equations 8 and
! i ⎜⎜⎜ ! 9, we 1 have ⎟⎟⎟ !
Ri , ui
∂S 1 2 3 In afksimilar = !! way,
dki uiwe + ⎜⎜⎜⎝have ⎛ dki ⎟ ⎟⎟⎠ w⎞⎟1 = ! dki ui + d̃kS 1
Model ! ! ⎜⎜⎜⎜ ! ⎜ ! ⎟⎟⎟
ωL
i v −i vωL −R 1 = i!∂S 1 d ik u k = i∈∂S 1 d ik ⎟⎟⎠ uk = i!∂S d̃1 S k uk
D̃LL = DLL + DRR + e DLR + e DRL f k = d
k
u
ki i + k
d
⎜
⎝ u
ki i ∀k k
1
i∈∂S ( 1 i∈∂S 1
Formulation
D̃IL = DIL + ei v DIRwhere d̃ 1 (= 1 i∈∂S 1 dki . 1Hence, equation 12 defines
ωL ωL i!∂S i∈∂S
D̃S L = DS L + ei v DS R , where d̃S kS k = i∈∂S dik . Thus, equation 10 defines a new row of D
•theCombining of columns
1 1
Application −i ωL
−i ωL sponding
By substituting to
nodal force fi with DOF equationuii ∈with ∂S 18 . iinto∈ ∂Sthe 1 . aforementioned equa
4 D̃LS = DLS + e v DRS , D̃LI =Author DLI +name DRI In
e / Procedia
v Engineering 00 (2017)⎛ 000–000⎞
Therefore,
a similar! way, wewecan have⎜replace ! ⎟⎟⎟rows and !columns of D
Conclusions ! ⎜⎜⎜
surface f=kwith
=theeach di ki+sleeper
ui + d⎜⎜⎝kiuby theirs
d∀k ⎟⎟ w1 sums = if to dkiobtain
udenote a ne
i + d̃kS w
!
where ∂S is the contact surface between
Equation 7 is a reduced form of the dynamic equation underi!∂Sthe steadyi∈∂S
1 the sleeper S 1 f and
k d foundation.
ki u i Therefore,
ki ⎟
state condition. ⎠ weWe need 1 di
to
DSM
nodal • Nodal loads at contact surfaces
forcescorresponding
f S at the to
contactnodal force
surface fi and
between d ki the
the
nodal of
column
sleepers
forces
and
i!∂S replaced
DSM the
1 i∈∂S by the
corresponding1
foundation.
1 1 sleeper displacement
to
We
T into the aforementioned equation, we ob
DOF i!∂S 1
suppose u i , we have
that
and
the sl
Fig. 2. Nodal ! forces and displacement at sleeper contact surfaces and
By R
substituting= (R · · ·
equation
( R )8 the vectors of the displacement
where N 1 dki . Hence, equation 12 defines a
with one degree fi = of
dikfreedom
uk ∀i ∈corresponding ∂S 1 to its vertical •result s d̃kS 1 =
Result of dynamic equation
displacement.
from
1
equation
sponding to DOF u⎜⎜⎜i with i⎟⎟⎟ ∈ ∂S 1!
!
i∈∂S ⎛Therefore,
! 7
⎞ all DOF of foundation
.
surface with a sleeper have the same vertical displacement which is equal to the sleeper ki ui⎞displacement.
⎜ ⎟
2 k
= −ω M + iωC + K is the dynamic stiffness matrix of the foundation. f k = d ki u i + d ki w 1 = ⎛ dand + d̃kS w1
Therefore, ∗we can ⎝∗ ⎞replace ⎛ ⎠ ⎞ rows columns of DS
⎛ ∗ ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ 1

we denote w , R the displacement and reaction force of the D i!∂S D̃ SD i∈∂S

sleeper as shown w in −R
⎜⎜⎜ sums⎟⎟⎟to2,obtain
Figure we have
By •combining Sleepers are analytic rigid
1 S1 i!∂S 1 S
rate the inner and boundary DOF
1 1of the foundation,
equations 8 and we 9, we canhave
write surface ⎜⎜⎜ with
⎜ S S each
∗
S L sleeper1S I ⎟ ⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ by ⎟⎟⎟theirs
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
a new
(4)
⎟
D̃LS= D̃ LL D̃ uL equation = ⎜⎜ 012
( ⎟
where d̃⎜ ⎜ kS i∈∂S dkiLI. Hence,
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ defines
⎟ a new colum
nodal forces replaced ⎟⎟⎠by⎜⎜⎝ the ⎟⎟⎠sleeper displacement and co
⎛ ' ⎞ ⎜
⎜ 1
⎟ 1
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟⎠
⎞ ⎛ ⎞
f ∀i ∈ ∂S : u = w , and f = −R sponding to∗ DOF u with i ∈ ∂S .
Rk s D D̃ · · RDNII)T theuvectors of0the displacements
! ! ! ! ! ⎝ i 1
⎝
S ⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ S ⎟⎟⎟ 1 1
⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟⎟ −R 1 =
i
d ik u k =
⎜
⎜⎜⎜
d
i⎟
ik
⎟⎟⎟ uk =1 d̃and
⎟
S u
Therefore,
k
=IS(Rwe 1 · ILcan replace rows
I
and columns of DSM which ac
⎟⎟⎟ , F = ⎜⎜⎜⎜ fL ⎟⎟⎟⎟ 1
⎜ ⎟
L⎟ i
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
result from equation 7by theirs
⎝ ⎠
i∈∂S k k i∈∂S k By substituting
surface with each the second
sleeper (4)and sumsthird to obtain rows a newof the afore
row and an
R⎟ ⎟ ⎜ f R ⎟ 1 1

⎟ of all7 /12
nodal forces ⎛ ∗ replaced by ∗ the⎞ ⎛sleeper displacement ⎞ and contact force
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ∗
09/11/2017 (Computational method for the dynamics of railway tracks on a non-uniform viscoelastic
⎜ ⎟ ⎞foundation⎛
D D̃ D w −R
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
I 0 where d̃ = d . Thus, equation 10 defines a new R ⎜rowS=Sof −D̃ DSM
SL w T S Iwhich⎟ ⎜ S ⎟is the
and R s ⎜⎜=S(R∗1 · · · RNS) the ⎜ sum S ⎟ rows corr
⎟vectors⎟⎟of the
⎜⎜ displacements and reaction
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
S 1k i∈∂S 1 ik S ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
 surface Distance nodal
with each sleeper
between forces byreplaced
sleepers theirs
(l) sums bytotheobtainsleeper
a newdisplacement
row and a new columnand contact
whichforce.
m justify In the othe
equation 7w
nodal forces Sleeperreplaced
width by the sleeper displacement T and contact force. In the otherm way, if we denote w =
and R s = (R1 · · · RN ) the vectors of the displacements and reaction forces ofS al
Mass density ofTfoundation kg/m3
Calculation of responses
and R s = (R1result
result from Young’s
· · · RN )from
Young’s modulus
equation
modulus
the vectors
equation
of foundation
⎛7 of∗ defect∗ zone ∗ ⎞ ⎛
of the7 displacements and reaction forces of allGPa
⎞ ⎛ ⎞ GPa
sleepers, we can obtain

⎛ Poisson’s ∗ ⎜D ⎞ ⎛ D̃ ⎞ S L⎛DS I ⎟⎟⎞⎜⎜ wS ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ −RS ⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜ D∗S S D̃S Lcoefficient
D∗S⎜⎜⎜⎜I ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜S∗wSofS foundation
⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ −RS ⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎜ ∗ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟D̃⎜⎜⎜LS D̃ ⎟⎟⎟ LL ⎜⎜⎜ D̃LI ⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜ uL ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟⎟
Introduction ⎜⎜⎝• The relation between force and
D̃ LS D̃ LL D̃ LI u
⎝ ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝∗ L ⎟⎟⎠ = ⎜⎜⎝ 0 ⎠⎟⎟⎠⎝
D D̃ D u 0
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∗ I
Ddisplacement of support form the
IS D̃IL DII
ISuI IL 0II Analytic model for the rail and sleeper
Model
dynamic equation
!
By substituting By
where λ = substituting
the 4 ρS ω2
second and
with the
third
ρ, second
S rows
, E ofand
and the
I arethird
the rowsdensity,
aforementioned
mass of the aforementioned
equation
beaminto the first
section, equation
one,
Young’s caninto
wemodulus
dedu
Formulation EI • First relation between forces and displacements
Q , D are the
RS j= −jD̃S wS RS = −D̃S wS loads and their relative distances as shown in Figure 1. The functions η p (0
of sleepers
Application
on the parameter of the beam and the moving forces as follows
Conclusions wherewith where Finite element method for the
) 1∗ " * D̃LLe)D̃LI
+ i2πn mp,−1 + ∗+ , foundation,−1 + ∗ ,
D̃ D̃LL •D̃Second D̃LS
D̃S = D̃ηS Sp − = D̃S L D∗S I # ∗$ ∗ LS
* LI
D̃
LEI = D̃
S n∈Z S SωD̃+ − D̃ 4 D
DIIS L − λS 4IDIS ∗ relation between forces and
IL 2πn ∗
v L D̃IL Ddisplacements of sleepers
II DIS
By combining with the analytic
On•the other side, the beam and its supports is modelled as a periodically supported beam. This ana
permits relation, we obtain
to By On the other
substituting
obtain a relation side,16
equation
between the beam
theinto equation
supports and its
14,supports
we obtain
Coupling two methods
displacements is reaction
and modelled as aby
forces periodically
using the beas
equation andpermits # tostate
the steady obtain a$−1
condition
−1
relation
as between
follows (see the supports displacements and reaction
[1])
RS = Ceand
equation T + theT D̃steady
S westate condition • Calculation of sleepers and foundation responses
as follows (see [1])
Ce R̃S = w̃S + we
Equation
R̃S and
Cthe
are20e R̃permits
= w̃Sto
Ssleeper
w̃S Computational
we inthe
+compute sleeper response. Then,forces.
the foundation response
R̃ can
where09/11/2017 method for the dynamics the
responses reference of the moving
of railway tracks on a non-uniform That means
viscoelastic foundation S = T RS
8 /12
result and equation 13. We note that this model has the same number of DOF as the foun
 Numerical example
Introduction Rail mass 𝜌𝑆 kg/m 60

Model
Rail stiffness 𝐸𝐼 MNm² 6.3
Train speed 𝑣 km/h 160
Formulation
Charge per wheel 𝑄 kN 100
Application
Defect zone Sleeper distance 𝑙 m 0.6
Conclusions
Foundation mass density 𝜌 Kg/m3 2710
• Railway track interval containing a Sleeper width m 0.3
defect zone type Young modulus
Young modulus of foundation 𝑘0 MN/m 200
• Total length 10.2m containing 17
sleepers Young modulus of defect zone 𝜂0 MNs/m 1,0
• Length of defect zone 1.8m at three Poison coefficient of 𝑘2 MN/m 20
consecutive sleepers foundation

09/11/2017 Computational method for the dynamics of railway tracks on a non-uniform viscoelastic foundation 9 /12
 3. Example

Numerical example
Let us consider a railway track based on a 2D elastic foundation of depth h = 1.2m. This foundation co
defect zone of width a = 1.8m where the Young’s modulus is lower. We compute the response of the track i
of length L = 10.2m which contains 17 sleeper spacing and the defect zone is at the center subjected a movin
Q = 100kN as shown in Figure 1 and the railway track parameters are given in Table 1.
Introduction
Sleeper displacements Sleeper reaction forces
Model

Formulation
×10-3 2
Application 2.5

Conclusions 2
Displacement (mm)

1.5

Force (kN)
1.5
1

1
0.5
0.5

0
0 10 0
0 20 10
20 8
40 5 40 6
60 4
60 x(m) 2
Frequency (Hz) 80 0 Frequency (Hz) 80 0 x (m)

Fig. 3. Response of sleepers

09/11/2017 Computational method for the dynamics of railway tracks on a non-uniform viscoelastic foundation 10 /12
 to a half of the sleeper length. Each sleeper of width 0.3m covers 2 nodes of the contact surface among 4 no
corresponding to the sleeper spacing l = 0.6m. Figures 3 shows the response of the sleepers in the frequency dom
Numerical example
The calculation is performed for the frequency [0 80Hz]. The sleeper response in the time domain is calculated by
inverse Fourier transform and the results are shown in Figure 4. We see that while the sleeper displacements incre
in the defect zone, the reaction force decreases. Moreover, the reaction force of the sleeper next to the defect z
increases.
Introduction
Sleeper displacements Sleeper reaction forces
Model

Formulation 0.02
100

Application 0
80
Displacement (mm)

Conclusions -0.02 60

Force (kN)
-0.04 40

-0.06 20

-0.08 0

-20 0.2
-0.1 0.2 10 0.1
10 8 0.1 8
6 0 6 0
4 -0.1 4 -0.1
2 time (s) 2 time (s)
x (m) 0 -0.2 x (m) 0 -0.2

Fig. 4. Response of sleepers

09/11/2017 Computational method for the dynamics of railway tracks on a non-uniform viscoelastic foundation 11 /12
 Conclusions
Introduction • A new method to calculate the response of a railway track has been
Model
developed by coupling analytical and numerical methods.
Formulation • From the finite element model of the foundation, the dynamical stiffness
Application
matrix is transformed to obtain a reduced DSM but this is a global matrix of
the foundation together with the track.
Conclusions
• This method reduces the number of DOF in a significant way.
• In perspective, we can include the finite elements of sleepers in the
numerical model in order to analyze the dynamics of the sleepers together
with the foundation.

09/11/2017 Computational method for the dynamics of railway tracks on a non-uniform viscoelastic foundation 12 /12
Introduction

Model

Formulation

Application

Conclusions

Thank you for your attention

Contact: Tien Hoang (tien.hoang@enpc.fr),
Laboratoire NAVIER, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne
77455 Marne-la-Vallée cedex 2, France

09/11/2017 Computational method for the dynamics of railway tracks on a non-uniform viscoelastic foundation /12
 Periodical supports
𝒗 𝐿 = 𝑁∗𝑙
Introduction

Model
k0 k1 k2 kN-1 k0 k1 k2 kN-1
Formulation

Application
• There are 𝑁 kinds of supports with • In the steady-state, the
Conclusions different behaviours which are responses of supports are
distributed periodically along the repeated when the moving
beam loads cover the length 𝐿 = 𝑁𝑙
𝐿
𝑘045 = 𝑘0 0 ≤ 𝑝 < 𝑁 𝑅045 𝑡 = 𝑅0 𝑡 −
𝑣
• Behaviour law of the supports where 𝐿/𝑣 is the time for the
𝑅< = −𝐊 𝑤@ (1) moving loads cover the distance
𝐿.
04/07/2016 Periodically supported beam on non-uniform viscoelastic foundations 14 /12
 Non-uniform supports
Introduction
𝒗 Non-uniform zone

Model

Formulation ks k0 k1 k2 kM-1

Application

Conclusions • There are some supports with • The non-uniform zone is included
different behaviours placed between in an interval of 𝑁 supports (𝑁 ≫
identical supports
𝑀). When 𝑁 is large enough, we
• The non-uniform zone has no can consider that the supports
dynamical effect on the responses of
the supports at a large distance system is periodical with a period
• The supports at large distance from the of 𝐿 = 𝑁𝑙.
non-uniform zone are in the steady- 𝑅J ≈ 𝑅5LM ≈ 𝑅NO%PQR
state.

04/07/2016 Periodically supported beam on non-uniform viscoelastic foundations 15 /12

 Dynamic equation of the beam
Introduction • Calculating the total force with The Fourier transforms
Model the help of the Dirac functions
• with regard to 𝑡
Formulation • The moving loads:
• then with regard to 𝑥
Application 𝑄 = S 𝑄# 𝛿 𝑣𝑡 − 𝑥 + 𝐷#
Dirac comb properties
Conclusions
• The reaction forces:
The inverse Fourier transform
𝐹 = S 𝑅Y 𝑡 𝛿 𝑥 − 𝑛𝑙
Y • with regard to 𝑥
• Euler-Bernoulli beam equation General relation
𝜕 \𝑤 𝜕 ]𝑤
𝐸𝐼 \ + 𝜌𝑆 ] = 𝐹 − 𝑄 • between reaction forces 𝑅Y (0 ≤ 𝑛 < 𝑁)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 and the displacement of the beam 𝑤

04/07/2016 Periodically supported beam on non-uniform viscoelastic foundations 16 /12

 Relation between forces-displacements
Introduction • Matrix form • This relation is a result of the
Model 𝐃 𝑅< = 𝜂% 𝑄% 𝐼 + 𝑤
@ (2) dynamic equation and the
periodicity condition
Formulation
where 𝐃, 𝜂% , 𝑄% depend only on the • This relation is linear and it does
Application
parameters of the beams and the not depend on the supports
Conclusions
loads. behaviours
• Discrete Fourier form • When the supports are identical,
this relation becomes the relation
ℱa 𝑤@ = 𝜒a ℱa 𝑅< − 𝑁𝑄% 𝛿Ma (3) of the equivalent system of a
periodically supported beam [1]
[1] Hoang et al., A fast semi-analytic method for computing the response of railway tracks on nonlinear
foundations, proceeding of COMPDYN 2015

04/07/2016 Periodically supported beam on non-uniform viscoelastic foundations 17 /12

 Calculation of responses
Introduction
Direct method Iteration method
Model
• By combining directly the general • We use the general relation in the
Formulation
relation (2) with the behaviour law discrete Fourier form (3) to
Application (1) of the supports, we can obtain calculate the responses by
Conclusions the responses iteration through 3 steps:
LM
• Take the responses with the uniform
𝑤
@ = 𝜂% 𝑄% 𝐃 𝐊 + 𝐈 𝐼 supports as the value of the initial
iteration
• This method is simple and efficient
when the number of supports in • Calculate the variation of forces by
using the behaviour laws
one period 𝑁 is not very large
• Recalculate the displacements by
using the relation (3) with FFT.

04/07/2016 Periodically supported beam on non-uniform viscoelastic foundations 18 /12

 Numerical example: loss of a sleeper
Introduction

Model

Formulation

Application

Conclusions

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Sleeper number Sleeper number

04/07/2016 Periodically supported beam on non-uniform viscoelastic foundations 19 /12