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Unified Theory Foundations
© Engineer Xavier Borg Blaze Labs
The dual nature of light and matter
Four thousand years ago, Democritis created the point particle of mass to represent the fundamental
elements of tangible matter. This concept was satisfactory until about 1900, when quantum properties
of matter were found. Then, puzzles, problems, and paradoxes appeared, because most properties of
matter derive from the wave structure of particles. Democritis couldn't know this, and until recently few
persons challenged this concept, now embedded as a paradigm into mainstream science. Nevertheless,
Schroedinger, deBroglie, Dirac, and Einstein, the founders of the quantum theory, preferred a wave
structure of matter, and in the last decades researchers have experimentally validated their intuition.
Unfortunately however, mainstream science is still stuck within the 'hard particle' paradigm and prefers
to use the term 'wave particle duality', instead of clearly establishing that 'hard particles' are nothing
but an old scientific misinterpretation, due to our sense of touch. Once the wave structure of matter is
accepted, most physics as we know it will automatically collapse, and that will be the start of a
completely new unified science.
The notion of waveparticle duality, states that an electron, for example, may sometimes act like a wave
and sometimes like a particle. Conventional physics explains that when electrons are excited, packets of
quanta are released as electromagnetic radiation and then 'hit' matter, the same way a ball hits a wall,
resulting in kinetic and heat energy at the target. It also states that Energy=hf where h is Planck's
constant (h = 6.63E34 Js), that is the frequency band is not continuous, but rather exists in digital
steps (quantised) in exact factors of h. This waveparticle duality characteristic, together with the
uncertianty principle and quantisation, have totally upset most of the past well known physicists, and
although both wave and particle characteristics have been experimentally confirmed, it is still very
unclear what's the mechanism undergoing within matter or wave.
For too many years people imagined atoms as point electrons orbiting around a nucleus. This myth,
obviously imitating our planetary system, was shown wrong by quantum theory more than sixty years
ago, and despite this fact, it is still the first basic model that students are exposed to in some schools.
For example, in the hydrogen atom, quantum theory predicts the electron presence as a symmetrical
spherical cloud around the proton. Some physicists, still under the effect of the 600yearold old myth,
concluded that the point bits of matter were still there, even though quantum theory contains no
notion of point particles, just because they insist that matter has to be made up of smaller and smaller
matter. Actually, in the hydrogen atom both the electron wavestructure and the proton have the same
center. As described in my 'Particle' section, both nucleus and electron's structure can be imagined like
onion layers spherical concentric layers of electromagnetic waves around a center. The amplitude of
the EM waves decreases, as shown in the graph below. There are no point masses, no orbits just
waves.
As you can read in 'The Particle' section, the spherical standing wave concept of matter solves all
Quantum Theory enigmas and more. The spherical standing wave concept, based on matter structured
of concentric spherical polyhedra, avoids and explains the paradoxes and problems of hard point
particles. In such a theory, mass and charge simply do not exist in nature, and eliminating them from
particle structure also gets rid of their problems. As a matter of fact, this theory has only one property
as a priori space together with its builtin characteristics. Instead of mass, charge and time, we have
wave nodes and their motion. Standing waves in space possess the properties of mass and charge
which we observe in the macro world, but without the eternal problem of finding mass points which do
not exist. This simple theory is thus valid from the quantum level to the whole universe, unifying
quantum theory with nature. The overwhelming proof of the standing wave structure of matter is the
discovery that all the former empirical natural laws originate from the wave structure. In this theory, all
things from quantum level to the universe itself obey the same laws, and the shelled spherical
polyhedra standing wave structure appears to agree with experimental observations, and can be used to
explain such things as nucleus magic numbers, by simply studying their geometrical arrangement.
Matter from superposition of EM waves
The above diagram (press Forward to start Applet) shows the amplitude of EM waves as they reach the
centre of the spherical wave. The right most side is the nucleus core, and the Xaxis represents the
distance from the core or radius of the sphere. In the top diagram, observe the wave f(x,t) moving
inward. Where the radius is zero the amplitude is infinite. In the second diagram, observe the wave
g(x,t) moving outward. Again, where the radius is zero, the amplitude becomes infinite. This infinity
value at the core does not actually occur in practice, as the radius can never be smaller than Planck's
length, so Lp1 may never reach infinity and thus keep the model valid.
The lower diagram is the resultant of the two waves f(x,t)+g(x,t). That is, the two amplitudes are added
together, by the superposition property of waves. The sum of the waves is the radial amplitude of the
real electron. Watch carefully how the sum wave moves. The wave does not move inward or outward, it
goes up and down. That is, it becomes a standing wave. Standing waves with nodes fixed in space,
made up of incoming and outgoing EM travelling waves and this is what we usually call particles of
matter. The nucleus, electron, and all the myriad of other particles, are just structures of standing
spherical quantum waves.
A wave may either be a travelling wave or a standing wave which is fixed in space. This means that
matter is a structure of EM waves, not just a simple concentration of EM waves, but a tuned standing
wave structure. In this respect Einstein's equation E=mc2 is quite misleading, because the equation,
although mathematically correct, gives no indication of the structure of E in order to get a resulting
mass. In fact, any attempt to concentrate huge quantities of energy to generate mass have been a
failure. A resonant standing wave is a priori to generating any form of matter from pure energy, and we
all know that the building block of a standing wave are in and outgoing waves. Once this matter
standing wave structure is broken into smaller structures or even destroyed, the EM elements making it
up are released and detected as travelling EM waves or other 'chunks' of smaller standing waves. What
all these new ideas seem to suggest is that physical objects (matter), or even reality itself (things in
motion), are not at all what everyone had supposed they are 4000 years ago, and it is surely about
time that current science makes up for this, even if this comes at the cost of rebuilding from scratch
science itself.
In this picture, anything in existence in our 3D universe forms part of a single entity, a single, though
complex, pattern of standing waves. The outward waves from a body evoked a response of the
universe; that is, the production of inward waves from reflecting bodies elsewhere in the universe.
However, the reflected waves began before the moment of acceleration and before arrival of the source
waves. The combined waves themselves are the particles, and no point mass or charge is needed. Every
charged particle is a structural part of the universe, and the whole universe contributes to each charged
particle. Every particle sends quantum waves outward, and receives an inward response wave from the
universe. Inward and outward waves, although both spherical, are not the same function, in fact they
are different for each particle. Although the variety of molecules and materials populating the universe
is enormous, the building bricks are just two, a spherical InWave and a spherical OutWave.
The first hint of the mechanism of cosmological energy transfer was Ernst Mach's observation in 1883.
He noticed that the inertia of a body depended on the presence of the visible stars. He asserted that
"Every local inertial frame is determined by the composite matter of the universe" and jokingly, "When
the subway jerks, it is the fixed stars that throw us down." How can information travel from here to the
stars and back again in an instant? Machs' principle was criticised because it appeared to predict
instantaneous actionatadistance across empty space. As Einstein observed; "Forces acting directly
and instantaneously at a distance, as introduced to represent the effects of gravity, are not in character
with most of the processes familiar to us from everyday life." Space is not empty because, although not
observed easily, it is the quantum wave medium produced by waves from every particle in the universe,
as predicted by Machs' Principle long ago. The energy exchange of inertia, charge, and other forces are
mediated by the presence of the space medium. There is no need to 'travel' across the universe. Special
relativity is founded on the basis of the law of the constancy of the velocity of light. But the general
theory of relativity cannot retain this law. On the contrary, according to this latter theory the velocity of
light must always depend on the coordinates when a gravitational field is present."
The spherical IN and OUT waves of the source and receiver oscillate in twoway communication , until a
minimum amplitude condition is obtained (i.e. Resonant Coupling). The decrease of energy (frequency)
of the source will equal the increase of energy of the receiver. Thus energy is conserved. EM waves are
observed as a large number of such quantum changes.
Three hundred years ago, Christiaan Huygens, a Dutch mathematician, found that if a surface
containing many separate wave sources was examined at a distance, the combined wavelets appeared
as a single wave front. This wave front is termed a Huygens Combination of the separate wavelets. This
mechanism is the origin of the inwaves, whereby our InWaves are formed from a Huygens'
Combination of the OutWaves of all the other matter in the universe. This occurs throughout the
universe, so that every particle depends on all others to create its inwave. We have to think of each
particle as inextricably joined with other matter of the universe. Although particle centers are widely
separated, all particles are one unified structure. Thus, we are part of a unified universe, and the
universe is part of us.