ORGANOLOGY I

Name : Isnaeni Rachmawati

Student ID : B1B017036
Section : D2
Group :1
Assistant : Dita Anggraeni Kusumawardani

LABORATORY REPORT
PLANT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
PURWOKERTO

2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

Organology study about the structure and function of the organs based
on its composer tissues (Sumardi, 1993). In the practical lab of organology, we used
several preparation of plants organs to be observed. In plants, just like in animals,
similar cells working together to form a tissue. When different types of tissues work
together to perform a unique function, they form an organ; organs working together
form organ systems (Campbell et al., 2011).
Plants are composed of various organs such as root, stem and leaf also
reproductive organ. These organs are made of many tissues like meristem tissue,
parenchyma tissue, sclerenchyma, collenchyma tissue, epidermis and vascular tissues
(Putra et al., 2016). The root is the organ which provides anchorage for the plant so
that it does not blow away or fall over. With its root hairs it provides a big surface area
to help take in water and minerals from the soil - these are both essential for
photosynthesis. The root is therefore important for nutrition. Roots are important
organs in all vascular plants. Most vascular plants have two types of roots: primary
roots that grow downward and secondary roots that branch out to the side. Together,
all the roots of a plant make up a root system (Sumardi, 1993).
The stem is the organ which holds the leaves upright in the air and facing the
light Stems also bear leaves, flowers, cones, and secondary stems. Another vital
function of stems is transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves and carrying
food from leaves to the rest of the plant. Without this connection between roots and
leaves, plants could not survive high above ground in the air. In many plants, stems
also store food or water during cold or dry seasons. The stem is important for nutrition,
excretion and growth. Leaves are the keys not only to plant life but to all terrestrial
life. The primary role of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis.
(Esau, 1965).

II. OBJECTIVES

The objective of Organology I laboratory activity is to observe anatomy

structure of root, stem, and leaf.
 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials
Equipments used in Organology I laboratory activity are light microscope,
object glass, cover glass, temporary report, materials tray, razor blade, and pipette.
Objects used in Organology I laboratory activity are preserved cross section
of Betel stem (Piper betle), cross section Corn’s root and leaf (Zea mays) and cross
section leaf of Orange (Citrus sp.).

B. Methods
Methods used in Organology I laboratory activity are :
1. Preserved specimens are observed under the microscope.
2. Sectional cross from each specimen is made, then placed on the center of
clean object glass and a small amount of water are dropped.
3. Cover glass is gently put on the microscope slide.
4. Each specimen is observed under the microscope, started with the lowest
magnification (40x) and switched to the next higher power objective.
5. Sketch of cells are drawn and given some description. Parts of the cell
component are shown.
 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result
Description :
1 6 1. Epidermis
2. Exodermis
3. Cortex
4. Endodermis
5. Pericycle
2 7
6 6. Xylem

3 7. Phloem
8. Pith
4
Type of vascular bundle :
5 Radial
8

Image 1. C.S. Root of Corn (Zea mays L.) Magnification 100x

Description :
3 1 1. Epidermis
2. Collenchyma
3. Cortex
2
4
4. Peripher vascular
5. Sclerenchyma
6. Secretory gland
5
7. Medullar gland
6
8. Pith
7

Type of vascular bundle:

Closed collateral
8

Image 2. C.S. Stem of Betel (Piper betle L.) Magnification 100x

 Description :
1
3 1. Upper epidermis
2. Palisade tissue
2 3. Ca-oxalate bipyramid
1
4. Sponge tissue
5. Vascular bundle
5 6. Lower epidermis

Image 3. C.S Leaf of Orange (Citrus sp.) Magnification 400x

Description :
1. Trichome
2 1 2. Upper epidermis
3 3. Bulliform cell
3
4. Mesophyll
5. Vascular bundle
5 6. Lower epidermis
4

Image 4. C.S Leaf of Corn (Zea mays L.) Magnification 400x

B. Discussion
In most of plants, cell of the outermost cortex layer will form cork cells,
creating a new protective layer called exodermis, replacing the epidermis. Structure
and cytochemical characteristics of exodermis cells are similar to endodermis.
Primary wall is coated with suberin and that layer is covered again with cellulose
and lignin. Exodermis cells also containing protoplasts. The thickness of exodermis
is different, from single layer to many layers. Usually exodermis is contained
sclerenchyma tissue such as in roots of Ananas, Graminae and Cyperaceae (Raven,
2008).
Endodermis is composed of a single layer cell that’s physiologically,
structurally and functionally different with its nearby cell layers. In the endodermis,
there is Caspary band, consists of suberin strands that surrounding radial wall and
cross to the area of absorption in roots of endodermis wall. Caspary band functions
to control the movement of solution (water and mineral) from cortex to the stele.
The existence of Caspary band divides root into 2 separate parts. Every ions and
water in the soil are able to penetrate epidermis and root cortex. Endodermis is a
single cell layer that connected creating cylinder, separates cortex from cylinder of
vascular bundle inside. Endodermis functions to prevents water and other water-
dissolved substances from passing through this layer via apoplast pathway (Savitri,
2008).
Roots in plant have vital functions such as to absorb dissolved water and
mineral from the soil, can also function as food storage, and keep the whole plant
steady against wind and other environmental factors. At the tip of roots, is protected
with calyptra, to prevent damage while penetrating inside the soil. The anatomical
structure of root consists of epidermis, the tight and one layer thick of cells, its wall
is easily passed by water. Root hair is the modification of root epidermal cells,
responsible to extend the root surface, so water and mineral uptake can be increased.
Under the epidermis, there is cortex, with cells not so dense causing them to have
many spaces between cells. Most of cells in the cortex are composed of parenchyma
tissue. Separating cortex from stele, there is the endodermis. Endodermis cells are
experiencing thickening of cork cells on its wall and creating Caspary dots. The
thickening of cork cells is continued until the wall of stele. In the stele, here is where
xylem and phloem take place. Stele is the deepest part of root, consisting many
tissues such as pericycle/ pericambium (outermost of stele), phloem and xylem
(transporting water and nutrients), and pith, the innermost of stele or in between of
vascular bundle and parenchyma tissue (Hidayat, 1995).
Stem in general is composed of the epidermis which have a cuticle and
stomata, just like in leaves. The Ground system are cortex and pith, and the vascular
system consisting xylem and phloem. Xylem and phloem are arranged differently
in monocots and dicots. In stem there is nodes, and the distance between each node
is called internodes. Nodes are the place where leaves attached. In addition to nodes
and segments, there is also a bud on the tip of stem (Agustina, 2010). The stem
should be able to maintain the stability of the branch itself, and the entire tree, and
also to guarantee transport of water through stem xylem and to the leaves and the
export of sugars from the leaves through stem phloem. In stem, branches that
exposed to high sunlight levels develop leaves with more mesophyll layers, higher
stomata density and higher photosynthetic capacity (Zhang et al., 2015).
Leaf in plants is thin-shaped, colored green and function as the place for
food making through photosynthesis. It is also the respiratory organ of plant, where
stomata lay beneath leaves. Anatomical structure of leaf can be divided into three
parts: the epidermis, or the outermost layer of leaf. Epidermis is coated by cuticle
layer, to prevent water loss from plant. There also stomata, the place for gas
exchange from inside to outside body of plants. After epidermis, there is the
vascular tissue, xylem and phloem. Xylem functions to transport water from root to
leaf, which is needed for photosynthesis process. The phloem functions to distribute
products of photosynthesis throughout plant’s organ for growth purpose. The third
part is parenchyma or mesophyll. Parenchyma is consisted of 2 layers of cells,
which are the palisade tissue and sponge tissue, both containing chloroplast. Cells
in palisade tissue are dense together, while in sponge tissue the cells are a little bit
distant, so interspace between cells are still existed. Photosynthetic activity is more
active in palisade tissue because it has more chloroplast than sponge tissue (Sutrian,
2004).
The anatomical structure differences between dicots and monocots rely on
the root, stem, and also leaf. Dicots have taproot root, consist of primary root that
grows down vertically and producing lateral roots that smaller. Taproot is very
strong and penetrate far inside the soil and highly helps plants that live in dry areas.
Meanwhile in monocots, they have fibrous type of root. Fibrous root are roots that
grows from the base of stem and replacing the non-growing taproot that has short
life length. That is why in monocots they don’t have primary root (Fahn, 1991).
Stem structure of dicots are woody and have many branches. This structure
is affected by secondary meristem tissue, the cambium. Dicots have cambium tissue
that responsible for secondary or lateral growth. Stem of dicots are much bigger in
diameter compared to monocots due to this cambium. Cambium is located between
vascular tissue, separating the xylem and phloem. This results in open collateral
type of vascular bundle that looks neatly arranged in circle (Fahn, 1991).
In monocots plant, they don’t have branches on the stem. Monocots stem
are non-woody, because they lack of cambium tissue. Type of vascular bundle in
monocots are closed collateral, arranged in complex and scattered. The non-
existence of cambium causing the monocots to not experience lateral growth, and
the diameter is relatively small. But in big monocots such as palm trees, the
thickening of stem is caused by activity of parenchyma tissue (Tjitrosoepomo,
2009).
Anatomical structure difference between dicots and monocots are located
on the venation of leaves. Monocot leaves are typically narrow and elongated with
parallel veins, while dicot leaves are usually more round shaped with reticulate
veins (Nellisen et al., 2016). Stomata in monocots are amphistomatic while in dicot
is hypostamic. In dicot, the mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy
parenchyma, while in monocots are not differentiated. The extensions of bundle
sheath in dicot is made up of collenchyma while in monocot is made up of
sclerenchyma. But in monocots, they have motor cells called bulliforms, present in
the upper epidermis, while in dicots absent (Ellis, 1986).
Zea mays L. are monocots, root structure consists of epidermis, exodermis,
cortex, endodermis, pericycle, xylem, phloem and pith. It has radial vascular bundle
type. According to Soemiadji (1986), in the root of Corn, it experiences primary
xylem growth, which are protoxylem and metaxylem. Protoxylem is located near
the pericycle, usually its cells are still growing causing its size to be smaller.
Location of both xylem is on the opposite of each other, the protoxylem is facing
the headmaster while the metaxylem is facing the root center.
Piper betle (Betel plant) consists of epidermis, collenchyma, cortex,
sclerenchyma, pith, peripheral vascular bundle and medullar bundle and excretory
gland. According to Pandey (1980), vascular bundle of dicots are arranged in one
circle but in some plants can be different. The cross section of Citrus sp. Leaf are
composed of upper epidermis, palisade tissue, sponge tissue, lower epidermis,
vascular bundle, and Ca-oxalate crystal . According to Ellis (1986), in dicot plants,
the ground system or mesophyll can be differentiated into palisade and sponge,
which cannot be found in monocots.
The leaf of corn (Zea mays L.) contains upper and lower epidermis, motor
cell (bulliforms), trichomes, mesophyll and the vascular bundle. Based on statement
of Nugroho (2006), motor cell can be found in upper epidermis leaf of family
Graminae and Cyperaceae, composed of some layers thin wall with bigger size than
epidermis around it.
 V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on the result and discussion, it can be concluded that the anatomical
root structure of Zea mays consists of epidermis, exodermis, endodermis, cortex,
pericycle, vascular bundle, and pith. Vascular bundle type of Zea mays L. is radial,
while in Piper betle is closed collateral. The structure of Betel stem are epidermis,
collenchyma, cortex, peripheral vascular, sclerenchyma, secretory gland,
medullar gland and pith. The leaf structure of both Citrus sp. and Zea mays L. is
basically the same, containing upper epidermis, vascular bundle and lower
epidermis. In leaf of Citrus sp. it has the unique structure which is palisade tissue,
sponge tissue, and ca-oxalate bipyramid. While in the leaf of Zea mays there is
trichome and bulliform cell with undifferentiated mesophyll.

B. Suggestion
Suggestion for this laboratory activity is for all the materials used to be in fresh
condition, and for practitioners to make objects preparation to be as thin as possible
for observation under the microscope.
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