Senior Manager

Global Cooperation Department of K-water

Lecturer

•Name : Kim, Taiwhan

•Department : Global Cooperation Dept.

•Contact(C.P) : +82-10-2675-1029

•Contact(Office) : +82-42-629-4176

•E-mail : nkvision@kwater.or.kr
3
01
Criteria for Water Supply System
Objective
Uses of Water
Basic Considerations
Components of Water Supply System
Sources of water Surface water

Ground water
Intake works

Raw water storage Demand

Water treatment plant

Clean water storage

Water distribution system

Water to consumers

Waste water treatment

Waste water
Disposal River, lake, water bodies
Water Demand
Population Projection
Water Demand
Sources of Water
Water Treatment
Water Treatment Schemes

Coagulant/PAC/Lime
Mixing Flocculation Settling

Raw
water

Granular Filtration
Pre-Chlorine
Sludge Treatment
Discharge Sludge

Cake

Clear Well
Post Chlorine
High Service Pump
To distribution
system
Definition
 An area of the supply network having ideally about 2,000 service connections fed
preferably from a single entry point and the water entering and leaving the area is
metered

Main objectives
 Ease of maintenance and planning (primarily to increase efficiency of leak detection)
 Enhancing responsiveness to emergencies

Source: Adapted from DMA Guidance Note, IWA (2007)

Waterworks Facility Standard, Ministry of Environment (2010)
 Operational
parameters

Social
parameters

Physical
parameters • Ground level
• Area
• Number of connections
• Administrative district
• Pressure requirements
• School district
• Fire fighting capacity
• Driveway • Park
• Number of boundary valves to be closed
• Railway • Large apartment complex
• Number of flow meter to be installed
• River and Stream • Land use pattern
• Target final leakage level, ELL
• Mountain • etc.
• Large metered customers
• etc.
• Water Inflow
• Infrastructure condition and etc.

Source: Adapted from DMA Guidance Note, IWA (2007)

Manual of revenue water enhancement, Korea Ministry of Environment (2010)
 Utility-Centered Operation Customer-Centered Operation

Now Now
Reported
Pipe
Smart Smart
Burst
Water Network Water Grid

Unreported
Background Pipe Burst
Real Loss

late 2000s
1990s
1964
Efficient of NRW management
Quickly water
supply resume

Establishment of
Introduction of national guideline - Integrated O&M based on the Real Time
Block System: DMA system in Korea
minimization of
ICT Application Physical Sensing, Inflow Meter Soft Sensing, Smart Sensor
earthquake
damage (Japan) Data Collection Reading, Descriptive statistics Data Fusion and Analysis based on big
data
 Process  Investigate water distribution networks and gather all
Investigate System kinds of documents related to WDN and O&M

Digitalize Map

Measure & Analyze

Establish DMA

Assess NRW by DMA

Make Plan for NRW

Reduction Activities

NRW Reduction Activities

 Process  Make digital map with network components investigated

Investigate System and classified to accurately manage system, regularly

update O&M record and simulate hydraulic network model

Digitalize Map

Measure & Analyze

Establish DMA

Assess NRW by DMA

Make Plan for NRW

Reduction Activities

NRW Reduction Activities

Example of map digitalization
Paper Map Digitized Map (CAD, General Version)

Digitized Map (CAD, Map Version) GIS (Geographic Information System)

Service line
Layer
DB_Code
District Name
Ins. date
Purpose
Material
Diameter
Length
Connect.type
min. depth
max. depth
Label
Serial
Bulk WSS
Number
Reservoir
DMA Name
Name
What is the Map and Map management ?
 Present Facilities : Pipe, Meter, Tank, Valve, Pump, etc.
 Management Record : Replacement, Rehabilitation, Leak Repair, Establishment
 Operation Record : Quality complaints, Insufficient pressure and quantity

Example : Leaks repair

 Process  Measure flow rate, pressure & quality for analyzing
hydraulic performance in a network and solve
Investigate System
abnormal problems
 Apply analysis results to making plan for DMA
Digitalize Map BC No3
140
Account No :8031-003-100-0059-31-3 flow from 10/18/2000 14h to10/19/2000 14h

volume by meter = 480 m3

existing meter mean weighted error -11%
volume by flowmeter = 533 m3
120

100

Measure & Analyze 80

Flow (m3/h)
60

40

20

Establish DMA 0
18/10 12:00 18/10 18:00 19/10 0:00
Time
19/10 6:00 19/10 12:00 19/10 18:00

Map Data analysis

Assess NRW by DMA

Make Plan for NRW

Reduction Activities

NRW Reduction Activities

Pressure Measurement Flow Measurement
Reservoir Level Measurement
 Transducer, Level monitor, Data Logger

Transducer
Level
monitor

Data logger

Flow Measurement
 Ultrasonic Flow meter

Potable flow meter

Pressure Measurement
 Data logger, Hydrant connector, Computer, etc
 Minimum 2 days data logging

노트북

Logger

적외선 판독기

소화전 연결캡

펄스유량측정기

수압측정장치 유량측정장치
 Process  DMAs are established by creating a discrete zone
within the water distribution system by closing valves
Investigate System to quantify water losses and analyze minimum night
flow, additionally make pressure sectorization
Digitalize Map

Measure & Analyze

Establish DMA

Assess NRW by DMA

Make Plan for NRW

Reduction Activities

NRW Reduction Activities

Procedure for DMA establishment
Determine design criteria
Network investigate
(flow, pressure, HGL)
DMA planning (outline)

DMA testing

Network analysis
Isolation of DMA Testing OK? NO
(if available)
YES

DMA planning (confirmed)

Site survey

Pressure zero test Meter selection

Site excavation

Meter & TM installation,

Pipe construction at inlet
(if necessary)
DMA Design Criteria
 Design Consideration
-. Level of target economic NRW
-. Size of water supply, population density
-. Location of tank, variation in pressure
 Criteria of DMA size
[ Ministry of Environment of Korea ]
-. Large : water treatment plant
-. Medium : 1,500 - 5,000 connections
-. Small : 500 – 1,500 connections
[ International Waterworks Association ]
-. Large : 3,000 - 5,000 connections
-. Medium : 1,000 - 3,000 connections
-. Small : <1,000 connections
[DMA Division]
 Ground level, Pressure, Configuration
 Location of large customers
[Flow Monitoring]
 Flow monitoring system (large-medium-small)
 Proper dia. of DMA flow meter
[Pressure Management]
 Proper pressure within 20~30m
 Pressure measurement at DMA inlet
[Operation and Management]
 Installing Air/Drain/Gate valve
 Rehabilitation & replacement
 considering water quality
Construction of Flow Meter Chamber at DMA Inlet Point

Equipment for Monitoring and Control

Flow Meter

PRV
Local Panel
SCADA system (i-water)

Integrated O&M system based on GIS, Hydraulic Model and SCADA (water-NET)
 Process  NRW and MNF analysis using flow data from DMA inflows
and monthly demands
Investigate System
 Water loss evaluation through annual water balance and
Digitalize Map MNF analysis
 Prioritize DMA for leakage reduction activities
Measure & Analyze Quantify NRW
Monthly NRW analysis

Establish DMA Analyze NRW,

MNF variation

Assess NRW by DMA

Prioritize DMA
for action
Make Plan for NRW
Reduction Activities Planning for action MNF
Comparative
analysis
NRW Reduction Activities DB management
Comparative Analysis
 Analyze Network NRW variation using MNF data for efficiently understanding network
condition and identifying leakage occurrence
<Monthly NRW analysis>
90% 400,000

80% 350,000

70%
300,000
60%

(㎥/month)
250,000
NRW(%)

50%
200,000
40%
150,000
30%

Comparative
100,000
20%

10% 50,000

0% -
analysis
1월
2월
3월
4월
5월
6월
7월
8월
9월
10월
11월
12월
1월
2월
3월
4월
5월
6월
7월
8월
9월
10월
11월
12월
1월
2월
3월
4월
5월
2007 2008 2009
NRW % Total Water Supplied RW NRW

250

<Daily MNF monitor> 200

MNF(m3/hr)

150

100

50

0
6/1
6/8

7/6

8/3

9/7

1/4

2/1
2/8

3/1
3/8

4/5

5/3

6/7
5/25

6/15
6/22
6/29

7/13
7/20
7/27

8/10
8/17
8/24
8/31

9/14
9/21
9/28
10/5
10/12
10/19
10/26
11/2
11/9
11/16
11/23
11/30
12/7
12/14
12/21
12/28

1/11
1/18
1/25

2/15
2/22

3/15
3/22
3/29

4/12
4/19
4/26

5/10
5/17
5/24
5/31

6/14
Minimum Night Flow Analysis
 The minimum night flow is the lowest flow into a DMA or area where inflow can be
measured on each night, usually between 02:00 and 04:00 hour
 In most cases, MNF will mostly consist of leakage, with relatively small amounts of
customer consumption

Assessed Residential
Night Use Non - Residential
Customer
Night Use Exceptional Residential
Night Use Non - Residential
Minimum
Night Flow On Mains (Length Lm in km)
(measured)
Background On Communication Pipes (Number Nc)
Night Leakage On Supply Pipes
Leakage On Plumbing

Excess Locatable losses

Leakage
 -1. 배경야간최소유량(1)-

The Relation between MNF and Pressure

Intermittent use Pressure

Revenue water
(random) independent

Continuous use

Plumbing losses

Non-revenue water
Pressure

(Real losses)
dependent
Leakage
(unseen holes)
Measuring MNF
 The MNF should be the average over a set time
 A period of one hour is useful and is widely used
 Typically, data loggers are set to measure flows and the minimum 1 hour value should
be the lowest moving 1 hour average of these values
40

35

30
flow(m3/hr)

25

20
15
10

-
12:00

18:00

12:00

18:00

12:00

18:00

12:00

18:00

12:00

18:00

12:00

18:00
3/21 0:00

6:00

3/22 0:00

6:00

3/23 0:00

6:00

3/24 0:00

6:00

3/25 0:00

6:00

3/26 0:00

6:00

3/27 0:00
Prioritize DMA for Leakage Reduction Activities
Demand Supply NRW Pipe length NRW Priority No.
DMA NRW %
(㎥/day) (㎥/day) (㎥/year) (km) (m3/km) For activities
Total 24,559 30,617 19.8% 2,211,397 557.411

NS 7,139 9,885 27.8% 1,002,187 120.166 8,340 3

BH 1,077 1,550 30.5% 172,652 34.362 5,025 5

ND 2,761 3,264 15.4% 183,689 20.592 8,920 2

KG 2,852 3,390 15.9% 196,439 101.995 1,926 7

YM 3,643 4,533 19.6% 324,988 109.453 2,969 6

MS 6,446 6,917 6.8% 172,089 13.604 12,650 1

SD 428 515 17.0% 31,850 88.563 360 8

YS 272 585 53.5% 114,118 22.259 5,127 4

※ NRW/properties can be used for making priority of NRW reduction activities

Prioritize DMA for Leakage Reduction Activities
유수율 총급수량 유수수량 무수수량

Reservoir 100%
90%
500,000
450,000
NRW 80% 400,000

(단위 : ㎥/월)
70% 350,000
60% 300,000
50% 250,000
40% 200,000
30% 150,000

Reservoir
20% 100,000
10% 50,000
0% -

1월

3월

5월

7월

9월

11월

1월

3월

5월

7월

9월

11월
600
500 마곡배수지

야간최소유량(m3/hr)
400
300 <MNF>
200
100
0

10/1
11/1
12/1

10/1
11/1
12/1
1/1
2/1
3/1
4/1
5/1
6/1
7/1
8/1
9/1

1/1
2/1
3/1
4/1
5/1
6/1
7/1
8/1
9/1
2008 2009

DMA
NRW 100.0%
90.0%
120,000 100%
90%
80,000 100%
90%
50,000
45,000
100,000 70,000
80.0% 80% 80% 40,000
60,000

(단위 : ㎥/월)
80,000

(단위 : ㎥/월)
70.0% 70% 70% 35,000
(단위 : ㎥/월)

60.0%
60,000 60% 50,000 60% 30,000
50.0% 50% 40,000 50% 25,000
40,000 40% 20,000
40.0% 40% 30,000
30.0% 20,000 30% 30% 15,000
20.0%
20,000 20% 10,000
20%
0
10.0% 10% 10,000 10% 5,000
0.0% -20,000 0% 0 0% 0

1월

3월

5월

7월

9월

11월

1월

3월

5월

7월

9월

11월
1월

3월

5월

7월

9월

11월

1월

3월

5월

7월

9월

11월

70
1월

3월

5월

7월

9월

11월

1월

3월

5월

7월

9월

11월
300 60
60
50 마곡10
야간최소유량(m3/hr)

250

야간최소유량(m3/hr)
마곡04
50
유수율 총급수량 유수수량 무수수량 마곡09
야간최소유량(m3/hr)

200
40
40
30
150 30

20 20
100

10 10
50
0 0
10/1
11/1
12/1

10/1
11/1
12/1
1/1
2/1
3/1
4/1
5/1
6/1
7/1
8/1
9/1

1/1
2/1
3/1
4/1
5/1
6/1
7/1
8/1
9/1

10/1

11/1
12/1

10/1

11/1
12/1
1/1
2/1
3/1
4/1
5/1
6/1
7/1

8/1
9/1

1/1

2/1
3/1
4/1
5/1
6/1
7/1

8/1
9/1
0
1/1

2/1

3/1

4/1

5/1

6/1

7/1

8/1

9/1

10/1

11/1

12/1

1/1

2/1

3/1

4/1

5/1

6/1

7/1

8/1

9/1

10/1

11/1

12/1
 Process Investigation System & Document

Investigate System
Analysis & Assessment

Digitalize Map • Hydraulic Performance

• Pipe Condition Assessment (Structural safety)
Measure & Analyze
• Water Quality Condition

Establish DMA • NRW & Real Losses Assessment

• Customer Complaint Analysis, etc.

Assess NRW by DMA

Master Plan
Make Plan for NRW
Reduction Activities • Replacement, Rehabilitation & Repair of Pipes
and subsidiary facilities for Long/Short term
NRW Reduction Activities • Improvement of WDNs Operation
 Process
Investigate System

Digitalize Map

Measure & Analyze

Establish DMA

Assess NRW by DMA

Make Plan for NRW

Reduction Activities

NRW Reduction Activities

02
 The difference between the water volume of system input and billed consumption
* RW rate(%) = (Billed water consumption / Input Volume) × 100

Reduce New Water

Supply Volume Resources
System Input Volume

NRW Reduce
NRW Production Cost Secure
Investment
Secure
RW Source
Additional profit

RW RW

Improve & Expand Water Service

Source : Ja-Yong Koo (2015)
  The Korean government has been put in a great deal of effort to increase of RWR,
and RWR reached 83.7% in 2014.

8,000,000 90

7,000,000
84 84.2 83.7
6,000,000 83.5
82.6 83.2
5,000,000 81.1 81.7
80
79.3
4,000,000 78.4 78.4 80
77.2
3,000,000 75.4
74.7
2,000,000

1,000,000

- 70
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

RWR : Revenue Water Rate (%)

Source: Statistics of Waterworks 2014, Ministry of Environment (2016)
 Efficient and Cost-Effective Operation of WDSs

Effective Enhanced operation Training program,

improvement of systems process Systematic management

• Customer managing • Real-time monitoring • Technical training

• Successful DMA system for WDNs program
setting & operating • Leakage awareness • Guidance notes,
• Optimal planning of & speed repairs systematization
leakage control • Economic level of • Benchmarking &
Leakage technical cooperation

WDS : Water Distribution System

DMA : District Metered Area
 Since 2002, K-water has performed 22 RWR enhancement projects for regional
waterworks according to consignment contracts
-. Population supplied : approx. 2.7 million people
-. Total capacity : approx. 1.2 ㎥ / day million.

Y DD
J C
P
J G
J D
S Y
S C Y
A C
G G
S R
J N
E S
S T
H J C Y
P N H
J G G
Y S J
J D
D
 NRW evaluation is include waterworks facilities from water transmission mains
to customer water meter
 But, does not cover raw water transmission mains or the treatment process
 Korea Components IWA

Billed metered consumption

Billed
Revenue Revenue
Billed water exported authorized
water water
consumption
Billed unmetered consumption Authorized
Valid consumption
water Unbilled metered consumption
Unbilled
authorized
Unbilled unmetered consumption consumption
System System
input input
volume Metering inaccuracies Apparent volume
Non- Non-
losses
revenue Unauthorized consumption revenue
water Leakage on mains water
Water
Invalid losses
water Leakage and overflows at storages
Real losses
Leakage on service connections up
to point of customer metering

Source : Waterworks statistics in Korea (Ministry of Environment)

H. Alegre et al., 2000 (IWA; International Water Association)
 Quantity Ratio
Components
(m3/year) (%)

Billed & Metered 5,143,416,126 82.8

Billed & Unmetered 1,690,801 0.03
Water Exported 55,913,084 0.90
Other Billed Water 1,441,565 0.02
Operational Use 65,187,628 1.05
Public Use 17,209,917 0.28
Usage Adjustment 9,341,023 0.15
Metering Inaccuracy 228,753,993 3.68
Unauthorized Use 2,419 0.00
Leakage 691,273,809 11.12
 NRW = System Input Volume - Billed Authorized Consumption
= “Net production” – “Revenue water”
 a percentage of net water production (delivered to the distribution system, % NRW)

Non-Revenue Water

Real loss (Physical loss) Apparent loss (Commercial loss)

Pipe bursts and leaks Metering Errors

Storage overflows Water Theft

Service connection leaks Billing Anomalies

 Background leakage
Un-reported & un-detectable
using traditional acoustic
equipment
• Pressure reduction
• Main and service replacement
• Reduction in the number
of joints and fittings
Unreported breaks
Often does not surface but
is detectable using
traditional acoustic
equipment
• Pressure reduction
• Main and service replacement
• Reduction in the number
of joints and fittings
• Proactive leak detection
Reported breaks
Often surfaces and is
reported by the public utility
workers
• Pressure reduction
• Main and service replacement
• Optimized repair time
  Most people think that the largest volume of real losses arises from mains burst,
because of their high flow rates
 However, most of leakage occur at distribution network and connection

Connection
Trunk Distribution Service
Country Pipes & on
Mains Pipes Reservoir
Premises

Sweden 10.4 43.8 - 45.8

Denmark 10.7 50.4 11.2 27.7
Finland 5.7 69.7 - 24.6
Israel 12.5 47.5 5 35
Netherlands 4 55.4 - 40.6
UK 10.9 43.5 4.4 41.2
USA 9 77.7 5 8.3
Thousands of small leaks go undetected
 The use of % water loss is very misleading, because the % value is directly affected
by changes in consumption, which has nothing to do with efficiency of managing
water losses
 PI used for benchmarking, international comparison, target setting, or establishing
priority of NRW reduction project

Volume of
Water Losses
60m3

Volume of
Water Losses
50m3

NRW = 50% NRW = 30%

 Performance
Measure Notes
Indicator
-. A service connection is the small diameter pipe between the main pipe
and location of water consumption (e.g., a building).
Liters/Service
NRW -. The number of physical service connections is nearly always less than
Connection/Day
the number of customers, because one location can have multiple
customers.
-. Calculated by dividing the average daily volume of physical losses
Physical
Liters/Service by the number of service connections and adjusting this value to the
Losses
Connection/Day supply time.
(basic)
-. For this indicator, it is important to take the supply time into account.
-. ILI is the ratio between the current annual volume of real loss(CARL)
Physical Infrastructure and the unavoidable annual volume of real loss (UARL).
Losses Leakage Index -. As a truly meaningful inter-utility comparison, it indicates how well a
(advanced) (ILI) distribution network is being managed and maintained at the current
operating pressure.
Percentage
Commercial
of authorized -. Both billed and unbilled should be measured (see water balance).
Losses
consumption
Source: International Water Association and Frauendorfer. R (2010)
 Describes the quality of infrastructure management
 The ratio of Current Annual Real Losses to Unavoidable Annual Real Losses

CARL
ILI =
UARL
where UARL (L/day) = (18 x Lm + 0.80 x Nc + 25 x Lp) x P

Lm = Length of mains in km
Nc = Number of service connections
Lp = Total length in km of underground pipe (between the edge of the street
and customer meters)
P = Average operating pressure in m
 ILI Level Distribution of Water Providers in Korea
ILI Number of Water Providers Maintenance Level
1~2 5 Excellent
2~4 22 Good
4~8 64 Moderate
8~16 57 Low
Above than 16 14 Very Low

 ILI measures how effectively the infrastructure activities (repair, active leakage control
and pipeline/asset management) are being managed at current operating pressure.
 Values close to 1 represent near perfect technical management of real losses from
infrastructure, at actual operating pressures.
 ILI is being extensively used as a performance indicator for water distribution systems
exceeding 5,000 connections in UK, USA, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

Source: A study for developing performance indicators of regional waterworks system’s operation & management, Ministry of Environment (2015)
 Inappropriate technology (badly designed system, poorly constructed)
 Lack of spare parts and equipment
 Insufficient and inefficient use of funds
 Low profile of operation and maintenance
 Inadequate tariff and collection system
 Lack of trained staff and lack of motivation of personnel
Civil
complain

Leakage
survey
 Pressure fluctuations
 Corrosion
 Vibration from traffic loading
 Incorrect backfill
 Poor materials or workmanship
 Lack of periodic maintenance
 Environmentally related, such as cold weather
 Environmental conditions such as extreme heat or cold affecting water meters
 Lack of periodic meter testing and maintenance
 Lack of proper sizing considerations during original installation
 Incorrect installation of water meters
 Inefficient reading and billing methods
 Theft
① Pressure
Management

② Active
Leakage
Control

③ Pipeline
and
Assets
Management

④ Speed
and
quality of
Repairs
• Leakage & Pressure relationship

FAVAD(Fixed and Variable Area Discharge)

(L1/L0)= (P1/P0)N1

• Plastic Pipe : N1 = 1.5

• Metal Pipe: N1 = 0.5
• Average: N1 = 1.0~1.15

Low Pressure MID Pressure High Pressure

  Leakage control activity can be classified into two categories
- Passive (reactive) leakage control
- Active (proactive) leakage control
 Passive leakage control reacts to reported burst or a drop in pressure usually reported
by customers or noted by the company’s own staff while carrying out duties other than
leak detection
 Active leakage control is called when company staff are deployed to find leaks which
have not been reported by customers or other means

Leak Noise
Correlator
Leak Noise
Detection Endoscopic
Diagnosis
Before application After abrasion After coating
  The volume lost from
a leak is a
combination of the
flow rate together
with the awareness
time and the time
taken for location
and repair.

-. “Awareness” time: from the start of a leak until the water company aware of its existence

-. “Location” time: to locate the position of the leak

-. “Repair” time: to shut off and repair the leak

 Reduction of
meter error by
 Testing,
 Sizing
 Replacement

Current Annual Apparent Losses

Economic Level of
Reduction of theft Reduction of
Apparent Losses
by  Education human error
 Legal action  Training
 Prepay measures Unavoidable
apparent losses  Standardizing
 Pressure limitation  Reporting
 Flow control  Auditing
Potentially Recoverable
Apparent Losses

Reduction of
computer error
by  Auditing
 Checking
 Routine analysis
 Upgrade
Source: Thornton (2002)
Straight pipe length Un-proper diameter Poor flowmeter chamber Confined space

Debris at strainer Debris at strainer Debris at rotating part Theft

Unmeasureable Indoor installation Buried Deteriorated

 Meter under-registration
(Automatic meter Reading)
 Meter reading errors
 Errors in managing metered
Outdoor Indoor
consumption data
 Water theft
After Before

 Replace meters has problems

 Regularly test flow meter
 Analyze revenue water volume
to find demand “0” for longtime
 Replace inappropriate meter size
 Set equipment for protecting
backward flow, illegal handling
 Remote and automatic meter
reading devices
 Data Logger
Detector
NEW_40M
M

NEW_50MM
OLD_50MM
 Impact of Different Real Loss Reduction Activities

No Active Leakage Detection

Macro-Level Pressure
Level of Real Losses

Reduction

Removing the Backlog

Improving Speed and Quality of Repairs
Regular Sounding
DMA Construction
Online DMA Metering
Micro-Level Pressure Infrastructure Replacement
Reduction

Time

Source: Evaluating Water Loss and Planning Loss Reduction Strategies, AWWARF, 2007
03
 START  Step 1. Awareness (Area)
Leakage Analysis of  Regular analysis of NRW in DMAs
each DMA
 MNF analysis
Analysis of MNF
 Reservoir drop test
Low Check Possibility
of Leakage
 Step 2. Localization (Line)
Yes
 Step test
Step Test &
Sound Detection  Leak Noise Correlators

No suspicious area
 Leak Noise Loggers
Identify
Leakage Area  Chorine testing

 Step 3. Pinpointing (Point)

Survey on Surface and
Hydrants
 Sounding stick
Identify Leak Points
 Ground microphone
Leakage Repair  Gas injection

END
Awareness of Leakage Area
 To find DMA that have a large amount of leakage by analysis of RWR and MNF
 If the DMA system is not constructed, leakage analysis can be performed by unit of
service reservoirs or pressure measurement

Identification of
Suspicious
Leakage Area Leakage volume
MNF
Night Time Use

DMA area Leakage Volume = MNF – Night Time Use

Localizing Leakage Areas
 For the suspicious DMA, leakage survey is performed based on the main pipeline.
 Step-test for the service mains and sound detection on the valves of a supply region
are performed to decide specific area or pipelines having leakage points.

Identification of
Suspicious Leakage Lines
What is ‘Step Test’ ?

Purpose
 make it possible to chase a leak through the system to determine leak location
 allow a zone(DMA) to be split into a number of secure units

Step-Testing
 require the progressive isolation of sections of pipe by closing the step valves,
beginning with the pipes farthest away from the meter and ending at the pipe nearest
the meter
 during the test, the flowrate through the meter is observed and the times when each
section of pipe is isolated is noted
 a large decrease in flow indicates a leak in the section of pipe which has just been
isolated
 Prepare • Action Plan & investigation for area will be tested
- map, MNF, boundary & inlet valve condition
- large users and exceptional night users
- pressure check point (hydrant), etc
• inform customers
• Large user flow meters close

Step test • measure pressure before step test

• start with closing the step valve furthest from inlet
• measure pressure in section isolated
• close the valves in succession, then check pressure
so that less and less of the area is supplied via inlet
• check flow rate of inlet in each step test interval
and, finish step test when inflow is zero

Valve re-open • re-open in reverse order, opening each valve slowly

to avoid burst, turbidity occurrence
• Service connection : 674
• Demand : 24,067㎥/mon.
• Pipes : about 13km Flow monitor
Boundary Valve Check and Close
Step Testing Valve Check
Investigate Pressure Check Points
Measure Pressure Before Step Test
Start Step Test (Valve Close)
Finish Step Test (Valve Re-Open)
Check Water Quality at Hydrant or Water Tap
Results of Step Test

Leak detection

Leak location

rehabilitation

Leak detection
Sevice line rehabilitation
Flow Drop Profile in each Step
suspicion sectors of leaks
Result of Step Test
MNF (m3/hr) Leak Reduction (m3/hr)
Before 9.24
2.97
After 6.27

지보면 야간최소유량
Step-Test After Leakage Repair
12
Leak detection and repair
10
Flow (m3)

8
유량(㎥)

6
6.27
4

2 Leak detection for

suspicious sector
0
3

8
11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

10

12

14

16

18
01
5.

Date
일자(일)

누수수선 후 단계시험 야간최소유량 평균 수선후 추세

MNF Average of MNF Trend Line
Pinpointing Leakage Points
 Spotting the leakage points are performed by acoustic detection check on valves,
hydrants, and ground surface.
 Using a Leak Noise Correlator is a more advanced method to search for leak points.
When leak points are found out, follow-up restoration work will be performed.
Leakage Detection Devices
Listening Sticks Electronic Listening Sticks Manhole Detector

Pipe Detector Leak Noise Correlator

Examples of leak detection
Leakage Detection Devices

Source: PPIC
Leakage Detection Devices

Source: Seoyong
Remote Leakage Monitoring System

Installation of leakage alert Daily automatic leakage Leakage point

sensor by the flowmeter Exploration and data management and
transmission immediate leakage block
based on GIS

2013.11.7 2013.11.21

Source: Usol
04
◈ ICT-based water supply system to secure water quantity, safety and
operational efficiency from source to tap
 Smart Devices

Trained Staffs

Trained Staffs
Smart Metering

Remote Reading Unit

Digital Water Meter
 Smart Metering

◈ Hourly metering data is collected, sent 4 times a day to the Server

for more than 8 years

Data Transmitting Process

Remote
User Transmitter
Real-time
Relay Network usage

Base Water Supplier

Station
Digital Meter Monitoring Center, Remote Metering
 Smart Metering

◈ 32 smart meters are installed in industrial complex.

✔ Reduce NRW (34% → 1%) of Gaejin complex after metering

✔ Average supply 297.7㎥/d, 29 customers use 295.9 ㎥/d
✔ Replaced 4 water meter having error

M M
 Leak Detection Sensor

◈ Leak detection sensor collects leak sound and reports everyday

Leak detection sensor Leak monitoring and System shows assumed

besides of water meter reporting everyday leakage pipe
 Re-chlorination devices

◈ Re-chlorination device sustains residual chlorine concentration

Before After Implementation

Chlorination Concentration

(정수장)

Chlorination Concentration
Treatment Plant
Treatment plant

Rechlorination

Optimum range Optimum range

The Distance from treatment plant to client The Distance from treatment pilot to client
 Auto Flushing

◈ Automatic flushing device to maintain water quality in water network

Measuring water quality WQ is out of boundary, Discharge of aged water

every second valve is opened & deposited materials
 SCADA & i-Water

◈ i-Water is a standardized system for the supervisory control and

monitor of all relevant facilities at operation center
 Water - Infos

◈ Web based integrated IT system to support volumetric billing,

customer complaint mgmt., water quality, quantity & asset mgmt.
 water - NET

◈ K-water’s decision support software to help operators of WSS

Network Analysis Leak Monitoring NRW Mgmt. Pressure Monitoring Risk Mgmt. Water Quality Mgmt.
◈ Specialized operators are charged in video inspection, leakage &
pipe inspection and pressure management to secure sustainability
◈ Bi-directional communication and information sharing

Water Diary Water Care Water Community

To inform hourly & daily To show water quality at To manage bidirectional

water usage main point in water supply notice & complaint board
◈ To secure quantity, quality & pressure, 3 step frames are suggested

3rd Smart meter + O&M System

Building Advanced Metering Infrastructure
Full-time from water sources to Tap

2nd SCADA + O&M System

Constructing near-time monitoring system
Near-time with sensors and SCADA in WSS
monitoring system

Logger + Mgmt. System

1st
Expanding drinking water coverage,
Basic Water Supply System Solving water quality & pressure issue with
capacity building of local operators in WSS
In Bolivia with K-EXIM & IDB In India with ADB & Govt. of MP

In Kenya with KOICA In Bangladesh with ADB

Thank you
Other Sources
Indonesia
Bolivia
Bangladesh