Program To Generate Fibonacci Number

39.
Program to generate fibonacci number
Statement:Write an assembly language program to generate fibonacci number.
Source Program:
MVI D, COUNT : Initialize counter
MVI B, 00 : Initialize variable to store previous number
MVI C, 01 : Initialize variable to store current number
MOV A, B :[Add two numbers]
BACK: ADD C :[Add two numbers]
MOV B, C : Current number is now previous number
MOV C, A : Save result as a new current number
DCR D : Decrement count
JNZ BACK : if count 0 go to BACK
HLT : Stop.
40. Generate a delay of 0.4 seconds
Statement:Write a program to generate a delay of 0.4 sec if the crystal frequency is 5 MHz.
Calculation: In 8085, the operating frequency is half of the crystal frequency,
ie.Operating frequency = 5/2 = 2.5 MHz
Time for one T -state =
Number of T-states required =
= 1 x 106
Source Program:
LXI B, count : 16 - bit count
BACK: DCX B : Decrement count
MOV A, C
ORA B : Logically OR Band C
JNZ BACK : If result is not zero repeat

41. Arrange in DESCENDING Order
Statement: Arrange an array of 8 bit unsigned no in descending order
Source Program:

START:MVI B, 00 ; Flag = 0
LXI H, 4150 ; Count = length of array
MOV C, M
DCR C ; No. of pair = count -1
INX H ; Point to start of array
LOOP:MOV A, M ; Get kth element
INX H
CMP M ; Compare to (K+1) th element
JNC LOOP 1 ; No interchange if kth >= (k+1) th
MOV D, M ; Interchange if out of order
MOV M, A ;
DCR H
MOV M, D
INX H
MVI B, 01H ; Flag=1
LOOP 1:DCR C ; count down
JNZ LOOP ;
DCR B ; is flag = 1?
JZ START ; do another sort, if yes
HLT ; If flag = 0, step execution

42. Data transfer from one memory block to other memory block.
Statement: Transfer ten bytes of data from one memory to another memory block. Source
memory block starts from memory location 2200H where as destination memory block starts
from memory location 2300H.
Source Program:

LXI H, 4150 : Initialize memory pointer
MVI B, 08 : count for 8-bit
MVI A, 54
LOOP : RRC
JC LOOP1
MVI M, 00 : store zero it no carry
JMP COMMON
LOOP2: MVI M, 01 : store one if there is a carry
COMMON: INX H
DCR B : check for carry
JNZ LOOP
HLT : Terminate the program

43. Find the factorial of a number

Statement: Program to calculate the factorial of a number between 0 to 8
Source program

LXI SP, 27FFH ; Initialize stack pointer
LDA 2200H ; Get the number
CPI 02H ; Check if number is greater than 1
JC LAST
MVI D, 00H ; Load number as a result
MOV E, A
DCR A
MOV C,A ; Load counter one less than number
CALL FACTO ; Call subroutine FACTO
XCHG ; Get the result in HL
SHLD 2201H ; Store result in the memory
JMP END
LAST: LXI H, 000lH ; Store result = 01
END: SHLD 2201H
HLT

Subroutine Program:

FACTO:LXI H, 0000H
MOV B, C ; Load counter
BACK: DAD D
DCR B
JNZ BACK ; Multiply by successive addition
XCHG ; Store result in DE
DCR C ; Decrement counter

CNZ FACTO ; Call subroutine FACTO
RET ; Return to main program
44. Find the Square Root of a given number

Statement:Write a program to find the Square Root of an 8 bit binary number. The binary
number is stored in memory location 4200H and store the square root in 4201H.
Source Program:

LDA 4200H : Get the given data(Y) in A register
MOV B,A : Save the data in B register
MVI C,02H : Call the divisor(02H) in C register
CALL DIV : Call division subroutine to get initial
value(X) in D-reg
REP: MOV E,D : Save the initial value in E-reg
MOV A,B : Get the dividend(Y) in A-reg
MOV C,D : Get the divisor(X) in C-reg
CALL DIV : Call division subroutine to get initial
value(Y/X) in D-reg
MOV A, D : Move Y/X in A-reg
ADD E : Get the((Y/X) + X) in A-reg
MVI C, 02H : Get the divisor(02H) in C-reg
CALL DIV : Call division subroutine to get ((Y/X) + X)/2
in D-reg.This is XNEW
MOV A, E : Get Xin A-reg
CMP D : Compare X and XNEW
JNZ REP : If XNEW is not equal to X, then repeat
STA 4201H : Save the square root in memory
HLT : Terminate program execution

Subroutine:

DIV: MVI D, 00H : Clear D-reg for Quotient
NEXT:SUB C : Subtact the divisor from dividend
INR D : Increment the quotient
CMP C : Repeat subtraction until the
JNC NEXT : divisor is less than dividend
RET : Return to main program

Flowchart for Source Program:

Flowchart for subroutine:

45. Split a HEX data into two nibbles and store it

Statement:Write a simple program to Split a HEX data into two nibbles and store it in memory

Source Program:

LXI H, 4200H : Set pointer data for array
MOV B,M : Get the data in B-reg
MOV A,B : Copy the data to A-reg
ANI OFH : Mask the upper nibble
INX H : Increment address as 4201
MOV M,A : Store the lower nibble in memory
MOV A,B : Get the data in A-reg
ANI FOH : Bring the upper nibble to lower nibble
position
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
INX H
MOV M,A : Store the upper nibble in memory

46. Add two 4-digit BCD numbers
Statement: Add two 4 digit BCD numbers in HL and DE register pairs and store result in memory
locations, 2300H and 2301H. Ignore carry after 16 bit.
Sample Problem:

(HL) =3629
(DE) =4738
Step 1 : 29 + 38 = 61 and auxiliary carry flag = 1
:.add 06
61 + 06 = 67
Step 2 : 36 + 47 + 0 (carry of LSB) = 7D

Lower nibble of addition is greater than 9, so add 6.
7D + 06 = 83
Result = 8367

Source program

MOV A, L : Get lower 2 digits of no. 1
ADD E : Add two lower digits
DAA : Adjust result to valid BCD
STA 2300H : Store partial result
MOV A, H : Get most significant 2 digits of number
ADC D : Add two most significant digits
DAA : Adjust result to valid BCD
STA 2301H : Store partial result
HLT : Terminate program execution.

47. Subtraction of two BCD numbers
Statement: Subtract the BCD number stored in E register from the number stored in the D
register.

Source Program:

MVI A,99H
SUB E : Find the 99's complement of subtrahend
INR A : Find 100's complement of subtrahend
ADD D : Add minuend to 100's complement of subtrahend
DAA : Adjust for BCD

48. Multiply two 2-digit BCD numbers

Statement: Write an assembly language program to multiply 2 BCD numbers
Source Program:

MVI C, Multiplier : Load BCD multiplier
MVI B, 00 : Initialize counter
LXI H, 0000H : Result = 0000
MVI E, multiplicand : Load multiplicand

MVI D, 00H : Extend to 16-bits
BACK: DAD D : Result Result + Multiplicand
MOV A, L : Get the lower byte of the result
ADI, 00H
DAA : Adjust the lower byte of result to BCD.
MOV L, A : Store the lower byte of result
MOV A, H : Get the higher byte of the result
ACI, 00H
DAA : Adjust the higher byte of the result to BCD
MOV H, A : Store the higher byte of result.
MOV A, B : [Increment
ADI 01H : counter
DAA : adjust it to BCD and
MOV B,A : store it]
CMP C : Compare if count = multiplier
JNZ BACK : if not equal repeat
HLT : Stop

49. Generate and display binary up counter
Statement:Write a program for displaying binary up counter. Counter should count numbers
from 00 to FFH and it should increment after every 0.5 sec.
Assume operating frequency of 8085 equal to 2MHz. Display routine is available.
Source Program:

LXI SP, 27FFH : Initialize stack pointer

MVI C, OOH : Initialize counter
BACK: CALL Display : Call display subroutine
CALL Delay : Call delay subroutine
INR C : Increment counter
MOV A, C
CPI OOH : Check counter is > FFH
JNZ BACK : If not, repeat
HLT : Stop

Delay Subroutine:

Delay: LXI B, count : Initialize count
BACK: DCX D : Decrement count
MOV A, E
ORA D : Logically OR D and E
JNZ BACK : If result is not 0 repeat


Flowchart for Delay routine:

50. Generate and display BCD up counter with frequency 1Hz

Statement:Write a program for displaying BCD up counter. Counter should count numbers from
00 to 99H and it should increment after every 1 sec. Assume operating frequency of 8085 equal
to 3MHz. Display routine is available.

Source Program:

MVI C, OOH : Initialize counter
MOV A, C
ADI A, 0 1 : Increment counter
DAA : Adjust it for decimal
MOV C,A : Store count
CPI ,00 : Check count is > 99
HLT : Stop

Delay Subroutine:

Delay:MVI B, Multiplier-count : Initialize multiplier count
BACK 1:LXI D, Initialize Count
BACK: DCX D : Decrement count
MOV A, E
ORA D : Logically OR D and E
JNZ BACK : If result is not a, repeat
DCR B : Decrement multiplier count
JNZ BACK 1 : If not zero, repeat
RET : Return to main program.

Operating Frequency : 3MHz


Flowchart for Delay routine:

51. Generate and display BCD down counter

Statement:Write a program for displaying BCD down counter. Counter should count numbers
from 99 to 00 and it should increment after every 1 sec. Assume operating frequency of 8085
equal to 3MHz. Display routine is available.

Source Program 1:

MVI C, 99H : Initialize counter = 99
BACK:CALL Display : Call display subroutine
ADI 99H : See Addition below
DAA : Adjust for decimal
CPI 99H : Compare with last count
JNZ BACK :If no, repeat
HLT

Source Program2:

MVI C, 99H : Initialize counter = 99
MOV A, C : Get count
ANI 0FH : Check for lower nibble
JNZ SKIP : If it is not 0FH go to skip
MOV A,C : Else get the count
SBI ,06 : Subtract 06
MOV C,A : Store the count
DCR C : Decrement count
CPI 99H : Check it for last count
HLT : Stop

52. Generate and display the contents of decimal counter

Statement:Write assembly language program to with proper comments for the following: To
display decimal decrementing counter (99 to 00) at port 05 H with delay of half seconds between
.each count. Write as well the delay routine giving delay of half seconds. Operating frequency of
microprocessor is 3.072 MHz. Neglect delay for the main program.

Source Program:

MVI C, 99H : Initialize counter
BACK: MOV A, C
ANI OF : Mask higher nibble
CPI OF
JNZ SKIP
MOV A, C
SUI 06 : Subtract 6 to adjust decimal count
MOV D, A
SKIP: MOV A, C
OUT 05 : send count on output port
CALL Delay : Wait for 0.5 seconds
DCR C : decrement count
MOV A, C
CPI FF
JNZ BACK : If not zero, repeat
HLT : Stop execution

Delay subroutine:

Delay: LXI D, Count
Back: DCX D : 6 T-states
MOV A, D : 4 T-states
ORA E : 4 T-states
JNZ Back : 10 T-states
RET

53. Debug the delay routine

Statement:The delay routine given below is in infinite loop, identify the error and correct the
program.

Delay routine with error:

DELAY : LXI H, N
L1 : DCX H
JNZ L1

Sol.: 1) The fault in the above program is at instruction JNZ L1. This
condition always evaluates to be true hence loops keep on executing and
hence infinite loop.

2) Reason for infinite looping: - The instruction DCX H decrease the HL pair
count one by one but it does not affect the zero flag. So when count reaches
to OOOOH in HL pair zero flag is not affected and JNZ L1 evaluates to be
true and loop continues. Now HL again decrements below OOOOH and HL
becomes FFFFH and thus execution continues.

3) The modification in the program is as follows:

DELAY : LXI H, N :Load 16 bit count
L1 : DCX H : Decrement count
MOV A, L
ORA H : logically OR Hand L
JNZ L1 : If result is not 0 repeat

PROGRAMS IN CODE CONVERSION

54. 2-Digit BCD to binary conversion.

Statement: Convert a 2-digit BCD number stored at memory address 2200H into its binary
equivalent number and store the result in a memory location 2300H.

Sample Problem

(2200H) = 67H
(2300H) = 6 x OAH + 7 = 3CH + 7 = 43H

Source Program:

LDA 2200H : Get the BCD number
MOV B, A : Save it
ANI OFH : Mask most significant four bits
MOV C, A : Save unpacked BCDI in C register
MOV A, B : Get BCD again
ANI FOH : Mask least significant four bits
RRC : Convert most significant four bits into unpacked

BCD2
RRC
RRC
RRC
MOV B, A : Save unpacked BCD2 in B register
XRA A : Clear accumulator (sum = 0)
MVI D, 0AH : Set D as a multiplier of 10
Sum: ADD D : Add 10 until (B) = 0
DCR B : Decrement BCD2 by one
JNZ SUM : Is multiplication complete? i if not, go back and

add again
ADD C : Add BCD1
STA 2300H : Store the result

55. Binary to BCD conversion
Statement: Write a main program and a conversion subroutine to convert the binary number
stored at 6000H into its equivalent BCD number. Store the result from memory location 6100H.
Sample Problem: (6000) H = 8AH

1.8AH ? 64H (Decimal 100) :. Divide by 64H

(Decimal 100)
8AH/64H ? Quotient = 1, Remainder = 26H
26H < 64H (Decimal 100) :. Go to step 2 and

Digit 2 = 1
2.26H ? OAH (Decimal 10) :. Divide by OAH

(Decimal 10)
26H/OAH ? Quotient = 3, Remainder = O8H
OSH < OAH (Decimal 10) :. Go to step 3

and Digit 1 = 3
3. Digit 0 = O8H

Source Program:

LDA 6000H : Get the binary number in

accumulator
CALL SUBROUTINE : Call subroutine

Subroutine to convert binary number into its equivalent BCD number:

PUSH B : Save BC register pair contents
PUSH D : Save DE register pair contents
MVI B, 64H : Load divisor decimal 100 in B register
MVI C, 0AH : Load divisor decimal 10 in C register
MVI D, 00H : Initialize Digit 1
MVI E, 00H : Initialize Digit 2
STEP1: CMP B : Check if number < Decimal 100
JC STEP 2 : if yes go to step 2
SUB B : Subtract decimal 100
INR E : update quotient
JMP STEP 1 : go to step 1
STEP2: CMP C : Check if number < Decimal 10
JC STEP 3 : if yes go to step 3
SUB C : Subtract decimal 10
INR D : Update quotient
JMP STEP 2 : Continue division by 10
STEP3: STA 6100H : Store Digit 0
MOV A, D : Get Digit 1
STA 6101H : Store Digit 1
MOV A, E : Get Digit 2
STA 6102H : Store Digit 2
POP D : Restore DE register pair
POP B : Restore BC register pair

56. Find the 7-segment codes for given numbers

Statement: Find the 7-segment codes for given 5 numbers from memory location
6000H and store the result from memory location 7000H.

Sample Problem: (6000) H = 8AH
Source Program

LXI H, 6200H : Initialize lookup table pointer
LXI D, 6000H : Initialize source memory pointer
LXI B, 7000H : Initialize destination memory pointer
BACK: LDAX D : Get the number
MOV L, A : A point to the 7-segment code
MOV A, M : Get the 7-segment code
STAX B : Store the result at destination memory location
INX D : Increment source memory pointer
INX B : Increment destination memory pointer
MOV A, C
CPI O5H : Check for last number
JNZ BACK : If not repeat
HLT : End of program

57. Find the ASCII character

Statement: Write an assembly language program to convert the contents of the five memory
locations starting from 2000H into an ASCII character. Place the result in another five memory
locations starting from 2200H.
Sample Problem
(2000H) = 1
(2001H) = 2
(2002H) = 9
(2003H) = A
(2004H) = B
Result:(2200H) = 31
(2201H) = 32
(2202H) = 39
(2203H) = 41
(2204H) = 42

Source program:

LXI H, 2000H : Source memory pointer
LXI D, 2200H : Destination memory pointer
MVI C, O5H : Initialize the counter
BACK: MOV A, M : Get the number
CALL ASCII : Call subroutine ASCII

STAX D : Store result
INX H : Increment source memory pointer
INX D : Increment destination memory pointer
DCR C : Decrement count by 1
CJNZ : if not zero, repeat
HLT : Stop program execution subroutine ASCII
ASCII: CPI, OAH : Check if number is OAR
JNC NEXT : If yes go to next otherwise continue
ADI 30H
JMP LAST
NEXT: ADI 37H
LAST: RET : Return to main program

Subroutine:

Subroutine 'ASCII' converts a hexadecimal digit to ASCII.The digit is passed

using accumulator and the result is stored in accumulator.Stack starts From
27FEH to 27FDH.

58. ASCII to Decimal Conversion
Statement: convert the ASCII number in memory to its equivalent decimal number
Source Program:

LXI H, 4150 : Point to data
MOV A, M : Get operand
SUI 30 : convert to decimal
CPI 0A : Check whether it is valid decimal number
JC LOOP : yes, store result
MVI A, FF : No, make result=FF
LOOP: INX H
MOV M, A
HLT : (A) = (4151)
Note: The ASCII Code (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange) is commonly used for communication. It is a seven bit code. In
this code number 0 through 9 are represented as 30 through 39 respectively
and letters A through Z are represented as 41H through 5AH. Therefore, by
subtracting 30H we can convert an ASCII number into its decimal
equivalent.

59. HEX to Decimal conversion
Statement: Convert the HEX number in memory to its equivalent decimal number
Source Program:

LXI H, 4150 ; Point to data
LXI B, 0000 ; Initialize hundreds= 0, Tens=0
MOV A, M ; Get hex data to A
LOOP: SUI 64
JC LOOP 1
INR B ; hundreds= hundreds+1
JMP LOOP
LOOP 1: ADI 64 ; if subtracted extra, add it clear carry flag
LOOP 2: SUI 0A
JC LOOP 3
INR C ; Tens=tens+1
JMP LOOP 2
LOOP 3: ADI 0A ; If subtracted extra, add it again
INX H ; A = Units
MOV M, B ; store hundreds
MOV B, A ; Combine Tens in C &
MOV A, C ; Units in A to form a

RLC ; Single 8-bit number
RLC
RLC
RLC
ADD B
INX H
MOV M, A ; Store tens & Units
HLT

Note: In this experiment the number is converted to its equivalent decimal

number using the following logic. First count the number of hundreds, the
number of tens & units present in that hex number. Then add up to get the
equivalent decimal number.
Converting A9 we get:
A9 /64=45 Hundreds = 01
Since 64(100 decimal) cannot be subtracted from 45 no. of hundreds = 01.

Now count tens
45/0A=3B Tens = 01
Now from 09, 0A cannot be subtracted. Hence tens = 06 the decimal

equivalent of A9 is 169.

60. HEX to binary conversion

Statement: Convert an 8 bit hex no to its binary form & store in memory.
Source Program:

LXI H, 4150 : Initialize memory pointer
MVI B, 08 : count for 8-bit
MVI A, 54
LOOP : RRC
JC LOOP1
MVI M, 00 : store zero it no carry
JMP COMMON
LOOP2: MVI M, 01 : store one if there is a carry
COMMON: INX H
DCR B : check for carry
JNZ LOOP
HLT : Terminate the program

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Program To Generate Fibonacci Number

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39.

Program to generate fibonacci number

Statement:Write an assembly language program to generate fibonacci number.

MVI D, COUNT : Initialize counter

MVI B, 00 : Initialize variable to store previous number

MVI C, 01 : Initialize variable to store current number

MOV A, B :[Add two numbers]

BACK: ADD C :[Add two numbers]

MOV B, C : Current number is now previous number

MOV C, A : Save result as a new current number

DCR D : Decrement count

JNZ BACK : if count 0 go to BACK

40. Generate a delay of 0.4 seconds

Calculation: In 8085, the operating frequency is half of the crystal frequency,

ie.Operating frequency = 5/2 = 2.5 MHz

Time for one T -state =

Number of T-states required =

LXI B, count : 16 - bit count

BACK: DCX B : Decrement count

ORA B : Logically OR Band C

JNZ BACK : If result is not zero repeat

Statement: Arrange an array of 8 bit unsigned no in descending order

LXI H, 4150 ; Count = length of array

DCR C ; No. of pair = count -1

INX H ; Point to start of array

LOOP:MOV A, M ; Get kth element

CMP M ; Compare to (K+1) th element

JNC LOOP 1 ; No interchange if kth >= (k+1) th

MOV D, M ; Interchange if out of order

MVI B, 01H ; Flag=1

LOOP 1:DCR C ; count down

JZ START ; do another sort, if yes

HLT ; If flag = 0, step execution

LXI H, 4150 : Initialize memory pointer

MVI B, 08 : count for 8-bit

MVI M, 00 : store zero it no carry

LOOP2: MVI M, 01 : store one if there is a carry

DCR B : check for carry

HLT : Terminate the program

43. Find the factorial of a number

Statement: Program to calculate the factorial of a number between 0 to 8

LXI SP, 27FFH ; Initialize stack pointer

LDA 2200H ; Get the number

CPI 02H ; Check if number is greater than 1

MVI D, 00H ; Load number as a result

MOV C,A ; Load counter one less than number

CALL FACTO ; Call subroutine FACTO

XCHG ; Get the result in HL

SHLD 2201H ; Store result in the memory

LAST: LXI H, 000lH ; Store result = 01

END: SHLD 2201H

MOV B, C ; Load counter

JNZ BACK ; Multiply by successive addition

XCHG ; Store result in DE

DCR C ; Decrement counter

RET ; Return to main program

44. Find the Square Root of a given number

Step 1 : 29 + 38 = 61 and auxiliary carry flag = 1

Step 2 : 36 + 47 + 0 (carry of LSB) = 7D

Lower nibble of addition is greater than 9, so add 6.

MOV A, L : Get lower 2 digits of no. 1

ADD E : Add two lower digits