KEEE494: 2nd Semester 2009 Week 4

Continuous Phase FSK (CPFSK)

1 Review of M -ary FSK

Let us recall M -ary FSK for 0 ≤ t ≤ T
r
2E
sm (t) = cos [2ıfc t + 2πm∆f t] , m = 1, 2, ..., M
T
• FSK is memoryless modulation
• Abrupt change of the frequency incurs high sidelobe in the power spectrum.

2 CPFSK
The CPFSK modulation has the continuous phase change. In this class we study the signal waveform of CPFSK and
some types of CPFSK such as GMSK.

• Let us begin with a PAM signal X

d(t) = In g(t − nT )
n

where In = {±1, ±3, · · · , ±(M − 1)} and g(t) is the rectangular pulse given as

Figure 1: Rectangular pulse

Note that the instantaneous frequency of the ”frequency modulation” is proportional to information signal d(t),
that is, if the transmitted signal has a form of

s(t) = A cos(2πfc t + φ(t)),

then
dφ
instantaneous frequency = ∼ d(t)
2πdt
or Z t
φ(t) ∼ d(t) dt
−∞
Let us define Z t
φ(t) = 4πT fd d(τ ) dτ + φ0
−∞

1
 where

fd : peak frequency deviation

φ0 : initial phase of the carrier

Then, instantaneous frequency is

X
instantanuous freq. = 2T fd d(t) = 2T fd In g(t − nT )

• Equivalent low-pass waveform v(t):

r ½ · Z t ¸¾
2E
v(t) = exp j 4πfd d(τ ) dτ + φ0 ,
T −∞
q
2E
where we set A = T , so that
Z
1
Es = |v(t)|2 dt = E
2
• Carrier-modulated signal r
2E
s(t) = cos [2πfc t + φ(t; I) + φ0 ]
T
where we define
Z t
φ(t; I) = 4πT fd d(τ ) dτ
−∞
Z " #
t X
= 4πT fd In g(τ − nT ) dτ dτ
−∞ n
R
Note that d(t) is discontinuous but d(t) is continuous. Also note that
Z t X X½ ·Z t ¸¾
In g(τ − nT ) dτ = In g(τ − nT ) dτ
−∞ n n −∞

and for nT ≤ t ≤ (n + 1)T

Z t Z t
1 1
g(τ − nT ) dτ = dτ = (t − nT )
−∞ nT 2T 2T

and for t ≥ (n + 1)T ,

Z t
1
g(τ − nT ) dτ =
−∞ 2
and for t ≤ nT Z t
g(τ − nT ) dτ = 0.
−∞

2
 Therefore, the phase for nT ≤ t ≤ (n + 1)T can be rewritten as
( n Z t )
X
φ(t; I) = 4πT fd Ik g(τ − kT ) dτ
k=−∞ −∞
 

 


 Z Z 

 n−1
X t t 
= 4πT fd Ik g(τ − kT )dτ +In g(τ − kT )dτ

 −∞ −∞ 


 k=−∞ | {z } 

 
= 12 for nT ≤ t ≤ (n + 1)T
n−1
X
= 2πfd Ik + 2πfd (t − nT )In
k=−∞
= θn + 2πhIn q(t − nT )

where h = 2fd T is called ”modulation index”,

n−1
X
θn = πh Ik
k=−∞
½ t
0 t ≤ 0, 2T 0≤t≤T
q(t) = 1
2 t≤T
Rt
where q(t) = 0
g(τ ) dτ .
Observe that θn represents the accumulation (memory) of all symbols up to time (n − 1)T .

Figure 2: Integration of rectangular pulse

• It is called ”Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM)” if the phase of the signal is given by
n
X
φ(t; I) = 2π Ik hk q(t − kT ), nT ≤ t ≤ (n + 1)T
k=−∞

The phase of CPFSK is given by

n−1
X
φ(t; I) = πh Ik + 2πhIn q(t − nT )
k=−∞

is a special form of CPM where hk = h for all k and q(t) is given in Fig. 2.

3
 Again, CPM has a waveform of
n
X
φ(t; I) = 2π Ik hk q(t − nT )
k=−∞

where
{Ik } : the sequence of M -ary info. symbols with Ik ∈ {±1, ±3, · · · , ±(M − 1)}
{hk } : modulation indices
q(t) : normalized waveform shape

• Multi-h CPM: When hk varies from one symbol to another, it is called ”multi-h”.
• Full response CPM and partial response CPM: Recall q(t) defined as
Z t
q(t) = g(τ ) dτ
0

– If g(t) = 0 for t > T , it is called ”full response CPM”.

– If g(t) 6= 0 for t > T , it is called ”partial response CPM”.
• CPM can be generated by g(t), h, and M .
• There are some popular pulse shapes
1) L-Rectangular (LREC) pulse ½ 1
2LT , 0 ≤ t ≤ LT,
g(t) =
0, otherwise
If L=1, it is CPFSK
2) L-Root Cosine (LRC) pulse
½ 1
¡ ¢
2LT 1 − cos 2πt
LT , 0 ≤ t ≤ LT,
g(t) =
0, otherwise

3) Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) pulse with bandwidth parameter B (3dB bandwidth)
½ · ¸ · ¸¾
2πB(t − T /2) 2πB(t + T /2)
g(t) = Q √ −Q √
ln 2 ln 2
R ∞ 1 −x2 /2
where Q(t) = −t √2π e dt In GSM system, BT = 0.3 is used. In real system, truncate g(t). For
example, we can truncate |t| = 1.5 for BT = 0.3.
• Phase trees for binary CPFSK
n−1
X
phase:φ(t; I) = πh Ik + 2πhIn q(t − nT )
k=−∞

For CPFSK, if LREC with L = 1 is used, we can draw the phase tree diagram as In Fig. 3, actually the phase is
within [0, 2π] or [−π, π], that is, φ(t; I) ∈ [0, 2π] or [−π, π], so we can take modular by 2π.
If we redraw the phase tree by using mod(φ(t; I), 2π), it is called ”phase trellis”.
• Two quadrature components of CPM
xc (t; I) = cos φ(t; I)
xs (t; I) = sin φ(t; I)

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Figure 3: Phase tree of CPFSK with full-response rectangular pulse (L = 1)