See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/230619286

Effect of air-drying dentin surfaces on dentin bond strength of a solvent-free

one-step adhesive

Article  in  Dental Materials Journal · July 2012

DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2012-034 · Source: PubMed

CITATIONS READS

4 492

11 authors, including:

Keiichi Hosaka Suppason Thitthaweerat

Tokyo Medical and Dental University Mahidol University
64 PUBLICATIONS   824 CITATIONS    15 PUBLICATIONS   67 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Junji Tagami
Tokyo Medical and Dental University
506 PUBLICATIONS   9,156 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

SDF discoloration View project

Biomimetic reminarization of Enamel View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Suppason Thitthaweerat on 08 January 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Dental Materials Journal 2012; 31(4): 558–563

Effect of air-drying dentin surfaces on dentin bond strength of a solvent-free

one-step adhesive
Tomoyuki TAKAI 1, Keiichi HOSAKA 1, Keisuke KAMBARA 1, Suppason THITTHAWEERAT 1, Naoko MATSUI 1,
Masahiro TAKAHASHI 1, Ryuzo KISHIKAWA 1, Masatoshi NAKAJIMA 1, Masayuki OTSUKI 1, Richard M. FOXTON 2
and Junji TAGAMI 3
1
Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Oral Restitution Department, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental
University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
2
Department of Conservative Dentistry, King’s College London Dental Institute at Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals, King’s College London,
London Bridge, London, SE1-9RT, UK
3
Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Oral Restitution Department, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental
University, Tokyo, Japan and Global Center of Excellence Program; International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone
Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Corresponding author, Keiichi HOSAKA; E-mail: hosaka.ope@tmd.ac.jp

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of air-drying dentin surfaces on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of a solvent-free one-
step adhesive (Bond 1 SF). Twelve human molars were ground with 600-grit SiC paper. Before applying bonding agent, the dentin
surface was rinsed with distilled water and blot-dried with tissue paper, followed by air-drying for 0, 3, 30, and 60 s using with a
dental air syringe. After applying and curing Bond 1 SF, resin composite was incrementally built up. Specimens were then stored
in distilled water for 24 h and then μTBSs were measured at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Higher μTBS were observed when
the dentin surface was air-dried for 3 s (33.2±6.8MPa)>0 s (26.7±4.5MPa)>30 s (22.6±5.5MPa)=60 s (20.4±5.0MPa). The results
suggested that prolonged air-drying of the dentin surface removed water and decreased the bond strengths of Bond 1 SF.

Keywords: Solvent-free, One-step self-etch adhesive, Microtensile bond strength, Dentin bonding, Air-drying

solvents in adhesives must be explained by their wide

INTRODUCTION
Dentin bonding systems for resin composite restorations
have been widely used over the past few decades. The
latest advancement in adhesion technology is the
one-step self-etch adhesive system. One-step self-
etch adhesive systems combine etching, priming, and
bonding into single procedure. Generally, one-step self-
etch adhesives consist of ionic resin monomers with
phosphate or carboxylic functional groups, hydrophilic
monomers (ex. HEMA), hydrophobic monomers (ex. Bis-
GMA, UDMA), solvents (water and organic solvents like
ethanol or acetone), fillers, and initiators.
In adhesives, water, ethanol and acetone are the
most commonly used as solvents. Water is an essential
solvent of one-step self-etch adhesives, which allows
them to generate the hydrogen ions required for effective
dissolution and demineralization of tooth substrates.
The etching effect of a self-etch adhesive is related to
the acidic functional monomers that interact with the
mineral component of the tooth substrate, followed by
simultaneous demineralization and resin penetration.
A limited potential to dissolve the smear layer could
impair the infiltration of functional monomers into
the underlying dentin, which would lead to a ‘weak’
link in the adhesion mechanism to dentin1). In order
to keep water in solution with other resin monomers,
hydrophilic and hydrophobic resin monomers of one-step
self-etch adhesives were dissolved in a relatively high
concentration of organic solvents2,3). The use of organic
availability and good biocompativility1).
Ideally, all solvents should be completely removed
from the dentin surface prior to polymerization. One
clinical approach to obtaining stable dentin bonding
and relatively higher bond strengths is to employ warm
air-drying of the adhesives4,5). However, complete
evaporation using with dental air syringe in clinical
situations is difficult to achieve and is dependent on the
properties of the solvents6). As the solvents evaporates,
the concentration of non-volatile monomers increases,
which, in turn, decrease the vapor pressure of the
remaining solvents, making it impossible to evaporate
all the solvents under clinically relevant conditions7,8).
The residual contents of the solvents in the adhesives
become a critically important factor in predicting the
bond integrity or the longevity of adhesive resins9-15),
because residual solvents produce localized areas
of incomplete monomer polymerization, generating
porosities within the bonded interfaces that, in turn, may
permit inward diffusion of oral fluids11,16-18), lower the
conversion of monomers into polymers8) and increase the
water sorption, resulting in lower mechanical properties
of the adhesive polymers19) and hydrolysis of resin and
collagen fibrils20, 21). Less stiff resin might lead to weaker
bonding to dentin22).
Current one-step self-etch adhesives contain HEMA
(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), which is a well-known
co-monomer that prevents phase separation because
of its solvent-like nature23). Since HEMA acts as a

Received Jan 30, 2012: Accepted Mar 21, 2012

doi:10.4012/dmj.2012-034 JOI JST.JSTAGE/dmj/2012-034
 Dent Mater J 2012; 31(4): 558–563
wetting agent for hydrophilic dentin24) and a diffusion
promoter for resin into the exposed collagen23,25), one-
step adhesives can achieve immediate bond strengths
to dentin, which are as high as those for two-step self-
etch adhesives26), however, HEMA retains water in
hydrogels, which is difficult to remove water by air-
drying. Moreover, the existence of HEMA contained
in one-step self-etch adhesives also makes it difficult to
evaporate the solvents because HEMA lowers the vapor
pressure of solvents.
A unique one-step adhesive system, Bond 1 SF
(Pentron Clinical, California, USA) has been developed,
which contains neither water nor organic solvents in
the ingredients in order to eliminate technical issues
in terms of evaporation of solvents and concerns for
the durability of resin-dentin bond. The application of
this “solvent-free” adhesive system does not require air-
blowing with a dental air syringe and takes fewer steps.
However, there is little information on its bonding
performance.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects
of air-drying of the dentin surfaces on the microtensile
bond strength (μTBS) of a solvent-free one-step adhesive
system, Bond 1 SF, to dentin. The null hypothesis tested
was that the duration of air-drying of the dentin surfaces
does not affect the bond strength of Bond 1 SF.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A solvent-free one-step adhesive system, Bond 1 SF
(Pentron Clinical, California, USA), was used in the
current study. It is a one-bottle adhesive system, which
consists of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), triethylene
glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl
methacrylate (HEMA), 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic
acid (4-MET), silane-treated bariumborosilicate glasses,
silica with initiators, stabilizers and UV absorber,
organic and/or inorganic pigments, opacifiers (Table 1).
This bonding system contains neither water nor any
organic solvents.
Specimen preparation for the microtensile bond strength
(μTBS) test
Twelve freshly extracted caries-free human molars were
used in this study, according to the protocol approved by
the Human Research Ethics Committee, Tokyo Medical
and Dental University, Japan. The occlusal enamel was
removed perpendicularly to the long axis of the tooth
by means of a model trimmer under running water to
obtain superficial or mid-coronal dentin. The dentin
surfaces were abraded with 600-grit SiC paper. The
specimens were then divided into four groups (three
teeth for each group). Before applying the bonding
agent, the dentin surface was rinsed with distilled water
and blot-dried with tissue paper (Kimwipe, Kimberly-
Clark, Texas, USA), followed by air-drying for 0, 3, 30,
60 s using a dental air syringe at a distance of 15 cm
at air pressure of 3.8 kgf/cm2. The adhesive system
was applied to the dentin surfaces according to the
manufacturer’s instructions and irradiated with a light-
559
curing unit (XL3000, 3M ESPE, Minnesota, USA) for
10 s with a light output>600 mWcm-2. After curing the
adhesive, a resin composite, Clearfil AP-X (Shade-A2,
Kuraray Medical Corp., Tokyo, Japan) was built up
incrementally to a height of 5.0 mm to ensure sufficient
bulk for the microtensile bond test. Each increment was
light-cured for 20 s. The specimens were then stored
in distilled water at 37oC for 24 h. Following this, five
slices (0.7±0.1 mm thick) from each specimen were cut
perpendicular to the bonded interface using a low-speed
diamond saw (Isomet, Buehler Ltd., Illinois, US) under
water spray coolant. The adhesive-dentin interface was
trimmed into an hour-glass shape with a 1 mm2 cross-
sectional area (0.7 mm×1.4 mm), using a fine diamond
bur (SF114, Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan) mounted in a
high-speed turbine handpiece under copious air-water
spray. The specimens were individually bonded to a jig
using a cyanoacrylate adhesive (Zapit, Dental Ventures
of America, California, USA) mounted in a tabletop
testing machine (EZ Test, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan)
and subjected to the microtensile bond strength (μTBS)
test at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min according to the
method described by Sano et al.27). Fifteen slices obtained
from the three bonded specimens in each test group
were measured, and all data of μTBS were statistically
analyzed by a one-way ANOVA to determine if there
were any statistically significant differences among
the air-drying groups. The Dunnett’s T3 test was used
for post-hoc multiple comparisons at the 95% level of
confidence. After the microtensile bond test, the dentin
sides of fractured specimens in each group were observed
using a stereomicroscope (Nikon SMZ 1000, Nikon Corp.,
Kanagawa, Japan) at 120× magnification for failure
mode characterization. Failure modes were classified
into four categories as follows: Cohesive failure in dentin
(80–100% of the failure occurred in the underlying
dentin); Interfacial failure (80–100% failure occurred
between resin and dentin); Cohesive failure in resin
(80–100% of the failure occurred in the adhesive resin
and/or overlying composite); Mixed failure (interfacial
failure and cohesive failure in the adhesive resin and/or
dentin). Failure modes were analyzed for statistically
significant differences by the non-parametric Pearson
Chi-square test at the 95% level of confidence.
SEM observation of the treated surface
The dentin surfaces treated with Bond 1 SF were
observed after the dentin surface was air-dried for each
time interval. Flat dentin discs, approximately 1.5 mm
thick, were cut perpendicular to the long axis of the
teeth by means of a low-speed diamond saw (Isomet)
from the mid-coronal part of human third molars. The
dentin surfaces were prepared using a 600-grit SiC
paper, and conditioned using the same procedure as
for μTBS measurement as described above. After each
drying method and application of the adhesive, the
adhesive components were removed with a 50% acetone/
water solution. All the specimens were then dehydrated
in a series of solutions containing ascending grades of
acetone (50%, 75%, 95%, and 100% for 30 min each),
560 Dent Mater J 2012; 31(4): 558–563

Table 1 Adhesive system tested in this study

Material Compositions Procedures Lot number

UDMA, TEGDMA, HEMA, 4-MET, silane-treated

Bond 1 SF Apply and spread evenly
bariumborosilicate glasses, silica with initiators,
(Pentron Clinical, and rub for 20 s/Light 3563739
stabilizers, ultraviolet light absorber, organic and/or
California, USA) cure for 10 s
inorganic pigments, opacifiers

Abbreviations: UDMA: Urethane Dimethacrylate; TEGDMA: Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; HEMA: 2-hydroxyethyl
methacrylate; 4-MET: 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic acid.

Table 2 Microtensile bond strength of Bond 1 SF to dentin

Duration of air-drying 0 s (blot-dry) 3s 30 s 60 s

μTBS 26.7±4.5a 33.2±6.8b 22.6±5.5c 20.4±5.0c

Failure mode [0/5/2/8] [2/3/0/10] [0/8/0/7] [0/9/0/6]

Values are mean±SD in MPa. Different superscript letters indicate statistically significant differences (p<0.05). N=15 in
each group.
Failure mode: [cohesive failure in dentin/Interfacial failure/cohesive failure in resin/mix failure].
Cohesive failure in dentin=80–100% of the failure occurred in the underlying dentin. Interfacial failure=80–100% failure
occurred between resin and dentin. Mixed=interfacial failure and cohesive failure in the adhesive resin and/or dentin.
Cohesive failure in resin=80–100% of the failure occurred in the adhesive resin and/or overlying composite.

followed by immersion in hexamethyldisilazane, (CH3)3
SiNHSi (CH3)3 (HMDS, Pierce, Rockford, Illinois, US) for
10 min. After which time, the specimens were placed on
a filter paper inside a covered glass vial and air-dried at
room temperature. They were then gold sputter-coated
and observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM,
JSM-5310LV, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan).
RESULTS
The results of the μTBS test are shown in Table 2.
One-way ANOVA indicated that the duration of air-
drying the dentin surfaces affected the μTBS of Bond 1 SF
(p<0.05). The higher bond strength was observed when
dentin surface was air-dried for 3 s (33.2±6.8MPa)>0
s (26.7±4.5 MPa)>30 s (22.6±5.5 MPa)=60 s (20.4±5.0
MPa). There was no significant difference in μTBS
between the 30 s and 60 s groups. In the 0 s air-drying
group, all failures were observed except cohesive failure
in dentin. The predominant failure mode in the 3 s air-
drying group was a mixed failure, while the predominant
mode of failure in 30 s and 60 s air-drying groups was
interfacial failure. However, there were no significant
differences in failure modes between the experimental
groups (p=0.052). The SEM observations of the treated
dentin surfaces are shown in Figs. 1(a)–(d). The treated
surfaces showed that the smear layers were clearly
removed from the dentin surfaces after 0 s air-drying
(blot-dry) (Fig. 1(a)), that the smear layer was almost
removed after 3 s air-drying (Fig 1(b)), and that the
smear layer partially remained on the dentin surfaces
after 30 s and 60 s air-drying (Figs. 1(c)–(d)).
DISCUSSION
Generally, one-step self-etch adhesives contain solvents
to act as transport media and modifiers of liquid
viscosity to allow resin monomer infiltration into the
demineralized dentin surfaces. The one-step self-etch
adhesives have been reported to exhibit relatively
low degrees of conversion28,29). Moreover, an excessive
solvent concentration in an adhesive can inhibit self-
polymerization30). One of the methods currently used to
evaporate solvents from adhesives has been air-drying
prior to light irradiation6,31,32). However, it is difficult to
completely evaporate the solvents.
The solvent-free one-step self-etch adhesive system,
Bond 1 SF, has a unique concept. Since bond 1 SF
does not require air-blowing procedure, it has fewer
application steps and may eliminate technical sensitivity
in terms of evaporation of the solvents.
This leads to the speculation on how does the
solvent-free one-step self-etch adhesive remove the
smear layer and demineralize the dentin surface. Since
Bond 1 SF does not contain water, some amount of water
(moisture) on the dentin surface must play an important
role. Thus, the effect of air-drying the dentin surfaces
on the dentin bond strength of a solvent-free one-step
 Dent Mater J 2012; 31(4): 558–563 561

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 1 Representative SEM photographs of treated dentin surfaces after the application of Bond 1 SF with various dentin
air-drying conditions (×5,000).
(a) 0 s air-drying with dental air syringe (blot-drying); smear layer and smear plugs were completely removed off.
(b) 3 s air-drying with a dental air syringe; smear layer and plugs were almost removed.
(c) 30 s air-drying with a dental air syringe; smear layer and plugs partially remained.
(d) 60 s air-drying with a dental air syringe; smear layer and plugs partially remained.

adhesive was evaluated in this study.
The results of this study do not support the null
hypothesis that the duration of air-drying the dentin
surfaces does not affect the bond strength of Bond 1 SF.
The behavior of Bond 1 SF investigated in the present
study varied when the duration of air-drying was
altered. Higher bond strengths were observed in the 3 s
group (33.2±6.8 MPa)>0 s (26.7±4.5 MPa)>30 s (22.6±5.5
MPa)=60 s (20.4±5.0 MPa).
In this study, when the dentin surface was dried for
3 s before applying Bond 1 SF, μTBS was significantly
higher than the 30 s or 60 s air-drying groups. According
to the SEM observations of the treated dentin surfaces,
the smear layer was almost removed after 3 s air-drying,
while the smear layer partially remained on the dentin
surfaces after 30 s and 60 s air-drying. Since 30 s or 60
s air-drying removes water (moisture) from the dentin
surfaces, functional monomers would not be able to
generate enough protons for the etching effect. However,
3 s air-drying could leave some water remaining on
562 Dent Mater J 2012; 31(4): 558–563
the dentin surface, resulting in removal of most of the
smear layers. Functional monomers would be able to
generate protons and therefore an etching effect in the
3 s air-drying group. It is known that the amount of
smear layer removal is related to the pH value of acidic
conditioners used6,22,25). Umino et al. reported that water
is essential for one-step self-etch adhesives otherwise
the adhesive would not be able to remove the smear
layer effectively33). Regarding the failure mode, the
predominant failure mode in the 3 s air-drying group
was a mixed failure, while the predominant failure in 30
s and 60 s air-drying groups was interfacial failure. Poor
penetration of bonding resin into the underlying dentin
may lead to poor hybrid layer formation in 30 s and 60
s air-drying groups. From these results, it is speculated
that over-drying the dentin surfaces should be avoided
when using Bond 1 SF in order to etch dentin with water
present on the surface.
For the 0 s air-drying (blot-drying) group, the bond
strength was significantly lower than that of 3 s air-
drying group although SEM observation revealed that
the etching effect in the 0 s air-drying group was higher
than in the 3 s air-drying group. SEM observation of
the treated dentin surface showed that the 0 s air-drying
(blot-drying) group exhibited more complete removal of
the smear layer compared to other groups. However,
the presence of excessive water during polymerization of
the adhesive has a detrimental effect on the hybrid layer
formation, since it lowers the mechanical properties
of the bonding resin20,21,34,35). Moreover, failure mode
analysis revealed that some specimens of 0 s air-drying
group exhibited cohesive failure in resin.
Since Bond 1 SF does not require an air-blowing
step, the adhesive layer of Bond 1 SF would be relatively
thicker than other solvent-containing one-step self-etch
adhesives which require air blowing. In general, solvent-
containing one-step adhesives should be thoroughly air-
blown to enable evaporation of the solvents, which makes
the bonding layer thinner. Thinner adhesive layers
may suffer from incomplete polymerization due to the
existence of oxygen36). Oxygen inhibits the free radical
polymerization, resulting in a layer of not or partially
polymerized resin. This may result in suboptimal
mechanical properties of the adhesive layer and
accelerated degradation of the adhesive. A solvent-free
one-step adhesive might produce an adequate thickness
for the adhesive layer to exhibit optimum bonding. A
relatively thicker bonding layer would be expected to
give rise to a stronger and more durable resin-dentin
bond. This might be another advantage, compared to
other solvent-containing one-step self-etch adhesives.
On the other hand, a thicker bonding layer
sandwiched between the resin composite and dentin
substrate might suffer from water uptake. Bond 1 SF
contains the hydrophilic monomer, HEMA. HEMA-
containing blends can form hydrogels with water, before
polymerization. Even after polymerization of the HEMA,
poly-HEMA attracts water. It was reported that elution
of hydrolytic degradation products of poly-HEMA might
occur after long-term water-storage in HEMA-containing
one-step self-etch adhesives37). Further research on
the effect of HEMA on durability of resin-dentin bond
created by solvent-free one-step adhesive is therefore
indicated.
We propose that the procedure of drying the dentin
surfaces is very important for optimum performance
of the solvent-free one-step self-etch adhesive and is
potentially technique sensitive. Based on the findings
of this study, it was clearly indicated that the presence
of moisture on the dentin surface was essential when a
solvent-free one-step adhesive was applied. Therefore
over-drying of dentin surface should be avoided. If there
is insufficient moisture on the surface, the adhesive
will not be able to remove the smear layer effectively.
There would be poor penetration of the bonding resin
into the underlying dentin, which will result in poor
hybrid layer formation. Clinically, it is necessary to
maintain a wet dentin surface when this adhesive is
used. However, excessive water may interfere with
polymerization of bonding resin, thereby resulting in
poor bond strength34,35,38). Future studies will explore
the long-term durability of resin-dentin bond created by
solvent-free one-step self-etch adhesives.
Within the present study, the following conclusion
can be drawn: the duration of air-drying affected
microtensile bond strength of a solvent-free one-step
self-etch adhesive, Bond 1 SF; the results suggested
that prolonged air-drying of the dentin surface removed
water and decreased the bond strengths.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was supported by the grant from Ministry
of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
of Japan, Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program,
“International Research Center for Molecular Science in
Tooth and Bone Diseases” and Grant-in-Aid for Young
Scientists (B) (#23792165) from Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. We
thank Pentron Japan Inc. for providing the commercial
adhesive.
REFERENCES
1) De Munck J, Vargas M, Van Landuyt K, Hikita K, Lambrechts
P, Van Meerbeek B. Bonding of an auto-adhesive luting
material to enamel and dentin. Dent Mater 2004; 20: 963-
971.
2) Van Landuyt KL, Snauwaert J, De Munck J, Peumans M,
Yoshida Y, Poitevin A, Coutinho E, Suzuki K, Lambrechts
P, Van Meerbeek B. Systematic review of the chemical
composition of contemporary dental adhesives. Biomaterials
2007; 28: 3757-3785.
3) Tay FR, King NM, Chan KM, Pashley DH. How can
nanoleakage occur in self-etching adhesive systems that
demineralize and infiltrate simultaneously? J Adhes Dent
2002; 4: 255-269.
4) Klein-Junior CA, Zander-Grande C, Amaral R, Stanislawczuk
R, Garcia EJ, Baumhardt-Neto R, Meier MM, Loguercio AD,
Reis A. Evaporating solvents with a warm air-stream: effects
on adhesive layer properties and resin-dentin bond strengths.
J Dent 2008; 36: 618-625.
 Dent Mater J 2012; 31(4): 558–563
5) Reis A, Klein CA, de Souza FHC, Stanislawczuk R, Loguercio
AD. The use of warm air stream for solvent evaporation:
effects on the durability of resin-dentin bonds. Oper Dent
2010; 35: 29-36.
6) Jacobsen T, Finger WJ, Kanehira M. Air-drying time of self-
etching adhesives vs bonding efficacy. J Adhes Dent 2006; 8:
387-392.
7) Pashley EL, Zhang Y, Lockwood PE, Rueggeberg FA, Pashley
DH. Effects of HEMA on water evaporation from water-
HEMA mixtures. Dent Mater 1998; 14: 6-10.
8) Cadenaro M, Breschi L, Rueggeberg FA, Suchko M, Grodin
E, Agee K, Di Lenarda R, Tay FR, Pashley DH. Effects of
residual ethanol on the rate and degree of conversion of five
experimental resins. Dent Mater 2009; 25: 621-628.
9) Tay FR, Pashley DH. Have dentin adhesives become too
hydrophilic? J Can Dent Assoc 2003; 69: 726-731.
10) Kostoryz EL, Dharmala K, Ye Q, Wang Y, Huber J, Park JG,
Snider G, Katz JL, Spencer P. Enzymatic biodegradation of
HEMA/bisGMA adhesives formulated with different water
content. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 88: 394-
401.
11) Yiu CK, King NM, Pashley DH, Suh BI, Carvalho RM,
Carrilho MR, Tay FR. Effect of resin hydrophilicity and water
storage on resin strength. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 5789-5796.
12) Frankenberger R, Tay FR. Self-etch vs etch-and-rinse
adhesives: effect of thermo-mechanical fatigue loading on
marginal quality of bonded resin composite restorations.
Dent Mater 2005; 21: 397-412.
13) Frankenberger R, Pashley DH, Reich SM, Lohbauer U,
Petschelt A, Tay FR. Characterisation of resin-dentine
interfaces by compressive cyclic loading. Biomaterials 2005;
26: 2043-2052.
14) Carrilho MR, Carvalho RM, Tay FR, Yiu C, Pashley DH.
Durability of resin-dentin bonds related to water and oil
storage. Am J Dent 2005; 18: 315-319.
15) Sadr A, Shimada Y, Tagami J. Effects of solvent drying time
on micro-shear bond strength and mechanical properties
of two self-etching adhesive systems. Dent Mater 2007; 23:
1114-1119.
16) Carvalho RM, Tay FR, Giannini M, Pashley DH. Effects of
pre- and post-bonding hydration on bond strength to dentin.
J Adhes Dent 2004; 6: 13-17.
17) Chersoni S, Suppa P, Breschi L, Ferrari M, Tay FR, Pashley
DH, Prati C. Water movement in the hybrid layer after
different dentin treatments. Dent Mater 2004; 20: 796-803.
18) Itthagarun A, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Wefel JS, Garcia-Godoy F,
Wei SH. Single-step, self-etch adhesives behave as permeable
membranes after polymerization. Part III. Evidence from
fluid conductance and artificial caries inhibition. Am J Dent
2004; 17: 394-400.
19) Hosaka K, Nakajima M, Takahashi M, Itoh S, Ikeda M,
Tagami J, Pashley DH. Relationship between mechanical
properties of one-step self-etch adhesives and water sorption.
Dent Mater 2010; 26: 360-367.
20) Paul SJ, Leach M, Rueggeberg FA, Pashley DH. Effect of
water content on the physical properties of model dentine
primer and bonding resins. J Dent 1999; 27: 209-214.
21) Ikeda T, De Munck J, Shirai K, Hikita K, Inoue S, Sano H,
Lambrechts P, Van Meeerbeek B. Effect of evaporation of
primer components on ultimate tensile strengths of primer-
adhesive mixture. Dent Mater 2005; 21: 1051-1058.
22) Yamada M, Miyazaki M, Moore BK. Influence of interchanging
adhesive resins and self-etching primers on the mechanical
View publication stats
563
properties of adhesive resins. Oper Dent 2004; 29: 532-537.
23) Van Landuyt KL, De Munck J, Snauwaert J, Coutinho
E, Poitevin A, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Peumans M, Suzuki K,
Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B. Monomer-solvent phase
separation in one-step self-etch adhesives. J Dent Res 2005;
84: 183-188.
24) Sato M, Miyazaki M. Comparison of depth of dentin etching
and resin infiltration with single-step adhesive systems. J
Dent 2005; 33: 475-484.
25) Van Landuyt KL, Snauwaert J, Peumans M, De Munck J,
Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B. The role of HEMA in one-
step self-etch adhesives. Dent Mater 2008; 24: 1412-1419.
26) Hosaka K, Nakajima M, Monticelli F, Carrilho M, Yamauti M,
Aksornmuang J, Nishitani Y, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Tagami J.
Influence of hydrostatic pulpal pressure on the microtensile
bond strength of all-in-one self-etching adhesives. J Adhes
Dent 2007; 9: 437-442.
27) Sano H, Shono T, Sonoda H, Takatsu T, Ciucchi B, Carvalho R,
Pashley DH. Relationship between surface area for adhesion
and tensile bond strength—evaluation of a micro-tensile bond
test. Dent Mater 1994; 10: 236-240.
28) Cadenaro M, Antoniolli F, Sauro S, Tay FR, Di Lenarda
R, Prati C, Biasotto M, Contardo L, Breschi L. Degree of
conversion and permeability of dental adhesives. Eur J Oral
Sci 2005; 113: 525-530.
29) Nunes TG, Garcia FC, Osorio R, Carvalho R, Toledano M.
Polymerization efficacy of simplified adhesive systems studied
by NMR and MRI techniques. Dent Mater 2006; 22: 963-972.
30) Wang Y, Spencer P, Yao X, Brenda B. Effect of solvent content
on resin hybridization in wet dentin bonding. J Biomed Mater
Res A. 2007; 82: 975-983.
31) Ikeda T, De Munck J, Shirai K, Hikita K, Inoue S, Sano H,
Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B. Effect of air-drying and
solvent evaporation on the strength of HEMA-rich versus
HEMA-free one-step adhesives. Dent Mater 2008; 24: 1316-
1323.
32) Garcia FC, Almeida JC, Osorio R, Carvalho RM, Toledano M.
Influence of drying time and temperature on bond strength
of contemporary adhesives to dentine. J Dent 2009; 37: 315-
320.
33) Umino A, Nikaido T, Sultana S, Ogata M, Tagami J. Effects
of smear layer and surface moisture on dentin bond strength
of a waterless all-in-one adhesive. Dent Mater J 2006; 25:
332-338.
34) Mitchem JC, Terkla LG, Gronas DG. Bonding of resin dentin
adhesives under simulated physiological conditions. Dent
Mater 1988; 4: 351-353.
35) Tay FR, Gwinnett AJ, Wei SH. The overwet phenomenon: an
optical, micromorphological study of surface moisture in the
acid-conditioned, resin-dentin interface. Am J Dent 1996; 9:
43-48.
36) Van Landuyt KL, Cardoso MV, De Munck J, Peumans M,
Mine A, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B. Optimization of
the concentration of photo-initiator in a one-step self-etch
adhesive. Dent Mater 2009; 25: 982-988.
37) Takahashi M, Nakajima M, Hosaka K, Ikeda M, Foxton
RM, Tagami J. Long-term evaluation of water sorption and
ultimate tensile strength of HEMA-containing/-free one-step
self-etch adhesives. J Dent 2011; 39: 506-512.
38) Tay FR, Gwinnett AJ, Wei SH. The overwet phenomenon: a
scanning electron microscopic study of surface moisture in
the acid-conditioned, resin-dentin interface. Am J Dent 1996;
9: 109-114.