J. Dela Cruz / Chemistry 26.

1 (2016) Page | 1

Quantitative Determination of Total Hardness in Drinking Water by Complexometric EDTA

Titration (Cambria 13.5)
R. Carganillo1 (Cambria 10.5)
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Home Economics, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101
1

Performed 10 June 2016; Submitted 12 June 2016

(1 space, Cambria 10)

ABSTRACT (Cambria 10, ALL CAPS)
(1 space, Cambria 10)
A condensed version of the entire paper, summarizing the essential aspects of the paper, significance of the study, purpose
of the experiment, brief methodology, major results, and major conclusions. This should be written in past tense and third
person. It should give the reader an idea of the scope of the study. Do not include too much background information.
Typically 100-200 words, make the abstract brief and concise.
(1 space, Cambria 10)

Present the results as they are discussed. Figures or tables

Introduction (Cambria 10, Bold)
Water hardness is expressed in terms of the concentration
of calcium carbonate that is equivalent to the total
concentration of all the multivalent cations in a
sample[1](Fundamentals of anal chem skoog).
Determining water hardness provides a measure of the
quality of water for household and industrial uses[1].
In this experiment, complexometric EDTA titration was
used to determine the ppm concentration of CaCO3
contained in the mineral water Summit. Since this is a
drinking water, it is expected that it contains various
minerals, thus it is hard water.
Water hardness is usually determined by an EDTA titration
after the sample is buffered to pH 10. Complexation reaction
is the reaction of complex ions in a solution and the complex
is extremely soluble[2]. These complexes form when metal
ions react with electron-pair donors. These donor species,
also known as ligands, have at least one pair of unshared
electrons that is available for covalent bond formtion.
which are not discussed must be omitted. Place raw data in
the appendix part. Rationalize the methodology and the
significance of each technique and reagent added. Organize
data into properly labeled tables, figures, etc., whichever is
applicable. When requiring regression curve, use an XY
scatter plot and insert the regression curve. The equation of
the best fit curve must be presented in the discussion and
not part of the figure.
Each figure should have a brief caption describing it, along
with symbols to aid interpretation. Figures should be
numbered sequentially, i.e., “Figure 1.”, “Figure 2.”, etc. and
must be cited in the text as “figure 1,” “figure 2,” etc.
Tables and figures should be centered unless they occupy
the full width of the page. Captions should be placed on top
of the table. Tables should be numbered sequentially, i.e.,
“Table 1.”, “Table 2.”, etc. and should be referred to in the
text as “table 1,” “table 2,” etc.
Equations should be prepared using Equation Editor or
MathType. Equations should be numbered sequentially, i.e.,
(1), (2), etc., un-italicized and center-justified in the text.
(Cambria 10, justified)

Introduction must be in third person (Cambria 10, justified) Example:

One factor affecting the rate is the temperature as shown by
Methodology (Cambria 10, Bold) the Arrhenius equation (1) where k is the rate constant, A is
the Arrhenius constant, Ea is the activation energy, R is the
This summarized the procedure performed in the
gas constant and T is the temperature. Using this equation,
experiment in paragraph form (do not include parts that
however, results to an exponential graph which makes
were not done). It is in past tense form and passie voice. Do
interpolation harder. Hence, the linearized form of the
not include diagram or procedural steps in preparing setups
Arrhenius equation (2) was used to prepare figure 1.
(Cambria 10, justified)
−𝑘𝑘
Results and Discussion (Cambria 10, Bold) 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 (1)
−𝑘𝑘
𝑙𝑛 𝑘𝑘 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘
+𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 𝑘 (2)
 J. Dela Cruz / Chemistry 26.1 (2016) Page | 2

Figure 1 below shows that the plot of ln (1/T) and (1/T) is

inversely proportional. The equation of the line given by the
figure is y = -4977x + 11.92 with linearity value R2 equal
to 0.998.
Summary of important results should be shown here.
Discuss degree of success or failure of the experiment.
Include recommendations for improvement. (Cambria 10,
justified)

References (Cambria 10, Bold)

ln
(1/T) [1] Caleja, H., 2010. How to Write a Formal Report.
Quezon City: UP Diliman. 21-30.
(Author/s. Title of the book or journal. Year. City: Publisher.
1/T Figure 1. Page number.)
Effect of You may use other formats (MLA or APA citation). Minimum
of 3 print references and maximum of 2 online sources.
temperature on reaction rate by the Arrhenius equation.

Table 1. Calculated values for dissociation and stability

constants.
A1 A2 A3 [2] Khopkar, S. M. Basic Concepts of
Analytical Chemistry. New Age Internationals,2004; pp.
K1 4.64E-06 1.18E-05 2.4E-06
63-76
K2 2.00E-05 3.98E-06 2.81E-05
[3] Skoog, D. A.; West, D. M.; Holler, F. J.;Crouch, S. R.
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry , 8th ed.; :
Analyze and interpret results. Include answers to guide DavidHarris, 2004; pp. 563-565
questions for discussion. Give the % error and propagation
for uncertainty, as well as pooled standard deviation and
account for the deviations, include sources of error.

Conclusion and Recommendations (Cambria 10, Bold)

 J. Dela Cruz / Chemistry 26.1 (2016) Page | 3

Appendix (Cambria 10, Bold)

A. Answers to Questions (if necessary)

B. Figures (if necessary)

C. Raw Data Table (if necessary)

D. Working Equations

E. Sample Calculations

Other remarks:
● Maximum of four (4) pages (including references but excluding appendix)
● Appendix should still be paginated. A two column format should be followed in the body until references. Appendix
should follow single column format.
● Attach your data sheets when submitting your formal report