Civil Service Reviewer 2018 PDF

Academic Vocabulary List
1. abbreviate 2. Abstract 3. According 4. Acronym 5. Address 6. Affect 7. Alter 8. Always

9. Analogy 10. analysis 11. analyze 12. Annotate 13. Anticipate 14. Application 15. Apply 16. Approach
17. Appropriate 18. approximate 19. argue 20. Argument 21. Arrange 22. Articulate 23. Aspects 24. Assemble
25. Assert 26. Assess 27. associate 28. Assume 29. Assumption 30. Audience 31. Authentic 32. Background 33. body
34. brainstorm 35. Brief 36. Calculate 37. Caption 38. Category 39. Cause 40. Character 41. characteristic
42. characterize 43. Chart 44. Chronology 45. Citation 46. Cite 47. Claim 48. Clarify 49. Class 50. Clue 51. code
52. coherent 53. Common 54. Compare 55. Compile 56. Complement 57. Complete 58. Compose 59. composition
60. conceive 61. Concise 62. Conclude 63. Conclusion 64. Concrete 65. Conditions 66. conduct
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SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES
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CSE-2018 QUESTIONNAIRE
EXAMINEES DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONNAIRE
DIRECTION: The 20 items that follow are on some information you are to give about yourself. All these
will held strictly confidential. Please be honest and accurate when answering. Each item is followed by
several possible answers. After each item number on your Answer Sheet, blacken fully the circle whose
number corresponds to the answer that specially pertains to you.
1. Sex: 1. Male 2. Female
2. Civil Status: 1. Single 2. Married 3. Widow/Widower 4. Separated/ Divorced
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3. Highest Educational Achievement:
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1. Second Year College 2.Third Year College 3. Fourth Year College
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4. College Graduate 5. Postgraduate
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4. Year of Last Attendance in school:
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1. Before 1990 2. 1991-1999 3. 2000-2004
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4. 2005-2009 5. 2010 Present

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5. Location of School of last Attended

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1. Metro Manila 2. Luzon (outside Metro Manila) 3. Visayas

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4. Mindanao 5. Abroad
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6. What honors did you receive when you graduated from college?
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1. Summa cum Laude 2. Magna cum Laude 3. Cum Laude

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4. None 5. Not Applicable

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7. Present employment:
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1. Government 2. Private 3.Self-Employment
4.Unemployed 5. N/A
8. Type of present job:
1. Professional/Technical/ Scientific 2. Trades and Crafts 3. General Clerical
4. Others 5. Not Applicable

9. Number of times promoted from January 2000 to present times.
1. Never 2. Once 3.Twice 4. More than two times
5. Not Applicable
10.What was your performance rating for the last rating period in your last rating period in your
office?
1. Outstanding 2. Very Satisfactorily 3.Satisfactorily/Fair
4. Unsatisfactorily 5. Not Applicable
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11.Do you have the following first level eligibilities: Second Grade, General Clerical, Career Civil
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Service Professional, Municipal or Provincial Clerk?
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1. Yes 2. No
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12.How many times have you taken the Career Service Professional Examination, Excluding
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this examination?
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1. Never 2. Once 3.Twice

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5.More than 3 Times
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13.For what reason you’re taking this examination?

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1. Entrance to government service 2. Change of Status of appointment

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3. Promotion 4. Achievements 5. Others

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14. Category of Government office where employed

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1. National Government 2 . Local Government 3. Government owned/controlled

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corporation 4. Constitutional Office 5. Not Applicable

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15.Status of present appointment in the government service

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2. Temporary 3. Casual/Emergency
4. Contractual 5. N/A
16. Years of Experience in government service.
1. Less than 5 years 2. 5-10 years 3. 11-20 years
4. 20 years above 5. N/A

17. If offered appointment in the government service, are you available? When?
1. Yes, Immediately 2. Yes, after 1 year 3. Yes, after 2 years
4. Yes, after 3 years 5. Yes, after I finish my studies
18. If offered appointment in the government service, where do you prefer to work?
1. Metro Manila 2. Luzon (outside Metro Manila) 3. Visayas
4. Mindanao 5. In Nearby Place in my house
19.For what type of work do you consider yourself best qualified?
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1. Accounting 2. Budgeting 3. Management and audit analysis
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4. Records Management 5. Research/ Report Writing
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20. 1. Statistical Work 2. Stenography 3. Supply Management
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4. System Analysis and Design 5. Others ie
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Test Begin here pd

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DIRECTION: Answer the following questions by observation or computation. You may use the margins of
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the page for your computations. On your Answer Sheet, shade completely the bubble that corresponds
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to your answer.
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21. 27, 499 round to the nearest hundred is ?

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a. 27, 400
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b. 27, 500
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c. 27, 000
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d. 28, 000
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22. Twenty-four weeks is how many days?
a. 140
b. 168
c. 176
d. 196
23. Five hundred ninety-five days is how many weeks?
a. 119
b. 95
c. 85
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d. 75
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24. Eighteen bus loads of 56 students each went to join the Independence Day Celebration. One
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hundred seventy-four did not go. How many students are there in all?
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a. 160
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b. 1282
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c. 180
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d. 1182
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25. Richard bowled 3 games and got scores of 139, 153, and 128. What was his average score for the
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threegames?
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a. 130
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b. 140
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c. 150
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d. 160
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26. What time will it be 3 and 1/2 hours after 7:15 PM?
a. 3:45 AM
b. 10:45 AM
c. 3:45 PM
d. 10:45 PM
27. What time was it 3 and 1/2 hours before 7:15 AM?
a. 3:45 AM
b. 10:45 AM
c. 3:45 PM
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d. 10:45 PM
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28. The fraction 52 / 91 expressed in lowest term is ?
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a. 4/7 ie
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b. 2/3
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c. 3/7 pd
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d. 7/13
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29. Car A averages 8 km per liter of fuel. Car B averages 12 km per liter of fuel. If the price of fuel is $10
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per liter. How much less would a 600 - km. trip cost for Car A than for Car B?
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a. $ 250
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b. $ 500
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c. $ 600
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d. $ 750
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30. 40 is what part of 64?
a. 7/8
b. 3/8
c. 5/8
b. 1 and 3/5
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31. Change 13 3 to an improper fraction.
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a. 91/7
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b. 39/7
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c. 273/7
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d. 94/7
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32. What is the average speed in kph of a car travelling 160 kilometers in 5 hours?
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a. 32
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b. 40
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c. 80
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d. 90
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33. 3 + 1 + 1 = ?
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a. 5/8
b. 1 and 1/24
c. 1/16
d. 3/8
34. 15 1 - 8 3 = ?
3 4
a. 6 and 7/12
b. 7 and 2/3
c. 8 and 2/7
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d. 7 and 2/7
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35. 8 inches is what part of a foot?
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a. 2/3
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b. 7/12
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c. 4/5
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d. 5/6
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DIRECTIONS: Some of the sentences in this section contain an error in grammar or correct
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usage. On your Answer sheet, shade completely the bubbles that corresponds to that section of
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the sentence that contains the error. If there is no error in the sentence, shade completely box
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number 5.
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36. Between the three of us, I think I am the slowest runner. NO ERROR
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37. There are scarcely no more birds in this city. NO ERROR

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38. This fruit contains fewer sugar. NO ERROR

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39. I have never seen nothing as beautiful as this city. NO ERROR

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40. Place the mirror on the wall to give you an allusion of bigger room. NO ERROR
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41. We were lucky we didn’t have typhoon this month. NO ERROR
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42. My favorite vegetable are peas. NO ERROR

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43. Either James or John are going to lead the choir in the recital tomorrow. NO ERROR
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44. The additional supplies that we need to bring are: band aids, cottons, alcohol, and gauze. NO ERROR
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45. All the students has finished their report. NO ERROR
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46. He was a honorable man. NO ERROR
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1 2 3 4 5
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47.The recently heavy flooding effected the crops of farmers. NO ERROR
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48. Emmanuel could of passed the examinations if he had studied hard enough. NO ERROR
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49. I believe that were going to have a prosperous new year. NO ERROR
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50. Paul Erdos was a mathematician who writes a lot of research papers in collaboration with other
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mathematicians. NO ERROR
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DIRECTIONS: Read each of the following sentences carefully, then choose which among the
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several choices in each group is expressed most satisfactorily in terms of grammar and correct
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usage. On your sheet, shade completely the bubble that corresponds to your answer.
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51. 1. His mother, whom I met in the PTA meeting is much beautiful than you.
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2. I met his mother in the PTA meeting and she is more beautiful than you.
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3. His mother, which I met in the PTA meeting is most beautiful than you.
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4. His mother, who was I met in the PTA meeting is beautiful than you
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5. His mother, who was meet in the PTA meeting is more beautiful than you.
52. 1. Even though some people think that he is intelligent, most people comment in his or her
personality.
2. Most people comments in his personality even though some people think that he is intelligent.
3. Even though some people think that he is intelligent, most people comment in their personality.
4. Even though some people think that he is intelligent, most people comment on his personality
5. Despite of some people who think that he is intelligent, most people comment on his or her
personality.
53. 1. Magulo na ang paligid, kaya ginagawa na ng mga nakakatandang pinuno ang lahat
upang ang sitwasyon ay maging maayos.
2. Upang maging maayos ang sitwasyon, ang mga matatandang pinuno ay ginagawa
ang lahat, kahit na magulo ang paligid.
3. Ang mga nakakatatandang pinuno ay ginagawa ang lahat, kahit na magulo ang
paligid upang maayos ang sitwasyon.
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4. Ginagawa na ng mga makakatandang pinuno ang lahat upang maging maayos ang
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sitwasyon kahit na magulo ang paligid.
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5. Kahit na napakagulo ng paligid, ang mga nakatatandang pinuno ay ginagawa ang
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lahat upang maging maayos ang sitwasyon.
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54. 1. When the President and Vice President suggest their plans for EDSA Traffic Management
plan, his plan is more effective.
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2. Regarding in the plan for EDSA Traffic Management, the former is more effective
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3. For EDSA Traffic Management plans, the former is more effective
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4. When the President and Vice President suggest their plans for EDSA Traffic Management, the
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former has the more effective plan.

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5. When the President and Vice President suggest their plans regarding EDSA, the President
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has the more effective plans than the Vice President.

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55. 1. Neither emotions nor actions of the people was make me touch.
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2. Neither emotions nor actions of the people are making me touch.

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3. Neither emotions nor actions of the people is make me touch.

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4. Neither emotions nor actions of the people are make me touch

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5. Neither emotions nor actions of the people is making me touch.

DIRECTIONS: Shade the correct answer that is the best for each logical question. On
your Answer Sheet, shade completely the box that corresponds to your answer.
A student must choose 4 subjects out of the pool of eight subjects: Elementary Algebra, Intermediate
Algebra, Plane Geometry, Statistics, Advanced Algebra, Calculus, Analytical, Geometry, & Trigomentry.
Elementary Algebra is selected.

If Trigonometry is selected, Calculus is selected.
If Calculus is selected, Analytical Geometry is selected.
Intermediate Algebra is selected, Analytical Geometry is not
selected.
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56. If Trigonometry is selected, which of the following 4 subjects must be chosen?
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1. Advanced Algebra, Elementary Algebra, Plane Geometry, and Trigonometry.
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Advanced Algebra, Intermediate Algebra, Plane Geometry, and Trigonometry.
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3. Analytical Geometry, Elementary Algebra, Calculus, and Trigonometry.
4. Analytical Geometry, Advanced Algebra, Statistics, and Trigonometry.
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5. Calculus, Statistics, Plane Geometry, and Trigonometry.
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57. If Intermediate Algebra is selected, which of the following must be true?
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1. Advanced Algebra is not selected.

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2. Trigonometry is selected.
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3. Calculus is not selected.

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4. Statistics is not selected.

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5. Plane Geometry is not selected.

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58. Mary began to cry, so he ____ ashamed. (has been / felt / had not felt)
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59. Dad is going back to work now that his health_______ good. (was / will be / is)
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60. He just gave up as there________ little he could do. (was / will be / was being)
1 2 3
61. We will visit you in order that we_______ you face-to-face. (see / have seen / saw)
1 2 3
62. Since you lost your job, you ___borrow money from us. (must have / have to /couldhave)
1 2 3
63. She trusted you because you________ a loyal friend. (will be / hadn’t been / were)
1 2 3
64. My stomach aches, so I______ to the doctor. (was going / will go / had gone)
1 2 3
65. Now that the war ______over, we can get on with our lives. (has been / was / is)
1 2 3
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DIRECTIONS: Choose from among the suggested answers the word that means most nearly the same as the
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word in capital letters. On your Answer Sheet, shade completely the box that corresponds to your answer.
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66. People tend to be CAPRICIOUS in their behavior depending on the things or happening that they
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see and experience.
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1. Variable 2. Impulsive 3. Moody 4. Volatile 5. Unpredictable
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67. We create a public official that has integrity and GUILELESS
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2. Truthful 2. Hardworking 3. Transparent 4. Honest 5. Intelligent

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68. Every day I sad because I have a Jealous with other people, especially in other men I have no
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handsome face, no beautiful body, no money and NONENTITY, then, I ask myself, why God existed me?
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3. Infamous 2. Unfamous 3. Not Famous 4. No home 5. No Property

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69. Many people are SYBARITE they spent their money in nothing, in end, they are nothing.
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4. Contented 2. Thrifty 3. Luxurious 4. Self-Indulgent 5. Not Conscious

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70. Ano kaya ang buhay sa ilalim ng PANUNUPIL ng isang heneral ng Canaan at ng
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mga hukbo nito?

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5. Pananakop 2. Pananakit 3. Pagpatay 4. Pamumuno 5. Paniniil
DIRECTIONS: Read each passage and questions carefully. Then choose the best answer among the
choices offered. On your Answer Sheet, shade completely the bubble that corresponds to your answer.
Passage 1 - Opera
Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed
to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. By
contrast, in musical theater an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser
role. The drama in opera is presented using the primary elements of theater such as scenery, costumes,
and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are sung rather than spoken. The singers are
accompanied by a musical ensemble ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic
orchestra.
71. It is pointed out in the reading that opera ----.
1. Has developed under the influence of musical theater

2. Is a drama sung with the accompaniment of an orchestra
3. Is not a high-budget production
4. Is often performed in Europe
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5. Is the most complex of all the performing arts
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72. We can understand from the reading that ----.
1. People are captivated more by opera than musical theater

2. Drama in opera is more important than the music
3. Orchestras in operas can vary considerably in size
4. Musical theater relies above all on music
5. There is argument over whether the music is important or the words in opera
73. It is stated in the reading that ----.
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1. Acting and costumes are secondary to music in musical theater
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2. Many people find musical theater more captivating than opera
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3. Music in musical theater is not as important as it is in opera
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4. An opera requires a huge orchestra as well as a large choir
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5. Opera doesn't have any properties in common with musical theater
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Passage 2 - Dolphins pd
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Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and stories of them helping drowning
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sailors have been common since Roman times. The more we learn about dolphins, the more we realize
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that their society is more complex than people previously imagined. They look after other dolphins
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when they are ill, care for pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in the community, as we do. Some
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scientists have suggested that dolphins have a language but it is much more probable that they
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communicate with each other without needing words. Could any of these mammals be more intelligent
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than man? Certainly the most common argument in favor of man's superiority over them that we can
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kill them more easily than they can kill us is the least satisfactory. On the contrary, the more we discover
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about these remarkable creatures, the less we appear superior when we destroy them.
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74. It is clear from the passage that dolphins ----.

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1. don't want to be with us as much as we want to be with them

2. are proven to be less intelligent than once thought
3. have a reputation for being friendly to humans
4. are the most powerful creatures that live in the oceans
5. are capable of learning a language and communicating with humans
75. The fact that the writer of the passage thinks that we can kill dolphins more easily than they can kill
us ----.
1. means that they are better adapted to their environment than we are
2. shows that dolphins have a very sophisticated form of communication
3. proves that dolphins are not the most intelligent species at sea
4. does not mean that we are superior to them
5. proves that Dolphins have linguistic skills far beyond what we previously thought
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76. One can infer from the reading that ----.
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1. dolphins are quite abundant in some areas of the world
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2. communication is the most fascinating aspect of the dolphins
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3. dolphins have skills that no other living creatures have such as the ability to think
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4. it is not usual for dolphins to communicate with each other

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5. dolphins have some social traits that are similar to those of humans
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Passage 3 - Unsinkable Ship

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Naval architects never claim that a ship is unsinkable, but the sinking of the passenger-and-car ferry
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Estonia in the Baltic surely should have never have happened. It was well designed and carefully
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maintained. It carried the proper number of lifeboats. It had been thoroughly inspected the day of its
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fatal voyage. Yet hours later, the Estonia rolled over and sank in a cold, stormy night. It went down so
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quickly that most of those on board, caught in their dark, flooding cabins, had no chance to save
themselves: Of those who managed to scramble overboard, only 139 survived. The rest died of
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hypothermia before the rescuers could pluck them from the cold sea. The final death toll amounted to
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912 souls. However, there were an unpleasant number of questions about why the Estonia sank and
ht
why so many survivors were men in the prime of life, while most of the dead were women, children and
the elderly.
77. One can understand from the reading that ----.
1. the lifesaving equipment did not work well and lifeboats could not be lowered
2. design faults and incompetent crew contributed to the sinking of the Estonia ferry
3. 139 people managed to leave the vessel but died in freezing water
4. naval architects claimed that the Estonia was unsinkable
5. most victims were trapped inside the boat as they were in their cabins
18
20
s/
er
s
w
er
ie
w
ev
ie
ev
e dr
R
at
am
pd
Ex
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om
e
ic
.c
rv
ok
Se
bo
IL
ce
IV
.fa
C
w
w
//w
s:
tp
ht
78. It is clear from the passage that the survivors of the accident ----.
1. helped one another to overcome the tragedy that had affected them all
2. were mostly young men but women, children and the elderly stood little chance
3. helped save hundreds of lives
4. are still suffering from severe post-traumatic stress disorder
18
5. told the investigators nothing about the accident
20
s/
er
s
79. According to the passage, when the Estonia sank, ----.
w
er
ie
w
1. there were only 139 passengers on board
ev
ie
ev
2. few of the passengers were asleep
dr
e
R
3. there were enough lifeboats for the number of people on board
at
am
pd
4. faster reaction by the crew could have increased the Estonia's chances of survival
Ex
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5. all the passengers had already moved out into the open decks
om
e
ic
.c
rv
ok
Passage 4 - Erosion in America

Se
bo
Erosion of America's farmland by wind and water has been a problem since settlers first put the prairies
IL
ce
and grasslands under the plow in the nineteenth century. By the 1930s, more than 282 million acres of
IV
.fa
farmland were damaged by erosion. After 40 years of conservation efforts, soil erosion has accelerated
C
due to new demands placed on the land by heavy crop production. In the years ahead, soil erosion and
w
w
the pollution problems it causes are likely to replace petroleum scarcity as the nation's most critical
//w
natural resource problem.

s:
tp
ht
80. As we understand from the reading, today, soil erosion in America ----.
1. causes humans to place new demands on the land
2. is worse than it was in the nineteenth century
3. happens so slowly that it is hardly noticed

4. is the most critical problem that the nation faces
5. is worse in areas which have a lot of petroleum production

81. The author points out in the passage that erosion in America ----.
1. has damaged 282 million acres ever since settlers first put the prairies and grasslands
under theplow
2. has been so severe that it has forced people to abandon their settlements
3. occurs only in areas with no vegetation
4. can become a more serious problem in the future
5. was on the decline before 1930s
18
82. It is pointed out in the reading that in America ----.
20
s/
er
s
w
er
1. petroleum is causing heavy soil erosion and pollution problems
ie
w
2. heavy crop production is necessary to meet the demands and to prevent a disaster
ev
ie
ev
dr
3. soil erosion has been hastened due to the overuse of farming lands
e
R
at
4. water is undoubtedly the largest cause of erosion
am
5. there are many ways to reduce erosion pd

Ex
/u
om
e
ic
.c
rv
DIRECTIONS: Determine the relationship of the first word to the second word in capital letters. From
ok
Se
among the suggested answers, choose the word or group of words that best expresses a similar
bo
relationship to the third word in capital letters. On your Answer Sheet, shade completely the bubble
IL
ce
that corresponds to your answer.

IV
.fa
C
w
w
83.DEATH is to EUTHANASIA as LOVE is to .

//w
1. Emotion 2. Devotion 3. Date 4. Proposal 5. Worship

s:
tp
ht
84.ELONGATED is to TREE as is to PLANT
1. Sunlight 2. Stem 3. Green 4. Dried 5. Soil
85.GIANT is to PLANET as is to SPACECRAFT
1. Gas 2. Rocket 3. Astronomer 4. Station 5. Experiment

86.COMPUTATION is to PROBLEM as is to ANGER.
1. Counseling 2. Peace 3. War 4. Hot 5. Control
87.VOTE is to as CONVIVIALITY is to VALUES
1. Ballot 2. Right 3. Election 4. Choose 5. Politics
88.PENGUINS is to ORINOTHOLOGIST as is to ELASMOBRANCHOLOGY
1. Rubber 2. Tires 3. Fish 4. Sharks 5. Turtles
18
20
s/
89.DAGAT ay ISDA tulad ng ay PALAY
er
s
w
er
1. Bukid 2. Kamalig 3. Sako 4. Irigasyon 5. Magsasaka
ie
w
ev
ie
ev
90.TICKET is to TRAIN as KEY is to .
e dr
R
1. Answer 2. Unlock 3. Door 4. Room 5. Type
at
am
pd
Ex
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DIRECTIONS: For each sentence, complete the analogy by choosing a pair of words from the
om
suggested answers. On your Answer Sheet, shade completely the bubble that corresponds to
e
ic
your answers.
.c
rv
ok
Se
bo
91.NEW YORK: NEW YORK CITY as :

IL
ce
IV
1. Kuwait: Kuwait City 2. Singapore: Singapore City 3. Sulu: Jolo

.fa
C
4. Cebu: Cebu City 5. Panama: Panama City

w
//w
s:
92.DOWNY: FLUFFY as : .
tp
ht
1. Cloudy: Rainy 2. Imbecile: Stupid 3. Soap: Clean 4. Linen: Clothes
5. Nail: Drive
93.BILL: as : SMILE
1. Receipt: Teeth 2. Money: Lopsided 3. Law: Pleasure 4. Gates: Pizza

5. Bird: Teacher
94.DYIP: PAMASAHE tulad ng : .
1. Bayad: Ilaw 2. Sugalan: Pusta 3. Tindahan: Paninda
4.Kulungan: Suspek 5. Markahan: Mag-aaral
95.STORY: EVENTS as : .
18
1. General: Soldiers 2. Dish: Ingredients 3. Law: Articles 4. Human: Body
20
s/
5. Life: Problems
er
s
w
er
ie
w
ev
96.RECORD: DATA as : . ie
ev
dr
1. Shot: Gun 2. Magnify: Lens 3. Chronicle: Journey 4. Store: Foods
e
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at
am
5. Serve: People pd
Ex
/u
om
e
97.PRACTICE: PRESENTATION as :
ic
.c
rv
ok
1. Profession: Preposition 2. Peñafrancia: Penelope 3. Review: Test

Se
bo
4.Rehearse: Recitation 5. Preparation: Party

IL
ce
IV
.fa
98.INDULGENT: GENEROUS as : .
C
1. Honesty: Real 2. Storm: Rain 3. Fellowship: Camaraderie

w
4. Suicide: Depression 5. Abstemious: Thrifty

//w
s:
tp
99.BUS: PASSENGERS as : .
ht
1. Forest: Trees 2. Light: Clear 3. Movie: Series
4. People: Nation 5. Fireworks: Phosphorus

100. PANINGIN: SALAMIN tulad ng : .
1. Paglilingkod: Tao 2. Noche Buena: Pasko 3. Lakas: Pagkain
4. Pagsasadula: Pagsasanay 5. Problema: Solusyon
DIRECTIONS: Each item in this section consists of a statement or a passage followed by

several assumptions. Determine the best assumption/s that can be logically made from the given
statement or passage. On your Answer Sheet, shade completely the bubble that corresponds to
your answer.
101. In order to maintain the good service of government officials, Civil Service Commission
has created the system of Incentives and Rewards.
18
20
s/
ASSUMPTIONS:
er
s
w
er
I. All government officials are not doing well in their performance
ie
w
ev
II. There are only one who will take the rewards/s. ie
ev
dr
III. Discipline Systems are made so that every government officials will do their best in their
e
R
at
am
service
pd
Ex
/u
IV. Incentive and rewards are big help to improve the performance of each government
om
e
officials
ic
.c
rv
ok
1. I, II,III,and IV 2. I and III 3. I and IV 4. III and IV 5. II only

Se
bo
IL
ce
102. You may take this software for 30 days for trials or reviews.
IV
.fa
C
ASSUMPTIONS:
w
w
I. This particular software is ensuring its good an modest function for 30 days
//w
II. There are limited function in this software for 30 days

s:
tp
III. Users must buy this software if they are satisfied

ht
IV. Users must buy this software for longer usage
V. Generally trials are good for knowing the software.
1. IV only 2. I and V 3. I, II, III and IV 4. III and IV only 5. II and V only
103. It is advisable that if Marikina River, goes in 15 m high water level, people in the nearby
areas must evacuate if it is continue to rise.
ASSUMPTIONS:
I. Marikina River can cause floods in nearby places if it is continue to rise.
II. Government has no concrete preparation in the times of floods.
III. 15 meters high on Marikina river is a signal of evacuation immediately
IV. Pollution is a factor of Rise of Marikina River
18
V. People may or may not evacuate immediately even if Marikina River goes in 15 m water level.
20
s/
1. I and V only 2. II and III only 3. I and III only 4. All of them 5. III only
er
s
w
er
ie
w
ev
ie
104. Paalala sa mga pasahero ng bus na ito: ingatan po ninyo ang inyong mga tiket, kung
ev
dr
nawala man ninyo ang inyong tiket, ay ikukunsiderang hindi pa kayo bayad!!!
e
R
at
am
PALAGAY: pd
Ex
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I. Di masyadong tinitignan ng kundoktor ng bus kung sino ang mga bayad na o hindi pa
om
e
II. Ang tiket ay mahalaga bilang katunayan na kayo’y bayad na

ic
.c
rv
ok
III. Lahat ng tao sa bus ay burara pagdating sa tiket

Se
bo
IV. Kailangang higpitan ng bus ang polisiya sa pagbabayad ng pamasahe upang wala ni isa man sa mga
IL
ce
pasahero ang makalusot sa pagbabayad ng pamasahe

IV
.fa
C
1. III lamang 2. II at IV lamang 3. IV lamang 4. III at IV lamang 5. II lamang

w
w
105. Heavy traffic situations in EDSA can be reduced if the government has to do action to decrease the
//w
number of Private Cars in the Philippines.

s:
tp
ASSUMPTIONS:
ht
I. Private cars are the causes of heavy traffic in EDSA
II. Population increase was the one of the causes of heavy traffic in EDSA
III. EDSA is always heavy traffic
IV. Government has not considered private cars as one of the causes of heavy traffic in EDSA.
1. V only 2. I, III and IV only 3. I and IV only 4. I only 5. IV only
2.
DIRECTIONS: Each item in this section consists of statements followed by several possible
conclusions. Assume that all statements are true, then determine the best conclusion/s that
can be logically made from the given statements. On your Answer Sheet, shade completely
the bubble that corresponds to your answer.
106. All men are women, some men are not faithful.
CONCLUSIONS:
I. Some men are women
II. Some not faithful are women
18
III. All men are not faithful
20
s/
1. II only 2. II and III only 3. I and II only 4. All of them 5. None of these
er
s
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107. All happy are politicians, some not happy are people.
ie
w
ev
CONCLUSIONS: ie
ev
dr
I. All politician are happy
e
II. Some politician are not happy
R
at
III. All people are not happy
am
pd
1. I only 2. III only 3. II only 4. I and III only 5. None of these
Ex
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om
e
108. Some people are misfortunes, all luck are people

ic
.c
rv
ok
CONCLUSIONS:
Se
I. All luck are misfortunes

bo
II. Some luck are misfortunes

IL
ce
III. All misfortunes are people

IV
.fa
IV. Some misfortunes are luck

C
1. None of these 2. III only 3. I and IV only 4. I and III 5. II and IV only
w
//w
109. No man is an island, no lonely is man.

s:
tp
CONCLUSIONS:
ht
I. No island are man

II. No island is lonely
III. All man is not lonely
1. I and III only 2. II only 3. None of These 4. III only 5. All of them
110. All money is nothing, no nothing is everything.
CONCLUSIONS:
I. Some money is nothing
II. Some everything is nothing.
III. No money is everything.
1. II only 2. I only 3. III only 4. None of the above 5. All of them
111. All boys are construction worker, all construction workers are muscular.
CONCLUSIONS:
I. Some Construction Workers are muscular
II. Some boys are muscular
III. All muscular are construction workers
18
1. I and III only 2. II only 3. All of them 4. None of These 5. II and III only
20
s/
112. Some bays are having good sunset, all good sunset are relaxing. Manila Bay is relaxing.
er
CONCLUSIONS:
w
er
I. Some bays are sunset
ie
w
II. Some relaxing are bays
ev
III. Manila Bay is having a good sunset ie
ev
dr
IV. Some bay are relaxing
e
R
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1. IV only 2. III only 3. I and III only 4. II and IV only 5. III and IV only
am
pd
113. Ang lahat ng pagtuturo ay nakakapagod. May matutunan kapag may pagtuturo. Si
Ex
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Mae ay pagod.
om
e
ic
.c
KONGKLUSYON:
rv
ok
I. Si Mae ay isang guro

Se
II. Nakakapagod ang lahat ng pagtuturo

bo
III. Di lahat ng natutunan ay nakakapagod.

IL
ce
IV. Si Mae ay napapagod sa lahat ng pagtuturo.

IV
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C
1. III lamang 2. I at III lamang 3. I, II, at III lamang 4. III at IV lamang 5. IV lamang
w
w
114. No life is planet, some planet is discovered, Kepler is a discovery a while ago.
//w
s:
CONCLUSIONS:
tp
I. Some discovered are planet

ht
II. Some planet are life

III. No discovered are life
IV. Some discovered are not life.
V. Kepler is a planet
VI. Kepler is discovered but not life.
1. I only 2. II, III and V only 3. IV and VI only 4. III only 5. All of them
115. All Traffic Lights are green, No green is car. There is a traffic light in P. Tuazon Cor.
EDSA.
CONCLUSIONS:
I. Traffic Light in P. Tuazon is green.
II. Some car is Traffic Light
III. No Traffic Light is car
IV. No car is Traffic Light
V. No green is traffic lights.
1. I, III and VI only 2. III and V only 3. I and V only 4. III and IV only 5. III, IV and V only
116. 2187, 729, 243, 81, 27, 9, ?

1. 6 2. 3 3. 4 4. 2
18
117. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, ?
1. 72 2. 75 3. 81 4. 90
20
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118. 13 -21 34 -55 89 ?
er
1. -95 2. 104 3. -123 4. -144
w
er
119. AZ CX EV GT ?
ie
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1. IR KP 2. IR KQ 3. IS KQ 4. IS KP
ev
120. A5 D25 G125 J625 M3125 ? ie
ev
dr
1. P15525 2. P15625 3. O15525 4. O15625
121. What is -25 + 16?
e
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at
1. 9 2. -9 3. -41 4. 41
am
122. What is 107 – (-17) ? pd

1. -90 2. 90 3. 124 4. -124
Ex
/u
123. (-9) (-22) = ?
om
e
1. 198 2. -198 3. 31 4. -31

ic
124. (21) (-4) + (8) (-2) = ?

.c
rv
ok
1. -100 2. 100 3. -23 4. 23

Se
125. (-560) ÷ 7 = ?
bo
1. -80 2. 80 3. -553 4. 553

IL
ce
126. 6/8 + 2 ½ + 4/12 is also the same as?

IV
1. ½ + 2.5 + ¼ 2. ½ + 5/2 + 1/6 3. ¾ + 2.5 + 1/6 4. ¾ + 5/2 + 1/3

.fa
C
127. What is the Least Common Denominator of 1/8, ¾, and 1/16?

w
1. 4 2. 8 3. 16 4. 2
w
128. What is the Greatest Common Factor of 36 and 54?

//w
1. 6 2. 12 3. 18 4. 9
s:
129. What is the sum of ½ + 8/4 + 6/12 ?

tp
1. 15/12 2. 3/12 3. 3 4. 3 1/12

ht
130. 3/9 x 2/3 =

1. 6/27 2. 2/9 3. 9/18 4. 1/9
131. Susan traveled 114 miles in 2 hours. If she keeps going at the same rate, how long will it take her to
go the remaining 285 miles of her trip?
a. 5 hours b. 3 hours c. 7 hours d. 4 hours
132. A flight from Pittsburgh to Los Angeles took 5 hours and covered 3,060 miles. What was the plane’s
average speed?
a. 545 mph b. 615 mph c. 515 mph d. 612 mph
133. Larry purchased 3 pairs of pants for $24 each and 5 shirts for $18 each. How much did Larry spend?
a. $42 b. $72 c. $162 d. $186
134. How many square centimeters are in one square meter?
a. 100 sq cm b. 10,000 sq cm c. 144 sq cm d. 100,000 sq cm
135. Raul’s bedroom is 4 yards long. How many inches long is the bedroom?
a. 144 inches b. 48 inches c. 400 inches d. 4,000 inches
18
20
DIRECTIONS: For each sentence, complete the analogy. On your Answer Sheet, shade
s/
completely the bubble that corresponds to your answers.
er
s
w
er
136. quarry : marble ::______ : honey
ie
w
a. hive b. bee c. spread d. reservoir
ev
ie
ev
dr
137. quixotic : pragmatic ::murky : ______
e
R
a. rapid b. cloudy c. clear d. friendly
at
am
138. miserly : cheap ::homogeneous : ______ pd

Ex
/u
a. extravagant b. unkind c. alike d. friendly
om
139. skew : gloomy ::slant : ______

e
a. glee b. foible c. Desperate d. gloaming

ic
.c
140. eider : ______ :: cedar : tree

rv
ok
a. snow b. plant c. duck d. pine

Se
bo
141. gerrymander : divide ::filibuster : ______

a. bend b. punish c. delay d. rush
IL
ce
IV
.fa
142. ______ : trail :: grain : grail

C
a. train b. path c. wheat d. holy

w
w
143. particular : fussy ::______ : subservient

//w
a. meek b. above c. cranky d. uptight

144. ______ : horse ::board : train
s:
a. stable b. shoe c. ride d. mount

tp
ht
145. smear : libel :: heed : ______

a. represent b. doubt c. consider d. need
146. nymph : ______ ::seraphim : angel
a. maiden b. sinner c. candle d. priest
147. poetry : rhyme ::philosophy : ______
a. imagery b. music c. bi-law d. theory
DIRECTIONS: In every Item, Identify the English Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions. On your
Answer Sheet, shade completely the bubble that corresponds to your answers.
148. A pretty penny means _____________.
a. If something costs a pretty penny, it is very expensive.
b. If something costs a pretty penny, it is very inexpensive.
c. If something costs a pretty penny, it is very precious.
d. If something costs a pretty penny, it is very unimportant.
18
20
s/
149. Come out of your shell means _____________.
er
s
w
er
a. If someone comes in of their shell, they never stop being shy and withdrawn and
ie
w
become more unfriendly and sociable.
ev
ie
ev
b. If someone comes out of their shell, they stop being shy and withdrawn and
dr
become more friendly and sociable.
e
R
at
am
pd
c. If someone comes out of their shell, they never stop being shy and withdrawn and
become more friendly and sociable.
Ex
/u
om
d. If someone comes in of their shell, they stop being shy and withdrawn and
e
ic
become more un friendly and unsociable.

.c
rv
ok
Se
bo
150. Derring-do means _________.

IL
ce
IV
a. If a person shows derring-do, they show unwillingness.

.fa
C
b. If a person shows derring-do, they show shyness.

w
//w
c. If a person shows derring-do, they show great courage.

s:
tp
d. If a person shows derring-do, they show pettiness.

ht
151. Hot water means ___________.
a. If you get into hot water, you get into trouble.
b. If you get into hot water, you get a lucky day.
c. If you get into hot water, you get a bad day.
d. If you get into hot water, you get a burn skin.

152. Keep abreast means __________.
a. If you keep abreast of things, you stay uninformed about developments.
b. If you keep abreast of things, you stay informed about developments.
c. If you keep abreast of things, you stay informed about things.
18
d. If you keep abreast of things, you stay informed about life
20
s/
er
153. Keep it under your hat means ___________.
w
er
ie
w
a. If you keep something under your hat, you keep it unclean.
ev
ie
ev
dr
b. If you keep something under your hat, you keep it fresh.
e
R
at
. c. If you keep something under your hat, you keep it smelly.
am
pd
d. If you keep something under your hat, you keep it secret.
Ex
/u
om
e
ic
.c
rv
ok
154. Spot on means ________.

Se
bo
a. If something is spot on, it is exactly right.

IL
ce
IV
.fa
b. If something is spot on, it is exactly extrovert.

C
c. If something is spot on, it is exactly wrong.

w
//w
d. If something is spot on, it is exactly introvert.

s:
tp
ht
155. Take a punch means ________.
a. If somebody takes a punch, something good happens to them.
b. If somebody takes a blow, something bad happens to them.
c. If somebody takes a blow, something lucky happens to them.
d. If somebody takes a blow, someone will punch him/her.

Directions: Choose the word most opposite in meaning to the capitalized word.
156. ASSIMILATE:
(A) strive (B) adapt (C) synchronize (D) estrange (E) officiate
157. GRATUITOUS:
(A) voluntary (B) arduous (C) solicitous (D) righteous (E) befitting
158. CURB:
(A) bridle (B) encourage (C) reproach (D) ameliorate (E) perjure
159. DOCUMENT:
(A) copy (B) implement (C) gainsay (D) blanch (E) rant
18
160. FLUID:
20
s/
(A) radiant (B) smooth (C) solid (D) balky (E) craggy
er
s
w
er
161. HYPOCRITICAL:
ie
w
(A) forthright (B) judicious (C) circumspect (D) puritanical (E) unorthodox
ev
ie
ev
162. VOLUMINOUS:
dr
(A) obscure (B) cantankerous (C) unsubstantial (D) tenacious (E) opprobrious
e
R
at
am
163. FANATICISM:
(A) delusion (B) fascism (C) remorse
pd
(D) cynicism (E) indifference
Ex
/u
om
164. INTERMINABLE:
e
ic
(A) finite (B) jejune (C) tranquil (D) incessant (E) imprudent
.c
rv
ok
Se
165. ORNATE:
bo
(A) Spartan (B) blemished (C) sturdy (D) counterfeit (E) temporary
IL
ce
IV
166. MUTABILITY:
.fa
C
(A) simplicity (B) apprehension (C) frailty (D) maverick (E) tenacity
w
w
167. VIRULENT:
//w
(A) benign (B) intrepid (C) malignant (D) hyperbolic (E) tentative
s:
tp
168. ABSTEMIOUS:
(A) timely (B) immoderate (C) bellicose ( D) servile (E) irreligious
ht
169. VERBOSE:
(A) subliminal (B) myopic (C) pithy (D) dauntless (E) ubiquitous
170. VISCID:
(A) subtle (B) faint (C) slick (D) vicious (E) difficult
C
IV
ht IL
tp Se
s: rv
//w ic
w e
w Ex
END
.fa am
ce
bo R
ok ev
.c ie
om w
er
/u s
pd 20
at 18
edr
ev
ie
w
er
s/
ANSWER KEY-MATH
21. 27, 499 round to the nearest hundred is ?
= 27, 499 ---> drop 99 and change it to 00 and add 1 to the next digit which is 4 since 99 is
more than 50.
Therefore 27,500 is the answer. *Ans.
18
20
s/
er
s
w
er
= 24 weeks x 7 days
ie
w
weeks
ev
ie
ev
e dr
R
= 24 x 7 days
at
am
= 168 days *Ans.

pd
Ex
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om

e
ic
.c
rv
= 595 days x 1 week

ok
Se
7 days
bo
IL
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= 595 week
IV
.fa
7
C
= 85 weeks *Ans.
w
//w
s:
24. Eighteen bus loads of 56 students each went to join the Independence Day Celebration. One
tp
ht
Number of students :
N = (18 x 56) + 174
= 1008 (174)
= 1182 students *Ans.
25. Richard bowled 3 games and got scores of 139, 153, and 128. What was his average score for
the three games?
Average = 139 + 153 + 128

3
= 420
3
18
= 140 *Ans.
20
s/
er
s
= 7:15 + 3:30
w
er
ie
w
= 10: 45 PM *Ans.
ev
ie
ev
dr
e
R
at
am
7:15 - 3:30 pd
Ex
/u
Since :15 minutes (7:15) is less than :30 minutes (3:30) you need to borrow an hour to 7 and
om
e
convert that to minutes. 1 hour = 60 minutes. Now :15 + :60 = 75 minutes.

ic
.c
rv
ok
7:15 is now 6:75

Se
bo
6:75 - 3:30 = 3:45 AM *Ans.

IL
ce
IV
.fa
28. The fraction 52 / 91 expressed in lowest term is ?

C
w
w
52 = 52 / 13
//w
91 91 / 13
s:
tp
= 4 *Ans.
ht
29. Car A averages 8 km per liter of fuel. Car B averages 12 km per liter of fuel. If the price
of fuel is $10 per liter. How much less would a 600 - km. trip cost for Car A than for Car B?
CAR A :
600 km x $10 = $750

8 km
CAR B :
600 km x $10 = $500

12 km
$750 - $500 = $250 *Ans.
18
Part = 40
20
s/
64
er
s
w
er
= 40 / 8
ie
w
64 / 8
ev
ie
ev
dr
= 5 *Ans.
e
R
at
8
am
pd
Ex
/u
7
om
e
ic
.c
Just multiply 7 to 13 then add 3 and over it by 7.

rv
ok
Se
bo
7 x 13 = 91 + 3 = 94 / 7 *Ans.
IL
ce
IV
.fa
C
w
w
Ave. Speed = distance

//w
time
s:
tp
= 160 km
ht
5 hrs.
= 32 kph *Ans.
33. 3 + 1 + 1 = ?
4 6 8
= 18 + 4 + 3
24 24 24
18
= 25
24
20
s/
er
s
= 1 1 *Ans.
w
er
24
ie
w
ev
ie
ev
dr
34. 15 1 - 8 3 = ?
e
R
at
3 4
am
pd
15 and 1/3 is also =
Ex
/u
46/3 8 and 3/4 is also
om
e
= 35/4
ic
.c
rv
ok
= 46 - 35
Se
bo
3 4
IL
ce
IV
= 4(46) - 3(35)
.fa
3(4)
C
w
w
= 184 - 105
//w
12
s:
tp
= 79
ht
12
= 6 7 *Ans.
12
1 FOOT = 12 INCHES
8 inches = 8 inches x 1 foot

12 inches
= 8 ft.
12
= 2/3 ft. *Ans.
18
20
s/
er
s
w
er
ie
w
ev
ie
ev
e dr
R
at
am
pd
Ex
/u
om
e
ic
.c
rv
ok
Se
bo
IL
ce
IV
.fa
C
w
w
//w
s:
tp
ht
ANSWER KEY – Identifying Sentence Errors
35. 1
Between the three of us, I think I am the slowest runner.
Correct Sentence: Among the three of us, I think I am the slowest runner.
Explanation: Among is used to refer to 3 or more members of the group, while between is used to refer
to two member of the group.
37. 2
There are scarcely no more birds in this city.
Correct sentence: There are scarcely any birds in this city.
Explanation: Double negative. Scarcely and no more are both negative word/phrase
38. 4
This fruit contains fewer sugar.
Correct sentence: This fruit contains less sugar.
18
Explanation: Fewer is used to describe plural nouns (how many) while less is used to describe
20
s/
singular nouns (how much). Sugar is singular.
er
s
w
er
ie
39. 2
ev
I have never seen nothing as beautiful as this city. ie
ev
Correct sentence: I have never seen anything as beautiful as this city.
dr
Explanation: Double negative. Never seen and nothing are both negative word/phrase.
e
R
at
am
40.4
Place the mirror on the wall to give you an allusion of bigger room.
pd
Ex
/u
Correct sentence: Place the mirror on the wall to give you an illusion of bigger room.
om
Explanation: Allusion means “a passing or casual reference,” while illusion means “something
e
ic
that deceives by producing a false or misleading impression of reality.”

.c
rv
ok
Se
bo
41. We were lucky we didn’t have typhoon this month. (No Error)
IL
ce
IV
.fa
42. 3
C
My favorite vegetable are peas.

w
Correct sentence: May favorite vegetable is peas.

//w
Explanation: The subject is favorite is singular, therefore the verb are should be is.
s:
43. 2
tp
Either James or John are going to lead the choir in the recital tomorrow.
ht
Correct sentence: Either James or John is going to lead the choir in their recital tomorrow.
Explanation: In either or statements, the verb considers the subject after the or statement. The
subject John is singular, so the verb should be is.
44.3
The additional supplies that we need to bring are: band aids, cottons, alcohol, and gauze.
Correct sentences:The additional supplies that we need to bring are band aids, cottons, alcohol,
and gauze. (The colon was deleted).
The additional supplies that we need to bring are the following: band aids, cottons, alcohol, and gauze.
Explanation: The colon is used before a list of items especially after expressions like the following and
as follows. Do not use a colon before a verb or a preposition.
45. 2
All the students has finished their report.
Correct sentence: All the students have finished their report.
Explanation: In this sentence, “all” refers to many students, therefore “have” is the correct verb.
46.3
He was a honorable man.
Correct sentence: He was an honorable man.
Explanation: A is used before words beginning with a consonant sound (a car, a pencil), while an is
used to before words beginning with vowel sounds (an ant, an egg). An is also used to before words
beginning with the consonant h when h is not pronounced (such as honorable).
47. 3
The recently heavy flooding effected the crops of farmers.
Correct sentence: The recently heavy flooding affected the crops of farmers.
18
Explanation: Affect means “to influence” while effect means “the result of some actions.
20
s/
er
48. 2
w
er
Emmanuel could of passed the examinations if he had studied hard enough.
ie
w
Correct sentence: Emmanuel could have passed the examinations if he studied hard enough.
ev
ie
Explanation: The word “of” is not used after the verb could.
ev
dr
49. 2
e
R
at
I believe that were going to have a prosperous new year.
am
pd
Correct sentence: I believe that we’re going to have a prosperous new year.
Explanation: The word were is the past tense of was while we’re is the contraction of we are.
Ex
/u
om
50. 3
e
ic
Paul Erdos was a mathematician who writes a lot of research papers in collaboration with other
.c
rv
mathematicians.
ok
Se
Correct Sentence: Paul Erdos was a mathematician who wrote a lot of research papers in
bo
collaboration with other mathematicians.

IL
ce
Explanation: The tense of the verbs in a sentence must be consistent unless there is a reason to
IV
change. The verb was is past tense, so the verb writes must be changed to wrote.
.fa
C
w
w
//w
51.2
s:
52.4
tp
53.5
54.4
ht
55.2
56. 1
57. 2
58. felt
59. is
60. was
61. See
62 . have to
63. were
64. will go
65. is
66.1
67.2
68.3
69.4
70. 1
71. B
72. C
73. C
74. C
75. D
76. E
77. E
78. B
79. C
80. B
18
81. D
20
s/
82. C
er
83.2
w
er
84.3
ie
w
85.2
ev
86.1 ie
ev
87.2
dr
88.4
e
R
at
89.1
am
90.3
91.4
pd
Ex
/u
92.2
om
93.2
e
ic
94.2
.c
rv
95.3
ok
Se
96.4
bo
97.2
IL
ce
98.5
IV
99.1
.fa
C
100.3
w
101.4
w
102.2
//w
103.1
s:
104.2
tp
105.5
106.1
ht
107.5
108.3
109.3
110.2
111.4
112.1
113.3
114.4
115.1
116. (2) next number in the sequence is 3. Notice that the numbers in the pattern were divided by 3 to
get the next number. Therefore, you divide 2187 by 3 you’ll get 729, then the next and so on.
117. (3) 81 – you can get this by squaring the numbers (1x1=1), (2x2=4), (3x3=9) and so on…
118. (4) -144 – subtract the 3rd and 1st to get the 2nd number, do the same to the next 3 sets
119. (1) IR KP – Use the equivalent ascending and descending letters in the alphabet
18
20
s/
er
s
w
er
ie
w
ev
ie
ev
e dr
R
at
am
pd
Ex
/u
om
e
ic
.c
rv
ok
Se
bo
IL
ce
IV
.fa
C
w
w
//w
s:
tp
ht
120. (2) P15625 – the pattern is the next 2 letters from the alphabet and the number multiplied by 5 to
get the next one…
121. (2) -9 –positive + negative numbers is to subtract them and follow the sign of the bigger number
122. (3) 124 – positive – negative numbers is to change the sign of the subtrahend and follow the rules
in addition
123. (1) 198 – multiplying numbers with similar signs = positive
124. (1) -100 – already explained
125. (1) -80 – dividing numbers with different signs = negative
18
126. (4) ¾ + 5/2 + 1/3 – simplify the fractions given and convert the mixed number into improper
20
s/
fraction
er
s
w
127. (3) LCD is 16 – the denominators are: 8, 4 and 16
er
ie
w
ev
128. (3) GCF is 18 since 36 and 64 are divisible by 18, 9, 6, 3
ie
ev
dr
129. (3) the answer is 3 because ½ + 2 + ½ = 3
e
R
at
am
130. (2) the answer is 6/27 simplified into 2/9

pd
Ex
/u
131. a. Find the rate at which Susan is traveling by dividing her distance by time; 114 ÷ 2 = 57 mph. To
om
find out how long it will take her to travel 285 miles, divide her distance by her rate; 285 ÷ 57 = 5 hours.
e
ic
.c
132. d. Divide the miles by the time to find the rate; 3,060 ÷ 5 = 612 mph.
rv
ok
Se
133. c. He spent $72 on pants (3 × $24 = $72) and $90 on shirts (5 × $18 = $90). Altogether he spent
bo
$162 ($72 + $90 = $162). If you chose a, you calculated the cost of ONE pair of pants plus ONE shirt
IL
ce
instead of THREE pants and FIVE shirts.

IV
.fa
C
134. b. There are 100 cm in a meter. A square meter is 100 cm by 100 cm. The area of this is 10,000 sq
w
w
cm (100 × 100 = 10,000).

//w
135. a. There are 36 inches in a yard; 4 × 36 = 144 inches. There are 144 inches in 4 yards.
s:
tp
136. a. A quarry yields marble, and a hive yields honey.

ht
137. c. Quixotic is an antonym for pragmatic, and murky is an antonym for clear.
138. c. Miserly is another word for cheap, and homogeneous is another word for alike.
139. c. To skew is a synonym of to slant, and to be gloomy is a synonym for desperate.
140. c. An eider is a type of duck, and a cedar is a type of tree.
141. c. To gerrymander is a political term meaning to divide land, and to filibuster is to delay legislature.
142. a. Train becomes trail when the “n” is replaced by an “l,” and grain becomes grail when the “n” is
replaced by an “l.”
143. a. Particular is a synonym for fussy, and meek is a synonym for subservient.
144. d. To mount means to get on a horse, and to board means to get on a train.
145. c. To smear is a synonym of to libel, and to heed is a synonym of to consider.
146. a. A nymph is a maiden, and a seraphim is an angel.
147. d. Poetry is often comprised of rhyme; philosophy is often built on theory.
148. a.If something costs a pretty penny, it is very expensive.
149. b. If someone comes out of their shell, they stop being shy and withdrawn and become more
friendly and sociable.
150. c. If a person shows derring-do, they show great courage.
151. a.If you get into hot water, you get into trouble.
18
152. b.If you keep abreast of things, you stay informed about developments.
20
s/
153. d. If you keep something under your hat, you keep it secret.
er
s
154. a. If something is spot on, it is exactly right.
w
er
ie
w
155. If somebody takes a blow, something bad happens to them.
ev
156. (D) estrange
ie
ev
e dr
157. (E) befitting
R
at
am
158. (B) encourage

pd
159. (C) gainsay
Ex
/u
om
160. (D) balky

e
ic
.c
161. (A) forthright

rv
ok
162. (C) unsubstantial

Se
bo
163. (E) indifference

IL
ce
164. (A) finite

IV
.fa
C
165. (A) Spartan

w
w
166. (E) tenacity

//w
167. A) benign
s:
168. (B) immoderate

tp
ht
169. (C) pithy

170. (C)slick
Direction: This exercise aims to familiarize you with some common clerical office procedures. Choose
the correct answer from the choices given.
1. To whom will the duty of ordering needed goods fall?

1. Receiving clerk
2. Purchasing clerk
3. Manager
4. Accounting clerk
2. Which of the following is not a way to requisition a product?

1. By ordering through the sales representative
2. By getting the product short prior notice
3. By writing
s/
er
4. By telephoning
18
ew
20
vi
3. Which of the following is not a term used in the filling process?
re
s
1. Indexing
er
ed
w
2. Decoding
at
ie
pd
3. Coding
ev
/u
R
4. Cross-referencing
om
am
.c
Ex
ok
4. Which of the following is not a necessary document in an office?

bo
e
ic
ce
1. Marriage license
rv
.fa
Se
2. Requisition voucher
w
L
3. Official receipt
w
I
IV
//w
4. Purchase invoice
C
s:
tp
5. Which of the following is not a usual document used in a sales company?

ht
1. Form 137
2. Delivery receipt
3. Sales invoice
4. Purchase order
6. How much is the present Value-Added-Tax in the Philippines?
1. 12% of gross profit

2. 12% of cost of goods sold
3.12% of gross sales
4. 12% of net income
7. What is the correct filing arrangement for the following names?
1. Mariano, Jose
2. Mariano, Felix
3. Marcial, Lino
4. Marcos, Carlos
1. 3,4,2,1
2. 4,1,2,3
3. 3,4,1,2
4. 4,1,3,2
8. All the following except one is associated with indexing. Which is this one?
s/
1. Numeric
er
2. Geographic
18
ew
3. Sophomoric
20
vi
re
4. Alphabetic s
er
ed
w
at
9. In addressing the President Rodrigo Duterte , which way is preferred?
ie
pd
ev
1. Your Majesty
/u
R
2. His Excellency
om
am
3. Your Excellency
.c
Ex
ok
4. Your Honor
bo
e
ic
ce
rv
10. Which is not an appointment given to a hire in any establishment?

.fa
Se
1. permanent-casual
w
L
2. Regular
w
I
IV
//w
3. Emergency appointment
C
s:
4. Temporary
tp
ht
9.3
8.3
7.1
6.3
5.1
4.1
3.2
2.2
1.2
10. 1
ANSWER KEY
C
IV
ht IL
tp Se
s: rv
//w ic
w e
w Ex
.fa am
ce
bo R
ev
ok ie
.c w
om er
/u s
pd 20
at 18
ed
re
vi
ew
er
s/
CSE 2018 REVIEWERS
The Language Rank and File
Level of Usage
1. Formal
Uses- Business letters, resumes, cover letters, serious speeches, newspaper articles,
scholarship
Characteristics- Standard verbs, adverbs with -ly endings, standard vocabulary,
standard punctuation
2. Informal
Uses- Most books, magazines newspapers, business letters, many textbooks, political
speeches
/
Characteristics- Standard verbs, adverbs with -ly endings, standard vocabulary,
s
er
standard punctuation, contractions, some slang.
18
w
3. Nonstandard
ie
20
Uses- Conversation, movies, television, radio, comic strips, regional expressions
ev
Characteristics- Nonstandard verbs, adverbs without –ly, slang words, nonstandard
s
dr
punctuation, “creative” spelling
er
te
w
a
ie
The correct level of usage is the one that is appropriate for the occasion. For example, you would use
pd
ev
formal usage in a job application letter, resume, and business letter. Informal usage is more fitting for
/u
R
a personal letter, greeting card message, and conversation. Even in these days when everything
m
goes, nonstandard usage is as tacky as rhinestones on tweed.

am
co
Ex
k.
Nouns: Prime-Time Players

o
A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. Nouns, like house guests, come in different
bo
e
varieties. House guests include those you want, those you hate, and those you're stuck with
ic
ce
rv
regardless. Nouns come in these varieties: common nouns, proper nouns, compound nouns, and
.fa
Se
collective nouns.
w
IL
1. Common nouns name any one of a class of person,

w
IV
place, or thing.
//w
• boy
C
s:
• city
tp
• food
ht
2. Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or

thing.
• Bob
• New York City
• Rice-a-Roni
3. Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a single unit. A compound
noun can be two individual words, words joined by a hyphen, or two
words combined.
• individual words: time capsule
• hyphenated words: great-uncle
• combined words: basketball
4. Collective nouns name groups of people or things.
• audience
• family
• herd
• crowd
Possessive Nouns
In life, possession shows success; in grammar, possession shows ownership. Follow these rules to
create possessive nouns.
1. With singular nouns, add an apostrophe and s.
• girl: girl's manuscript
• student: student's ideas
2. With plural nouns ending in s, add an apostrophe after the s.
• girls: girls' manuscript
• students: students' ideas
3. With plural nouns not ending in s, add an apostrophe and s.
• women: women's books
/
• mice: mice's tails
s
er
Plural Nouns: Two's Company, Three's a Crowd
18
w
Here are the guidelines for creating plural nouns.
ie
20
1. Add s to form the plural of most nouns.
ev
• boy: boys
dr
• girl: girls er
te
• computer: computers
w
a
2. Add es if the noun ends in s, sh, ch, or x.
ie
• class: classes pd
ev
• wish: wishes
/u
R
• inch: inches
m
am
• box: boxes
co
3. If a noun ends in consonant -y, change the y to / and add es.

Ex
k.
• city: cities
o
• lady: ladies
bo
e
ic
4. If a noun ends in vowel -y, add s. Words ending in -quy don't follow this rule
ce
rv
(as in soliloquies).
.fa
Se
• essay: essays
• monkey: monkeys
w
IL
w
IV
//w
5. Add s to most nouns ending inf. However, the/endings are so irregular as to be

C
nearly random. If you have any doubts at all, consult a dictionary.

s:
Singular Plural
tp
• brief briefs
ht
• chief chiefs
• proof proofs
Exceptions: In some cases, change the / t o fe or v and add es:

Singular Plural
• self selves
• wolf wolves
• leaf leaves
Exception: This rule doesn't hold for names. When you're dealing with names,
just add s. Thus, Mr. and Mrs. Wolf becomes the Wolfs.
6. In compound words, make the main word plural.
Singular Plural
• mother-in-law mothers-in-law
• Passerby passersby
• sister-in-law sisters-in-law
Matchmaker, Matchmaker, Make Me a Match

Forget everything you learned about nouns when you start dealing with verbs. That's because
we add s or -es to the third-person singular form of most verbs. This is opposite to the way we
form singular nouns. For example:
Singular Verbs Plural Verbs

1st and 2nd Person 3rd Person 1st, 2nd, 3rd Person
I start he starts we start
/
I do he does we do
s
er
18
w
The helping verbs are even nastier because they aren't regular. The following chart shows the forms
ie
20
of to be.
ev
s
dr
Singular Be Verbs er Plural Be Verbs
(I) am (we) are
te
w
(he, she, it) is (they) are
a
ie
(I, he, she, it) was pd

(we, they) were
ev
(he, she, it) has been (they) have been

/u
R
m
am
As a result, subject-verb agreement is most tricky in the present tense.

co
Ex
o k.
Exercises
bo
e
ic
ce
rv
Ex#1
.fa
Se
Take a few seconds to catch your breath. Then underline the nouns in each of
w
IL
the following sentences.

w
IV
1. A hungry lion was roaming through the jungle looking for something to eat.
//w
C
2. He came across two men.

s:
3. One man was sitting under a tree and reading a book; the other man was typing away on his
tp
typewriter.
ht
4. The lion quickly pounced on the man reading the book and devoured him.
5. Even the king of the jungle knows that readers digest and writer’s cramp.
Answers
1. lion, jungle, something
2. men
3. man, tree, book, man, typewriter
4. lion, man, book
5. king, jungle, readers, writers
Ex#2
Possess It!
Reduce each of the following sentences to fewer words by using the possessive form. Doing
so will improve your writing style. Here's an example:
Original: The comedy routines of the Three Stooges aren't funny to me.
Revised: The Three Stooges' comedy routines aren't funny to me.
1. The original name of Mel Brooks was Melvin Kaminsky.
______________________________________________
2. The quack of a duck doesn’t echo, and no one knows why.
_______________________________________________
3. The placement of the eyes of a donkey in its head enables it to see all four feet at all times.
________________________________________________
s /
4. The original name of Mickey Mouse was Mortimer Mouse.
er
__________________________________________
18
w
ie
20
5. The real name of Hulk Hogan is Terry Bollea.
ev
____________________________________
dr
6. The milk of a camel does not curdle. er
te
_______________________________
w
a
ie
pd
7. In Fantasia by Disney, the name of the Sorcerer is Yensid, which is Disney backward.
ev
/u
______________________________________________________
R
8. The urine of a cat glows under a black light.

am
co
___________________________________
9. The favorite hobby of my mother-in-law is playing cards with her computer.
Ex
k.
______________________________________
o
bo
e
ic
10. Keep the boss of your boss off the back of your boss.
ce
rv
________________________________________
.fa
Se
Answers
IL
1. Mel Brooks' original name was Melvin Kaminsky.

IV
//w
2. A duck's quack doesn't echo, and no one knows why.

C
3. The placement of a donkey's eyes in its head enables it to see all four feet at all times.
s:
4. Mickey Mouse's original name was Mortimer Mouse.

tp
5. Hulk Hogan's real name is Terry Bollea.

ht
6. Camel's milk does not curdle.

7. In Disney's Fantasia, the Sorcerer's name is Yensid, which is Disney backward.
8. A cat's urine glows under a black light.
9. My mother-in-law's favorite hobby is playing cards with her computer.
10. Keep your boss's boss off your boss's back.
EX#3
Mix and Match
You know the drill, so sharpen your pencils and get crackin' with the following 10 items. In
each case, choose the verb that agrees with the subject.
1. There (is/are) a method to this madness.
2. The hostess trilled: "The Bengels (are/is) here!"
3. One reason for her success (was/were) her sunny personality.
4. The many mistakes made by the tour guide in giving directions (was/were) the reason we fired her.
5. (Does/Do) fig trees grow in this region?
6. (Is/Are) some the pie still in the refrigerator?
7. (Here's/Here are) more freeloaders for the open-house.
8. There (was/were) two good reasons for his decision.
9. Another example of Juan's fine leadership (is/are) the excellent roads.
10. Here (is/are) two gifts I'd especially like to receive: a wheelbarrow filled with cash and a diamond
as big as the Ritz.
s /
er
Answers
18
w
1. is
ie
20
2. are
ev
3. was
dr
4. were er
5.Do
te
w
6.Is
a
ie
7.Here are pd
ev
8.were
/u
R
9. is
m
am
10. are
co
Ex
o k.
Ex #4
bo
e
ic
Make each of the following words plural.

ce
rv
Singular Plural
.fa
Se
1. spoonful _______
2. sheriff ______
w
IL
3. Vietnamese ______
IV
//w
4. Chief _______
C
5. Moose _______
s:
6. Axis ______
tp
7. Wolf _______
ht
8. Criterion _______
9. Stimulus _______
10. Basis _______
Answers
1. spoonfuls
2. sheriffs
3. Vietnamese
4. chiefs
5. moose
6. .axes
7. wolves
8. criteria
9. stimuli
10. bases
Too Much of a Good Thing?

Before I overwhelm you with the rules, take a break and make each of the following
singular words plural. Write your answer in the space provided.
Singular Plural
1. roach ________
2. alto ________
3. cameo ________
4. lily ________
5. sex _________
s/
6. cry ________
er
7. potato ________
18
w
8. kitten ________
ie
20
9. silo _______
ev
10. fez _______
dr
er
te
Answers
w
a
1. roaches
ie
2. altos pd
ev
/u
3. cameos
R
4. lilies
am
co
5. sexes
6. cries
Ex
k.
7. potatoes
o
bo
8. kittens
e
ic
9. silos
ce
rv
10. fezzes
.fa
Se
w
IL
w
IV
//w
C
s:
tp
ht
Dictionary of English Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions
~A~
A bit much
If something is excessive or annoying, it is a bit much.
A day late and a dollar short
(USA) If something is a day late and a dollar short, it is too little, too late.
A fool and his money are soon parted
This idiom means that people who aren't careful with their money spend it quickly. 'A fool and his
money are easily parted' is an alternative form of the idiom.
A little bird told me
If someone doesn't want to say where they got some information from, they can say that a little bird
told them.
/
A OK
s
er
If things are A OK, they are absolutely fine.
18
w
A penny for your thoughts
ie
20
This idiom is used as a way of asking someone what they are thinking about.
ev
A penny saved is a penny earned
dr
This means that we shouldn't spend or waste money, but try to save it.
er
te
A poor man's something
w
Something or someone that can be compared to something or someone else, but is not as good is a
a
ie
pd
poor man's version; a writer who uses lots of puns but isn't very funny would be a poorman's Oscar
ev
Wilde.
/u
R
A pretty penny
m
am
If something costs a pretty penny, it is very expensive.

co
A rising tide lifts all boats

Ex
k.
This idiom, coined by John F Kennedy, describes the idea that when an economy is performing well,
o
all people will benefit from it.

bo
e
ic
A rolling stone gathers no moss

ce
rv
People say this to mean that that a go-getter type person is more successful than a person not doing
.fa
Se
any thing.
A steal
w
IL
If something is a steal, it costs much less than it is really worth.

IV
//w
A1
C
If something is A1, it is the very best or finest.

s:
Abide by a decision
tp
If you abide by a decision, you accept it and comply with it, even though you might disagree with it.
ht
About face
If someone changes their mind completely, this is an about face. It can be used when companies,
governments, etc, change their position on an issue.
Above board
If things are done above board, they are carried out in a legal and proper manner.
Absence makes the heart grow fonder
This idiom means that when people are apart, their love grows stronger.
Accident waiting to happen
If something is an accident waiting to happen, there's definitely going to be an accident or it's bound
to go wrong. ('Disaster waiting to happen' is also used.)
Ace up your sleeve
If you have an ace up your sleeve, you have something that will give you an advantage that other
people don't know about.
Achilles' heel
A person's weak spot is their Achilles' heel.
Acid test
An acid test is something that proves whether something is good, effective, etc, or not.
Across the board
If something applies to everybody, it applies across the board.
Actions speak louder than words
This idiom means that what people actually do is more important than what they say- people can
promise things but then fail to deliver.
Add fuel to the fire
If people add fuel to the fire, they make a bad situation worse.
Add insult to injury
When people add insult to injury, they make a bad situation even worse.
After your own heart
/
A person after your own heart thinks the same way as you.
s
er
Against the clock
18
w
If you do something against the clock, you are rushed and have very little time to do it.
ie
20
Against the grain
ev
If doing something goes against the grain, you're unwilling to do it because it contradicts what you
dr
believe in, but you have no real choice. er
Age before beauty
te
w
When this idiom is used, it is a way of allowing an older person to do something first, though often in
a
ie
a slightly sarcastic way. pd

ev
Agony aunt
/u
R
An agony aunt is a newspaper columnist who gives advice to people having problems, especially
m
am
personal ones.
co
Ahead of the pack

Ex
k.
If you are ahead of the pack, you have made more progress than your rivals.
o
Ahead of time
bo
e
ic
If something happens ahead of time, it happens early or before the set time.
ce
rv
Albatross around your neck

.fa
Se
An albatross around, or round, your neck is a problem resulting from something you did that stops
you from being successful.
w
IL
Alike as two peas

IV
//w
If people or things are as alike as two peas, they are identical.

C
All along
s:
If you have known or suspected something all along, then you have felt this from the beginning.
tp
All and sundry

ht
This idiom is a way of emphasising 'all', like saying 'each and every one'.
All ears
If someone says they're all ears, they are very interested in hearing about something.
All eyes on me
If all eyes are on someone, then everyone is paying attention to them.
All fingers and thumbs
If you're all fingers and thumbs, you are too excited or clumsy to do something properly that requires
manual dexterity.
'All thumbs' is an alternative form of the idiom.
All hat, no cattle
(USA) When someone talks big, but cannot back it up, they are all hat, no cattle.
All heart
Someone who is all heart is very kind and generous.
All hell broke loose
When all hell breaks loose, there is chaos, confusion and trouble.
All in your head
If something is all in your head, you have imagined it and it is not real.
All mod cons
If something has all mod cons, it has all the best and most desirable features. It is an abbreviation of
'modern convenience' that was used in house adverts.
All mouth and trousers
(UK) Someone who's all mouth and trousers talks or boasts a lot but doesn't deliver. 'All mouth and
no trousers' is also used, though this is a corruption of the original.
All of the above
This idiom can be used to mean everything that has been said or written, especially all the choices or
possibilities.
All over the place
/
If something is completely disorganized or confused, it is all over the place.
s
er
All over the shop
18
w
If something is completely disorganized or confused, it is all over the shop.
ie
20
All roads lead to Rome
ev
This means that there can be many different ways of doing something.
dr
All set er
te
If you're all set, you are ready for something.
w
a
All skin and bone
ie
pd
If a person is very underweight, they are all skin and bone, or bones.
ev
All square
/u
R
If something is all square, nobody has an advantage or is ahead of the others.

m
am
All the rage

co
If something's all the rage, it is very popular or fashionable at the moment.

Ex
k.
All's fair in love and war

o
This idiom is used to say that where there is conflict; people can be expected to behave in a more
bo
e
ic
vicious way.
ce
rv
All-singing, all-dancing
.fa
Se
If something's all-singing, all-dancing, it is the latest version with the most up-to-date features.
Alter ego
w
IL
An alter ego is a very close and intimate friend. It is a Latin phrase that literally means 'other self'.
IV
//w
Always a bridesmaid, never a bride

C
If someone is always a bridesmaid, never a bride, they never manage to fulfill their ambition- they get
s:
close, but never manage the recognition, etc, they crave.

tp
Ambulance chaser
ht
A lawyer who encourages people who have been in accidents or become ill to sue for compensation
is an ambulance chaser.
Amen
Some use 'Amen' or 'Amen to that' as a way of agreeing with something that has just been said.
An old flame
An old flame is a person that somebody has had an emotional, usually passionate, relationship with,
who is still looked on fondly and with affection.
And all that jazz
This idiom means that everything related or similar is included.
Answers on a postcard
This idiom can be used to suggest that the answer to something is very obvious or that the person
would really like to
hear what people think.
Ants in your pants
If someone has ants in their pants, they are agitated or excited about something and can't keep still.
Any port in a storm
This means that in an emergency any solution will do, even one that would normally be unacceptable.
Any Tom, Dick or Harry
If something could be done by any Tom, Dick or Harry, it could be done by absolutely anyone.
Apple of your eye
Something or, more often, someone that is very special to you is the 'apple of your' eye.
Apron strings
A man who is tied to a woman's apron strings is excessively dependent on her, especially when it is
his mother's apron strings.
~B~
/
Babe in arms
s
er
A babe in arms is a very young child, or a person who is very young to be holding a position.
18
w
Babe in the woods
ie
A babe in the woods is a naive, defenceless, young person.
20
ev
Baby boomer
s
(USA) A baby boomer is someone born in the years after the end of the SecondWorld War, a period
dr
when the population was growing very fast.
er
te
w
Back burner
a
ie
pd
If an issue is on the back burner, it is being given low priority.
ev
Back foot
/u
R
(UK) If you are on your back foot, you are at a disadvantage and forced to be defensive of your
m
am
position.
co
Back number
Ex
k.
Something that's a back number is dated or out of fashion.

o
Back the wrong horse

bo
e
If you back the wrong horse, you give your support to the losing side in something.
ic
ce
rv
Back to back
.fa
Se
If things happen back to back, they are directly one after another.
Back to square one
w
IL
If you are back to square one, you have to start from the beginning again.
w
IV
//w
Back to the drawing board

C
If you have to go back to the drawing board, you have to go back to the beginning and start
s:
something again.
tp
Back to the salt mine

ht
If someone says they have to go back to the saltmine, they have to return to work.
Backseat driver
A backseat driver is an annoying person who is fond of giving advice to the person performing a task
or doing something, especially when the advice is either wrong or unwelcome.
Bad blood
If people feel hate because of things that happened in the past, there is bad blood between them.
Bad egg
A person who cannot be trusted is a bad egg. Good egg is the opposite.
Baker's dozen
A Baker's dozen is 13 rather than 12.
Bald as a coot
A person who is completely bald is as bald as a coot.
Ball is in your court
If the ball is in your court, it is up to you to make the next decision or step.
Ballpark figure
A ballpark figure is a rough or approximate number (guesstimate) to give a general idea of something,
like a rough estimate for a cost, etc.
Banana republic
Banana republic is a term used for small countries that are dependent on a single crop or resource
and governed badly by a corrupt elite.
Banana skin
(UK) A banana skin is something that is an embarrassment or causes problems.
Bandit territory
An area or an industry, profession, etc, where rules and laws are ignored or flouted is bandit territory.
Baptism of fire
A baptism of fire was a soldier's first experience of shooting. Any unpleasant experience undergone,
usually where it is also a learning experience, is a baptism of fire.
/
Bar fly
s
er
A bar fly is a person who spends a lot of time drinking in different bars and pubs.
18
w
Bare your heart
ie
20
If you bare your heart to someone, you tell them you personal and private feelings. ('Bare your soul' is
ev
an alternative form of the idiom.)
dr
Barefaced liar er
A barefaced liar is one who displays no shame about lying even if they are exposed.
te
w
Bark is worse than their bite
a
ie
pd
Someone who's bark is worse than their bite may well get angry and shout, but doesn't take action.
ev
Barking up the wrong tree

/u
R
If you are barking up the wrong tree, it means that you have completely misunderstood something or
m
am
are totally wrong.

co
Barkus is willing
Ex
k.
This idiom means that someone is willing to get married.

o
Barrack-room lawyer
bo
e
ic
(UK) A barrack-room lawyer is a person who gives opinions on things they are not qualified to speak
ce
rv
about.
.fa
Se
Barrel of laughs
If someone's a barrel of laughs, they are always joking and you find them funny.
w
IL
Basket case
IV
//w
If something is a basket case, it is so bad that it cannot be helped.

C
Bat an eyelid
s:
If someone doesn't bat an eyelid, they don't react or show any emotion when surprised, shocked, etc.
tp
Batten down the hatches

ht
If you batten down the hatches, you prepare for the worst that could happen to you.
Battle of nerves
A battle of nerves is a situation where neither side in a conflict or dispute is willing to back down and
is waiting for the other side to weaken. ('A war of nerves' is an alternative form.)
Be that as it may
Be that as it may is an expression which means that, while you are prepared to accept that there is
some truth in what the other person has just said, it's not going to change your opinions in any
significant manner.
Bear fruit
If something bears fruit, it produces positive results.
Bear the brunt
People who bear the brunt of something endure the worst of something bad.
Beard the lion in his own den
If you confront a powerful or dangerous rival on their territory, you are bearding the lion in his own
den.
Beat about the bush
If someone doesn't say clearly what they mean and try to make it hard to understand, they are
beating about (around) the bush.
Beat someone to the draw
(USA) If you beat someone to the draw, you do something before they do.
Beat swords into ploughshares
If people beat swords into ploughshares, they spend money on humanitarian purposes rather than
weapons. (The American English spelling is 'plowshares')
Beat the daylights out of someone
If someone beats the daylights out of another person, they hit them repeatedly. ('Knock' can also be
used and it can be made even stronger by saying 'the living daylights'.)
Beat to the punch
If you beat someone to the punch, you act before them and gain an advantage.
/
Beating a dead horse
s
er
(USA) If someone is trying to convince people to do or feel something without any hope of
18
w
succeeding, they're beating a dead horse. This is used when someone is trying to raise interest in an
ie
20
issue that no-one supports anymore; beating adead horse will not make it do any more work.
ev
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
dr
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder means that different people will find different things beautiful and
er
that the differences of opinion don't matter greatly.
te
w
Beauty is only skin deep
a
ie
pd
This idiom means that appearances can be deceptive and something that seems or looks good may
ev
turn out to be bad.

/u
R
Beck and call

m
am
Someone who does everything for you, no matter when you ask, is at your beck and call.
co
Bedroom eyes
Ex
k.
Someone with bedroom eyes has a sexy look in their eyes.

o
Bee in your bonnet

bo
e
ic
If someone is very excited about something, they have a bee in their bonnet.
ce
rv
Bee's Knees
.fa
Se
If something is the bee's knees, it's outstanding or the best in its class.
Beeline for
w
IL
If you make a beeline for a place, you head there directly.

IV
//w
C
Beg the question

s:
In philosophy "to beg the question" is to assume something to be true that has not yet been proved. I
tp
have seen the idiom also to mean that a question is crying out to be asked.
ht
Beggars can't be choosers

This idiom means that people who are in great need must accept any help that is offered, even if it is
not a complete solution to their problems.
Behind bars
When someone is behind bars, they are in prison.
Behind closed doors
If something happens away from the public eye, it happens behind closed doors.
Behind someone's back
If you do something behind someone's back, you do it without telling them.
Behind the times
Someone that is behind the times is old-fashioned and has ideas that are regarded as out-dated.
Believe in the hereafter
A belief in the hereafter is a belief in the afterlife, or life after death. It is, therefore, associated with
religions and the soul’s journey to heaven or to hell, whichever way being just deserts for the person
based on how they led their life.
Bells and whistles
Bells and whistles are attractive features that things like computer programs have, though often a bit
unnecessary
Belly up
If things go belly up, they go badly wrong.
Below par
If something isn't up to standard, or someone isn't feeling or doing very well, they are below par.
Below the belt
If someone says something that is cruel or unfair, it is below the belt, like the illegal punches in
boxing.
Between the devil and the deep blue sea
/
If you are caught between the devil and the deep blue sea, you are in a dilemma; a difficult choice.
s
er
Between the lines
18
w
If you read between the lines, you find the real message in what you're reading or hearing, a meaning
ie
20
that is not available from a literal interpretation of the words.
ev
Between you and me and the cat's whiskers
dr
This idiom is used when telling someone something that you want them to keep secret.
er
te
Beyond a shadow of a doubt
w
a
If something's beyond a shadow of a doubt, then absolutely no doubts remain about it.
ie
pd
ev
Big bucks
/u
R
If someone is making big bucks, they are making a lot of money.

m
am
Big cheese
co
The big cheese is the boss.

Ex
k.
Big fish
o
An important person in a company or an organization is a big fish.

bo
e
ic
Big fish in a small pond

ce
rv
A big fish in a small pond is an important person in a small place or organization.

.fa
Se
Big hitter
A big hitter is someone who commands a lot of respect and is very important in their field.
w
IL
Big nose
w
IV
//w
If someone has a big nose, it means they are excessively interested in everyone else's business.
C
Big picture
s:
The big picture of something is the overall perspective or objective, not the fine detail.
tp
Big time
ht
This can be used to with the meaning 'very much'- if you like something big time, you like it a lot.
Bigger fish to fry
If you aren't interested in something because it isn't important to you and there are more important
things for you to do, you have bigger fish to fry.
Bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
'A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush' is a proverb meaning that it is better to have something
that is certain than take a risk to get more, where you might lose everything.
Bird's eye view
If you have a bird's eye view of something, you can see it perfectly clearly
~C~
Cake's not worth the candle
If someone says that the cake's not worth the candle, they mean that the result will not be worth the
effort put in to achieve it
Call a spade a spade
A person who calls a spade a spade is one speaks frankly and makes little or no attempt to conceal
their opinions or to spare the feelings of their audience.
Call the dogs off
If someone calls off their dogs, they stop attacking or criticizing someone.
Call the shots
If you call the shots, you are in charge and tell people what to do.
Call the tune
The person who calls the tune makes the important decisions about something.
/
Cast your mind back
s
er
If somebody tells you to cast your mind back on something, they want you to think about something
18
w
that happened in the past, but which you might not remember very well, and to try to remember as
ie
much as possible.
20
ev
Cast your net widely
s
If you cast your net widely, you use a wide range of sources when trying to find something.
dr
Castles in the air
er
te
w
Plans that are impractical and will never work out are castles in the air.
a
ie
Cat among the pigeons pd

ev
If something or someone puts, or sets or lets, the cat among the pigeons, they create a disturbance
/u
R
and cause trouble.

m
am
Cat burglar
co
A cat burglar is a skillful thief who breaks into places without disturbing people or setting off alarms.
Ex
o k.
Chalk and cheese

bo
e
Things, or people, that are like chalk and cheese are very different and have nothing in common.
ic
ce
Change horses in midstream

rv
If people change horses in midstream, they change plans or leaders when they are in the middle of
.fa
Se
something, even though it may be very risky to do so.

w
IL
Change of heart
w
IV
If you change the way you think or feel about something, you have a change of heart.
//w
Change tack
C
s:
If you change tack, you use a different method for dealing with something.
tp
Change your tune

ht
If someone changes their ideas or the way they talk about them, they change their tune.
Charity begins at home
This idiom means that family members are more important than anyone else, and should be the focus
of a person's efforts.
Cheap shot
A cheap shot is an unprincipled criticism.
Cheat death
If someone cheats death, they narrowly avoid a major problem or accident.
Cheek by jowl
If things or people are cheek by jowl, they are very close together.
Cherry pick
If people cherry pick, they choose things that support their position, while ignoring things that
contradict it.
Chew on a bone.
If someone is chewing on a bone, he or she is thinking about something intently.
Come out in the wash

If something will come out in the wash, it won't have any permanent negative effect.
Come out of your shell
If someone comes out of their shell, they stop being shy and withdrawn and become more friendly
and sociable.
Come rain or shine
If I say I'll be at a place COME RAIN OR SHINE, Imean that I can be relied on to turn up; nothing, not
even the vagaries
of British weather, will deter me or stop me from being there.
Come to grips
If you come to grips with a problem or issue, you face up to it and deal with it.
Come up roses
/
If things come up roses, they produce a positive result, especially when things seemed to be going
s
er
badly at first.
18
w
ie
~D~
20
ev
Daft as a brush
s
(UK) Someone who is daft as a brush is rather stupid.
dr
Damp squib
er
te
w
(UK) If something is expected to have a great effect or impact but doesn't, it is a damp squib.
a
ie
Dark horse pd
ev
If someone is a dark horse, they are a bit of a mystery.

/u
R
Day in the sun

m
am
If you have your day in the sun, you get attention and are appreciated.
co
Daylight robbery
Ex
k.
If you are overcharged or underpaid, it is a daylight robbery; open, unfair and hard to prevent. Rip-off
o
has a similar meaning.

bo
e
ic
Dead air
ce
rv
When there is a period of total silence, there is dead air.

.fa
Se
Demon weed
w
IL
Tobacco is the demon weed.

w
IV
Derring-do
//w
If a person shows derring-do, they show great courage.

C
s:
Devil finds work for idle hands

tp
When people say that the devil finds work for idle hands, they mean that if people don't have anything
ht
to do with their time, they are more likely to get involved in trouble and criminality.
Devil is in the detail
When people say that the devil in the detail, theymean that small things in plans and schemes that
are often overlooked can cause serious problems later on.
Dip your toes in the water
If you dip your toes in the water, you try something tentatively because you are not sure whether it will
work or not.
Dirty dog
A dirty dog is an untrustworthy person.
Discerning eye
If a person has a discerning eye, they are particularly good at judging the quality of something.
Discretion is the better part of valour
This idiom means that it is often better to think carefully and not act than to do something thatmay
cause problems.
Dish the dirt
If you dish the dirt on something or someone, you make unpleasant or shocking information public.
Dutch uncle
A Dutch uncle is a person who gives unwelcome advice.
Dwell on the past
Thinking too much about the past, so that it becomes a problem is to dwell on the past.
Dyed-in-the-wool
If someone is a dyed-in-the-wool supporter of a political party, etc, they support them totally, without
any questions.
~F~
Face like thunder
If someone has a face like thunder, they are clearly very angry or upset about something.
/
Face the music
s
er
If you have to face the music, you have to accept the negative consequences of something you have
18
w
done wrong.
ie
Face value
20
ev
If you take something at face value, you accept the appearance rather than looking deeper into the
s
matter.
dr
Facts of life
er
te
w
When someone is taught the facts of life, they learn about sex and reproduction.
a
ie
Fair and square pd

ev
If someone wins something fair and square, they follow the rules and win conclusively
/u
R
m
am
Fall on your sword

co
If someone falls on their sword, they resign or accept the consequences of some wrongdoing.
Ex
k.
Familiarity breeds contempt

o
This means that the more you know something or someone, the more you start to find faults and
bo
e
dislike things about it

ic
ce
rv
or them.
.fa
Fast and furious

Se
Things that happen fast and furious happen very quickly without stopping or pausing.
w
IL
Fat cat
w
IV
A fat cat is a person who makes a lot of money and enjoys a privileged position in society.
//w
Fat chance!
C
s:
This idiom is a way of telling someone they have no chance.

tp
Fat head
ht
A fat head is a dull, stupid person.

Fat hits the fire
When the fat hits the fire, trouble breaks out.
Fat of the land
Living off the fat of the land means having the best of everything in life.
Fit as a fiddle
If you are fit as a fiddle, you are in perfect health.
Fit for a king
If something is fit for a king, it is of the very highest quality or standard.
Fit of pique
If someone reacts badly because their pride is hurt, this is a fit of pique.
Fit the bill
If something fits the bill, it is what is required for the task.
Fit to be tied
If someone is fit to be tied, they are extremely angry.
Flash in the pan
If something is a flash in the pan, it is very noticeable but doesn't last long, like most singers, who are
very successful for a while, then forgotten.
Flat out
If you work flat out, you work as hard and fast as you possibly can.
~G~
Game plan
A game plane is a strategy.
Gather steam
If something gathers speed, it moves or progresses at an increasing speed.
/
Get your feathers in a bunch
s
er
If you get your feathers in a bunch, you get upset or angry about something.
18
Get along famously
w
ie
If people get along famously, they have an exceedingly good relationship.
20
ev
Get away scot-free
s
If someone gets away scot-free, they are not punished when they have done something wrong. ('Get
dr
off scot-free' is an alternative.)
er
te
w
Get in on the ground floor
a
ie
pd
If you get in on the ground floor, you enter a project or venture at the start before people know how
ev
successful it might be.

/u
R
Get it in the neck

m
am
(UK) If you get it in the neck, you are punished or criticized for something.
co
Ex
k.
Give me a hand
o
If someone gives you a hand, they help you.

bo
e
Give someone a leg up

ic
ce
If you give someone a leg up, you help them to achieve something that they couldn't have done
rv
alone.
.fa
Se
Give someone a piece of your mind

w
If you give someone a piece of your mind, you criticize them strongly and angrily.
IL
Give someone a run for their money

IV
//w
If you can give someone a run for the money, you are as good, or nearly as good, as they are at
C
s:
something
tp
ht
Glutton for punishment

If a person is described as a glutton for punishment, the happily accept jobs and tasks thatmost
people would try to get out of. A glutton is a person who eats a lot.
Gnaw your vitals
If something gnaws your vitals, it troubles you greatly and affects you at a very deep level. ('Gnaw at
your vitals' is also used.)
Go against the grain
A person who does things in an unconventional manner, especially if theirmethods are not generally
approved of, is said to go against the grain. Such an individual can be called a maverick.
Grin and bear it
If you have to grin and bear it, you have to accept something that you don't like.
Grin like a Cheshire cat
If someone has a very wide smile, they have a grin like a Cheshire cat.
Grist for the mill
Something that you can use to your advantage is grist for the mill. ('Grist to the mill' is also used.)
Guinea-pig
If you are a guinea-pig, you take part in an experiment of some sort and are used in the testing.
Gunboat diplomacy
If a nation conducts its diplomatic relations by threatening military action to get what it wants, it is
using gunboat diplomacy.
Gung ho
If someone is gung ho about something, they support it blindly and don't think about the
consequences.
~H ~
Hair of the dog
If someone has a hair of the dog, they have an alcoholic drink as a way of getting rid of a hangover,
the unpleasant effects of having drunk too much alcohol the night before. It is commonly used as a
/
way of excusing having a drink early on in the day.
s
er
Hairy at the heel
18
w
(UK) Someone who is hairy at the heel is dangerous or untrustworthy.
ie
20
Hale and hearty
ev
Someone who is hale and hearty is in very good health.
dr
Half a mind er
te
If you have half a mind to do something, you haven't decided to do it, but are thinking seriously about
w
a
doing it.
ie
pd
ev
Have a trick up your sleeve

/u
R
If you have a trick up your sleeve, you have a secret strategy to use when the time is right.
m
am
Have the floor

co
If someone has the floor, it is their turn to speak at meeting.

Ex
k.
Have your cake and eat it too

o
If someone wants to have their cake and eat it too, they want everything their way, especially when
bo
e
ic
their wishes are contradictory.

ce
rv
Have your collar felt

.fa
Se
If someone has their collar felt, they are arrested.

Hold your horses
w
IL
If someone tells you to hold your horses, you are doing something too fast and they would like you to
IV
//w
slow down.
C
Hold your own

s:
If you can hold your own, you can compete or perform equally with other people.
tp
Holier-than-thou
ht
Someone who is holier-than-thou believes that they are morally superior to other people.
Hollow victory
A hollow victory is where someone wins something in name, but are seen not to have gained
anything by winning,one has their tail up, they are optimistic and expect to be successful.
Hot water
If you get into hot water, you get into trouble.
Hot-blooded
Someone who is hot-blooded is easily excitable or passionate.
Hue and cry

Hue and cry is an expression that used to mean all the people who joined in chasing a criminal or
villain. Nowadays, if you do something without hue and cry, you do it discreetly and without drawing
attention.
~I~
I hereby give notice of my intention
Hereby is used sometimes in formal, official declarations and statements to give greater force to the
speaker' or the writer's affirmation. People will say it sometimes to emphasize their sincerity and
correctness.
I should cocoa
(UK) This idiom comes from 'I should think so', but is normally used sarcastically to mean the
opposite.
I'll eat my hat
You can say this when you are absolutely sure that you are right to let the other person know that
there is no chance of your being wrong.
I've got a bone to pick with you
If somebody says this, they mean that they have some complaint to make against the person they are
addressing.
/
I've got your number
s
er
You have made mistake and I am going to call you on it. You are in trouble (a threat). I have a
18
w
disagreement with you.
ie
20
I understand your true nature.
ev
If it ain't broke, don't fix it
dr
J~ er
Jack Frost
te
w
If everything has frozen in winter, then Jack Frost has visited.
a
ie
Jack-of-all-trades pd
ev
A jack-of-all-trades is someone that can do many different jobs.

/u
R
Jam tomorrow
m
am
(UK) This idiom is used when people promise good things for the future that will never come.
co
Jane Doe
Ex
k.
Jane Doe is a name given to an unidentified female who may be party to legal proceedings, or to an
o
unidentified person in hospital, or dead. John Doe is the male equivalent.

bo
e
ic
Jersey justice
ce
rv
(UK) Jersey justice is very severe justice.

.fa
Se
Jet-black
To emphasise just how black something is, such as someone's hair, we can call it jet-black.
w
IL
Job's comforter
IV
//w
Someone who says they want to comfort, but actually discomforts people is a Job's comforter. (Job's
C
is pronounced 'jobes', not 'jobs')o improve on a system that already works is pointless and may even
s:
hurt it.
tp
ht
K~
Kangaroo court
When people take the law into their own hands and form courts that are not legal, these are known as
kangaroo court.
Keen as mustard
(UK) If someone is very enthusiastic, they are as keen as mustard.
Keep abreast
If you keep abreast of things, you stay informed about developments.
Keep at bay
If you keep someone or something at bay, you maintain a safe distance from them.
Keep body and soul together
If you earn enough to cover your basic expenses, but nothing more than that, you earn enough to
keep body and soul together.
Keep it under your hat
If you keep something under your hat, you keep it secret.
Know a hawk from a handsaw

If someone knows a hawk from a handsaw, they are able to distinguish things and assess them.
Know full well
When you know full well, you are absolutely sure that you know.
Know the ropes
Someone who is experienced and knows how the system works know the ropes.
Know which side one's bread is buttered on
If you know which side one's bread is buttered on, you know where your interests lie and will act
accordingly to protect or further them.
Know your onions
If someone is very well-informed about something, they know their onions.
Know your place
/
A person who knows their place doesn't try to impose themselves on others.
s
er
~L~
18
w
Labor of love
ie
A labor of love is a project or task undertaking for the interest or pleasure in doing it rather than the
20
ev
reward, financial or otherwise.
s
Law unto yourself
dr
er
If somebody's a law unto themselves, they do what they believe is right regardless of what is
te
w
generally accepted as correct.
a
ie
Lay down the law pd

ev
If someone lays down the law, they tell people what to do and are authoritarian.
/u
R
Lead someone up the garden path

m
am
If someone leads you up the garden path, they deceive you, or give you false information that causes
co
you to waste your time. 'Lead someone down the garden path' is also used.
Ex
k.
Lead with the chin

o
If someone leads with their chin, they speak or behave without fear of the consequences.
bo
e
Leave no stone unturned

ic
ce
rv
If you look everywhere to find something, or try everything to achieve something, you leave no stone
.fa
Se
unturned.
Leave well alone
w
IL
If you leave something well alone, you keep a safe distance from it, either physically or
w
IV
//w
metaphorically.
C
Left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing

s:
If the left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing, then communication within a company,
tp
organisation, group,etc, is so bad that people don't know what the others are doing.
ht
Left in the dark

If you are left in the dark about something, you aren't given the information that you should have.
Live wire
A person who is very active, both mentally and physically, is a live wire.
Lo and behold
This phrase is used to express surprise.
Loan shark
A loan shark lends money at very high rates of interest.
Lock horns
When people lock horns, they argue or fight about something.
Lock the stable door after the horse has bolted
If someone takes action too late, they do this; there is no reason to lock an empty stable.
M~
Mad as a badger
If someone is as mad as a badger, they are crazy.
Mad as a hornet
(USA) If someone is as mad as a hornet, they are very angry indeed.
Mad as a March hare
Someone who is excitable and unpredictable is as mad as aMarch hare.
Mailed fist
Someone who rules or controls something with a mailed fist is in absolute control and tolerates no
dissent. A mailed fist in a velvet glove is used to describe someone who appears soft on the outside,
but underneath is very hard. 'Iron fist' is an alternative form.
Major league
Something major league is very important.
Make a better fist
/
If someone makes a better fist of doing something, they do a better job.
s
er
Make a killing
18
w
If you make a killing, you do something that makes you a lot of money.
ie
Make a meal
20
ev
If someone makes a meal of something, they spend too long doing it or make it look more difficult
s
than it really is.
dr
Make a mint
er
te
w
If someone is making amint, they aremaking a lot ofmoney.
a
ie
Make a monkey of someone pd

ev
If you make a monkey of someone, you make them look foolish.

/u
R
Make a mountain out of a molehill

m
am
If somebody makes a mountain out of a molehill, they exaggerate the importance or seriousness of a
co
problem.
Ex
k.
Make a pitch
o
If you make a pitch for something, you make a bid, offer or other attempt to get it.
bo
e
Make a request
ic
ce
rv
If you request something, or make a request, you are asking for something you want or need.
.fa
Se
My heart goes out to someone

w
IL
If your heart goes out to someone, you feel genuine sympathy for them.
w
IV
My way or the highway

//w
This idiom is used to say that if people don't do what you say, they will have to leave or quit the
C
s:
project, etc.
tp
~N~
ht
Nail in the coffin

A nail in someone or something's coffin is a problem or event that is a clear step towards an
inevitable failure.
Nail-biter
If a game, election, contest, etc, is a nail-biter, it is exciting because the competitors are so close that
it is impossible to predict the result.
Nature abhors a vacuum
This idiom is used to express the idea that empty or unfilled spaces are unnatural as they go against
the laws of nature and physics.
Neck and neck
If two competitors or candidates, etc, are neck and neck, then they are very close and neither is
clearly winning.
Neck of the woods
If someone talks about their neck of the woods, they mean the area where they live.
Needle in a haystack
If trying to find something is like looking for a needle in a haystack, it means that it is very difficult, if
not impossible to find among everything around it.
Neither fish nor fowl
Something or someone that is neither fish nor fowl doesn't really fit into any one group.
Neither use nor ornament
Something that serves no purpose and is not aesthetically pleasing is neither use nor ornament.
Null and void

If something's null and void, it is invalid or is no longer applicable.
Number cruncher
A number cruncher is an accountant or someone who is very good at dealing with numbers and
calculations.
/
Nuts and bolts
s
er
The nuts and bolts are the most essential components of something.
18
w
Nutty as a fruitcake
ie
Someone who's nutty as a fruitcake is irrational or crazy. (This can be shortened to 'a fruitcake'.)
20
ev
~O~
s
Object lesson
dr
er
An object lesson serves as a warning to others. (In some varieties of English 'abject lesson' is used.)
te
w
Odds and ends
a
ie
pd
Odds and ends are small, remnant articles and things- the same as bits and bobs.
ev
Off colour
/u
R
If someone looks off colour/color, they look ill.

m
am
Off the beaten track

co
Somewhere that's off the beaten track is in a remote location.

Ex
o k.
~P~
bo
e
Packed like sardines

ic
ce
If a place is extremely crowded, people are packed like sardines, or packed in like sardines.
rv
.fa
Paddle your own canoe

Se
(USA) If you paddle your own canoe, you do things for yourself without outside help.
w
IL
~Q~
w
IV
Queen of Hearts
//w
A woman who is pre-eminent in her area is a Queen of Hearts.

C
s:
Queer fish
tp
(UK) A strange person is a queer fish.

ht
Queer Street
If someone is in a lot of trouble, especially financial, they are in Queer Street.
Queer your pitch
If someone queers your pitch, they interfere in your affairs and spoil things.
Question of time
If something's a question of time, it's certain to happen, though we don't know exactly when.
~R~
Rack and ruin
If something or someone goes to rack and ruin, they are utterly destroyed or wrecked.
Rack your brain
If you rack your brain, you think very hard when trying to remember something. ('Rack your brains' is
an alternative.)
Ragged blue line
(USA) This term was used to signify the Union forces (who wore blue uniforms) in the American Civil
war .
Rags to riches
Someone who starts life very poor and becomes rich goes from rags to riches.
Raining cats and dogs
When it is raining cats and dogs, it is raining very heavily.
Rainy day
If you save something, especially money, for a rainy day, you save it for some possible problem or
trouble in the future.
Rocket science
If something is not rocket science, it is not very complicated or difficult to understand. This idiom is
normally used in the negative.
Roll out the red carpet
/
If you roll out the red carpet, you treat someone in a special way, especially when welcoming them.
s
er
18
w
~S~
ie
Sacred cow
20
ev
Something that is a sacred cow is held in such respect that it cannot be criticised or attacked.
s
Safe and sound
dr
er
If you arrive safe and sound, then nothing has harmed you on your way.
te
w
Safe bet
a
ie
A proposition that is a safe bet doesn't have any risks attached. pd

ev
Safe pair of hands

/u
R
A person who can be trusted to do something without causing any trouble is a safe pair of hands.
m
am
Safety in numbers
co
If a lot of people do something risky at the same time, the risk is reduced because there is safety in
Ex
k.
numbers.
o
Saigon moment
bo
e
ic
(USA) A Saigon moment is when people realise that something has gone wrong and that they will
ce
rv
lose or fail.
.fa
Se
Sail close to the wind

If you sail close to the wind, you take risks to do something, going close to the limit of what is allowed
w
IL
or acceptable.
w
IV
//w
Sail under false colours

C
Someone who sails under false colours (colors) is hypocritical or pretends to be something they aren't
s:
in order to deceive people.

tp
Salad days
ht
Your salad days are an especially happy period of your life.
Ship came in
If your ship has come in, something very good has happened to you.
Shipshape and Bristol fashion
If things are shipshape and Bristol fashion, they are in perfect working order.
Shoe is on the other foot
If the shoe is on the other foot, someone is experiencing what they used to make others experience,
normally negative things.
Shoestring
If you do something on a shoestring, you try to spend the absolute minimum amount of money
possible on it.
Shoot yourself in the foot
If you shoot yourself in the foot, you do something that damages your ambition, career, etc.
Spot on
If something is spot on, it is exactly right.
Sprat to catch a mackerel
If you use a sprat to catch a mackerel, you make a small expenditure or take a small risk in the hope
of a much greater gain.
Spur of the moment
If you do something on the spur of the moment, you do it because you felt like it at that time, without
any planning or preparation.
~T~
Tables are turned
When the tables are turned, the situation has changed giving the advantage to the party who had
previously been at a disadvantage.
/
Tackle an issue
s
er
If you tackle an issue or problem, you resolve or deal with it.
18
w
Take a leaf out of someone's book
ie
If you take a leaf out of someone's book, you copy something they do because it will help you.
20
ev
Take a punch
s
If somebody takes a blow, something bad happens to them.
dr
Take a raincheck
er
te
w
If you take a rain check, you decline an offer now, suggesting you will accept it later. ('Raincheck' is
a
ie
also used.) pd
ev
Take a straw poll

/u
R
If you take a straw poll, you sound a number of people out to see their opinions on an issue or topic.
m
am
co
There's the rub

Ex
k.
The meaning of this idiom is 'that's the problem'.

o
Thick and fast

bo
e
If things are happening thick and fast, they are happening so fast they seemed to be joined together.
ic
ce
Thick as thieves
rv
.fa
If people are thick as thieves, they are very close friends who have no secrets from each other.
Se
Tie the knot

IL
When people tie the knot, they getmarried.

IV
//w
Tight rein
C
s:
If things or people are kept on a tight rein, they are given very little freedom or controlled carefully.
tp
Tight ship
ht
If you run a tight ship, you control something strictly and don't allow people much freedom of action.
Tighten your belt
If you have to tighten your belt, you have to economise.
Till the pips squeak
If someone will do something till the pips squeak, they will do it to the limit, even though it will make
other people suffer.
Till you're blue in the face
If you do something till you're blue in the face, you do it repeatedly without achieving the desired
result until you're incredibly frustrated.
Tilt at windmills
A person who tilts at windmills, tries to do things that will never work in practice.
U~
U-turn
If a government changes its position radically on an issue, especially when they have promised not to
do so, this is a Uturn.
Ugly as a stick
(USA) If someone is as ugly as a stick, they are very ugly indeed.
Up to scratch
If something doesn't come up to scratch, it doesn't meet the standard required or expected.
Up to snuff
If something isn't up to snuff, it doesn't meet the standard expected.
Up to speed
If you bring someone up to speed, you update them on something.
Up to the neck
If someone's in something up to the neck, they are very involved in it, especially when it's something
/
wrong.
s
er
Up to your neck
18
If someone is very involved in something, they are up to their neck in it, especially if it is something
w
ie
bad or immoral.
20
ev
Upper crust
s
The upper crust are the upper classes and the establishment.
dr
Upper hand
er
te
w
If you have the upper hand, you have the advantage.
a
ie
Upset the apple cart pd

ev
If you upset the apple cart, you cause trouble and upset people.
/u
R
~V~
m
am
Vale of tears
co
This vale of tears is the world and the suffering that life brings.
Ex
k.
Velvet glove
o
This idiom is used to describe a person who appears gentle, but is determined and inflexible
bo
e
underneath. ('Iron fist in a velvet glove' is the full form.)

ic
ce
Vent your spleen

rv
.fa
If someone vents their spleen, they release all their anger about something.
Se
~ W~
IL
Waiting in the wings

IV
//w
If someone is waiting in the wings, or in the wings, they are in the background, but nearby, ready to
C
s:
act on short notice.

tp
Wake-up call
ht
A wake-up call is a warning of a threat or a challenge, especially when itmeans that people will have
to change their behaviour tomeet it.
Walk a fine line
If you have to walk a fine line, you have to be very careful not to annoy or anger people or groups that
are competing. ('Walk a thin line' is an alternative.)
Walk a mile in my shoes
This idiom means that you should try to understand someone before criticizing them.
Walk a tightrope
If you walk a tightrope, you have to be very careful not to annoy or anger people who could become
enemies.
~X~
X factor
The dangers for people in the military that civilians do not face, for which they receive payment, are
known as the X factor.
X marks the spot

This is used to say where something is located or hidden.
X-rated
If something is x-rated, it is not suitable for children.
~Z~
Zero hour
The time when something important is to begin is zero hour.
Zero tolerance
If the police have a zero tolerance policy, they will not overlook any crime, no matter how small or
trivial.
Zip it
This is used to tell someone to be quiet.
s/
er
18
w
ie
20
ev
s
dr
er
te
w
a
ie
pd
ev
/u
R
m
am
co
Ex
o k.
bo
e
ic
ce
rv
.fa
Se
w
IL
w
IV
//w
C
s:
tp
ht
EASIER ENGLISH BASIC SYNONYMS
ability noun
Synonyms: ability, skill, competence, talent, capability
Antonym: inability
Synonyms:
ability
a natural tendency to do something well
I admire his ability to stay calm in difficult situations.
skill
the ability to do something well as a result of training or experience
s/
Portrait painting needs a lot of skill. _ This job will help you develop
er
18
management skills.
w
ie
competence
20
ev
the quality of being able to do a job or task well enough
s
Does she have the necessary competence in foreign languages?
dr
talent
er
te
w
an usually good natural ability, especially for something artistic
a
ie
She’s done well in the theatre – we always knew she had talent. pd
ev
capability
/u
R
the practical ability to do something

m
We have the capability to produce a better machine than this.

am
co
Antonym:
Ex
k.
inability
o
the state of being unable to do something

bo
e
ic
ce
rv
.fa
Se
break verb
w
Synonyms: break, crack, smash, burst

IL
Antonym: mend
IV
//w
Synonyms:
C
break
s:
tp
to make something divide into pieces accidentally or deliberately

She broke her leg when she was skiing. _ Break the chocolate into four
ht
pieces.
crack
to make a long thin break in something
The stone cracked the glass.
smash
to break something into pieces, often using force or violence
Demonstrators smashed the windows of police cars.
burst
to break open or explode suddenly, or cause something to break open or
explode suddenly
One of the tyres had burst. _ The heat from the fire might burst the balloon.
Antonym:
mend
to repair something which is broken or damaged
clean adjective
Synonyms: clean, pure, spotless, hygienic
Antonym: dirty
Synonyms:
clean
not dirty
Wipe your glasses with a clean handkerchief. _ Tell the waitress these cups
aren’t clean.
pure
not spoiled by being mixed with other things or substances of a lower
/
quality
s
er
a bottle of pure water _ a pure mountain stream
18
spotless
w
ie
completely clean, with no dirty marks at all
20
ev
The tablecloths must be spotless. _ a spotless white shirt
s
hygienic
dr
clean and safe because all germs have been destroyed
er
te
w
The food must be stored in hygienic conditions. _ Some areas of the factory
a
ie
didn’t look very hygienic. pd

ev
Antonym:
/u
R
dirty
m
am
not clean
co
Ex
o k.
bo
e
defeat verb
ic
ce
Synonyms: defeat, beat, conquer, overcome, triumph, thrash

rv
defeat
.fa
Se
to succeed against someone in a game, fight or vote

w
Our team has not been defeated so far this season. _ The soldiers defeated
IL
the enemy’s attempt to take the town. _ The ruling party was heavily
IV
//w
defeated in the presidential election. _ The proposal was defeated by 10

C
s:
votes to 3.
tp
beat
ht
to win a game against another player or team

They beat their rivals into second place. _ Our football team beat France
2 – 0. _ They beat us by 10 goals to 2. _ My children can usually beat me
at tennis.
conquer
to defeat people by force
The army had conquered most of the country.
overcome
to gain victory over an enemy
The boys quickly overcame their attackers.
triumph
to achieve a great success
The team triumphed over their long-term rivals.
thrash
(informal) to defeat another person or team easily
She expects to be thrashed by the champion.
easy adjective
Synonyms: easy, simple, straightforward, uncomplicated
Antonyms: hard, difficult
Synonyms:
easy
not difficult, or not needing a lot of effort
The test was easier than I expected. _ My boss is very easy to get on with.
simple
/s
easy to do or understand
er
18
The machine is very simple to use.
w
straightforward
ie
20
ev
easy to understand or carry out
s
The instructions are quite straightforward.
dr
uncomplicated
er
te
w
easy to deal with or understand
a
ie
In children’s books, the writing should be clear and uncomplicated. _ The

pd
ev
procedure is relatively quick and uncomplicated.

/u
R
Antonyms:
m
hard
am
co
not easy
Ex
k.
difficult
o
not easy to do or achieve

bo
e
ic
ce
rv
.fa
Se
w
IL
fail verb
IV
//w
Synonyms: fail, neglect, forget, omit, overlook

C
fail
s:
not to do something
tp
The car failed to stop at the red light. _ She failed to tell us of her change
ht
of address.
neglect
not to do something that should have been done
He neglected to tell the police that he had been involved in an accident.
forget
not to remember
He’s forgotten the name of the restaurant. _ I’ve forgotten how to play
chess. _ She forgot all about her doctor’s appointment.
omit
to leave something out, especially something that is helpful or important
She omitted the date when she signed the contract. _ They omitted to tell
me the price of the ticket.
overlook
not to notice something
She overlooked several mistakes when she was correcting the exam
papers.
fatal adjective
Synonyms: fatal, lethal, deadly, mortal, terminal
fatal
causing people to die
There were three fatal accidents on this road last year.
lethal
dangerous and able to kill someone
/s
a lethal dose of painkillers _ a lethal mixture of drugs and alcohol _ Being
er
18
out in the sun too long can be lethal.
w
deadly
ie
20
ev
likely to cause people to die
s
The terrorists turned the car into a deadly weapon.
dr
mortal
er
te
w
referring to injury serious enough to cause someone to die
a
ie
a mortal wound pd
ev
terminal
/u
R
referring to the last period of a serious illness that will lead to death
m
The condition is terminal. _ terminal cancer

am
co
Ex
o k.
bo
e
ic
ce
rv
fragile adjective
.fa
Se
Synonyms: fragile, delicate, breakable, flimsy

w
Antonyms: sturdy, strong

IL
Synonyms:
IV
//w
fragile
C
made from materials that are easily broken

s:
Be careful when you’re packing these plates – they’re very fragile.

tp
delicate
ht
made from materials that are thin and light and easily damaged
a delicate fabric _ delicate skin
breakable
that can break easily
glasses and other breakable items
flimsy
likely to break because of being badly made
The shelter was a flimsy construction of bamboo and leaves.
Antonyms:
sturdy
well made and not easily damaged
strong
with a lot of strength and not easy to damage
guide verb
Synonyms: guide, direct, lead, steer, conduct
guide
to show someone the way to somewhere
She guided us up the steps in the dark.
direct
to tell someone how to get to a place
Can you direct me to the nearest post office?
/s
lead
er
to go in front to show someone the way
18
w
She led us into the hall.
ie
20
steer
ev
to make a person or vehicle go in a particular direction
dr
er
We steered the children quickly away from the barking dogs. _ She steered
te
w
the car into the garage.
a
ie
conduct
pd
ev
(formal) to take someone to a place

/u
R
The guests were conducted to their seats.

m
am
co
Ex
o k.
bo
e
ic
harm verb
ce
rv
Synonyms: harm, damage, hurt, injure, wound

.fa
Se
harm
w
to physically affect something or someone in a bad way

IL
Luckily, the little girl was not harmed. _ The bad publicity has harmed our
IV
//w
reputation.
C
damage
s:
to break, partially destroy or badly affect something

tp
A large number of shops were damaged in the fire. _ These glasses are
ht
easily damaged. _ His career was badly damaged by the newspaper

reports.
hurt
to have pain, or to cause someone to feel pain
My tooth hurts. _ No one was badly hurt in the accident. _ Did you hurt
your leg when you fell?
injure
to cause pain or damage to someone or to a part of the body
He injured his back playing rugby.
wound
to hurt someone badly by cutting into their flesh
Two of the gang were shot and wounded in the bank robbery. _ The
attacker pulled a knife, wounding him on the arm.
increase verb
Synonyms: increase, expand, enlarge, extend
Antonyms: decrease, drop
Synonyms:
increase
to make a level or amount higher
The boss increased her salary. _ The number of soldiers in the area has
s/
been increased to fifty thousand.
er
expand
18
w
to increase the size or extent of something
ie
20
We have plans to expand our business.
ev
enlarge
dr
to make something bigger er
te
w
We need to enlarge our house now that we have four children. _ Could you
a
ie
enlarge this photograph?

pd
ev
extend
/u
to make something longer or bigger
R
We are planning to extend our stay in London. _ The company has

am
co
extended my contract for another two years. _ We’re going to extend our
kitchen.
Ex
k.
Antonyms:
o
bo
e
decrease
ic
to become less
ce
rv
drop
.fa
Se
to decrease
w
IL
w
IV
//w
C
kill verb
s:
Synonyms: kill, murder, assassinate, execute, slaughter, put down

tp
kill
ht
to make someone or something die

Sixty people were killed in the plane crash. _ A long period of dry weather
could kill all the crops.
murder
to kill someone deliberately
He was accused of murdering a policeman.
assassinate
to kill a famous person, especially for political reasons
They were shocked by the news that the President had been assassinated.
execute
to kill someone as a legal punishment for a crime, or for something they
have done
Some countries still execute murderers. _ The government’s political
enemies were executed.
slaughter
to kill many people or animals at the same time, or to kill an animal for its
meat
Thousands of civilians were slaughtered by the advancing army.
put down
to kill an animal that is old or ill painlessly, using drugs
The cat will have to be put down.
lack noun
Synonyms: lack, shortage, deficiency, deficit
lack
the fact that you do not have something
The children are suffering from a lack of food. _ The project was cancelled
through lack of funds.
/
shortage
s
er
the fact that you do not have something you need
18
w
a shortage of skilled staff _ During the war, there were food shortages.
ie
deficiency
20
ev
not enough of something needed to make someone or something healthy
s
or complete
dr
er
Their diet has a deficiency of calcium or has a calcium deficiency.
te
w
deficit
a
ie
an amount by which something is less than it should be pd

ev
The company announced a two-million-pound deficit in its accounts.

/u
R
m
am
co
Ex
k.
moving adjective
o
Synonyms: moving, emotional, pathetic, stirring, touching

bo
e
moving
ic
ce
making you feel emotion

rv
a moving story about a girl who finally finds her real parents _ The funeral
.fa
Se
was very moving.

w
emotional
IL
causing you to feel emotion, or showing emotion

IV
//w
We said an emotional farewell to our son. _ The music made her feel very
C
s:
emotional and she started to cry.

tp
pathetic
ht
making you feel sympathy

She looked a pathetic figure standing in the rain.
stirring
making you feel strong emotions, especially pride or enthusiasm
a stirring tune _ Some of his speeches are very stirring.
touching
making you feel emotion, especially affection or sympathy
I had a touching letter from my sister, thanking me for my help when she
was ill.
naked adjective
Synonyms: naked, bare, nude, undressed
naked
not wearing clothes
The little children were playing in the river stark naked. _ A naked man
was standing on the balcony.
bare
not covered by clothes or shoes
He walked on the beach in his bare feet. _ I can’t sit in the sun with my
arms bare.
nude
not wearing clothes, especially in situations where people are expected to
wear some clothes
Nude sunbathing is not allowed on this beach. _ She has appeared nude
on stage several times.
undressed
/
having just taken off your clothes, usually to put on other clothes or clothes
s
er
for sleeping in
18
w
The children are undressed ready for bed.
ie
20
ev
s
dr
er
te
w
a
ie
pd
ev
/u
R
m
am
co
Ex
o k.
bo
e
ic
ce
rv
.fa
Se
w
IL
w
IV
//w
C
s:
tp
ht
There is and there are
Use there with is and are to say what exists or what you can have. Use there is
with singular nouns, and there are with plural nouns.
1. There is a tree in our garden.
/s
2. There is a girl called Farah in my class.
er
3. There is fish for dinner.
18
w
4. There is nothing to do when it rains.
ie
20
5. There’s a cat sitting on the bench.
ev
6. There’s a boy in my class who can walk on his hands.
dr
7. There are cows in the field. er
te
8. There are some very big ships in the harbor today.
w
a
ie
pd
ev
The Present Progressive Tense

/u
R
The present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen. Make the
am
co
present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing.
Ex
k.
1. I am learning how to swim.

o
2. I am eating my lunch.
bo
e
3. I am watching television.
ic
ce
4. She is reading a book.

rv
5. Dad is baking a cake.

.fa
Se
6. My sister is listening to music.

w
7. Uncle David is cleaning his car.

IL
8. The dog is barking in the garden.

IV
//w
9. We are singing our favorite song.

C
s:
10. My brother and I are playing a computer game.

tp
11. The teachers are showing us a film.

ht
12. They are bringing a television set into the classroom.
The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for
the future.
1. I am going to the library tomorrow.
2. My sister is giving me her bike when she gets her new one.
3. We can’t go to the movies tomorrow because my mom is working.
4. We are having a barbecue on Sunday.
5. All my friends are coming to my party next week.
6. We’re taking my cousin to the zoo later today.
Exercise
Fill in the blank spaces with the present progressive tense of the verbs in parentheses.
Try to use contractions such as I’m, she’s and they’re where you can.
1. We ___ (go) to the zoo tomorrow.
/
2. He ______ (fix) my bike in the garage.
s
er
3. I_____ (help) Mom in the kitchen.
18
w
4. My sister and I ____ (watch) television in our bedroom.
ie
20
5. The train__ (leave) in ten minutes.
ev
6. They___ (come) with us to the museum.
dr
7. We______ (paint) some pictures for Aunt Susan. er
8. The boys and girls________ (dance) in the hall.
te
w
9. The cat______ (chase) some birds.
a
ie
10. My brother_____ (tickle) me. pd

ev
/u
R
m
am
co
ANALOGY
Ex
k.
o
bo
e
ic
ce
rv
1. ______ : trail :: grain : grail

.fa
Se
a. train
b. path
w
IL
c. wheat
w
IV
//w
d. holy
C
s:
2. particular : fussy ::______ : subservient

tp
a. meek
ht
b. above
c. cranky
d. uptight
3. ______ : horse ::board : train

a. stable
b. shoe
c. ride
d. mount
4. tureen : ______ ::goblet : wine
a. napkin
b. soup
c. spoon
d. pilsner
5. 4 : 6 :: ______ : 16
a. 2
b. 14
c. 8
d. 10
6. son : nuclear ::______ : extended

a. father
b. mother
/
c. cousin
s
er
d. daughters
18
w
ie
7. quixotic : pragmatic ::murky : ______
20
ev
a. rapid
s
b. cloudy
dr
c. clear
er
te
w
d. friendly
a
ie
pd
ev
8. smear : libel :: heed : ______

/u
R
a. represent
m
am
b. doubt
co
c. consider
Ex
k.
d. need
o
bo
e
9. nymph : ______ ::seraphim : angel

ic
ce
a. maiden
rv
b. sinner
.fa
Se
c. candle
w
IL
d. priest
w
IV
//w
10. poetry : rhyme ::philosophy : ______

C
s:
a. imagery
tp
b. music
ht
c. bi-law
d. theory
11. jibe : praise ::______ : enlighten

a. jib
b. delude
c. worship
d. wed
12. marshal : prisoner ::principal : ______

a. teacher
b. president
c. doctrine
d. student
13. fecund : infertile ::______ : fleet

a. rapid
b. slow
c. fertilizer
d. damp
14. ______ : plant ::stable : horse

a. cow
b. unstable
c. oat
d. nursery
/
15. dictionary : definition ::______ : map
s
er
a. direction
18
w
b. south
ie
c. atlas
20
ev
d. longitude
dr
16. groom : horse ::______ : child
er
te
w
a. track
a
ie
b. nanny pd
ev
c. gallop
/u
R
d. infantry
m
am
co
17. ______ : house ::anklet : sock

Ex
k.
a. shoe
o
b. foot
bo
e
c. cottage
ic
ce
rv
d. mansion
.fa
Se
18. annex : ______ ::insert : book

w
IL
a. shelf
w
IV
//w
b. building
C
c. page
s:
d. wing
tp
ht
19. ______ : retirement ::settlement : injury

a. golf
b. lawyer
c. hospital
d. pension
20. ragtime : United States ::raga : ______
a. cloth
b. country
c. piano
d. India
21. miserly : cheap ::homogeneous : ______

a. extravagant
b. unkind
c. alike
d. friendly
22. skew : gloomy ::slant : ______

a. glee
b. foible
c. desperate
d. gloaming
/s
er
23. eider : ______ :: cedar : tree
18
w
a. snow
ie
20
b. plant
ev
c. duck
dr
d. pine er
te
w
a
24. gerrymander : divide ::filibuster : ______
ie
a. bend pd
ev
b. punish
/u
R
c. delay
m
am
d. rush
co
Ex
k.
25. vapid : ______ :: rapid : swift

o
bo
a. inspired
e
ic
b. turgid
ce
rv
c. wet
.fa
Se
d. insipid
w
IL
26. denim : cotton ::______ : flax

IV
//w
a. sheep
C
b. uniform
s:
c. sweater
tp
d. linen
ht
27. obscene : coarse ::obtuse : ______

a. subject
b. obstinate
c. obscure
d. stupid
28. diamond : baseball ::court : ______

a. poker
b. jury
c. grass
d. squash
29. lawless : order ::captive : ______
a. trouble
b. punishment
c. jail
d. freedom
30. quarry : marble ::______ : honey

a. hive
b. bee
c. spread
d. reservoir
/s
er
18
w
ie
20
ev
s
dr
er
te
w
a
ie
pd
ev
/u
R
m
am
co
Ex
k.
o
bo
e
ic
ce
rv
.fa
Se
w
IL
w
IV
//w
C
s:
tp
ht
C
IV
ht IL
tp Se
s: rv
//w ic
w e
w Ex
.fa am
ce
bo R
ev
o k. ie
co w
m er
/u s
pd 20
a 18
te
dr
ev
ie
w
er
s/
ANSWERS-ANALOGY
1. a. Train becomes trail when the “n” is replaced by an “l,” and grain becomes grail when the “n” is
replaced by an “l.”
2. a. Particular is a synonym for fussy, and meek is a synonym for subservient.
3. d. To mount means to get on a horse, and to board means to get on a train.
4. b. A tureen is used to hold soup, and a goblet is used to hold wine.
5. b. 4 plus 2 is 6, and 14 plus 2 is 16.
6. c. A son is part of a nuclear family, and a cousin is part of an extended family.
7. c. Quixotic is an antonym for pragmatic, and murky is an antonym for clear.
8. c. To smear is a synonym of to libel, and to heed is a synonym of to consider.
9. a. A nymph is a maiden, and a seraphim is an angel.
10. d. Poetry is often comprised of rhyme; philosophy is often built on theory.
11. b. To jibe is an antonym of to praise, and to delude is an antonym of to enlighten.
s/
12. d. A marshal is a person in charge of a prisoner, and a principal is a person in charge of a
er
18
student.
w
13. b. Fecund is an antonym for infertile and slow is an antonym for fleet.
ie
20
ev
14. d. A nursery houses plants, and a stable houses horses.
s
15. c. A dictionary is a book containing definitions, and an atlas contains maps.
dr
er
16. b. A groom takes care of a horse, and a nanny takes care of a child.
te
w
17. c. A cottage is a smaller version of a house, and an anklet is as maller version of sock.
a
ie
18. b. An annex is a structure added to a building, and an insert is something added to a book.
pd
ev
19. d. A pension is money awarded after retirement, and a settlement is money awarded after an
/u
R
injury.
m
20. d. Ragtime is a type of music from the United States, and raga is a type of music from India.
am
co
21. c. Miserly is another word for cheap, and homogeneous is another word for alike.
Ex
k.
22. c. To skew is a synonym of to slant, and to be gloomy is a synonym for desperate.

o
23. c. An eider is a type of duck, and a cedar is a type of tree.

bo
e
24. c. To gerrymander is a political term meaning to divide land, and to filibuster is to delay
ic
ce
legislature.
rv
25. d. Vapid is another word for insipid, and rapid is another word for swift.
.fa
Se
26. d. Denim is a fabric made from cotton, and linen is a fabric made from flax.
w
27. d. Obscene is a synonym for coarse, and obtuse is a synonym for stupid.
IL
28. d. Baseball is played on a diamond, and squash is played on a court.

IV
//w
29. d. To be lawless is to lack order, and to be captive is to lack freedom.

C
s:
30. a. A quarry yields marble, and a hive yields honey

tp
ht
Math Test Series
1. 27, 499 round to the nearest hundred is _______?
a. 27, 400
b. 27, 500
c. 27, 000
d. 28, 000
_________2. Twenty-four weeks is how many days?
a. 140
b. 168
c. 176
s/
18
d. 196
er
20
_________3. Five hundred ninety-five days is how many weeks?
ew
s
vi
er
re
a. 119
w
ed
b. 95
ie
ev
c. 85
at
d. 75 pd
R
_________4. Eighteen bus loads of 56 students each went to join the Independence Day Celebration. One
am
/u
om
Ex
.c
e
ok
a. 160
ic
b. 1282
rv
bo
c. 180
Se
ce
d. 1182
.fa
IL
_________5. Richard bowled 3 games and got scores of 139, 153, and 128. What was his average score for the
IV
threegames?
w
C
//w
a. 130
s:
b. 140
tp
c. 150
ht
d. 160
_6. What time will it be 3 and 1/2 hours after 7:15 PM?
a. 3:45 AM
b. 10:45 AM
c. 3:45 PM
d. 10:45 PM
________7. What time was it 3 and 1/2 hours before 7:15 AM?
a. 3:45 AM
b. 10:45 AM
c. 3:45 PM
d. 10:45 PM
________8. The fraction 52 / 91 expressed in lowest term is _____?
a. 4/7
b. 2/3
c. 3/7
d. 7/13
________9. Car A averages 8 km per liter of fuel. Car B averages 12 km per liter of fuel. If the price of fuel is
$10 per liter. How much less would a 600 - km. trip cost for Car A than for Car B?
s/
18
a. $ 250
er
20
b. $ 500
ew
c. $ 600
vi
d. $ 750
er
re
w
ed
a.
ie
ev
14 and 1/17
at
b. 4 and 1/17 pd
R
c. 2 and 3/7
am
/u
d. 1 and 14/17
om
Ex
_________11. 40 is what part of 64?

.c
e
ok
ic
a. 7/8
rv
bo
b. 3/8
Se
ce
c. 5/8
.fa
IL
d. 1 and 3/5
IV
_________12. Change 13 3 to an improper fraction.

w
C
7
//w
s:
a. 91/7
tp
b. 39/7
ht
c. 273/7
d. 94/7
_________13. What is the average speed in kph of a car travelling 160 kilometers in 5 hours?
a. 32
b. 40
c. 80
d. 90
14. 3 + 1 + 1 = ___________?
4 6 8
a. 5/8
b. 1 and 1/24
c. 1/16
d. 3/8
15. 15 1 - 8 3 = ___________?
3 4
a. 6 and 7/12
b. 7 and 2/3
c. 8 and 2/7
s/
18
d. 7 and 2/7
er
20
ew
s
vi
er
re
a. 2/3
w
ed
b. 7/12
ie
ev
c. 4/5
at
d. 5/6 pd
R
17. If 4 workers can complete 8 identical jobs in 4 days, how long will it take 6 workers to complete 12 such
am
/u
jobs?
om
Ex
.c
e
ok
a. 3 days
ic
b. 4 days
rv
bo
c. 5 days
Se
ce
d. 6 days
.fa
IL
_18. A bookstore sells two kind of MSA Reviewer Books. "College Admission Test Reviewer (CATR)" and High
IV
School Entrance Test Reviewer (HSETR)". If it sells the CATR which yield a profit of $62.00 per book, and it can
w
C
sell 300 books in a month. It sells the HSETR at a profit of $50.50 per book and it can sell 350 books in one
//w
month.Which type of book will yield more profit per month, and by how much?
s:
tp
a. The HSETR will yield a greater profit by $ 925.

ht
b. The CATR will yield a greater profit by $ 925.

c. Both books will yield exactly the same profit
d. The CATR will yield a greater profit by $ 1150.
____________19. Mr. Jose Suobiron inherited 5/8 of his father's estate. He sold 2/5 of his share. What part of
the entire estate did he sell?
a. 1/2
b. 1/4
c. 2/5
d. 3/8
____________20. 13 and 1/3 ounces is what part of a pound?
(16 ounces = 1 pound)
a. 2/3
b. 5/6
c. 3/4
d. 7/8
_______21. 126 is 3/7 of what number?
a. 54
b. 84
c. 119
s/
18
d. 294
er
20
__________22. A roll of ribbon 51 yards long is to be divided into 408 equal parts. How many inches is the
ew
length of each part?
vi
er
re
w
ed
a. 3.5
ie
ev
b. 4.5
at
c. 5.5 pd
R
d. 6.5
am
/u
__________23. A water tank is 7/8 full. When 21 liters of water is drawn out, the tank is 5/8 full. What is the
om
Ex
total capacity of the tank in liters?

.c
e
ok
ic
a. 63
rv
bo
b. 84
Se
ce
c. 87
.fa
IL
d. 93
IV
__________24. A painter completes 2/9 of a job in 3 days. At this rate, how many more days will it take him
w
C
to finishthe job?
//w
s:
a. 7.5 days
tp
b. 9.5 days
ht
c. 10.5 days
d. 13.5 days
25. A boy spent $320, which was 5/7 of what he had originally. How much did he have originally?
a. $ 438
b. $ 448
c. $ 476
d. $ 576
_________26. 0.0075 x 1000 = ___________?
a. 0.075
b. 0.75
c. 7.5
d. 75
_________27. Express 0.572 as a common fraction in lowest term?
a. 71.5 / 125
b. 35.75 / 62.5
c. 14 / 25
d. 143 / 250
_________28. Of the following which is the closest approximation to the product 0.33 x 0.41 x 0.625 x 0.83 =
_____?
s/
18
a. 3/8
er
20
b. 3/4
ew
c. 6/41
vi
d. 5/72
er
re
29. Dividing by 0.125 is the same as multiplying by _________?
w
ed
ie
ev
at
a. 3/8 pd
R
b. 1/4
am
/u
c. 1/8
om
Ex
d. 8
.c
__________30. If a copper wire is 3.7 feet long, its length in inches is ________?
e
ok
ic
rv
bo
a. less than 40
Se
ce
b. between 40 and 44
.fa
IL
c. between 44 and 45
IV
d. more than 45
w
C
__________31. 9 = _________?
//w
0.09 x 0.9
s:
tp
a. 9/1000
ht
b. 9/100
c. 100/9
d. 1000/9
__________32. How much money can be saved by buying 72 pens at $90 per dozen than buying them for
$7.75 each?
a. $ 0.25
b. $ 3.00
c. $ 12.00
d. $ 18.00
33. Two countries produce 1/8 and 3/10 respectively of the world production of aluminum. What fraction of
the world production do the two nations produce together?
a. 7/40
b. 3/40
c. 17/40
d. 21/40
__________34. Of 20 is 25 % of x + 7, then x = ________?
a. 73
b. 80
c. 87
d. 93
s/
18
__________35. If 5 x 5 x Z = 15 x 15 x 15, then Z = _________?
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20
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s
a. 45
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b. 30
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ed
c. 105
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d. 135
at
__________36. The morning class in school begin at 8:05 AM and end at 12:00 noon. There are five class
pd
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periods of 45 minutes each with equal intervals between classes. How many minutes are there in each
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interval?
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a. 2
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b. 2.5
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c. 3
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d. 4.5
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37. Every seat in a bus was taken and 7 people were standing. At the next stop 15 people got off and 3 got
IV
on. How many seats were empty after this stop if everyone was seated?
w
C
//w
a. 3
s:
b. 5
tp
c. 7
ht
d. 10
___________38. A boy scored 134, 145, and 150 in his first 3 games. What score must he make on his
next game so that his average for the four games will be 149?
a. 163
b. 165
c. 167
d. 170
___________39. Angelo can type 9 pages in 12 minutes. How many pages can he type in 8 hours at the same
rate?
a. 180
b. 360
c. 390
d. 540
___________40. Girlie starts cleaning the yard at 10 AM and by 11:20, she has finished 4/5 of it. If she
continues working at the same rate, at what time will she finish cleaning the yard?
a. 11 : 10 AM
b. 12 : 20 AM
c. 11 : 40 AM
s/
18
d. 11 : 52 AM
er
20
41. If 3/8 of a certain number is 2/5, what is 3/4 of that same number?
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s
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a. 1/5
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b. 2/5
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c. 3/5
at
d. 4/5 pd
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____________42. A bus travels 240 kilometers at 60 kph and then returns at 40 kph. What is the average
am
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speed in kilometers per hour for the round trip?
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Ex
.c
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a. 48
ic
b. 49
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c. 50
Se
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d. 52
.fa
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____________43. Mr. Albelda drives his car at the rate of 60 miles per hour. What is his rate in feet per
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second?
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C
//w
a. 66
s:
b. 76
tp
c. 86
ht
d. 88
____________44. What is 0.05 percent of 6.5 ?
a. 0.00325
b. 0.0325
c. 0.325
d. 3.25
____________45. At Rosa Alvero Street, in Loyola Heights there are 8 towns houses and 52 private individual
homes. What is the ratio of town houses to private individual homes?
a. 2 : 27
b. 2 : 13
c. 1 : 13
d. 4 : 13
_46. If it takes 16 pipes 10 hours to fill 8 tanks, how long will it take 12 pipes to fill 9 tanks?
a. 10 hours
b. 12 hours
c. 13 hours
d. 15 hours
__________47. Mr. Cruz borrows $360,000. If he pays back $378,000 after one year, what is his interest rate?
a. 1.5%
s/
18
b. 4.5%
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20
c. 5%
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d. 7.5%
vi
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re
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ev
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pd
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am
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48. If 6 men need $3,600 worth of food for a three-day camping trip, how much will 2 men need for a 15-day
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trip?
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a. $ 3, 600
Se
b. $ 4, 800
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c. $ 5, 400
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d. $ 6, 000
IV
__________49. What is 6% of 2.5 ?

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//w
s:
a. 5/3 %
tp
b. 15
ht
c. 3/20
d. 3/5
__________50. What is the value of 60 x 31 x 36 x 7 ?
a. 468, 720
b. 468, 721
c. 468, 722
d. 468, 723
s/
18
er
20
MATH TEST 002 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
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1. 27, 499 round to the nearest hundred is _______?
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ed
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= 27, 499 ---> drop 99 and change it to 00 and add 1 to the next digit which is 4 since 99 is more than 50.
ev
at
Therefore 27,500 is the answer. *Ans. pd
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am
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Ex

.c
e
ok
ic
= 24 weeks x 7 days
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weeks
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ce
.fa
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= 24 x 7 days
IV
w
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C
= 168 days *Ans.

//w
s:

tp
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= 595 days x 1 week

7 days
= 595 week
7
= 85 weeks *Ans.
4. Eighteen bus loads of 56 students each went to join the Independence Day Celebration. One hundred seventy-
four did not go. How many students are there in all?
Number of students :
N = (18 x 56) + 174
= 1008 (174)
= 1182 students *Ans.
5. Richard bowled 3 games and got scores of 139, 153, and 128. What was his average score for the
three games?
Average = 139 + 153 + 128

3
= 420
3
s/
18
er
20
= 140 *Ans.
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vi
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re
= 7:15 + 3:30
w
ed
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= 10: 45 PM *Ans.
ev
at
pd
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am
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7:15 - 3:30
Ex
.c
Since :15 minutes (7:15) is less than :30 minutes (3:30) you need to borrow an hour to 7 and convert that to
e
ok
ic
minutes. 1 hour = 60 minutes. Now :15 + :60 = 75 minutes.

rv
bo
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7:15 is now 6:75

ce
.fa
IL
6:75 - 3:30 = 3:45 AM *Ans.

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w
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C
8. The fraction 52 / 91 expressed in lowest term is _____?

//w
52 = 52 / 13
s:
91 91 / 13
tp
ht
= 4 *Ans.
7
9. Car A averages 8 km per liter of fuel. Car B averages 12 km per liter of fuel. If the price of fuel is $10 per
liter.How much less would a 600 - km. trip cost for Car A than for Car B?
CAR A :
600 km x $10 = $750

8 km
CAR B :
600 km x $10 = $500
12 km
$750 - $500 = $250 *Ans.

10. Change 31/17 to a mixed number.
1
17 / 31
17
14
therefore, the mixed number is 1 14 *Ans.

17
s/
18
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20
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Part = 40
vi
64
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w
ed
= 40 / 8 ie
64 / 8
ev
at
pd
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= 5 *Ans.
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8
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Ex

.c
7
e
ok
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rv
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Just multiply 7 to 13 then add 3 and over it by 7.

Se
ce
7 x 13 = 91 + 3 = 94 / 7 *Ans.
.fa
IL
IV
w
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C
//w
Ave. Speed = distance

s:
time
tp
ht
= 160 km
5 hrs.
= 32 kph *Ans.
14. 3 + 1 + 1 = ___________?
4 6 8
= 18 + 4 + 3
24 24 24
= 25
24
= 1 1 *Ans.
24
15. 15 1 - 8 3 = ___________?
3 4
15 and 1/3 is also = 46/3

8 and 3/4 is also = 35/4
= 46 - 35
3 4
= 4(46) - 3(35)
s/
18
3(4)
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20
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= 184 - 105
vi
12
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ed
= 79 ie
12
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at
pd
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= 6 7 *Ans.
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12
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Ex

.c
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ok
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1 FOOT = 12 INCHES
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Se
8 inches = 8 inches x 1 foot

ce
12 inches
.fa
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IV
= 8 ft.
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C
12
//w
= 2/3 ft. *Ans.

s:
tp
17. If 4 workers can complete 8 identical jobs in 4 days, how long will it take 6 workers to complete 12 such
ht
jobs?
k = (4 workers) 4 days
8 jobs
k = 2 workers days
job
No. of days for 12 jobs for 6 workers
N = 2 worker days x 12 jobs

job 6 workers
N = 4 days *Ans.
18. A bookstore sells two kind of MSA Reviewer Books. "College Admission Test Reviewer (CATR)" and
High SchoolEntrance Test Reviewer (HSETR)". If it sells the CATR which yield a profit of $62.00 per book,
and it can sell 300 books in a month. It sells the HSETR at a profit of $50.50 per book and it can sell 350 books
in one month. Which type of book will yield more profit per month, and by how much?
CATR
Profit = $62 x 300 books

book
= $18,600
HSETR
s/
18
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20
Profit = $50.50 x 300 books
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book
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= $17,675 ie
ev
at
Difference in Profit = $18,600 - $17,675
pd
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= $925 *Ans.
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therefore the CATR yield $925 more profit than the HSETR
Ex
.c
19. Mr. Jose Suobiron inherited 5/8 of his father's estate. He sold 2/5 of his share. What part of the
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entire estate did he sell?

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Let x - represents the whole state.

ce
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IL
5 x - is the share of Mr. Suobiron

IV
8
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C
//w
N = part of the estate that he sold

s:
N= 5 x 2
tp
8 5
ht
= 10 / 40
= 1/4 of the estate was sold by Mr. Suobiron *Ans.
20. 13 and 1/3 ounces is what part of a pound?
16 OUNCES = 1 POUND
= 13 1 ounces x 1 pound
3 ounces
= 40 x 1 pounds
3 16
= 5 / 6 pounds *Ans.
21. 126 is 3/7 of what number?
3 N = 126
7
N = 126 ( 7 )
3
N = 882 / 3
N = 294 *Ans.
22. A roll of ribbon 51 yards long is to be divided into 408 equal parts. How many inches is the length of each
s/
18
part?
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20
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1 YARD = 36 INCHES
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re
N = 51 yards x 36 inches ÷ 408 parts
w
ed
yards ie
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at
= 51 x 36 x 1 inches/part
pd
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408
am
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om
= 4.5 inches / part *Ans.

Ex
.c
23. A water tank is 7/8 full. When 21 liters of water is drawn out, the tank is 5/8 full. What is the total capacity
e
ok
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of the tank in liters?

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Se
Let x - be the total capacity of the tank.

ce
.fa
IL
7 x - 21 = 5 x
IV
8 8
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C
//w
7 x - 5 x = 21
s:
8 8
tp
ht
2 x = 21
8
1 x = 21
4
x = 21 ( 4 )
1
x = 21(4)
x = 84 *Ans.
24. A painter completes 2/9 of a job in 3 days. At this rate, how many more days will it take him to finish
the job?
Let x - be the remaining of days to finish the job.
2 :3= 7 :x
9 9
7 is part of the job that is unfinished.
1- 2 = 7
9 9
2 x = 3( 7 )
9 9
2 x = 21
s/
18
9 9
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20
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x = 21 ( 9 )
vi
9 2
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re
w
ed
x = 21 ie
2
ev
at
pd
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x = 10.5 days *Ans.

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25. A boy spent $320, which was 5/7 of what he had originally. How much did he have originally?
om
Ex
Let x - be the original amount of money that the boy had first.
.c
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ok
ic
5 x = $320
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7
Se
ce
x = 320 ( 7 )
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IL
5
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C
x = $448 *Ans.
//w
26. 0.0075 x 1000 = ___________?

s:
tp
To multiply numbers by 10n, move the decimal point of the number to n places to the right.
ht
0.0075 x 1000 = 0.0075 x 103 n = 3 this represents the no. of zero decimals : move the
= 7.5 *Ans decimal point 3 places to the right.
27. Express 0.572 as a common fraction in lowest term?
0.572 = 527 0.572 - this has 3 decimal places remove the decimal point and
1000 replace it by the denominator of 103 = 1000.
= 572 / 4
1000 / 4
= 143 *Ans.
250
28. Of the following which is the closest approximation to the product 0.33 x 0.41 x 0.625 x 0.83 = _____?
0.33 = 1/3
0.41 = 2/5
0.625 = 5/8
0.83 = 5/6
= 1x2x5x5
3x5x8x6
= 50
720
s/
18
= 5 / 72 *Ans.
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20
29. Dividing by 0.125 is the same as multiplying by _________?
ew
s
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= 1
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re
0.125
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1
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at
= 1
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8
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=1x 8
Ex
1
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ok
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= 8 *Ans.
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30. If a copper wire is 3.7 feet long, its length in inches is ________?
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.fa
IL
3.7 feet = 3.7 feet x 12 inches

IV
foot
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C
//w
44.4 inches *Ans.

s:
44.4 inches is between 44 and 45

tp
ht
31. 9 = _________?
0.09 x 0.9
9
= 9 x 9
100 10
9
= 81
1000
= 9 x 1000
81
= 1000 *Ans.
9
32. How much money can be saved by buying 72 pens at $90 per dozen than buying them for $7.75 each?
Cost in buying by dozen :
= 72 pens x 1 dozen x $90

12 pens doz.
= 6 x $90
= $540
s/
18
Cost in buying per piece :
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20
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= 72 x $7.75
vi
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re
= 558
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ed
ie
Amount Saved = $558 - $540
ev
at
= $18 *Ans.
pd
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33. Two countries produce 1/8 and 3/10 respectively of the world production of aluminum. What fraction of the
am
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world production do the two nations produce together?
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Ex
N= 1 + 3
.c
8 10
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ok
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= 5 + 12
Se
40 40
ce
.fa
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= 17 *Ans
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40
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C
//w
34. Of 20 is 25 % of x + 7, then x = ________?

s:
25 % ( x + 7 ) = 20
tp
ht
1/4 ( x + 7 ) = 20
x + 7 = 20 x 4
x + 7 = 80
x = 80 - 7
x = 73 *Ans.
35. If 5 x 5 x Z = 15 x 15 x 15, then Z = _________?

5 x 5 x Z = 15 x 15 x 15
Z = 15 x 15 x 15
5x5
Z = 3 x 3 x 15
Z = 135 *Ans.
36. The morning class in school begin at 8:05 AM and end at 12:00 noon. There are five class periods of 45
minutes each with equal intervals between classes. How many minutes are there in each interval?
Let x - be the length of time of each interval
8: 05 AM + : 45 min-class + x + :45 min-class + x + :45 min-class + x

+ :45 min-class + x + :45 min-class = 12:00
s/
18
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20
8:05 + 5(45 minutes) + 4x = 12:00
ew
s
vi
8:05 + 225 minutes + 4x = 12:00
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8:05 + 3 hrs& 45 min + 4x = 12:00 ie
ev
at
11:50 + 4x = 12:00
pd
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am
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4x = 10 minutes
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Ex
x = 10 / 4
.c
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ok
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x = 2.5 minutes *Ans.

rv
bo
37. Every seat in a bus was taken and 7 people were standing. At the next stop 15 people got off and 3 got
Se
on. How many seats were empty after this stop if everyone was seated?
ce
.fa
IL
Let x - be the number of seats

IV
w
w
C
No. of people = x + 7 -15 + 3 No. of empty seats = x - (x - 5)

//w
No. of people = x - 5 No. of empty seats =x-x+5

No. of seats = 5 *Ans.
s:
tp
ht
38. A boy scored 134, 145, and 150 in his first 3 games. What score must he make on his next game so that his
average for the four games will be 149?
x - must be score in the fourth game
x + 134 + 150 + 145 = 149

4
x + 429 = 4 (149)
x + 429 = 596
x = 596 - 429
x = 167 *Ans.
39. Angelo can type 9 pages in 12 minutes. How many pages can he type in 8 hours at the same rate?
P - no. of pages :
P x 1 hr = 9 pages
8 hrs 60 mins 12 mins
P = 9
480 12
P = 9 (480)
12
s/
18
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20
= 9 (40)
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s
vi
360 *Ans.
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re
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40. Girlie starts cleaning the yard at 10 AM and by 11:20, she has finished 4/5 of it. If
ie
she continues working at the same rate, at what time will she finish cleaning the yard?
ev
at
pd
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Time elapse from 10 AM to 11:20 AM is 1 hour and 20 minutes which is = 80 minutes.

am
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4 : 80 minutes = 1 : x
Ex
5 5
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ok
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4 x = 80 ( 1 )
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5 5
Se
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x = 80 ( 1 ) 5
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IL
5 4
IV
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C
= 20 minutes
//w
therefore, 20 minutes after 11:20 AM is 11:40 AM *Ans.

s:
41. If 3/8 of a certain number is 2/5, what is 3/4 of that same number?
tp
ht
3x= 2
8 5
x= 2 (8)
5 3
x = 16
15
3 x = 3 ( 16 )
4 4 15
3 x = 4 *Ans.
4 5
42. A bus travels 240 kilometers at 60 kph and then returns at 40 kph. What is the average speed in
kilometers per hour for the round trip?
t1 = distance / rate
= 240 km / 60 kph
= 4 hrs.
t2 = distance / rate
= 240 km / 40 kph
= 6 hrs.
rate = total distance

total time
s/
18
er
20
= 240 + 240
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4+6
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re
= 480
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ed
10 ie
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at
= 48 km/hr *Ans.
pd
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43. Mr. Albelda drives his car at the rate of 60 miles per hour. What is his rate in feet per second?
om
Ex
5280 ft. = 1 mile

.c
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ok
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rate = 60 mi x 1 hr x 5280 ft
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hr 3600 sec 1 mile

Se
ce
= 60 (5280) ft
.fa
IL
3600 sec
IV
w
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C
= 88 ft *Ans.
//w
sec
s:
44. What is 0.05 percent of 6.5 ?

tp
ht
= 0.05% x 6.5
= 0.0005 x 6.5
= 0.00325 * Ans.
45. At Rosa Alvero Street, in Loyola Heights there are 8 towns houses and 52 private individual
homes. What is the ratio of town houses to private individual homes?
8 = 8/ 4
52 52 / 4
= 2 / 13 or 2 : 13 * Ans.
46. If it takes 16 pipes 10 hours to fill 8 tanks, how long will it take 12 pipes to fill 9 tanks?
Let H be the number of hours
H = (16)(10) pipe - hours x 9 tanks

8 tanks 12 pipes
= 16 x 10 x 9
8 x 12
= 1440
96
= 15 hours *Ans.
s/
18
er
20
47. Mr. Cruz borrows $360,000. If he pays back $378,000 after one year, what is his interest rate?
ew
s
vi
I=F-P
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re
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ed
I = $378,000 - $360,000 = 18,000 ie
ev
at
rate = I x 100%
pd
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Pt
am
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= $18,000 x 100%
Ex
$360,000
.c
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ok
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= 5% *Ans.
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Se
48. If 6 men need $3,600 worth of food for a three-day camping trip, how much will 2 men need for a 15-day
ce
trip?
.fa
IL
IV
Let x - be the worth if food needed by 2 men for a 15-day trip

w
C
//w
x = $3,600 x (2 x 15 man-days)
6x3
s:
tp
= $3,600 x 30
ht
18
= 200 x 30
= $6,000 *Ans.
49. What is 6% of 2.5 ?
6% of 2.5
= 6 x 25
100 10
= 150
1000
= 3 / 20 * Ans.
50. What is the value of 60 x 31 x 36 x 7 ?
In this kind of problem we don't need to multiply in order to get the answer. Notice in the choices that the
first five digits are all the same so we just have to check what the last digit be This can be done
by multiplying the last digit :
0x1x6x7=0
Therefore, the answer is : 468, 720 *Ans.
s/
18
er
20
ew
MATH TEST 003
s
1. If 9x - 7 = 18y then 9x - 7 = ________?
vi
er
6
re
w
ed
ie
a. 2y
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at
b. 3y
pd
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c. 6y
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d. y + 6
_________2. A student buys an MSA Reviewer Book for $175 after receiving a discount of 12.5%. What
om
Ex
was the marked price?

.c
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ok
a. $ 187.50
ic
b. $ 200
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c. $ 225
Se
ce
d. $ 250
.fa
IL
_________3. A town house unit was sold fir $2.50 M, yielding a 25% profit. For how much would it be
IV
sold to yield only a 10% profit on the cost?

w
w
C
//w
a. $ 2M
b. $ 2.25M
s:
c. $ 2.2M
tp
d. $2.45M
ht
_________4. What single discount is equivalent to successive discounts if 5% and 10%?
a. 10.5%
b. 12.5%
c. 14.5%
d. 15%
_________5. How many miles are there in 40 kilometers?
a. 25
b. 64
c. 32
d. 60
_6.If water tank can be filled 1 and 3/4 hours. What part of the tank can be filled in exactly 1 hour?
a. 1/2
b. 3/4
c. 4/7
d. 1
_________7. If 5 items cost d dollars how much would x items cost at the same rate?
a. p / 5x
b. 5 / px
c. x / 5p
d. px / 55
_________8. In a group of 8, 000 applicants for a civil service examination, 1600 failed to take the
first part of the test. What percent of the total applicants took the first part of the test?
a. 20%
s/
18
b. 30%
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c. 40%
20
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d. 80%
_________9. If the ratio a : b is 11 : 9, then a + b is ________?
vi
er
re
w
a. 9
ed
ie
b. 11
ev
at
c. 20
d. can't be determined from the given information pd
R
10. If 4 men can paint a fence in 2 days, what part of the job can be completed by one man in 8 days?
am
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om
a. 1/4
Ex
b. 1/2
.c
e
c. 3/4
ok
ic
d. whole job
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bo
___________11. Of John's salary, 1/10 is spent for clothing, and 1/4 for board and lodging. What part of
Se
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the salary is left for other expenditures and savings?

.fa
IL
a. 3/5
IV
b. 13/20
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C
c. 7/10
//w
d. 2/5
s:
___________12. Which of the following fractions is closest to 1/3 ?

tp
ht
a. 1/5
b. 2/5
c. 2/3
d. 3/5
___________13. Write 0.5 % as decimal.
a. 5
b. 0.5
c. 0.05
d. 0.005
14. If 10 parts of alcohol is mixed with 15 parts of water, what part of the mixture is alcohol?
a. 2/3
b. 2/5
c. 1/3
d. 3/5
___________15. If 2/5 of the workers in a factory go on vacation is September and 1/3 of the remainder
take their vacation in October, what fraction of the workers take their vacation in some other time?
a. 2/5
b. 1/3
c. 1/15
d. 4/15
___________16. A bill was passed by a vote of 7 : 5 . What part of the vote counts were in favor of the
bill?
s/
18
a. 5/7
er
b. 7/12
20
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c. 5/12
d. 7/5
vi
er
re
w
___________17. If a man travels for half of an hour at 60 km/hr, and for quarter of an hour for 120
ed
ie
km/hr, what is his average speed?
ev
at
pd
R
a. 80 kph
am
/u
b. 90 kph
om
c. 100 kph
Ex
d. 120 kph
.c
e
18. What part of an hour elapses between 9:52 AM and 10:16 AM ?

ok
ic
rv
bo
a. 2/5
Se
ce
b. 1/3
c. 1/6
.fa
IL
d. 1/4
IV
_________19. If the ratio of boys to girls is 3 : 7 . If the class has 40 students, how many additional boys
w
C
are needed to enroll to make the ratio 2 : 1 ?

//w
s:
a. 11
tp
b. 33
ht
c. 44
d. 50
_________20. If 45 feet of uniform wire weigh 5 kilograms, what is the weight of 30 yards o the same
wire?
a. 5 kg
b. 10 kg
c. 15 kg
d. 20 kg
_________21. A school has enough oatmeal to feed 15 children in 4 days. If 5 more children are added,
how many days will the oatmeal last ?
a. 3
b. 12
c. 1 ⅓
d. 5 ⅓
22. If a car can travel 60 km on 12 liters of gasoline, how many liters will be needed in a 210 km trip ?
a. 30
b. 42
c. 45
d. 50
___________23. Write 7.5% as a fraction.
a. 3/4
b. 3/40
c. 3/400
d. 3/4000
___________24. Write 3/8 % as decimal.
s/
18
er
a. 0.00375
20
ew
b. 0.0375
c. 0.375
vi
er
d. 3.75
re
w
___________25. Find 40% of 60.
ed
ie
ev
at
a. 0.24
pd
R
b. 2.4
c. 24
am
/u
d. 240
om
Ex
26. Find 70% of 60.

.c
e
a. 420
ok
ic
b. 4.2
rv
bo
c. 4200
Se
ce
d. 42
_________27. What is 175% of 24 ?
.fa
IL
IV
a. 0.42
w
C
b. 4.2
//w
c. 42
s:
d. 420
tp
_________28. What percent of 60 is 42 ?

ht
a. 0.7
b. 7
c. 70
d. 1.428
_________29. 54 is 20% of what number ?
a. 2.7
b. 270
c. 10.8
d. 108
_________30. 24 is 150% of what number ?
a. 8
b. 12
c. 16
d. 18
31. How many thirty- seconds are there in 62 ½ % ?
a. 5
b. 8
c. 12
d. 20
___________32. A shirt marked $560 is sold for $392. What was the rate of discount ?
a. $ 168
b. $ 123
s/
18
c. $ 30%
er
d. 70%
20
ew
___________33. A kinder class has g number of girls and b number of boys. The ratio of boys to girls is
_____ ?
vi
er
re
w
a. bg
ed
ie
b. b / (b+g)
ev
at
c. g/b
d. b/g pd
R
_______
am
/u
___________34. / 1 + 1 = _________ ?
om
√ 25 144
Ex
.c
e
a. 1/17
ok
ic
b. 17/60
rv
bo
c. 13/60
Se
ce
d. 12/13
a.
.fa
IL
12
IV
b. 18
w
C
c. 18
//w
d. 24
s:
___________36. If prices are reduced by 25% sales increased by 33 ⅓ % what is the net effect on gross
tp
revenue ?
ht
a. they increase by 8 and 1/3

b. they decrease by 8 and 1/3
c. they remain the same
d. they increase by 10%
e.
___________37. An 8-meter rope is cut so that one part is 3/5 of the other. How long in meters, is the
shorter segment ?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
___________38. When the gasoline gauge of an automobile shows 1/8 full, 52.5 liters is needed to
completely fill the gasoline tank. What is the capacity, in liters of the gasoline tank?
a. 48
b. 50
c. 56
d. 60
39. What part of gallon is 7 pints, given that 1 quart = 2 pints, 4 quarts = 1 gal. ?
a. 7/8
b. 7/16
c. 7/4
d. 3/4
___________40. If 7 is added to four times a number, the result is 91. What is the number ?
a. 21
s/
18
b. 42
er
c. 32
20
ew
d. 56
___________41. The area of a square is 36 sq. cm. What is the perimeter of the square ?
vi
er
re
w
a. 6 cm
ed
ie
b. 24 cm
ev
at
c. 30 cm
d. 36 cm pd
R
___________42. A truck can carry a load of 8 / 9 tons. How many trips must the truck make to deliver
am
/u
10 and 2 / 3 tons of sand?
om
Ex
a. 8
.c
e
b. 9
ok
ic
c. 10
rv
bo
d. 12
Se
ce
43. What is the value of

6a2b3
.fa
IL
______ if a = 2 and b = 3 ?
IV
9
w
C
//w
a. 18
s:
b. 24
tp
c. 36
ht
d. 72
_________44. Z + 4 = 4, then Z = _______?
Z
a. 1
b. 2
c. -1
d. -2
_________45. 1 ÷ 1 = _________ ?
x 1
x
a. 1
b. 1/ x2
c. x2
d. 2x
______
_________46.x √0.0004 = 4 : x = _______ ?
a. 80
b. 100
c. 200
d. 400
47. A piece of wire is cut into three, so that the first is three times as long as the second and the second
is three times as long as the third. What part of the entire piece is the shortest?
a. 1/9
b. 1/10
s/
18
c. 1/13
er
d. 1/15
20
ew
48. What is the average of the first 20 positive integers ?
vi
er
a. 9
re
w
b. 9.5
ed
ie
c. 10
ev
at
d. 10.5
pd
49. A sales representative earns 5% commission on all sales between $ 20, 000 and $ 60, 000, and 8%
R
on all sales over $ 60,000. What is the commission in a week in which her total sales was $ 80, 000 ?
am
/u
om
a. $ 3, 600
Ex
b. $ 4, 600
.c
e
c. $ 5, 600
ok
ic
d. $ 6, 400
rv
bo
_________
Se
ce
50. / 12 + 12
√ 27 9
.fa
IL
IV
w
w
C
a. 16/9
//w
b. 4/3
s:
c. 3/4
tp
d. 9/16
ht
s/
18
er
20
ew
1. If 9x - 7 = 18y then 9x - 7 = ________?
vi
er
6
re
w
ed
ie
9x - 7 = 18y
ev
at
9x - 7 = 18y pd
R
6 6
am
/u
om
Ex
= 3y *Ans.
.c
e
2. A student buys an MSA Reviewer Book for $175 after receiving a discount of 12.5%. What was the
ok
ic
marked price?
rv
bo
Se
ce
1 MP - 0.125 MP = $175
.fa
IL
0.875 MP = $175
IV
w
w
C
7/8 MP = $175 (note : 7/8 is the fraction form of 0.875)

//w
s:
MP = $175 x (8/7)
tp
ht
MP = $200 *Ans.
3. A town house unit was sold fir $2.50 M, yielding a 25% profit. For how much would it be sold to
yield only a 10% profit on the cost?
Let C be the original cost of the house

Let 0.25C be the profit
C + 0.25C = $2.5 M
1.25C = $2.5M
1.25C = $2.5M
1.25 1.25
C = $2M
The new selling price that would yield at 10% profit on the cost would be :
= $2M + 0.10 ($2M)

= $2M + 0.20M
= $2.2M *Ans.
4. What single discount is equivalent to successive discounts if 5% and 10%?
The formula for a single rate of discount equivalent to the series of discounts is :
R = 1 - [(1 - r1) (1 - r2)...(1 - rn)]
s/
18
for r1 = 5% and r2 = 10%
er
20
ew
R = 1 - [(1 - 0.05) (1 - 0.10)]
= 1 - [(0.95) (0.90)]
vi
er
= 1 - 0.855
re
w
= 0.145 or 14.5% *Ans.
ed
ie
ev
at
5. How many miles are there in 40 kilometers?
pd
R
1 mile = 1.6 kilometers

am
/u
om
40 kilometers = 40 km x 1 mile
Ex
1.6 km
.c
e
ok
ic
= 25 miles *Ans.
rv
bo
6. If water tank can be filled 1 and 3/4 hours. What part of the tank can be filled in exactly 1 hour?
Se
ce
The part of the tank that can be filled in 1 hour is 1 + 1 and 3/4
.fa
IL
IV
=1÷ 7
w
C
4
//w
s:
=1x 4
tp
7
ht
= 4 *Ans.
7
7. If 5 items cost d dollars how much would x items cost at the same rate?
The cost of x items = d x

5
= dx *Ans.
5
8. In a group of 8, 000 applicants for a civil service examination, 1600 failed to take the first part of
the test. What percent of the total applicants took the first part of the test?
Rate = 8000 - 1600 x 100%

8000
= 6400 x 100%
8000
= 0.8 x 100%
= 80% *Ans.
9. If the ratio a : b is 11 : 9, then a + b is ________?
The sum of a and b can't be determined from the given information because there are infinite
s/
18
possibilities for this like;
er
20
ew
a + b = 11 + 9
= 22 + 18
vi
er
= 33 + 27 and so on...
re
w
ed
ie
d. can't be determined from the given information. *Ans.
ev
at
10. If 4 men can paint a fence in 2 days, what part of the job can be completed by one man in 8 days?
pd
R
1 whole job x 1 man x 8 days

am
/u
4 men x 2 days
om
Ex
8 whole jobs
.c
e
8
ok
ic
rv
bo
1 whole job *Ans.

Se
ce
11. Of John's salary, 1/10 is spent for clothing, and 1/4 for board and lodging. What part of the salary is
.fa
IL
left for other expenditures and savings?

IV
w
w
C
Let x - be the part left.

//w
s:
x=1-(1 + 1)
tp
10 4
ht
= 1 - (2 + 5)
20
= 20 - 7
20 20
= 13 / 20 *Ans.
12. Which of the following fractions is closest to 1/3 ?
We can solve the problem by getting the LCM of the given fraction and all the chioces.
The LCM = 15 then compare the differences of each choice to 1/3.
1/3 - 1/5 = 5/15 - 3/15 = 2/15
2/5 - 1/3 = 6/15 - 5/15 = 1/5 *Ans.
2/3 - 1/3 = 10/15 - 5/15 = 10/15
3/5 - 1/3 = 9/15 - 5/15 = 4/15
13. Write 0.5 % as decimal.
To change % to decimal, we drop the % sign and move the decimal point two places to the left.
0.05 % = 0.005 *Ans.

14. If 10 parts of alcohol is mixed with 15 parts of water, what part of the mixture is alcohol ?
s/
18
er
The part of the mixture is alcohol = 10
20
ew
10 + 15
vi
er
= 10
re
w
25
ed
ie
ev
at
= 2/5 *Ans.
pd
R
15. If 2/5 of the workers in a factory go on vacation is September and 1/3 of the remainder take their
am
/u
vacation in October, what fraction of the workers take their vacation in some other time?
om
Ex
The fraction of the workers that take their vacation in some other time
.c
e
ok
ic
= 1 - [ 2 + 1 (1 - 2 )]
rv
bo
5 3 5
Se
ce
.fa
IL
= 1 - [ 2 + 1 ( 3 )]
IV
5 3 5
w
C
//w
s:
=1-[2 + 1 ]
tp
5 5
ht
=1- 3
5
= 2 *Ans.
5
16. A bill was passed by a vote of 7 : 5 . What part of the vote counts were in favor of the bill?
The part of the vote in favor of the bill : 7

7+5
= 7 / 12 *Ans.
17. If a man travels for half of an hour at 60 km/hr, and for quarter of an hour for 120 km/hr,
what is his average speed?
d1/2 = 1 hr. x 60 km = 30 km
2 hr
d1/4 = 1 hr. x 120 km = 30 km

4 hr
Average speed = total distance

total time
( 30 + 30 )
(1 + 1)
s/
18
2 4
er
20
ew
( 30 + 30 ) km.
vi
er
3 hr.
re
w
4
ed
ie
ev
at
60 ( 4 ) kph
3 pd
R
am
/u
Ave. Speed = 80 kph. *Ans.
om
18. What part of an hour elapses between 9:52 AM and 10:16 AM ?

Ex
.c
e
= 10:16 - 9:52
ok
ic
rv
bo
10:16 is also equal to 9:76 since 76 is equal to 1 hour and 16 minutes. 9 hours + 1 hour and 16 minutes =
Se
ce
10:16.
.fa
IL
= 9:76 - 9:52 = 24 minutes

IV
w
w
C
= 24 minutes x 1 hr
//w
60 min
s:
tp
= 24 / 60 hrs.
ht
= 2 / 5 hours *Ans.
19. If the ratio of boys to girls is 3 : 7 . If the class has 40 students, how many additional boys are
needed to enroll to make the ratio 2 : 1 ?
3x + 7x = 40 The number of boys : 3x = 3(4) = 12
10x = 40 The number of girls : 7x = 7(4) = 28
x = 40 since the desired ratio of boys to girls

10 is 2 : 1 .
x=4 the required number of boys is 2 x 28 = 56
so 56 - 12 = 44 more boys are needed. *Ans.
20. If 45 feet of uniform wire weigh 5 kilograms, what is the weight of 30 yards o the same wire ?
Let x - be the length of 30 yards of the same wire.
30 yards x 3 feet = 90 feet

yard
x = 5
90 45
x = 1
90 9
s/
18
x = 10 kgs. *Ans.
er
20
ew
21. A school has enough oatmeal to feed 15 children in 4 days. If 5 more children are added, how
many days will the oatmeal last ?
vi
er
re
w
This problem is an example of an inverse proportion.
ed
ie
ev
at
4 : 1/5 = x : 1 / (15 + 5)
pd
R
4 : 1/15 = x : 1/20
am
/u
om
1x=4(1)
Ex
15 20
.c
e
ok
ic
x = 1
rv
bo
15 5
Se
ce
x = 1 (15)
.fa
IL
5
IV
w
w
C
x = 3 days *Ans.
//w
22. If a car can travel 60 km on 12 liters of gasoline, how many liters will be needed in a 210 km trip ?
s:
tp
This is a direct proportion problem, Let x - be the number of liters needed.

ht
x : 210 = 12 : 60
60x = 210 (12)
60x = 2520
x = 2520 / 60
x = 42 liters *Ans.
23. Write 7.5% as a fraction.

7.5% = 7.5
100
= 75
100
= 3 *Ans.
40
24. Write 3/8 % as decimal.
3/8 % = 0.375 %
= 0.00375 *Ans.
25. Find 40% of 60.
s/
18
er
= 0.40 x 60
20
ew
= 24 *Ans.
vi
er
26. Find 70% of 60.
re
w
ed
ie
= 0.70 x 60
ev
at
= 42 *Ans. pd
R
am
/u
27. What is 175% of 24 ?
om
Ex
P = Rate x Base
.c
e
= 1.75 x 24
ok
ic
= 42 *Ans.
rv
bo
Se
ce
28. What percent of 60 is 42 ?

.fa
IL
IV
R = P x 100%
w
C
B
//w
s:
R = 70% *Ans.
tp
ht
29. 54 is 20% of what number ?
N = 54 ÷ 0.20
= 540 / 2
= 270 *Ans.
30. 24 is 150% of what number ?
24 = 1.5 x N
N = 24 / 1.5
N = 240 / 15
N = 16 *Ans.
31. How many thirty- seconds are there in 62 ½ % ?
N = 62 ½ %
32
N = 5
32 8
N = 5 (32)
8
N = 20 *Ans.
s/
18
er
32. A shirt marked $560 is sold for $392. What was the rate of discount ?
20
ew
Rate = discount x 100%
vi
er
original price
re
w
ed
ie
= $560 - $392 x 100 %
ev
at
$560
pd
R
= $168 x 100%
am
/u
$560
om
Ex
= 30% *Ans.
.c
e
ok
ic
33. A kinder class has g number of girls and b number of boys. The ratio of boys to girls is _____ ?
rv
bo
Se
ce
The ratio of boys to girls is b / g *Ans.

.fa
IL
______
IV
34. / 1 + 1 = _________ ?
w
C
√ 25 144
//w
s:
_________
tp
= / 144 + 25
ht
√ 25 144
_________
= / 169
√ (25 ) (144)
= 13
(5 ) (12)
= 13 / 60 *Ans.
35. A basketball team has won 24 games out of 36 games played. It has 24 more games to play. How
many ofthese must the team win to make its record 80% for the season ?
The total number of wins = 80% x (total no. of games played)
= 0.80 x ( 36 + 24 )
= 0.80 ( 60 )
= 48
Since they already won 24 games, they need to win 24 more games. * Ans.
36. If prices are reduced by 25% sales increased by 33 ⅓ % what is the net effect on gross revenue ?
Revenue = price x no. items sold

R=PxN
Rorig = PN
If prices are reduced by 25%
s/
18
Rnew = ( P - 25% P) ( N + 33 ⅓ N )
er
20
ew
=(P-¼P)(N+⅓N)
vi
er
= ( ¾ P ) ( 4/3 N )
re
w
ed
ie
Rnew = PN
ev
at
Rnew = Rorig
pd
R
The revenues remain the same * Ans.

am
/u
om
Ex
37. An 8-meter rope is cut so that one part is 3/5 of the other. How long in meters, is the shorter
segment ?
.c
e
ok
ic
Let x - be the length of the shorter rope.

rv
bo
Let 8 - x be the length of the larger rope

Se
ce
x= 3 (8-x)
.fa
IL
5
IV
w
w
C
5x = 3 ( 8 - x )
//w
5x = 24 - 3x
s:
5x + 3x = 24
tp
8x = 24
ht
x = 3 meters * Ans.
38. When the gasoline guage of an automobile shows 1/8 full, 52.5 liters is needed to completely fill
the gasoline tank. What is the capacity, in liters of the gasoline tank?
Let x - be the capacity in liters
x - 1 x = 52.5
2
7 x = 52.5
8
x = 52.5 ( 8 )
7
x = 60 * Ans.
39. What part of gallon is 7 pints, given that 1 quart = 2 pints, 4 quarts = 1 gal. ?
therefore, 8 pints = 1 gal.
7 pints = 7 pints x 1 gal

8 pints
= 7 / 8 gallon * Ans.
40. If 7 is added to four times a number, the result is 91. What is the number ?
Let x - be the number.
s/
18
er
4x + 7 = 91
20
ew
4x = 91 - 7
4x = 84
vi
er
x = 84 / 4
re
w
x = 21 * Ans.
ed
ie
ev
at
41. The area of a square is 36 sq. cm. What is the perimeter of the square ?
pd
R
A = s2
am
/u
36 = s2
om
_____
Ex
s = √ 36
.c
e
ok
ic
s = 6 cm.
rv
bo
Se
ce
P = 4s
= 4 (6 cm.)
.fa
IL
= 24 cm. * Ans.
IV
w
w
C
42. A truck can carry a load of 8 / 9 tons. How many trips must the truck make to deliver 10 and 2 / 3
//w
tons of sand?
s:
tp
Let N - be the number of trips.

ht
N = 10 ⅔ ÷ 8/9
= 32 ÷ 8
3 9
= 32 x 9
3 8
= 12 trips * Ans.
43. What is the value of
6a2b3
______ if a = 2 and b = 3 ?
9
6a2b3
= ______
6(2)2(3)3
= ________
6(4)(27)
= ________
s/
18
9
er
20
ew
= 72 * Ans.
vi
er
44. Z + 4 = 4
re
w
Z
ed
ie
This problem can be solved the easiest way by substituting each choice to Z.
ev
at
Z=1 pd
R
1+ 4 =4
am
/u
1
om
Ex
1+4=4
.c
e
ok
ic
5≠4
rv
bo
Se
ce
Z=2
.fa
IL
IV
2+ 4 =4
w
C
2
//w
s:
2+2=4
tp
ht
4 = 4 * Ans.
45. 1 ÷ 1 = _________ ?
x 1
x
= 1• x
x 1
= 1 * Ans.
______
46.x √0.0004 = 4 : x = _______ ?
x (0.02) = 4
x = 4
0.02
x = 400
2
x = 200 * Ans.
47. A piece of wire is cut into three, so that the first is three times as long as the second and the second
is three times as long as the third. What part of the entire piece is the shortest?
First part = 9x
Second part = 3x
Third part = x
9x + 3x + x = 13x
s/
18
part = length of the shortest part
er
length of entire wire
20
ew
= x
vi
er
13x
re
w
ed
ie
= 1 / 13 * Ans.
ev
at
pd
48. What is the average of the first 20 positive integers ?
R
am
/u
Average = sum of the numbers
om
numbers of items added

Ex
.c
e
= 1 + 2 + + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 .... + 20
ok
ic
20
rv
bo
Se
ce
= 10.5 * Ans.
.fa
IL
49. A sales representative earns 5% commission on all sales between $ 20, 000 and $ 60, 000, and 8%
IV
on all sales over $ 60,000. What is the commission in a week in which her total sales was $ 80, 000 ?
w
C
//w
Commission = 5% (6000) + 8% (80,000 - 60,000)

s:
tp
= 0.05 (60,000) + 0.08 (20,000)

ht
= 3,000 + 1,600
= $ 4, 600 * Ans.
_________
50. / 12 + 12
√ 27 9
_________
/ 4 + 4
√ 9 3
_________
/ 4 + 12
√ 9
_____
/ 16
√ 9
= 4 / 3 * Ans.
s/
18
MATH TEST 004
er
1. A car that cost $ 1.2 M can be sold for $ 600, 000 after 5 years of use. What will be the yearly
20
ew
depreciation cost ?
s
a. $ 100, 000
vi
er
b. $ 12, 000
re
c. $ 120, 000
w
ed
ie
d. $ 600, 000
ev
at
_________2. How many times does the digit 7 appear in the numbers from 1 to 100 ?
pd
R
a. 9
b. 10
am
/u
c. 19
om
Ex
d. 20
.c
_________3. At the rate of $ 44 per hundred sheets of colored bond paper, how much is the cost of 500
e
ok
sheets ?
ic
a. $ 121
rv
bo
b. $ 242
Se
ce
c. $ 440
.fa
d. $ 480
IL
_________4. At $ 25 per board foot of wood, what is the cost of 15 pieces of 2" x 2" x 12' ?
IV
(1 board foot = 1 ft. x 1 ft. x 1 inch)

w
C
a. $ 18, 000
//w
b. $ 15, 000
s:
c. $ 1, 250
tp
d. $ 1, 500
ht
_________5. The decimal form of 0.56 % is __________ ?

a. 0.0056
b. 0.056
c. 0.56
d. 56
_6. If 3 feet = 1 yard, how many yards are there in 27 feet ?
a. 9
b. 81
c. 24
d. 12
_________7. How many feet are there in 9 and 1/3 yards ?
a. 9
b. 10
c. 12
d. 28
_________8. A hand-carved wooden dining set is priced at $69, 950. If 20% discount is given to the
customer, how much would he have to pay for the set ?
a. $ 53, 960
b. $ 54, 960
c. $ 55, 960
d. $ 56, 960
_________9. If an article priced at $99.80 is subjected to a 10% VAT, what would be the total amount
to be paid forthearticle ?
s/
18
a. $ 89.82
er
b. $ 109.78
20
ew
c. $ 109.80
d. $ 110.78
vi
er
_________10. Find the cost of 6 and 1/2 dozen eggs at $ 30.00 per dozen.
re
w
ed
ie
a. $ 186
ev
at
b. $ 190
c. $ 194 pd
R
d. $ 195
am
/u
a.
om
$ 151.20
Ex
b. $ 153
.c
e
c. $ 160
ok
ic
d. $ 165
rv
bo
_________12. Mr. Mansueto Velasco Jr. is buying a piece of lot at Filinvest Homes East. The dimension
Se
ce
of the rectangular lot is 14 meters by 30 meters at $ 3, 500 per square meters, what would be the
total cost of the lot ?
.fa
IL
IV
a. $ 308, 000
w
C
b. $ 105, 014
//w
c. $ 735, 000
s:
d. $ 1, 470, 000
tp
_________13. How much must a salesman sell in a month to yield him a commission of $ 12, 000, if his
ht
rate of commission is 5% on goods sold ?
a. $ 12, 000
b. $ 60, 000
c. $ 240, 000
d. $ 24, 000
_________14. How much would Charlie receive from his monthly salary of $ 8,000 after deducting 2
and 1/2 % forSSS contribution and 5% withholding tax ?
a. $ 7, 400
b. $ 7, 500
c. $ 7, 850
d. $ 7, 950
15. A student had $ 1, 050 in his wallet. He spent $ 640 for books and school supplies. What part of his
money did he spend?
a. 2/5
b. 3/5
c. 2/3
d. 3/4
__________16. MS. Cecille Garcia saves 18% of her monthly salary of $ 16, 500. How much does she
saved in a year?
a. $ 34, 460
b. $ 35, 460
c. $ 110, 000
d. $ 260, 000
__________17. Mrs. Leny Ngo wishes to buy a second hand car, the cash price of which is $ 150, 000.
Not having ready cash she agrees to pay 1/3 down and the balance in 10 monthly installments of 11,
s/
18
000 each. What is the total price of the car ?
er
20
ew
a. $ 160, 000
b. $ 170, 000
vi
er
c. $ 110, 000
re
w
d. $ 260, 000
ed
ie
__________18. A cross-stitch store owner buys cross-stitch frame at $ 12, 500 each. How much should he
ev
at
sell each in order to realize a profit of 3/20 more than the buying price ?
pd
R
a. $ 12, 750
am
/u
b. $ 13, 375
om
c. $ 13, 350
Ex
d. $ 14, 375
.c
e
_19. This year XYZ company's profit was $ 2, 440, 000, which is 22% more than last year's profit. How
ok
ic
muchwas the profit last year ?

rv
bo
Se
ce
a. $ 1, 220, 000
b. $ 2, 000, 000
.fa
IL
c. $ 1, 880, 000
IV
d. $ 1, 900, 000
w
C
_________20. Mrs. Ramos pays $ 1, 530 for a dress at 15 % discount. How much is the marked price ?
//w
s:
a. $ 1, 545
tp
b. $ 1, 600
ht
c. $ 1, 800
d. $ 1, 750
_________21. A customer buys 4 pairs of socks originally priced at $ 60.00 each. If the reduced price is
$ 47.50, how much does he save on this purchase ?
a. $ 50
b. $ 60
c. $ 65
d. $ 70
_________22. Gerard left City A to drive to City B at 6:15 A.M. and arrived at 1:45 P.M. If he averaged
60 km per hourand stopped one hour for lunch, how far is City A to City B ?
a. 390 km
b. 420 km
c. 450 km
d. 270 km
____ _____
23. The sum of √ 81 + √ 100 is ________ ?
a. √ 181
b. 10
c. 9
d. 19
24. The sum of three consecutive integers is 54. Find the smallest integer.
a. 16
b. 17
c. 18
d. 19
s/
18
25. How many miles does a car travel if it averages at a rate of 35 miles per hour for 3 hours and 24
er
minutes?
20
ew
a. 109
vi
er
b. 112
re
w
c. 113
ed
ie
d. 119
ev
at
26. Elmer can deliver newspaper in his route for 1 ½ hours. Wowie who takes his place one day finds
pd
that it takes him 1 ½ longer to deliver these. How long will it take to deliver the papers if they work
R
together ?
am
/u
om
a. 1 hour
Ex
b. 1 hour 15 minutes
.c
e
c. 1 hour 20 minutes
ok
ic
d. 3 hours
rv
bo
27. If it takes h hours to paint the wall, what part of the wall is painted in one hour ?
Se
ce
a. h
.fa
IL
b. 1/h
IV
c. hx
w
C
d. x/h
//w
28. A sock of corn will feed 18 ducks for 54 days. How long will it feed 12 ducks ?
s:
tp
a. 36
ht
b. 60
c. 72
d. 81
29. Find the next number in the series 1, 4, 9, 16, _____ ?
a. 20
b. 25
c. 26
d. 30
30. A bag is sold for $680 while marked at $800. What was the rate of the discount ?
a. 12%
b. 15%
c. 20%
d. 25%
31. Six hundred examinees passed the Licensure Examination last year. This represents the 8 ⅓ percent
of the total examinees. How many examinees failed the exam?
a. 6,000
b. 6,200
c. 6,600
d. 7,200
32. If 4 miles = 6.44 km, then 14.49 km equals how many miles ?
a. 7
b. 8
c. 9
d. 10
33. (a2 - 4b2) c is equivalent to ac + _________ ?
s/
18
er
a. 2bc
20
ew
b. -2bc
c. 2b
vi
er
d. -2b
re
w
________34. In a certain class the ratio of boys to girls is 4 : 5. If the class has 54 students, how many
ed
ie
are girls ?
ev
at
a. 24
b. 30 pd
R
c. 12
am
/u
d. 27
om
Ex
_________35. Solve for x : ax = bx + cx - d, a ≠ b ≠ c.

.c
e
a. d
ok
ic
a-b-c
rv
bo
Se
ce
b. d
.fa
IL
b-a-c
IV
w
w
C
//w
c. d
s:
b+c-a
tp
ht
d. d
b-c-a
__________36. The ratio of men athlete to women in an athletic meet is 5 : 3 and the total number of
athlete is 2, 400, how many additional women athlete would have to join to make the ratio
of men to women 1 : 1 ?
a. 6
b. 400
c. 600
d. 1, 200
37. If prices are reduced by 20 %, quantity sold increase by 25 %. What is the net effect on the gross
revenue?
a. it increases by 5%
b. it decreases by 5%
c. it remains the same
d. it increases by 10%
___________38. The average of three numbers is xyz. If the sum of two numbers is x + y, what is the
other number?
a. 3xyz - (x+y)
b. xyz - (x+y)
c. z
d. can't be determined from the given information
___________39. When + 13 is added to - 15, the sum is _______ ?
s/
18
er
a. -2
20
ew
b. 2
c. -18
vi
er
d. 18
re
w
ed
ie
___________40. When -15 is subtracted from -18, the difference is _______?
ev
at
a. -3 pd
R
b. 3
am
/u
c. 33
om
d. -33
Ex
e.
.c
e
___________41. When the product of (-4) and (-17) is divided by 2, the quotient is _____ ?
ok
ic
rv
bo
a. -34
Se
ce
b. 34
c. 68
.fa
IL
d. -66
IV
42. If 5x + 17 = 32, then x = _________ ?

w
C
//w
a. 9.8
s:
b. -9.8
tp
c. 3
ht
d. -3
_____________43. Solve for M :
M - M =4
7 3
a. 21
b. -21
c. -1
d. 1
_____________44. If x + y = 4a and x - y = 2b then y = ______ ?
a. b - 2a
b. 2a - b
c. 2a + b
d. a - 2b
_____________45. If 0.37 m = 0.0111 then m = _____ ?
a. 0.03
b. 0.3
c. 3
d. 30
_____________46. If 1 / M = 4 and S = 2, what is S in terms of M ?
a. 1 / 2M
b. -2M
c. -(1/2M)
d. 2M
47. A horse is tied to a pole with a rope of 7 meters long. How much grazing area does it have?
a. 154 sq. m.
s/
18
b. 164 sq. m.
er
c. 314 sq. m.
20
ew
d. 174 sq. m.
___________48. What number is missing in this sequence : 5, 7, 11, 17, ________ ?
vi
er
a. 22
re
w
b. 23
ed
ie
c. 25
ev
at
d. 27
pd
___________49. How many two-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 if a digit
R
cannot be used more than once?

am
/u
a. 10
om
b. 15
Ex
c. 20
.c
e
d. 25
ok
ic
___________50. What is the value of x in 5 : x = x : 125 ?

rv
bo
a. 5
Se
ce
b. 15
c. 20
.fa
IL
d. 25
IV
___________51. If one bilao of pansitguisado serves 7 people, how many bilaos are needed to serve a
w
C
banquet of 126 people?

//w
a. 15
s:
b. 16
tp
c. 17
ht
d. 18
s/
18
er
20
ew
s
1. A car that cost $ 1.2 M can be sold for $ 600, 000 after 5 years of use. What will be the yearly
vi
er
re
depreciation cost ?
w
ed
ie
Yearly depreciation cost = depreciation
ev
at
no. of years
pd
R
am
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= $ 1,200,000 - $ 600,000
om
5
Ex
.c
= $ 600,000
e
ok
5
ic
rv
bo
Se
= $ 120, 000 per year * Ans.

ce
.fa
IL
2. How many times does the digit 7 appear in the numbers from 1 to 100 ?
IV
w
w
7, 17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67, 77, 87, 97,

C
//w
71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79

s:
tp
19 times * Ans.
ht
3. At the rate of $ 44 per hundred sheets of colored bond paper, how much is the cost of 500 sheets ?
Cost of the 550 sheets = $ 44 x 550 sheets

100 sheets
= $ 44 x 5.5
= $ 242 * Ans.
4. At $ 25 per board foot of wood, what is the cost of 15 pieces of 2" x 2" x 12' ?
( 1 board foot = 1 ft. x 1 ft. x 1 inch )
Cost = $ 25 x 2" x 2" x 12" bd. ft.

bd. ft. 12"
= $ 1, 500 * Ans.
5. The decimal form of 0.56 % is __________ ?
Move 2 decimal places to the left (100%).
0.56 % = 0.0056 * Ans.

6. If 3 feet = 1 yard, how many yards are there in 27 feet ?
3 feet : 1 yard = 27 feet : x yard
s/
18
3 : 1 = 27 : x
er
3x = 1(27)
20
ew
3x = 27
x = 27 / 3
vi
er
x = 9 yards * Ans.
re
w
ed
ie
7. How many feet are there in 9 and 1/3 yards ?
ev
at
Given that 1 yard = 3 feet : pd
R
am
/u
1 yard : 3 feet = 9 ⅓ yards : x feet
om
Ex
1:3=9⅓:x
.c
e
1(x) = 3(9 ⅓)
ok
ic
x = 3 (28/3)
rv
bo
x = 28 feet * Ans.
Se
ce
8. A hand-carved wooden dining set is priced at $69, 950. If 20% discount is given to the
.fa
IL
customer, how muchwould he have to pay for the set ?

IV
w
w
C
Net Price = $ 69, 950 - 20 ($69,950)

//w
= $ 69, 950 - $13,390

s:
= $ 55, 960 * Ans.

tp
ht
9. If an article priced at $99.80 is subjected to a 10% VAT, what would be the total amount to be paid
for the article?
Total Amount to be paid = $ 99.80 + 0.10 ($99.80)

= $ 99.80 + $ 9.98
= $ 109.78 * Ans.
10. Find the cost of 6 and 1/2 dozen eggs at $ 30.00 per dozen.
1 dozen : $ 30.00 = 6 and 1/2 dozens : x dollars
1 : 30 = 6.5 : x
1(x) = 30 (6.5)
x = $ 195.00 * Ans.
11. A lady employee purchased an umbrella for $ 180 less 20%. How much should she pay if its is
subject to a 5 % sales tax ?
Total Amount = ($180 - 0.20 x $ 180) x (1.05)

to be paid
= ($180 - 36) (1.05)
= $144 x 1.05
= $ 151.20 * Ans
12. Mr. Mansueto Velasco Jr. is buying a piece of lot at Filinvest Homes East. The dimension of the
rectangular lot is 14 meters by 30 meters at $ 3, 500 per square meters, what would be the total cost
s/
18
of the lot ?
er
20
ew
Total Cost = area x price per unit area
of the lot
vi
er
= (14 x 30) sq. meters x $ 3, 500
re
w
sq. meters
ed
ie
ev
at
= 14 x 30 x $3,500
pd
R
= $ 1, 470, 000 * Ans.

am
/u
om
13. How much must a salesman sell in a month to yield him a commission of $ 12, 000, if his rate of
Ex
commission is 5% on goods sold ?

.c
e
ok
ic
Sales = Commission / Rate

rv
bo
Se
ce
= $ 12, 000 / 0.05

.fa
IL
= $ 240, 000 * Ans.

IV
w
w
C
14. How much would Charlie receive from his monthly salary of $ 8,000 after deducting 2 and 1/2 %
//w
for SSS contribution and 5% withholding tax ?

s:
tp
Total Rate of deductions = 2 ½ % + 5 % = 7 ½ %

ht
Net Pay = Regular pay ( 1 - rate of deductions )

= $ 8, 000 ( 1 - 0.075 )
= $ 8, 000 ( 0.925 )
= $ 7, 400 * Ans.
15. A student had $ 1, 050 in his wallet. He spent $ 640 for books and school supplies. What part of his
money did he spend?
Part of the money spent = $ 630 / $ 210

$ 1050 / $ 210
= 3 / 5 * Ans.
16. MS. Cecille Garcia saves 18% of her monthly salary of $ 16, 500. How much does she saved in a
year?
Amount of money saved = 0.18 x $ 16, 500 x 12 month

month year
= 0.18 x $ 16, 500 x 12
= $ 35, 640 * Ans.
17. Mrs. Leny Ngo wishes to buy a second hand car, the cash price of which is $ 150, 000. Not having
ready cash she agrees to pay 1/3 down and the balance in 10 monthly installments of 11, 000 each.
What is the total price of the car ?
Total price of the car = ⅓ x $ 150, 000 + 10 x $ 11, 000
s/
18
= $ 50, 000 + $ 110, 000
er
20
ew
= $ 160, 000 * Ans.
vi
er
18. A cross-stitch store owner buys cross-stitch frame at $ 12, 500 each. How much should he sell each
re
w
in order to realize a profit of 3/20 more than the buying price ?
ed
ie
ev
at
Selling price = $ 12, 500 x ( 1 + 3 )
20 pd
R
am
/u
= $ 12, 500 ( 23 )
om
Ex
20
.c
e
= $ 14, 375 * Ans.

ok
ic
19. This year XYZ company's profit was $ 2, 440, 000, which is 22% more than last year's profit. How
rv
bo
much was the profit last year ?

Se
ce
Let x - be the year's profit

.fa
IL
IV
x + 0.22x = $ 2, 440, 000

w
C
//w
1.22x = $ 2, 440, 000

s:
tp
x = $ 2, 440, 000
ht
1.22
x = $ 2, 000, 000 * Ans
20. Mrs. Ramos pays $ 1, 530 for a dress at 15 % discount. How much is the marked price ?
Let x - be the marked price
Marked price - Discount = Selling price
x - 0.15 x = $ 1530
0.85x = $ 1530
x = $ 1540
0.85
x = $ 1, 800 * Ans.
21. A customer buys 4 pairs of socks originally priced at $ 60.00 each. If the reduced price is $
47.50, how muchdoes he save on this purchase ?
Amount saved = 4 x ( $ 60.00 - $ 47.50)

= 4 x $ 12.50
= $ 50.00 * Ans.
22. Gerard left City A to drive to City B at 6:15 A.M. and arrived at 1:45 P.M. If he averaged 60
km per hour and stopped one hour for lunch, how far is City A to City B ?
s/
18
No. of hours :
er
20
ew
6 : 15 to 11:45
vi
er
1:45 PM - 6:15 PM
re
w
ed
ie
13:45 PM - 6:15 PM = 7:30 or 7 and 1/2 hours total time
ev
at
pd
total time traveled = 7 ½ hours - 1 hour (time spent for lunch) = 6 ½ hours.
R
am
/u
distance = rate x time
om
Ex
60 = km x 6 ½ hours
.c
e
hr
ok
ic
rv
bo
= (60 x 6 ½ ) km
Se
ce
= [60 x 6 + 60 ½ ] km
.fa
IL
IV
= 360 + 30
w
C
//w
= 390 km * Ans.
s:
____ _____
tp
23. The sum of √ 81 + √ 100 is ________ ?

ht
square root of 81 is 9 and

square root of 100 is 10
therefore, 9 + 10 = 19 * Ans.
24. The sum of three consecutive integers is 54. Find the smallest integer.
Let x - be the first consecutive integer

Let x + 1 be the second consecutive integer
Let x + 2 be the third consecutive integer
x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 54
3x + 3 = 54
3x = 54 - 3
3x = 51
x = 51 / 3
x = 17 * Ans.
25. How many miles does a car travel if it averages at a rate of 35 miles per hour for 3 hours and 24
minutes?
time = 3 hrs and 24 min
= 3 hrs + 24 / 60 hr.
= 3 and ⅖ hrs.
distance = rate x time
s/
18
= 35 miles x 3 ⅖ hrs
er
hr
20
ew
s
= (35 x 3 ⅖) miles
vi
er
re
w
= (35 x 3) + (35 + ⅖) miles
ed
ie
ev
at
= [105 + 14] miles
pd
R
= 119 miles * Ans.

am
/u
om
Ex
26. Elmer can deliver newspaper in his route for 1 ½ hours. Wowie who takes his place one day finds
.c
that it takes him 1 ½ longer to deliver these. How long will it take to deliver the papers if they work
e
ok
together ?
ic
rv
bo
In one hour,
Se
ce
.fa
Elmer can do 1 = 1 = 2 of the job

IL
1 3 3
IV
w
w
C
Wowie can do 1 = 1 of the job

//w
1 ½+1 ½ 3
s:
tp
(Part of the job finished in 1 hr.) x

ht
(no. of hours) = 1 whole job
(⅔+⅓)xN=1
3 xN=1
3
1xN=1
N = 1 hour * Ans.
27. If it takes h hours to paint the wall, what part of the wall is painted in one hour ?
part of the wall painted in 1 hour = 1 / h * Ans.
28. A sock of corn will feed 18 ducks for 54 days. How long will it feed 12 ducks ?
* This is an example of an inverse proportion problem. As the number of ducks decreases the number
of days increases.
N : 1 = 54 : 1
12 18
N( 1 ) = 1 (54)
18 12
27 3
s/
18
N = 1 x 54 x 18 days
er
12
20
ew
2
vi
er
N = 81 days * Ans.
re
w
ed
ie
29. Find the next number in the series 1, 4, 9, 16, _____ ?
ev
at
12 = 1 pd
R
22 = 4
am
/u
32 = 9
om
42 = 16
Ex
52 = 25 * Ans.
.c
e
ok
ic
30. A bag is sold for $680 while marked at $800. What was the rate of the discount ?
rv
bo
Se
ce
rate of discount = discount x 100 %

marked price
.fa
IL
IV
= 800 - 680 x 100%

w
C
800
//w
s:
= 120 x 100%
tp
800
ht
= 15 % * Ans.
31. Six hundred examinees passed the Licensure Examination last year. This represents the 8 ⅓ percent
of the total examinees. How many examinees failed the exam?
let F - be the number of examinees who failed
8 ⅓ % : 600 = ( 100 - 8 ⅓ ) % : F
1 : 600 = 11 : F
12 12
1 F = 11 ( 600 )
12 12
F = 6, 600 * Ans.
4 miles : 6.44 km = x miles : 14.49 km
4 : 6.44 = x : 14.49
6.44x = 4 (14.49)
6.44x = 57.96
x = 57.96 / 6.44
x = 9 miles * Ans.
33. (a2 - 4b2) c is equivalent to ac + _________ ?
s/
18
(a + 2b)
er
20
ew
= (a + 2b) (a - 2b) x c
(a + 2b)
vi
er
re
w
= (a - 2b) x c
ed
ie
= ac - 2bc
ev
at
= ac + (-2bc) * Ans.
pd
R
34. In a certain class the ratio of boys to girls is 4 : 5. If the class has 54 students, how many are girls ?
am
/u
om
Girls = 5 / 9 (total number of students)

Ex
.c
e
= (5 / 9) 54
ok
ic
rv
bo
= 30 girls * Ans.
Se
ce
35. Solve for x :

.fa
IL
IV
ax = bx + cx - d, a ≠ b ≠ c.
w
C
//w
d = bx + cx - ax
s:
d = x (b + c - a)
tp
x= d
ht
(b + c - a)
x= d * Ans
b+c–a
36. The ratio of men athlete to women in an athletic meet is 5 : 3 and the total number of athlete is 2,
400, how many additional women athlete would have to join to make the ratio of men to women 1 : 1
?
Original number of men;
( 5 / 8 ) x 2, 400 = 1, 500
Original number of women;
( 3 / 8 ) x 2, 400 = 900
To make the number of women equal to the number of men we must add ( 1500 - 900 ).
therefore, 600 women is needed. * Ans.
37. If prices are reduced by 20 %, quantity sold increase by 25 %. What is the net effect on the gross
revenue?
Revenue = (price) x (Quantity sold)
Rold = pq
Rnew = (p - 0.20p) x (q x 0.25q)
= (0.80p)(1.25) pq
s/
18
= (0.80)(1.25) pq
er
= 1 pq
20
ew
Rnew = Rold
vi
er
therefore, the revenue remains the same * Ans.
re
w
ed
ie
38. The average of three numbers is xyz. If the sum of two numbers is x + y, what is the other number?
ev
at
Sum of the items added = average pd
R
no. of items added

am
/u
om
x + y + (other number) = xyz

Ex
3
.c
e
ok
ic
rv
bo
3[ x + y + (other number) = xyz ] 3

Se
ce
3
.fa
IL
IV
x + y + other number = 3 xyz

w
C
//w
other number = 3 xyz - (x + y) * Ans.

s:
39. When + 13 is added to - 15, the sum is _______ ?

tp
ht
Sum = +13 + (-15)

Sum = -2 * Ans.
40. When -15 is subtracted from -18, the difference is _______?
Difference = -18 - (-15)

Difference = -18 + 15
Difference = -3 * Ans.
41. When the product of (-4) and (-17) is divided by 2, the quotient is _____ ?
Product = (-4) (-17)

2
= 68 / 2
= 34 * Ans.
42. If 5x + 17 = 32, then x = _________ ?
5x + 17 = 32
5x = 32 - 17
5x = 15
x = 15 / 5
x = 3 * Ans.
43. Solve for M :
M - M =4
7 3
s/
18
er
3M - 7M = 4
20
ew
21 21
vi
er
-4M = 4
re
w
21
ed
ie
ev
at
M = 4 ( -21 )
4 pd
R
M = -21 * Ans.
am
/u
44. If x + y = 4a and x - y = 2b then y = ______ ?
om
Ex
x + y = 4a -------> x = 4a - y
.c
e
x - y = 2b -------> x = 2b + y
ok
ic
rv
bo
x=x
Se
ce
2b + y = 4a - y
y + y = 4a - 2b
.fa
IL
2y = 4a - 2b
IV
w
w
C
2y = 4a - 2b
//w
2 2
s:
tp
y = 4a - 2b
ht
2
y = 2a - b * Ans.
45. If 0.37 m = 0.0111 then m = _____ ?
m = 0.0111
0.37
= 11.1
37
= 0.3 * Ans
46. If 1 / M = 4 and S = 2, what is S in terms of M ?
Since S = 2
4= 1
M
2 (2) = 1
M
2S = 1
M
S = 1
2M * Ans.
47. A horse is tied to a pole with a rope of 7 meters long. How much grazing area does it have?
s/
18
(use π = 22 / 7).
er
20
ew
Area = π r2
= π (7m)2
vi
er
= 22 (49m2)
re
w
7
ed
ie
= 22 (7m2)
ev
at
= 154m2 * Ans.
pd
R
48. What number is missing in this sequence : 5, 7, 11, 17, ________ ?

am
/u
om
5+2=7
Ex
7 + 4 = 11
.c
e
11 + 6 = 17
ok
ic
17 + 8 = 25
rv
bo
Se
ce
therefore, 25 is the * Ans.

.fa
IL
49. How many two-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 if a digit cannot be
IV
used more than once?

w
C
//w
5 - the five numbers can be used

s:
4 - only four of the numbers can be used since repetition of the digits is not allowed
tp
ht
5 x 4 = 20
therefore, 20 numbers * Ans.
50. What is the value of x in 5 : x = x : 125 ?
5 : x = x : 125
x (x) = 5 (125)
x2 = 625
_____
x = √ 625
x = 25 * Ans.
51. If one bilao of pansitguisado serves 7 people, how many bilaos are needed to serve a banquet of
126 people?
N = no. of bilaos needed to serve 126 people
N : 126 = 1 : 7
N (7) = 126 (1)
7N = 126
N = 126 / 7
N = 18 * Ans.
s/
18
er
20
ew
s
vi
er
re
w
ed
ie
MATH TEST 005
ev
at
___________1. What number is as much more than 8 as it is less than 32 ?
pd
R
a. 20
am
/u
b. 40
om
c. 60
Ex
d. cannot be determined from the given information

.c
e
____________2. A container van that is 3 meters wide, 5 meters long and 4 meters high will transport
ok
ic
200 crates whose volume is 6 cubic meters. How many trips will it take to transport all the crates?
rv
bo
a. 20
Se
ce
b. 25
c. 30
.fa
IL
d. 35
IV
____________3. A rectangular block of copper, with dimensions 4m x 6m x 9m, is melted and recast
w
C
into a cubical block. Find the length of the side of the cubical block.
//w
a. 4 cm
s:
b. 6 cm
tp
c. 9 cm
ht
d. 12 cm
____________4. There are 9 male teachers for every 14 female teachers. If there are 69 teachers in all,
how many teachers are female?
a. 18
b. 27
c. 39
d. 42
___
____________5. What would be the closest approximation to√ 66 ?
a. 7.9
b. 8
c. 8.1
d. 8.9
_______6. Manny can do a certain job in 1 day, Anna can do the same job in 2 days, and Josie can do
the job in 3 days. How many days will it take them to do the job if they work together?
a. 1/6
b. 1/3
c. 6/11
d. 1/2
__________7. In the figure, all the line segments meet at right angles and each segments has a length
of 1 unit. What is the area of the figure in square units?
s/
18
er
20
ew
s
vi
er
re
w
ed
ie
ev
at
pd
R
am
/u
om
a. 9
Ex
b. 12
.c
e
c. 16
ok
ic
d. 25
rv
bo
___________8. If x - 3 = y, then (y - x )3 = _____ ?

Se
ce
a. 9
b. -27
.fa
IL
c. 27
IV
d. 81
w
C
___________9. A speed of 90 km per hour is equivalent to how many meters per second?
//w
a. 20
s:
b. 25
tp
c. 30
d. 45
ht
___________10. A rectangular sheet of cardboard 5 inches long and 4 inches wide is cut into squares
one inch on a side. What is the maximum number of such squares that can be formed?
a. 18
b. 20
c. 9
d. 16
_____11. A housewife bought 3 kilograms of beef priced at $ 108.75 per kilogram. How much
change did she receive from a five-hundred dollar bill?
a. $ 163.25
b. $ 193.75
c. $ 173.75
d. $ 180.25
___________12. A delivery of 480 baskets of mangoes is divided into two fruit stands so thatthe
difference between the two orders is 1/3 their average. What is the ratio of the smaller to the
larger amount?
a. 5 : 7
b. 5 : 9
c. 5 : 12
d. 2 : 3
______13. When the first and the last digits of 2, 836 are interchanged, the new number is _____.
a. 3996 more than 2, 836
b. 3996 less than 2, 836
c. 1404 more than 2, 836
d. 1404 less than 2, 836
s/
18
___________14. If twice the value of a certain number is increased by 8 the result is 40. What is the
er
number?
20
ew
a. 8
s
b. 16
vi
er
c. 24
re
d. 32
w
ed
ie
___________15. In a group of 120 persons, there are 32 more women than men. How many women
ev
at
are there in the group?
pd
R
a. 44
b. 76
am
/u
c. 88
om
Ex
d. 92
.c
_____11. A housewife bought 3 kilograms of beef priced at $ 108.75 per kilogram. How much
e
ok
change did she receive from a five-hundred dollar bill?

ic
rv
bo
a. $ 163.25
Se
ce
b. $ 193.75
.fa
c. $ 173.75
IL
d. $ 180.25
IV
___________12. A delivery of 480 baskets of mangoes is divided into two fruit stands so that the
w
C
difference between the two orders is 1/3 their average. What is the ratio of the smaller to
//w
the larger amount?

s:
a. 5 : 7
tp
b. 5 : 9
ht
c. 5 : 12
d. 2 : 3
___________13. When the first and the last digits of 2, 836 are interchanged, the new number is
_____.
a. 3996 more than 2, 836
b. 3996 less than 2, 836
c. 1404 more than 2, 836
d. 1404 less than 2, 836
___________14. If twice the value of a certain number is increased by 8 the result is 40. What is the
number?
a. 8
b. 16
c. 24
d. 32
___________15. In a group of 120 persons, there are 32 more women than men. How many women
are there in the group?
a. 44
b. 76
c. 88
d. 92
_____16. If the dimensions of a square change in such a manner that the area remains constant,
what must happen to the other side if one side will be increased by 1/4 of itself?
a. it decreases by 1/5
b. it decreases by 1/4
c. it decreases by 1/3
d. it decreases by 1/2
___________17. A man rowed 4 miles upstream for 2 hours. If the river flowed with a current of 2
s/
18
miles per hour, how long did the man's return trip take?
er
a. 1/3 hour
20
ew
b. 1/2 hour
c. 2/3 hour
vi
er
d. 1 hour
re
w
___________18. The rectangle shown in the figure is divided into 6 equal squares. If the perimeter of
ed
ie
the rectangle is 42 cm, what is the area of each square in cm2 ?
ev
at
pd
R
am
/u
om
Ex
.c
e
ok
ic
rv
bo
Se
ce
.fa
IL
a. 6
IV
b. 9
w
C
c. 12
//w
d. 15
s:
tp
____19. If the area of the rectangle ABCD shown below is 36 units, how many square units is the
ht
area of the shaded region?
a. 12
b. 16
c. 18
d. 24
___________20. This tank holds 48 liters of gasoline and the car averages 5 kilometers per liter.
Approximately how many kilometers can a car travel this given guage?
a. 12
b. 24
c. 30
d. 60
s/
18
___________21. Which of the following graphs represents the taxi rates for a company that charges
er
20
$ 3.50 for the first 200 meters and $ 1.00 for each additional 100 meters?
ew
s
vi
a.
er
re
w
ed
ie
ev
at
pd
R
am
/u
om
Ex
.c
e
ok
ic
rv
bo
Se
ce
.fa
IL
IV
w
w
C
//w
s:
tp
ht
___________22. A laboratory assistant was preparing a solution that should have included 40
milligrams of chemical. If he actually used 41.30 milligrams, what was his percentage error (to the
nearest 0.01 %)?
a. 0.0325%
b. 0.325%
c. 3.25%
d. 32.5%
_____23. Menthol drops come in packs of 8 for $ 3.60. Butterballs come in packs of 6 for $ 2.25.
Aida bought 48 pieces of candy. How many of each kind of candy did she buy, if she spent $
19.80?
a. 6 packs of Menthol drops and no Butterballs

b. 3 packs of Menthol drops and 4 packs of Butterballs
c. 8 packs of Butterballs and no Menthol drops
d. Choices A, B, and C are possibilities
Use the following table for questions 24 and 25.
s/
18
er
20
ew
s
vi
er
re
w
ed
ie
ev
at
pd
R
am
/u
om
Ex
.c
e
ok
ic
rv
bo
Se
___________24. How much tax is due on a taxable income of $65, 000?

ce
.fa
IL
a. $ 6, 075
IV
b. $ 6, 050
w
C
c. $ 6, 094
//w
d. $ 7, 025
___________25. How much tax is due on a taxable income of $55, 000?
s:
a. $ 4, 575
tp
b. $ 5, 325
ht
c. $ 6, 825
d. $ 18, 075
_____26. Anabelle paid $ 19, 675 tax. If x was her income, which of the following statements is
TRUE?
a. $ 60, 000 < x < $ 100, 000

b. $ 100, 000 < x < $ 250, 000
c. $ 40, 000 < x < $ 60, 000
d. $ 250, 000 < x < $ 500, 000
__________27. Mang Pablo decided to keep a record of the money he collects from
hisnewspaper route. Using the information given, how much money does Mang Pablocollect in the
month of February? (Note : Assume that February has 28 days and the February 1 was on a
Sunday).
NUMBER
WEEKLY
DELIVERY OF INCOME
RATE
CUSTOMERS
Daily
Except $ 42 x 75 $ 3, 150
Sunday
s/
18
er
Sunday
20
$ 10 x 60 $ 600
Only
ew
s
all week
vi
er
(daily
re
$ 52 x 120 $ 6, 240
and
w
ed
ie
Sunday)
ev
at
a. $ 9, 990
pd
R
b. $ 19, 980
am
/u
c. $ 39, 960
om
d. $ 49, 950
Ex
__________28. If 10 soldiers can survive for 12 days in 15 packs of rations, how many packs will be
.c
needed for 8 men to survive for 18 days?

e
ok
ic
rv
bo
a. 16 packs
Se
ce
b. 17 packs
.fa
IL
c. 18 packs
IV
d. 19 packs
w
w
___________29. If it takes Victor twice as long to earn $ 600 as it takes Warnen to earn $ 400,
C
//w
what is the ratio of Victor's per day to Warnen's pay per day?
s:
a. 3:1
tp
b. 3:2
ht
c. 3:4
d. 4:3
Use the following table for the question 30 to 32.
TYPE OF VEHICLE - COST OF FUEL FOR 100 - KM TRIP

car - $ 500 truck - $ 2, 000
motorcycle - $ 175 airplane - $ 3, 000
bus - $ 875
__________30. What is the cost of fuel for a 120-km trip by car?

a. $ 400
b. $ 480
c. $ 520
d. $ 600
__________31. If the total wages of a bus driver for 100-km trip is $ 970, and the only cost for a bus
are the fuel and the driver's wage. How much should a bus company charge to charter a bus with
a driver for a 200-km trip in order to obtain 50% more than the cost?
a. $ 2, 330
b. $ 5, 535
c. $ 2, 720
d. $ 2, 767.50
__________32. If 5 buses, 9 cars, 4 motorcycles make a 100-km trip. What is the average fuel cost
per vehicle?
a. $ 521.94
b. $ 526.67
c. $ 531.94
s/
18
d. $ 516.67
er
__________33. A store owner bought 2 dozen cans of corned beef at $ 30 each. He sold two-thirds of
20
ew
them at 25% profit but was forced to take a 30% loss on the rest. What was his total profit (or
loss) on the item?
vi
er
a. a loss of $ 48
re
w
b. a gain of $ 48
ed
ie
c. no gain or loss
ev
at
d. gain of $ 4
pd
R
Use the table below for questions number 34 to 36.

am
/u
om
Ex
% OF % OF % OF COST PER
.c
PROTEIN CARBOHYDRATES VITAMINS 100 GRAM

e
ok
ic
Salad
20 15 40 $ 25.00
rv
bo
A
Se
ce
Salad
10 25 30 $ 30.00
B
.fa
IL
Salad
IV
20 10 50 $ 35.00
C
w
C
//w
___________34. The cost of x purchasing grams of Salad A, y grams of Salad B and z grams if Salad
s:
C will be ________.
tp
a. (25x + 30y + 35z) pesos

ht
b. 90 xyz pesos
c. (25x + 30y + 35z) cents
d. (5x + 6y + 7z) dollars
___________35. Which of the following diets would supply the most grams of vitamins?
a. 500 grams of Salad A
b. 400 grams of Salad B
c. 200 grams of Salad A, 100 grams of Salad B and 200 grams of Salad C
d. 200 grams of Salad A, 50 grams of Salad B and 200 grams of Salad C
___________36. All of the following diets would supply at least 85 grams of carbohydrates. Which
of the diets costs the least?
a. 100 grams of Salad A, 200 grams of Salad B and 300 grams of Salad C.
b. 300 grams of Salad A, 100 grams of Salad B and 200 grams of Salad C.
c. 200 grams of Salad A, 100 grams of Salad B and 300 grams of Salad C.
d. 100 grams of Salad A, 300 grams of Salad B and 200 grams of Salad C.
__37. If jackfruits are twice as expensive as watermelons, and watermelons are one-third as
expensive as durians. What is the ratio of the price of one jackfruit to one durian?
a. 3 : 2
b. 2 : 3
c. 6 : 1
d. 1 : 6
_________38. A retailer buys a pack of sugar from Uniwide Sales for $459. He then marks up the
price by 1/3 and sells it at a discount of 16 and 2/3 %. What was his profit in this item?
a. $ 153
b. $ 102
c. $ 26.50
d. $ 51.00
s/
18
_________39. Forrest Gamp walks down the road for 30 minutes at a rate of 3 mph. He waits 10
er
minutes for a bus, which brings him back to his starting point at 4 : 25. If he began his walk at
20
ew
3:35 the same afternoon, what was the average speed on the bus?
a. 3 mph
vi
er
b. 4.5 mph
re
w
c. 7.5 mph
ed
ie
d. 9 mph
ev
at
_________40. Miss Felisa Gascon had $ 2 million to invest. She invested part of it at 4% a year and
pd
the remainder at 5% per year. After one year she earned $ 95, 000 in interest. How much of the
R
original investment was placed at 5% rate?

am
/u
a. $ 900,000
om
b. $ 1,250,000
Ex
c. $ 1,500,000
.c
e
d. $ 1,600,000
ok
ic
__41. Which of the following is NOT a possible remainder if a positive integer is divided 5
rv
bo
Se
ce
a. 0
b. 1
.fa
IL
c. 3
IV
d. 5
w
C
________42. In a building plan, 1/4 cm represents 2 meters. If the main entrance is supposed to be 8
//w
meters wide, how would its representation be on the plan?

s:
a. 1 cm
tp
b. 1/2
ht
c. 2 cm
d. 1/16 cm
________43. A real estate agent marks a certain property up 40% above the original cost. Then he
gives a client a 15% discount. If the final selling price of the property was $8.619 M, what was the
original cost of the property?
a. $ 6.63 M
b. $ 7.26 M
c. $ 7.8 M
d. $ 99.12 M
________44. If 2/3 the perimeter of a square is 16, then what is the length of one of its sides?
a. 6
b. 8
c. 9
d. 12
______45. What values of x can satisfy the equation (3x + 6) (2x - 8) = 0?

a. -4 and 2 only
b. 4 only
c. -2 only
d. -2 and 4 only
_____46. If 8 men can plant 288 trees in one day, how many trees can 12 men plant in 5 days?
a. 432
b. 960
c. 1,800
d. 2,160
________47. If the length of a rectangle is increased by 25% and its width is decreased by 20%,
s/
18
what happens to the area of the rectangle?
er
a. increase by 5%
20
ew
b. decrease by 5%
c. increase by 45%
vi
er
d. no change
re
w
________48. The formula for the volume of a sphere is V = 4/3 π3. If the radius (r) is tripled, what
ed
ie
will be the ratio of the new volume to the original volume?
ev
at
a. 1 : 3
b. 3 : 1 pd
R
c. 9 : 1
am
/u
d. 27 : 1
om
________49. The scale on a map is 1 : 8. If a surveyor reads a certain measurement on the map as
Ex
4.6 cm instead of 5.0 cm, what will be the resulting approximate percent error on the full
.c
e
size model?
ok
ic
a. 4%
rv
bo
b. 8%
Se
ce
c. 64%
d. 93%
.fa
IL
________50. In a certain recipe, 225 grams of beef are called for to make 6 servings. If Mrs. Alferez
IV
wants to use the recipe for 8 servings, how many grams of beef must she use?
w
C
a. 275 grams
//w
b. 300 grams
s:
c. 337.5 grams
tp
d. 400 grams
ht
MATH TEST 005 WITH ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
1. What number is as much more than 8 as it is less than 32 ?
Let x - be the number
x - 8 = 32 - x
x + x = 32 +8
2x = 40
x = 40 / 2
x = 20 * Ans.
2. A container van that is 3 meters wide, 5 meters long and 4 meters high will transport 200 crates
s/
18
whose volume is 6 cubic meters. How many trips will it take to transport all the crates?
er
20
ew
Let N - be the number of trips
vi
er
No. of trips = (No. of crates) x volume x 1 trip
re
w
crate volume of the van
ed
ie
ev
at
N = 200 crates x 6 m3 x 1 trip
crate (3 x 5 x 4)m3 pd
R
am
/u
N = (200) (6)
om
3x4x5
Ex
.c
e
N = 1200
ok
ic
60
rv
bo
N = 20 trips * Ans.
Se
ce
3. A rectangular block of copper, with dimensions 4m x 6m x 9m, is melted and recast into a
.fa
IL
cubical block. Find the length of the side of the cubical block.
IV
w
w
C
Vcubical block = Vrectangular block

//w
s:
S3 = (4 x 6 x 9) m3
tp
ht
S3 = 216 m3
______
S = ∛216 m3
S = 6m * Ans.
4. There are 9 male teachers for every 14 female teachers. If there are 69 teachers in all, how
many teachers are female?
9 : 14 = Male : Female
23 69
No. of Female teachers = (69 / 23) x 14

= 3 x 14
= 42 * Ans.
___
5. What would be the closest approximation to√ 66 ?
___
√ 64 = 8
___
√ 66 ≅ 8.1 * Ans.
6. Manny can do a certain job in 1 day, Anna can do the same job in 2 days, and Josie cando the job in
3 days. How many days will it take them to do the job if they work together?
One 1 day Manny can finish the whole job

Anna can finish 1/2 of the same job
Josie can finish 1/3 of the same job
s/
18
er
Let N - be the days that it takes to finish the job if they work together.
20
ew
(1 + 1 + 1)N=1
vi
er
1 2 3
re
w
ed
ie
ev
at
(6 + 3 + 2)N=1
pd
R
6
am
/u
11 N = 1
om
Ex
6
N = 1 x 6 (reciprocal of 11 / 6)
.c
e
11
ok
ic
N = 6 / 11 day * Ans.
rv
bo
Se
ce
7. In the figure, all the line segments meet at right angles and each segments has a length of 1 unit.
What is the area of the figure in square units?
.fa
IL
IV
w
w
C
//w
s:
tp
ht
8. If x - 3 = y, then (y - x )3 = _____ ?
If x - 3 = y;
-3 = y - x
(-3)3 = (y - x)3
-27 = (y - 3)3 * Ans.
9. A speed of 90 km per hour is equivalent to how many meters per second?
= 90 km x 1 hr x 1000 m
hr 3600 sec km
s/
18
= 90 x 1000 m
er
3600 hr
20
ew
= 25 m * Ans.
vi
er
sec
re
w
ed
ie
10. A rectangular sheet of cardboard 5 inches long and 4 inches wide is cut into squares one inch on a
ev
at
side. What is the maximum number of such squares that can be formed?
pd
R
am
/u
om
Ex
.c
e
ok
ic
rv
bo
Se
ce
.fa
IL
IV
w
w
C
//w
s:
tp
There are 20 squares * Ans

ht
11. A housewife bought 3 kilograms of beef priced at $ 108.75 per kilogram. How much change did she
receive from a five-hundred dollar bill?
Change = $ 500 - (3 x $ 108.75)

= $ 500 - $ 326.25
= $ 173.75 * Ans.
12. A delivery of 480 baskets of mangoes is divided into two fruit stands so that the difference
between the two orders is 1/3 their average. What is the ratio of the smaller to the larger amount?
Let x - be the no. of baskets in the fruit stand.

Let 480 - x be the number in the second fruit stand.
(480 - x) - x = 1 (x + y) ------> 480 - 2x = 80
3 2 ------> 2x = 480 - 80
------> 2x = 400
but x + y = 480 1 ( 480 ) ------> x = 200 480 - x = 280
since the total 3 2
delivery = 480
The ratio is 200 : 280 = 5 : 7 * Ans.

40 40
13. When the first and the last digits of 2, 836 are interchanged, the new number is ________.
6,832 -----> the new number

6,832 - 2836 = 3996
s/
18
therefore, the new number is 3,996 more than 2,836 * Ans.
er
20
ew
14. If twice the value of a certain number is increased by 8 the result is 40. What is the number?
vi
er
Let x - be the number
re
w
ed
ie
2x + 8 = 40
ev
at
2x = 40 -8
2x = 32 pd
R
x = 32 / 2
am
/u
x = 16 * Ans
om
Ex
15. In a group of 120 persons, there are 32 more women than men. How many women are there in the
.c
e
group?
ok
ic
rv
bo
Let x - be the number of women

Se
ce
Let x - 32 be the number of men

.fa
IL
x + ( x - 32 ) = 120
IV
2x - 32 = 120
w
C
2x = 120 + 32
//w
2x = 152
s:
x = 152 / 2
tp
x = 76 women * Ans.
ht
16. If the dimensions of a square change in such a manner that the area remains constant, what must
happen to the other side if one side will be increased by 1/4 of itself?
(s + 1 s) y = s (s)
4
s/
18
5 ( s )( y )= s2
er
4
20
ew
y = s2 ( 4 )
vi
er
5s
re
w
y= 4 s
ed
ie
5
ev
at
s=- 4 s = 1 s
pd
R
5 5
am
/u
therefore, it decreased by 1/5 of itself * Ans.
om
Ex
17. A man rowed 4 miles upstream for 2 hours. If the river flowed with a current of 2 miles per hour,
.c
e
how long did the man's return trip take?

ok
ic
rv
bo
Let x - be the rate of the boat in still water

Se
ce
Let 2x - be the rate of the boat upstream

Let 2 mph - be the rate of the current
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Let (x + 2) - speed of the boat downstream

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rateup x time = distance

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(x - 2) (2) = 4
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2x - 4 = 4
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2x = 4 + 4
2x = 8
x = 4 miles / hr
ratedown x time = distance
(x+2) (time) = 4
(4+2) (time) = 4
6 (time) = 4
time = 4 / 6
time = 2 / 3 hrs. * Ans.
18. The rectangle shown in the figure is divided into 6 equal squares. If the perimeter of the rectangle
is 42 cm, what is the area of each square in cm2 ?
14x = 42
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x = 42 / 14
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x = 3 cm.
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Area of the squares = x2
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= (3 cm)2
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= 9 cm2 * Ans.
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19. If the area of the rectangle ABCD shown below is 36 square units, how many square units is the
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area of the shaded region?
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Arectangle = bh
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Arectangle = 36
s:
bh = 36
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Atriangle = 1/2 bh
= 1/2 (36)
= 18 sq. units * Ans.
20. This tank holds 48 liters of gasoline and the car averages 5 kilometers per liter. Approximately
how many kilometers can a car travel this given guage?
The guage indicates that the tank is 1/4 full.
Let N - be the number of kilometers that can be traveled.
N = ( 1 tank) x 48 liters x 5 km
4 tank liter
= 1/4 x 48 x 5 km
= 60 km. * Ans
s/
18
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20
21. Which of the following graphs represents the taxi rates for a company that charges $ 3.50 for the
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first 200 meters and $ 1.00 for each additional 100 meters?
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This is the approximate graph for the taxi rate, there is an abrupt change in the fare for every 100
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meters change in the distance.
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* Ans.
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22. A laboratory assistant was preparing a solution that should have included 40milligrams of
chemical. If he actually used 41.30 milligrams, what was his percentage error (to the nearest 0.01 %)?
% error = error x 100%

correct value
= 41.30 - 40 x 100%
40
= 1.3 %
40
= 130 %
40
= 3.25 % * Ans
23. Menthol drops come in packs of 8 for $ 3.60. Butterballs come in packs of 6 for $ 2.25.
Aida bought 48 pieces of candy. How many of each kind of candy did she buy, if she spent $ 19.80?
b. 3 packs of Menthol drops and 4 packs of Butterballs.
= (3 x $ 3.60) + (4 x $2.25)
= $ 10.80 + $ 9.00
= $ 19.80 * Ans.
s/
18
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Use the following table for questions 23 and 24.
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24. How much tax is due on a taxable income of $65, 000?
Tax due = $6, 075 + 0.19 ($65,000 - $60,000)

= $6, 075 + 0.19 ($5,000)
= $6, 075 + $950
Tax due = $7, 025 * Ans.
25. How much tax is due on a taxable income of $55, 000?
Tax due = $3, 075 + 0.15 ($55,000 - $40,000)

= $3, 075 + 0.15 ($15,000)
= $3, 075 + $2,250
Tax due = $5, 325 * Ans.
26. Anabelle paid $ 19, 675 tax. If x was her income, which of the following statements is TRUE?
b. $ 19, 675 tax due belongs to this range * Ans.
Over $ 100, 000 but not over $ 250, 000

$ 13, 675 + 24% of excess over $ 100, 000
therefore, Anabelle's income is between $ 100,000 and $ 250,000
s/
18
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20
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27. Mang Pablo decided to keep a record of the money he collects from his newspaper route. Using
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the information given, how much money does Mang Pablo collect in the month of February? (Note :
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Assume that February has 28 days and the February 1 was on a Sunday).
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WEEKLY NUMBER OF
DELIVERY pd INCOME
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RATE CUSTOMERS
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Daily Except Sunday $ 42 x 75 $ 3, 150
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Sunday Only $ 10 x 60 $ 600

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all week
$ 52 x 120 $ 6, 240
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(daily and Sunday)

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* Ans - Total $ 9, 990

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28. If 10 soldiers can survive for 12 days in 15 packs of rations, how many packs will be needed for 8
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men to survive for 18 days?

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Let N - be the number of packs

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N packs -----> 15 packs ---> N = 15 x (8 x 18) packs

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8 men x 18 days 10 men x 12 days 10 x 12

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N = 18 packs * Ans.
29. If it takes Victor twice as long to earn $ 600 as it takes Warnen to earn $ 400, what isthe ratio of
Victor's per day to Warnen's pay per day?
Warnen earns 400 in x days

Victor earns 600 in 2x days
Therefore he earns 300 in 2x days
The ratio of Victor's pay to

Warnen's pay in x days is 400 : 300 or 4 : 3 * Ans
Use the following table for questions no. 30 - 32.
TYPE OF VEHICLE - COST OF FUEL FOR 100 - KM TRIP

car - $ 500 motorcycle - $ 175
bus - $ 875 truck - $ 2,000
airplane - $ 3, 000
30. What is the cost of fuel for a 120-km trip by car?
Cost of fuel = 120 km x $ 500 ----> 120 x $ 5 -----> $ 600 *Ans.

100 km
31. If the total wages of a bus driver for 100-km trip is $ 970, and the only cost for a bus are the fuel
and the driver's wage. How much should a bus company charge to charter a bus with a driver for a
s/
18
200-km trip in order to obtain 50% more than the cost?
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20
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Cost for a 100-km trip = Cfuel + Cdrives ------> 875 + 970 ------> $ 1,845
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Total Cost = ( $ 1, 845 x 200 km ) x 1.50 ------> $ 5, 535 * Ans.
100 km
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32. If 5 buses, 9 cars, 4 motorcycles make a 100-km trip. What is the average fuel cost pervehicle?
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Average Cost = total cost of fuel ----> (5 x $ 875) + (9 x $ 500) + (4 x $ 175)
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total no. of vehicle 5+9+4

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$ 4375 + $ 4500 + $ 700 ------> $ 9575 ----> $ 531.94 * Ans

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5+9+4 18
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33. A store owner bought 2 dozen cans of corned beef at $ 30 each. He sold two-thirds of them at 25%
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profit but was forced to take a 30% loss on the rest. What was his total profit (or loss) on the item?
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Total Selling Price

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= [ 2 (24 cars) x $ 30 x ( 1 + 0.25 )] + [ 1 (24 cars x $ 30 ) ( 1 - 0.30 )]

3 car 3 car
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= [ 2 (24) x $ 30( 1.25 )] + [ 1 (24)($ 30)(0.70)]

3 3
Total Selling Price = $ 600 + $ 168

= $ 768
Total cost = $30 x 24 cars = $720

car
Gain = Total selling price - Total cost

= $ 768 - $ 720
= $ 48 * Ans.
Use the table below for questions no. 34 - 36.
% OF % OF % OF COST PER
PROTEIN CARBOHYDRATES VITAMINS 100 GRAM
Salad
20 15 40 $ 25.00
A
Salad
10 25 30 $ 30.00
B
Salad
20 10 50 $ 35.00
C
34. The cost of x purchasing grams of Salad A, y grams of Salad B and z grams of Salad C will be
_____.
s/
18
Cost of Salad A = $ 200 x x gm x 100¢ = 25x ¢
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20
100 gm P 1,000
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Cost of Salad B = $ 30 x y gm x 100¢ = 30y ¢
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100 gm P 1,000
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Cost of Salad C = $ 35 x z gm x 100¢ = 35z ¢
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100 gm P 1,000
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therefore, the total cost is (25x + 30y + 35z) cents * Ans.

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35. Which of the following diets would supply the most grams of vitamins?
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c. Salad A + 50g Salad B + (300 g) Salad C

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= 0.40 (200) + 0.30 (100) + 0.50 (200) ----> 80 + 30 + 100 ----> 210 gms * Ans.
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36. All of the following diets would supply at least 85 grams of carbohydrates. Which of the diets costs
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the least?
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b. $ 25 (3) + $ 30 (1) + $ 35 (2)

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$ 75 + $ 30 + $ 70 = $ 175 * Ans.
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37. If jackfruits are twice as expensive as watermelons, and watermelon is one-third as expensive as
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durians. What is the ratio of the price of one jackfruit to one durian?
Let x - be the cost of watermelon

Let 2x - be the cost of the jackfruit
Let 3x - be the cost of the durian
= Jackfruit : Durian
= 2x : 3x
= 2 : 3 * Ans.
38. A retailer buys a pack of sugar from Uniwide Sales for $ 459. He then marks up the price by 1/3
and sells it at a discount of 16 2/3 %. What was his profit in this item?
Marked price = $ 459 + 1/3 ($ 459) ----------> 459 + $ 153 -------> $ 612
Discounted Price = $ 612 - 16 % ($ 612) ---------> $ 612 - 1/6 ($ 612) ------> $ 510
Profit = Selling Price - Cost
= $ 510 - $ 459
= $ 51 * Ans.
39. Forrest Gump walks down the road for 30 minutes at a rate of 3 MPH. He waits 10 minutes for a
bus, which brings his back to his starting point at 4 : 25. If he begun his walk at 3 : 35 the same
afternoon, what was the average speed on the bus?
dwalked = rate x time
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= 3 mi. x 1 hr. ------> dwalked = 1.5 miles
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hr. 2
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timetravelled by the bus = 4:25 - 3:35 - :30 - :10 ------> 10 mins ----> 1/6 hr.
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speedof the bus = distance --------> 1.5 minutes ---> (1.5 x 6) mi/hr ---> 9 mi/hr * Ans.
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time 1/6 hr
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40. Miss Felisa Gascon had $ 2 million to invest. She invested part of it at 4% a year and the
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remainder at 5% per year. After one year she earned $ 95, 000 in interest. How much of the original
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investment was placed at 5% rate?
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Let x - be the amount of invested at 5%

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Let 2,000,000 - x be the amount invested at 4%

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0.05x + 0.04 (2,000,000 - x) = 95000

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0.05x + 80000 - 0.04x = 95000

0.01x = 95000 - 80000
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0.01x = 15000
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x = 15000 / 0.01
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x = 1, 500, 000 * Ans.

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integer is divided 5?
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The possible remainders are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

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therefore, 5 is not a possible remainder * Ans.
42. In a buidling plan, 1/4 cm represents 2 meters. If the main entrance is supposed to be 8 meters
wide, how wide would its representation be on the plan?
Let N - be the representation of the plan
1/4 : 2 = N : 8
2N = (1/4) (8)
2N = 8/4
2N = 2
N = 2/2
N = 1 cm. * Ans.
43. A real state agent marks a certain property up 30% above the original cost. Then he gives a client
a 15% discount. If the final selling price of the property was $8.619 M, what was the original cost of the
property?
Let x - be the original cost
(x + 0.30x) ( 1 - 0.15) = $8.619 M

(1.30x) (0.85) = $8.619 M
1.105x = $8.619 M
x = $8.619 M / 1.105
x = 7.8 M * Ans.
44. If 2/3 the perimeter of a square is 16, then what is the length of one of its sides?
s/
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2/3 P = 16
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P = 16 (3/2)
P = 48/2
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P = 24
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Perimeter formula for SQUARE is P = 4S.
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P = 4S pd
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24 = 4S
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24 = 4S
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24/4 = S
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6=S
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therefore, S = 6 * Ans.
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45. What values of x can satisfy the equation (3x + 6) (2x - 8) = 0 ?

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3x + 6 = 0
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3x = -6
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x = -6 / 3
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x=-2
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2x - 8 = 0
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2x = 8
x=8/2
x = 4 * Ans.
46. If 8 men can plant 288 trees in one day, how many trees can 12 men plant in 5 days?
Let N - be the number of trees
N= 288 trees x 12 men x 5 days -----> 288 x 12 x 5

8 men - 1 day 8 trees
N = 2, 160 trees * Ans.

47. If the length of a rectangle is increased by 25% and its width is decreased by 20%, what happens
to the area of the triangle?
Aorig. = LW
Anew = L (1+0.25) x W (1 - 0.20)

= L (1.25) x W (0.8) -----> (1.25) (0.8) LW
Anew = 1 x LW
Anew = Aorig.
therefore, no change in the area * Ans.
48. The formula for the volume of a sphere is V = 4/3 πr3. If the radius (r) is tripled, what will be the
ratio of the new volume to the original volume?
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Vorig. = 4/3 πr3
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Vnew = 4/3 π(3r)3 -----> = 4/3 π(27r3) ------> 27 (4/3 πr3)
Vnew = 27 Vorig. -----> Vnew : Vorig. = 27 : 1 * Ans.
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49. The scale on a map is 1 : 8. If a surveyor reads a certain measurement on the map as 4.6 cm
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instead of 5.0 cm, what will be the resulting approximate percent error on the full size model?
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% error = error x 100% -> 5.0 - 4.6 x 100% -> 0.4 x 100% -> 8% *Ans.
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correct value 5.0 5

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50. In a certain recipe, 225 grams of beef are called for to make 6 servings. If Mrs. Alferez wants to
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use the recipe for 8 servings, how many grams of beef must she use?
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Let N - be the number of grams required

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225 : 6 = N : 8
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6N = 8(225)
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6N = 1800
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N = 1800 / 6
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N = 300 grams. * Ans.

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WATER CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Implementing Rules and Regulations
Pursuant to the Water Code of the Philippines vesting upon the National
Water Resources Council the administration and enforcement of the provi-
sions thereof, the following rules and regulations are hereby promulgated:
RULE I
APPROPRIATION AND UTILIZATION OF WATERS
Section I. When Permit/Authority from the National Water

Resources Council Must be Secured. - As required under the provisions of
s/
P.O. 1067, a permit/authority shall be secured from the Council in the follow-
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ing instances:
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a) Appropriation of water for any purpose stated under Article 10 of the
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Code except for family domestic purpose provided under Ar.icle 6;
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b) Change in purpose of the appropriation; ed

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c) Amendment of an existing permit/authority, such as change in point
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or nature of diversion, amount of appropriation, period of use, etc.;

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d) Transfer or lease of water right;

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e) Temporary appropriation and use of water;

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f) Developing a stream, lake, or spring for recreational purposes;

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g) Lowering or raising the level of the water of a lake, river or marsh, or

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draining the same;

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h) Transbasin diversion;
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i) Dumping of mine tailings or wastes into a river or a waterway,

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j) Such other instances that will require a permit/authority as deter-

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mined by the Council.

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In the following instances the granting of permit/authority required

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under the provisions of P.O. 1067, is delegated by the Cour:cil to the cor-
responding agencies indicated and permit/authority pertaining to any of these
instances shall be secured from the agency delegated:
a) Excavation for the emission of a hot spring - Ministry of Energy;
b) Cloud seeding to induce rainfall - Philippine Atmospheric Geophy-
sical & Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA);
c) Recharging ground water supplies - National Pollution Control
Commission.
Whenever necessary the Council may exercise any of the above
delegated authorities.
Section 2. Qualification of Applicants for Permit/Authority. - Only
the following may file an application with the Council for permit/authority:
a) Citizens of the Philippines;
b) Associations, duly registered cooperatives or corporations organized
under the laws of the Philippines, at least 60 percent of the capital of
which is owned by the citizens of the Philippines;
c) Government entities and instrumentalities, including government-
owned and controlled corporations.
Section 3. Place of Filing Applications. - Except for those on cloud

seeding, any application for permit/authority in Section 1 shall be filed with
the Office of the Public Works District Engineer, the NIA Provincial lrriga-
tion Engineer, NPC Regional Managers or the LWUA Water District
General Manager whichever is designated as agent by the Council in the pro-
s/
vince where the point of diversion is situated in the case of appropriation of
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waters or where the project is located in all other cases.
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20
Section 4. Form and Requirements ofApplication. - All applications
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shall be filed in the prescribed form, sworn to by the applicant and supported
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by the following:
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A. For a Water Permit for Agricultural Purposes -
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I. Any document of ownership/possession of the land to be developed

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such as:
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a) Certificate of Title;
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b) Tax Declaration;
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c) Certificate of Land Transfer: or

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d) Contract of lease, if applicant is a lessee.

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2. Location Plan of Area showing:

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a) Point of Diversion determined graphically by its latitude

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and longitude;
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s:
b) Delineation of area indicating hectarage for which water

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will be used and adjoining lands and their corresponding

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owners duly indicated relative to the point of diversio.i;

c) Nature of diversion works. whether temporary or perma-
nent; manner of appropriation, whether by gravity pump;
kind of crop; and approximate location or conveyance
canal or condurt: and
d) In case of appropriation of ground water, location and
spacing of proposed drilling sites, kind of crop, and ap-
proximate location or conveyance canal or conduit in lieu
of items \a) and (c) above.
24
B. For a Water Permit for Hydraulic Power Development and In-
dustrial Purposes, or for a Permit to Dump Mine Tailings or Wastes--
I. Location and conceptual plans on convenient scale showing the
source of water, layout of proposed works, and point of diversion
determined graphically by its latitude and longitude;
2. Brief description of project, including among others, how water will
be used, amount of water needed for the purpose, power expected to
be generated if applicable, amount of water to bedischarged back to
the source and measures to be taken to insure that such waters are
not polluted, other relevant information;
3. Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Partnership in case applicant
is a private corporation or partnership, or certificate of registration in
case of cooperatives; and
4. When the application is for industrial use of ground water, the loca-
s/
tion and spacing of drilling well sites instead of diversion point should
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be indicated in the location plan.
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e.
20
For a Water Permit for Municipal Purposes -
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1. Location. topographic and layout map showing the relative position

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of source area to besupplied, and diversion point determined graphic-
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ally by its latitude and longitude;
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2. Brief description of the project, including nature and amount of

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water to be used, population and area to be served, and other perti-

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nent facts and information;

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is a private corporation or Partnership, or Certificate of Registration

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in case of cooperatives;
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4. When the application involves the use of groundwater, the location

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and spacing of drilling well sites determined graphically by latitude

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and longitude should be indicated in the location plan; and

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5. When it involves the reuse of waste water for human consumption.

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the application should be accompanied by a clearance from the

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Department of Health allowing the reuse of said waste water and set-
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ting forth the conditions therefor.
D. For a Water Permit for Recreational, Fisheries and Other Purposes-

1. Location and conceptual plan showing the relative location of the
project with the body of water to be utilized for the purpose, deter-
mined graphically by its latitude and longitude;
2. Brief description of the project including among others, how the
water is to be used, area of water surface needed for the purpose or
amount of water to be appropriated and location of diversion canal if
diversion is to be made, scheme of development. and other relevant
information; and
25
3. :'rticl~s of Incorporation or Articles of Partnership in case applicant
ISa private corporation or partnership, or Certificate of Registration
in case of cooperatives.
E. For a Permit for Drainage Purposes -
I. Brief description of project for which drainage scheme is necessary;
2. Location and layout maps of drainage works showing area to be
drained, route of drainage canal and drainage outlet which should be
a natural body of water or a natural waterway;
is a private corporation or partnership, or Certificate of Registration
in case of cooperatives.
F. Such other documents that may be required by the Council.
Section 5_ Other Requirements. - In addition to the requirements
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under Section 4, the following are required in the specific instances indicated:
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A. For Well Drilling - Except when manual well drilling will be
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employed, all applications involving extraction of ground water shall
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include the name of a duly licensed well driller who will undertake
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the drilling. Except for manual wel"driling, no person shall engage in
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the business of drilling wells for the purpose of extracting ground
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water without first registering as a well driller with the Council.

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B. For Transfer of a Water Permit - Applications for the transfer of a

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water permit from one person to another shall include the reasons for
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the transfer.
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C. For Lease of a Water Permit - Applications for the lease of a water

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permit to another person shall be accompanied by a duly executed

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contract of lease subject to the approval of the Council. No contract

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of lease shall be for a continuous period exceeding five (5) years;

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otnerwise the contract shall be treated as a transfer of permit in favor

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of the lessee.
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D. For all Applications to Appropriate Water - Water permit anplica-

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tions filed for any purpose shall be accompanied by a Certificate of

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tree planting, survival, cr completion as the case may be in the name

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of the applicant as provided under P.O. 1153.
Section 6. _ Filing Fee. - there shall be imposed and collected a fee of

One Hundred Pesos (PI 00.00) from every applicant, except government agen-
cies, water districts, and duly organized associations or cooperatives for irriga-
tion 0; rural water supply which shall be paid to the Council in postal money
order thru the Office where the application is filed.
26
Section 7 Water Charges. - Except when the appropriation is for
family domestic purpose or when the quantity of water appropriated for
agricultural use is not more than 5 liters per second, all appropriators shall pay
to the Council in the manner provided under Section 6 hereof, an annual
water charge in accordance with the following schedule:
A. For the use of water when diverted/extracted from the natural
source:
Rate of Withdrawal Charge per liter/sec.

(liters/second)
I) Not more 'han 30 PO.50
2) More than 30 but not exceeding 50 0.75
3) More than 50 1.00
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B. For the use of surface water at its natural location for fish culture:
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18
1) For a surface area not to exceed 15 hectares - fl20.00Iha.
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20
2) For a surface area of more than 15 hectares - P300 plus
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P30/ha. of the excess over 15 hectares.
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For this purpose a fraction of a hectare shall be considered as one hec-
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tare.
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The Council may revise the above water charges or impose special water
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rates from time to time as the need arises taking into consideration, among
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others, the following:

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a) Intended use of water;

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b) Quantity/rate of water withdrawal vis-a-vis other users taking into ac-

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count the water bearing potential of the source;

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c) Environmental effects;
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d) Extent to which water withdrawal will affect the source; and

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e) Development cost of bringing ....ater from the source.

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Section 8. Processing, Posting and Sending ofNotices of Applications.

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- Upon receipt of an application for water permit. the Office concerned shall
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process the same to determine compliance with the requirements prescribed in

Section 4 hereof. It found in order, and upon payment of the filing fee, notices
of the application shall be posted in a conspicuous place in said office and shall
remain posted for a period of Sixty (60) Jays. Notices of application shall, like-
wise, be sent by the said office to the following for posting in a conspicuous
place for th- same period.
a) Barangay Chairman of the place where the point of diversion is
located:
b) Municipal Secretary of the town where the point of diversion is
located;
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c) The Secretary of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the provice where
the point of diversion is located;
d) Public Works District Engineer or Provincial Irrigation Engineer as
the case may be.
Copies of the notice of application shall, likewise, be furnished to con-
cerned Regional Offices of the Ministry of Public Works, National Irrigation
Administration, National Power Corporation and Ministry of Natural
Resources and Local Water District Office, if any. .
Section 9. Action After Posting of Notices for Appropriation ofSur-

face Waters. -
A. Investigation and Studies
After seven (7) days from the first day of posting of notice at the
office where he' application is filed, the office concerned shall deter-
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mine:
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I) The approximate seasonal discharge of the water source;
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2) The amount of water already appropriated for beneficial use;
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3) The water requirement of the applicant as determined from

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standards.of beneficial use prescribed by the Council;

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4) Possible adverse effects on existing grantees/permittees or

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public/private interest;
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5) Environmental effects;
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6) Land-use economics;
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7) Whether the area to be irrigated can be integrated with that of

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an existing or proposed irrigation association for common ir-

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rigation facilities and

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8) Other relevant factors.

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B. Protests on Applications -
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Any person who may be adversely af-

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fected by the proposed appropriation may file a verified protest with

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the Councilor with any deputized agency investigating the applica-

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tion within sixty (60) days after posting of the Notice of Application
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in the office where the application was filed.

Protests to an application for water permit shall be governed by
the rules prescribed for resolving water use controversies.
C. Action on Application - Within thirty (30) days from the first day of
posting of notice, the Office investigating the application shall
transmit the same together with all the records, findings of facts and
its comments and recommendations, as well as those of other govern-
ment agencies, if any, to the Council for final action through the
Public Works Regional Director.
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In cases of application for irrigation, the report shall also be coursed thru
the Regional Irrigation Director who shall transmit the same to the Public
Works Regional Director.
In cases of applications for hydraulic power, the Public Works Regional
Director shall transmit the application, thru the Central Office of the National
Power Corporation, Manila, which shall forward the same to the Council with
its comments and recommendations within thirty (30) days from receipt
thereof.
Section 10. Action After Posting of Notices for Appropriation of

Ground Water. -
A. Permit to Drill - The application to appropriate ground water shall
be processed for adherence to requirements and shall be investigated
in the fieldto determine any adverse effect to public or private in-
terest. Protests on the application shall be governed by Section 9-B
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hereof. If the application meets the requirements and has been found
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not prejudicial to public or private interest it shall be transmitted,
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following the requirements of Section 9 hereof, to the Regional Direc-
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tor of the Ministry of Public Works who is hereby authorized to issue
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the permit to drill which shall be subject to the following conditions:

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Drilling operations shall be in accordance with the rules provided

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herein;
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2) The rate of water withdrawal to be approved shall be determined

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after pumping tests and shall in no case exceed the rate stated in the
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application;
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3) A permit to drill shall remain valid for six (6) months, unless a longer
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period is allowed by the Council for reasonable grounds; and

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4) The permit to drill shall be regarded as a temporary permit, and the

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regular permit shall be. issued after the rate of water withdrawal has
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been determined.
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B. Result of Drilling Operations - A report on the result of the drilling

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operations shall be submitted to the investigating office within the

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6-month period stated in the preceding .section. The report shall in-
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cluce a description of each drilling site, the drilling log, the yield of
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the well and the assessment of data obtained.

C I nvestigation and Studies - Upon receipt of the report on drilling
operations, the investigating office shall consider the proposed with-
drawal of ground water in relation to the following:
I) Safe yield of the source, reasonable or feasible pumping lift;
2) Beneficial use;
3) Adverse effects on existing lawful users of water or to public or
private interest:
29
4) Effects on the environment;
5) Danger of contamination of aquifers, deterioration of water
quality or salt water intrusion;
6) Adequacy of proposed well, works, plans and specifications
towards meeting prescribed standards; and
7) Comments and/or recommendations of other agencies.
D. Final Action on Application - Within thirty (30) days from the first
day of receipt of report of well drilling operations, the Office investi-
gating the application shall transmit. through the Public Works
Regional Director, to the Council, for final action the application for
water permit, together with all the records, findings of facts and its
comment and recommendations as well as those of other government
agencies.
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Section 11. Council Action. - The Council shall approve or disap-
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prove applications for water permits, within sixty (60) days after receipt of
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recommendation of its deputized agent and other agencies requested to com-
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ment, unless a longer period is needed for the disposition of protests filed with
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the Council. In cases of application for industrial use or in cases of such other
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use where waters may become pol'uted, the Council shall refer the application
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to the National Pollution Control Commission for comment and recommen-
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dation. If deemed necessary, the Council shall refer the application to other
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Section 12. Water Permit. - Approved applications shall be issued

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water permits subject to such conditions as the Council may impose. Such per-
mit must bear the seal of the Council and the signature of the Executive Direc-
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tor. A copy of said permit shall be furnished the Office where the 'application
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was filed. Disapproved applications shall be returned to applicants through the

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office where the same was filed. within thirty (30) days of such disapproval.
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stating the reasons therefor.

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The Council shall, moreover, furnish periodically all PW Regional Direc-

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tors, PW District Engineers. and N' A Regional Directors and Provincial Ir-
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rigation Engineers, a list of approved water permits granted within their

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respective areas of jurisdiction.
Section 13. Conditions in Permits. - Water Permits issued by the

Council shall be subject to such terms. restrictions and limitations as it may
deem proper to impose, and to any, or all of the following conditions:
a) That within one (I) year from the receipt of the permit the applicant
shall submit to the Council for approval, the plans and specifications
for the diversion works, pump structure, water measuring device, and
other required structures and in addition for private sector projects
the implementing schedules of construction. No construction work or
30
private sector projects shall commence until the plans, spedl'ieatiOJlS
and implementing schedules are duly approved. When the 11verslon
dam is temporary and less than two (2) meters high, the submission of
plans for the dam may not be required.
b) The construction of the necessary structures and diversion works
shall begin withing ninety (90) days from the date of receipt of the ap-
proved plans, specifications and implementing schedules and shall be
completed within the approved schedule unless extended by the
Council for valid or justifiable reasons: Provided, that water shall not
be diverted, pumped or withdrawn until after such structures and
works shall have been inspected and approved by the Council, unless
otherwise allowed. Except in cases of emergency to save life or-pro-
perty or repairs in accordance with plans originally approved, the
alteration or repair of these structures shall not be undertaken with-
out the approval of the Council.
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c) The right of a permittee to the Amount of water allowed in the per-
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mit is only to the portion or extent that he can use beneficially for the
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purpose stated in the permit. The diversion of the water shall be from
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the source and for the purpose indicated in the permit and in no case
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should said use exceed the quantity and period indicated therein, In
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gravity diversions, regulating gates of the canal shall be closed when

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water is not needed.

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d) The Council may, after due notice and hearing, reduce at anytime the
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quantity of water or adopt a system of apportionment, distribution,

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or rotation thereof when the facts are circumstances in any situation

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would warrant the same in the interest of the public and/or legal ap-
propria tions.
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e) The Council may, after due notice and hearing, revoke the permit in
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favor of projects for greater beneficial use or for multi-purpose devel-

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opment, subject to compensation in proper cases.

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f) The Council shall revoke or suspend the permit if the permittee

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violates effluent/water quality standards as determined by the Na-

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tional Pollution Control Commission.

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g) At any time after completion of diversion works and necessary struc-

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tures, nonuse of the water for the purpose stipulated in the permit
for a period of three consecutive years shall render said permit null
and void, except as the Council may otherwise allow for reasons
beyond the control of the permittee.
h) Any person in control of a well shall prevent the waste of water there-
from and shall prevent water from flowing onto the surface of the
land or into any surface water without being beneficially used, or into
any porous stratum underneath the surface.
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i) Any person in control of a well shall prevent water contauung
mineral or other substances injurious to the health of humans or
animals or to agriculture and vegetation from flowing onto the sur-
face of the land or into any surface or into any other aquifer or
porous stratum.
Section 14. Periodic and Final Inspection of Project. - The Council

or its authorized agents who investigated the application may conduct
periodic inspection while contruction, alteration, or repair' is in progress as
well as final inspection thereof to ascertain whether or not the same is in ac-
cordance with approved plans and specifications.
A report of inspection within ten (10) days from date thereof shall be sub-
mitted to the Council thru the Public Works Regional Director.
Section 1 5. Notice ofCompleted Structures/Diversion Works. - The
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permittee shall inform the Council or its deputy concerned, that the necessary
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structures and diversion works required have been completed in accordance
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with approved plans and specifications.
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In addition, in cases of appropriation of ground water the permittee shall
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inform the Council as to the depth and diameter of the well, the drilling log,
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the specifications and location of a casings, cementing, screens and perfora-

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tions, and the results of tests of capacity, flow, drawdown, and shut-in
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pressure.
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Section 16. Inspection of Works. - Inspection of the premises shall

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be conducted by any person deputized by the Council to determine com-

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pliance with the conditions imposed in the permit and such other order, rule
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or regulation the Council may issue.

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Section 1 7. Certificate of Compliance. - The Council shall issue a

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certificate of compliance to the permittee/grantee after being satisfied that the

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construction of the necessary structures in connection with the water permit

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have been duly complied with. Such certificate shall bear the signature of the
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Execntive Director.
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Section 18. Revocation of Permit. - Any permit issued pursuant to

these rules may be revoked by the Council, after due notice and hearing, for
any of the grounds provided herein or in the Code.
Section 19. Recurrent Water Shortage. - For the purpose of Articles

22 and 26 of the Water Code, recurrent water shortage shall mean the natural
periodic diminution of water in a source of supply to a volume or rate of flow
insufficient to meet the water requirements of all legal appropriators there-
from.
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Section 20. Basic Diversion Requirements for Agricultural Use. -
Except when otherwise justified by type of irrigation.system, soil conditions,
kind of crop, topography and -nher factors, water permits for agricultural use
shall be granted on the basis of one liter per second per hectare of land to be ir-
rigated.
Section 21. Construction/Repair of Other Structures. - Apart from

the structures required under Section 13 and except in cases of emergency to
save life or property, or repairs in accordance with plans previously approved,
the construction or repair of the following structures shall be unde.taken only
after plans and specifications therefor are approved by the Administrator of
the National Irrigation Administration when the structure is for an irrigation
project, or by the Minister of Public Works in all other case enumerated
hereunder:
a) Off-stream water impounding structures except earth-fill embank-
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ments less than 10 meters high 'from the natural ground surface;
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b) Barrages across natural waterways except temporary dams for irriga-
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tion less than two (2) meters high from the stream bed;
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c) Dikes, levees, revetments, bulkheads, piers, breakwaters and other
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similar structures or de... ices that affect the direction or level of

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materials in rivers, lakes, and in maritime waters; and

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Other structures not included in the above enumeration shall be ap-

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proved by the proper government agencies as may be designated by the Coun-

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cil.
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The approving officials shall prescribe the procedure for filing. processing
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and approval of the plans and specifications. Structures required in water per-
mits shall be approved as prescribed under Section 13 hereof.
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Section 22. _ Establishment ofEasements. - Actions for tlie establish-

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ment of easements under Article 25 of the Code shall be governed by the

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Rules of Court.
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Section 23. _ Establishment of Control Areas. -'- When the Council

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deems it necessary to declare a control area, it shall publish same in three (3)
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newspapers of general circulation setting forth the purpose of the declaration,

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the geographic limits of the control areas, and the regulations necessary to
achieve its objectives.
Section 24. _ Coordinated Use of Waters in Control Areas. - In con-

trol areas so declared for the coordinated development, protection, and utiliza-
tion of ground and surface waters, the appropriation of surface water shall, in
general, have preference over that of ground water and, except as otherwise
allowed by the Council, a permit for the appropriation of ground water is valid
only to the extent that it does not prejudice any surface water supply.
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Section 25. _ Registration of Wells in Control Areas. - In declared
control areas, all wells without water permits, including those for domestic
use, shall be registered with the Council within two years from the declaration
otherwise any claim to a right on a well is considered waived and use of water
therefrom shall be allowed only after a water permit is secured in accordance
vith Rule J hereof.
Section 26. _ Temporary Permits. - The Council may grant tem-

porary permits for the appropriation and use of water in situations such as the
following.
a) Irrigation of an area pending the construction of a larger system to be
operated either by the government or by any irrigation association
which will serve said area. Such permit shall automatically expire
when water becomes available for the area from the larger system. In
cases where the supply from the larger system is not adequate, the
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permit may be modified accordingly.
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h) When there is need to use water for municipal purposes in emergency
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situations pending the availability of an alternative source of supply
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as provided in Article 22 of the Code;
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For special research projects requiring the use of water for certain
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periods of time;
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d) For temporary use of water needed for the construction of roads,

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dikes, buildings, and other infrastructures; and

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e) When there are unforseen delays in the approval of the application

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and appropriation of water is necessary pending the issuance of a

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water permit, unless the application is protested.

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Temporary permits shall be granted by the Council on a case to case basis

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specifying the conditions and period under which the permit is valid. The
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Council may delegate the issuance of temporary permits for a period of not ex-
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ceeding six (6) months and a quantity of not more than 200 liters per second.
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RULE II
CONTROL, CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION

OF WATERS, WATERSHEDS AND RELATED LAND RESOURCES
Section 27,_ Prohibited Construction on Navigable or Flotable Water-

ways. - Except when allowed under these rules, the building of dams. dikes,
or any structure or works or the introduction of fish contraptions or other
devices which encroach into any public navigable or flotable river, stream,
coastal waters, creeks, esteros or drainage channels or other navigable or
flotable public waters, waterways, or bodies of water or which obstruct or im-
pede the free passage thereof or cause inundation, shall be ordered removed
by the Minister of Public Works as prohibited construction.
The rules and regulations of the Philippine Coast Guard pertaining to
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navigation shall be suppletory to these rules. Rivers, lakes and lagoons maybe
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declared by the Council as navigable in whole or in part upon recommenda-
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tion of the Philippine Coast Guard.
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Section 28. _ Determination of Easements. - All easements of public

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use prescribed for the banks or rivers and the shores of seas and lakes shall be
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reckoned from the line reached by the highest flood which does not cause in-
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undation or the highest equinoctial tide whichever is higher. Any construction

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or structure that encroaches into such easement shall be ordered removed by

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the Minister of Public Works,

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Section 29. When Permit/Authority from the Minister of Public

Works is Required. - A permit/authority shall be secured from the Minister
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of Public Works in the following instances:

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a) Construction of dams, bridges and other structures in navigable or

flotable waterways;
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b) Cu.ltivation of river beds, sand bars and tidal flats;

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c) Construction of private levees, revetments and other hood control

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and river training works; and

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d) Restoration of river courses to former beds.
Section 30. _ Place of Filing Applications. - Applications for permit!

authority under the next preceding section may be filed with the Public
Works District Engineer's Office in the province where the project is to be
undertaken.
Section 31._ Form and Contents of Applications. -- All applications

shall be filed in a prescribed form sworn to by the applicant and supported hy
the following:
35
A. For Cultivation of River Beds, Sand Bars and Tidal Flats -
I) Location plan showing the river bed, delineation of the area to
be cultivated, the adjoining areas and the corresponding lessees!
permittees; and
2) Information showing the crops to be planted and the cropping
period.
B. For Private Flood Control Works -
I) Location plan showing the river channel, proposed control
works and existing works, if any, in the vicinity;
2) Cross-sections of the river channel in the site;
3) Plans and specifications of control structures;
4) Construction schedule; and
5) Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Partnership in case ap-
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plicant is a private corporation or partnership, or Certificate of
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Registration in case of cooperatives.
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C. For Restoration of River Courses to Former Beds -
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I) Affidavits of two disinterested persons attesting to the cir-

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cumstances of the change in the course of the river or stream,
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including the date when such change occurred;
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2) Certified copies of the cadastral plans and technical description

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of the lots affected by the river or stream, showing the former

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course to which the river will be restored.

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3) A recent survey map of the area affected undertaken by a

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licensed geodetic engineer indicating the present river course as

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well as the old cadastral stream boundaries;

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plicant is a private corporation or partnership, or Certificate of

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Registration in case of cooperatives; and

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5) Scheme and schedule of restoration.

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D. For Construction of Dams, Bridges, and Other Structures in

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Navigable or Flotable Waterways -

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1) Vicinity map and ·Iocation plan showing the river and the pro-
posed structure:
2) Cross-section of the structure with cross-section of the river at
the location of the structure showing minimum water level,
maximum flood level without structure, and maximum flood
level with structure;
3) Plan showing extent of maximum flooded area without struc-
ture and maximum flooded area with structure;
4) Schemes and details of provisions for passage of watercraft;
36
5) Construction schedule; and
plicantis a private corporations or partnership, or Certificate of
Registration in case of cooperatives.
SectIon 32._ Action on Application. - The Public Works District

Engineer shall investigate each application filed with this Office and, if
necessary, conduct public hearings thereon: He shall transmit his report and
recommendation to the Public Works Regional Director who, after proper
review, shall transmit the application with its supporting documents and his
recommendations to the Minister of Public Works, for appropriate action.
Section 33. Limitation on Permits to Cultivate River Beds. Sand Bars

and Tidal Flats. - A permit to cultivate river beds, sand bars and tidal flats
shall be non-transferable and shall not be construed as authorizing reclama-
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tion of the.area covered by the permit, or as conferring upon the permittee a
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right of ownership thereof by acquisitive prescription.
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Section 34. _ Construction and Completion oj Work. - The construc-
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tion of private flood control works and dams, bridges and other structures in
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navigable rivers or streams shall be undertaken within the approved construc-
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tion schedule; otherwise, the permit shall automatically be cancelled unless a
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longer period is allowed.

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Work for the restoration of a river or stream to its former bed shall be
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commenced within the two (2) years from the date of change in the course of
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the river or stream and completed within one (I) year from start of construc-
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tion.
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Section 35._ Establishment oj Flood Control Areas. - Whenever the

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Minister deems it necessary to declare flood control areas for the protection of
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flood plain lands, he shall publish the same in three (3) newspapers of general
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circulation setting forth the purpose of the declaration. the geographic limits
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of the declared control area, and the regulations necessary to achieve the ob-
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Section 36._ Inter-Agency Flood Plain Management Committee.

The ministershall form an Inter-agency Flood Plain Management Committee
for each flood plain declared as flood control area, the members of which shall
include, but not limited to, representatives from the following:
a) Ministry of Public Works
b) National Power Corporation;
c) Ministry of Local Government;
d) National Irrigation Administration; and
37
e) National Water Resources Council.
The functions of this Committee shall be:
a) To establish close liaison among national and local government en-
tities and promote the best interest and the coordinated protection
and management of flood plain lands for the mitigation of flood
damages viewed in a larger context to include other aspects such as
environmental quality and public health, safety and welfare;
b) To provide guidelines for local governments in the formulation of
regulatory ordinances regarding flood plain use and occupancy;
c) To draft and recommend guidelines for flood plain management in a
particular flood control area in order to achieve the goals and objec-
tives thereof; and
d) To perform such other functions as the Minister may direct.
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Section 37. _ Storage and Rafting of Logs, - The Council, through its
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deputies. may prohibit or control the rafting or storage of logs and other ob-
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iects on rivers and lakes when:
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a) It causes pollution of waters used for domestic municipal purposes;
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and
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b) It causes danger to structures such as those for irrigation, power and
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flood control.
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Section 38. _ Prohibitions and Requirements on Water Impoundment.

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The Council shall, upon recommendation of the Ministry of Health, prohibit

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the impounding of water in ponds or reservoirs when:

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a) The water is found to contain excessive pollutants;

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b) It will degrade its quality;

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c) Public health is endangered; and

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dl Such other similar situations.

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Existing ponds or reservoirs falling under the aforementioned cases shall

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be ordered drained by the Councilor controlled by other approved methods.

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Section 39._ Reservoir Operations, - Owners or persons in control of

a reservoir shall submit to the Council the reservoir operation rule curve for
approval which shall be followed except during periods of extreme drought
and when public interest so requires, wherein the Council may change the
operation during the period after due notice and hearing.
The Council shall review periodically the rule curve for possible revisions,
A rule curve is a diagram showing the minimum water level requirement
in the reservoir at a specific time to meet the particular needs for which the
reservoir is designed.
38
Furthermore anyone who operates a reservoir shall submit to the Council
his plan for handling maximum discharges with a view to avoiding damage to
life and property.
Section 40. _ Employment 0/ Engineer in Dam Operations. - All

operators of storage dams exceeding IO meters. high ,or overflow dams ex-
ceeding 2 meters high from the stream bed shall make arrangements for the
periodic inspection of said structures and its operating equipment by a regis-
tered civil engineer for the purpose of identifying conditions which may
adversely affect the safety of these structures and giving advise to the operator
on the proper maintenance and operation thereof.
Section 41. _ Qualification 0/ Well Drillers. - No person shall be per-

mitted to undertake well drilling work unless he is duly registered with the
Council as a well driller. No person shall be registered by the Council as a well
driller unless he has at least any of (he following qualifications:
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a) Graduation from high school with three (3) years experience in well
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drilling work duly certified by another well driller registered with the
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Council; or
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bl A holder of a bachelor's degree in geology or engineering with one (I)

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year experience in actual drilling work.
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Section 42._ Permit to Drill a Well. -- Except for domestic use, no per-
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son shall drill any well for the extraction of ground water or make any altera-
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tion to any existing well without securing a permit from the Council.
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For this purpose, only wells with casings not exceeding 75 millimeters in
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diameter may. be allowed for domestic use.

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Section 43. _ Requirements/or Drilled Wells. - Drilling of deep wells

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for the extraction of ground water shall conform with the following require
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a) The well shall be so designed and constructed that it will sea! off con-
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taminated water-bearing formations or formations which have

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undesirable characteristics;
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b) There shall be no unsealed openings around the well which may con-
duct surface water or contaminated or undesirable ground water ver-
tically to the intake portion of the well;
c) All parts of a permanent well shall be of durable materials;
d) Wells constructed in a sand or gravel aquifer shall be provided with a
water-tight casing to a depth of 1.5 meters or more below the lowest
expected pumping level, provided that where the pumping level is less
than ten (10) meters from the surface, the casing shall extend three (3)
meters below the lowest pumping level,
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e) Casings of wells constructed in sandstone aquifers where the over-
burden consists of unconsolidated materials shall be grouted to a
minimum depth of ten (10) meters, provided, that should there be an
additional overlying formation of creviced or fractured rock, the eas-
ing shall be grouted to its full depth;
o Casings of well~ constructed in limestone, granite or quartzite where
the overburden consists of drift materials shall be extended to a depth
of at least fifteen (15) meters, and firmly seated in rock formation,
provided, that where the overburden is less than fifteen (15) meters,
the casing shall be extended three (3) meters into uncreviced rock,
provided, finally, .that in no case shall the casing be less than 15
meters;
g) Wells for domestic and municipal water supply shall be constructed
in accordance with sound public health engineering practice;
h] The extent of pumping and extraction of ground water shall take into
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consideration the possibility of salt water intrusion, land subsidence
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and mining of ground water; 20
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i) Unless otherwise allowed by the Council, an abandoned well shall be
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properly plugged or sealed to prevent pollution of 'ground water, to
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conserve aquifer yield and artesian head, and to prevent poor-quality
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water from one aquifer entering another;
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j) Free-flowing wells shall be provided with control valves or other

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similar devices to control and regulate the flow of water from such
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wells for conservation purposes;

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k) Well sites shall be provided with drainage facilities for the proper
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disposal/conveyance of surface water flow from the site;

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I) In general, spacing requirements except for wells less than 30 meters

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deep, shall be in accordance with the table below:

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RATE OF WITHDRAWAL MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN

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IN LITERS PER SECOND WELLS IN METERS

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2 - 10 200
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More than 10 - 20 400

More than 20 - 40 600
More than 40 1000
The Council, may increase or decrease the above spacing requirements

mder any of the following circumstances:
a) for low-income housing development projects where home lot size
will limit available spacing between homeowners' wells;
b, where the geologic formation may warrant closer or farther spacing
between wells: and
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c) where assessment of pumping test records on yields, drawdown, circle
of influence, seasonal fluctuations in water table and other technical
data on ground water wells, drilling and operation indicate possible
closer or farther spacing between wells.
In modifying the spacing requirements the following criteria shall be ap-
plied:
a) No new well shall cause more than 2 meters of additional drawdown
to any existing well;
b) If the rate of withdrawal applied for a weI will cause additional
drawdown of more than 2 meters to any existing well the rate of
withdrawal applied for shall be reduced to satisfy the drawdown
limit.
c) The Council shall prescribe the maximum pump size and horsepower
in the water permit so that the rate of withdrawal shall not exceed
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that authorized;
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d) Groundwater mining may be allowed provided that the life of the
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groundwater reservoir system is maintained for at least 50 years.
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Section 44. _ Minimum Stream Flowsand Water Levels. - When the

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Council deems it necessary to establish minimum stream flows for rivers and
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streams andJor minimum water levels for lakes as provided under Article 66 of
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the Code, it shall notify the public through newspapers that a public hearing
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shall be conducted for such purpose. In the conduct of the hearing, the follow-
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ing shall be considered:

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a) Adverse effects on legal appropriators;

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b) Priorities that may be altered on the basis of greater beneficial use

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andJor-multi-purpose use;
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c) Protection of the environment, control of pollution, navigation.

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prevention of salt water damage and general public use; and

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d) Other factors relevant to the situation.

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In general, the Council shall consider the following criteria in the

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establishment of minimum stream flows of rivers and streams and minimum

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water levels of lakes:

a) For water quality and environmental protection the minimum stream
flow or lake water level shall be estimated based on the threshold con-
centration of pollutant and environmental requirements in coopera-
tion with the NPCC and NEPC.
b) For navigation purposes, the minimum flow or water level to be pro-
vided shall be such that the resulting streamflow or water level shall
remain navigable to the existing vessels that ply the river or lake;
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c) For fish conservation, consideration shall be made such that the
resultingstreamflowor lake level willnot adversely affect the existing
fish habitat. The minimum flow/water level to be provided shall be
determined by the Council in consultation with BFAR.
d) In any case the minimum requirement shall be the observed or esti-
mated absolute minimum stream flow or lake level.
Section 45. _ Protection of Water Supply Sources. - No person shall

discharge into any source of water supply any domestic sewage, industrial
waste, or pollutant not meeting the effluent standards set by the National
Pollution Control Commission.
Section 46._ Mine Tailings Disposal. - Water discharged with mine

tailings or wastes shall not contain minerals or other substances injurious to
man, animal, aquatic life, agriculture or vegetation in concentrations exceed-
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ing the maximum prescribed by the National Pollution Control Commission.
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Tailingsdams, ponds or similarcontrol structures locatedalong river beds
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whenever required shall be strong enough to withstand the forces in the river
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during typhoons and flash floods.
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Mine operators shall undertake appropriate erosion control measures in
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their mining areas to minimize the amount of sediments therein that will be
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carried to river systems.

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Section 47. _ Complaint on Drainage System Construction. - Any

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complaint pertainingto the construction of a drainagesystemunder the provi-

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sions of Article 44 of the Code shall be treated under Rule III hereof.
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RULE III
ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Section 48. _ General Guidelines for Water Resources Development

Projects/Programs. - As a general rule, a water resources projectJprogram
may be implemented only if it is in accordance with the national socio-
economic development goals and objectives or necessary for the national
security or protection of life and property. Any projectJprogram involving the
appropriation of water shall be directed towards the optimum single and/or
multi-purpose utilization thereof. Whenever practicable, projects shall be con-
ceived and viewed according to multi-purpose water resource planning con-
cepts within the area unit of a river basin. In the case of small scale water
development projects not readily covered by large-scale water development
projects, development planning of the latter shall proceed alongside the
implementation of the former.
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Section 49. Specific Guidelines. - The size and time phase of pro-
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jects/programs shall satisfy appropriate socio-economic indicators, more parti-
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cularly the benefit-cost and/or cost-effectiveness criteria, their supplementary
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and complementary -roles to the projects program of other government sec-
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toral plans, and their ecological effects.

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Section 50. _ Water Resources ProjectS/Programs By GovernmentSec-

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tor. - Government water resources and related projects/programs shall be

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submitted by the proponent agencies to the Council, which may, if necessary,

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refer the matter to the proper deputies or concerned agencies for evaluation
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and comment in accordance with the above guidelines before approving the
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same.
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Section 51. _ Water Resources Projects/Programs By Private Sector. -

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Any private inter.ested party may propose any water resources project
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through the appropriate agencies and/or deputies who shall forward the same
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to the Council after evaluating and commenting with respect to the above
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guidelines. The Council, before approvingthe project, may, if necessary, refer

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or consult with other appropriate deputies and/or concerned government

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agencies.
Section 52. Requirements of Water Resources Projects/Programs. -

ProjectJProgram proposals shall contain indicators of socio-economic justifica-
tion, relationship to the National Development Plan, impact statement on the
sector's project/program supports and complement, regional impact state·
ment, environmental impact statement, and such other information as the
Council may require. Projects, such as artesian wells, spring development and
barangay waterworks for purely domestic and municipal use, and such other
small-scale projects as the Council may determine, shall be exempted from this
requirement.
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Section 53._ Resolution ofConflict Arisingfrom Project. - Any con-
flier involving the U~ of water that may arise from the project/program pro-
posal.. hall be resolved on the basis of national/regional priorityand needs, i.e.,
need for power generation in multipurpose project shall be reckoned on the
quantity and time of such needson a grid basisrather than on a single project
basis alone.
Any conflict which adversely affects a particular segment of society,
group of individuals or small community, may be resolved after a public hear-
ing has been conducted by the Council or its proper deputies.
Section 54, _ Deputies. - The Council may appoint a deputy for each
or a combination of the following functional areas related to water resources:
a) hydrologic and metereologic data;
b) flooding areas and inland waterways;
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c) lakes and marshes;
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d) watersheds;
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e) water supply and sewerage;
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1) water accounting within watersheds;

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g) other water resources activities

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Each deputy shall gather and organize data in accordance with their
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assigned functions for submission to the Council.The Councilshalldetermine

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the frequency and type of data to be gathered.

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Section 55. Information Assessment. - The Councilshallcollateand

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analyze technical data. It shall also develop an indexing system for all its
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publications indicating the date published, water resource basin involved.

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basic environmental indicator, and such other related indices.

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Studies based on data retrieved from and/or submitted by the deputies

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may be undertaken by any party provided that he shall furnish the Council
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the result of such studies.

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The Council shall undertake a study of the manpower requirements of a

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water resourcesector which may be considered in setting up and implement-

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ing appropriate manoower development measures.

It shallalsoestablish a positionclassification systemfor employmentpur-
poses in coordination with water oriented agencies and the Officeof Compen-
sation and Position Classification.
The Council shall initiate and undertake studies of water consumption
patterns along the different purposes provided in the Code particularlythat of
industry.
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Section 56. _ Agents. - The Council may appoint agents to perform
specific functions such as investigation of water permit applications, water
rights controversies and other activities as it may assign.
Section 57 .._ Committee on Arbitration. - The Council may create

and authorize a Committee on Arbitration for purposes of determining the
rate of just compensation in instances provided under the Code. Such commit-
tee shall be composed of the Council Deputy/Agent who must be a profes-
sional technical man as Chairman, the Provincial Assessor, and the Provincial
Development Officer of the province where the subject premises is situated
together with the representative of each of the parties involved, as members.
The Committee shall take action on any claim referred to it by the Coun-
cilfor evaluation and submit a report thereon within thirty (30) days from
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receipt of notice of formation of the Committee unless a longer period is re-
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quired, in which case extension maybe granted upon authority of the Council.
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Section 58._ Review and Approval ofRules and Regulations Involving
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Water. - Rules and regulations by any government agency involving policies

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on the utilization, exploitation, development, control, conservation or protec-
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tion of water resources shall be reviewed and approved by the Council, unless
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the charter of such agency provides that the same shall be approved by the
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President, in which case the proposed rules shall first be referred to the Coun-
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cil for comment.

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Section 59. _ Agreements Involving Water. - Any agreement among

government agencies involving the use of water for irrigation, hydro-power,
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industrial, domestic and municipal water supply shaIl, in all cases, be subject
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to review and approval of the Council. In the review of such agreements, the
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Council may consult the parties and other government agencies concerned.
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Section 60. _ Disposition oj Funds Collected. - All income of the

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Council from fees and charges shall be remitted to the National Treasury and
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treated as a special account under the General Fund to the credit of the Coun-
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cil. The operational and maintenance expenses of the deputies and agents of
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the Council shall be financed under this account in accordance with a special
budget to be submitted to the Budget Commission. Any generated surplus
shall be invested for water resources development purposes including but not
limited to the purposes envisioned under Article 81 as may be recommended
by the Council.
Section 61._Parties in Water Use Conflicts/controversies. - The

complaining party shall be referred to as Complainant/Protestant and the party
against whom the complaint is filed shall be referred to as Respondent/
Protestee.
45
Section 62._ Complaints. - All complaints shall be in writing, sworn
to by the complainantlprotestant and must contain the following:
a) Name, postal address and personal circumstances of complainant/
protestant;
b) Name and postal address of respondent/protestee;
c) Substance of the complaint;
d) Grounds or causes of action;
e) Brief and concise statement of the pertinent facts and circumstances;
f) Relief sought; and
g) Names and postaladdresses of witnesses to be summoned, if any.
All complaints shall be accompanied by affidavits of witnesses as well as
supporting documents, if any.
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However, complaints/protests filed solely on the ground of adverse ef-
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fects on the privileges to use water from any source shall not be entertained
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unless the complainant/protestant is a water permittee.
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Section 63.Ylace of Filing. - Complaints/Protests may be filed with

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the Councilor the Office of the Public Works Regional Director or the Public
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Works District Engineer or NIA Provincial Irrigation Engineer, of the place
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where the source of water subject of the controversy is located. Complaints/

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protests on the use of water for hydraulic power development shall be filed
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with either the Councilor the Office of the Public Works Regional Director.
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Section 64.Yiling Fee. - There shall be imposed and collected a filing

fee of One Hundred (PIOO.OO) Pesos from every complainant/protestant ex-
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cept from pauper litigants in accordance with the Rules of Court. The said fee
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shall be paid to the office where the complaint/protest is filed in the manner
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provided under Section 6 of Rule I.

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Section 65 .....Answer. - Upon receipt of a complaintlprotest, the agen-

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cy/office concerned shall furnish the respondentlprotestee a copy and such

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documents accompanying the complaint, and require him to answer in writing

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within ten (lOr days from receipt thereof.

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Should respondentlprotestee fail to answer within the period provided

herein, the investigator shall proceed ex-parte to receive the evidence and
testimony of the complainant/protestant and his witnesses, and shall submit
his report to the Council based on the facts and evidence adduced.
Section 66.Jreliminary Conference. - Upon receipt of respondentl

protestees' answer, the investigator shall direct the parties and their attorneys
to appear before him for conference to consider the possibility of an amicable
settlement.
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The proceedings during the preliminary conference shall be summary in
nature and shall be conducted informally without the investigator being
bound to follow strictly the technical rules of evidence. He shall take appro-
priate steps towards a peaceful and equitable settlement of the dispute.
Section 67 _ Amicable Settlement. - Amicable settlement shall, in all

cases, be reduced in writing and signed by the parties. Within fifteen (15) days
from the signing thereof, a report with comments and recommendations shall
be submitted to the Council for approval.
Section 68. _ Venue of Investigation/Hearing. - Should the parties fail

to agree during the preliminary conference, the investigator shall immediately
hear the case in the barrio, municipality or province where the subject of the
controversy is located or at any other place agreed upon by both parties. Any
disagreement as to venue shall be resolved by the Investigator whose decision
is final.
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Section 69._0rder of Proceedings. - The investigator shall hear first
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the testimony of the complainant/protestant and his witnesses and next the
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testimony of the respondent/protestee. During the proceedings, the parties
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shall have the right to confront and cross-examine the opposing party on the
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submitted affidavits. After the presentation of the evidence by the parties,
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they may at their option submit a memorandum/memoranda in support of

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their claim/defense in lieu of an oral argument.

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Section 70 . .Authortty/Functtons ofHearing Officer. - The Investiga-

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and secure the attendance of witnesses and/or production of relevant

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documents through the compulsory process of subpoena and/or subpoena

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duces tecum. The contending parties may avail of such processes by filing a
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formal written request with the Investigator.

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The proceedings shall be duly recorded and shall include a physical or

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ocular inspection of the premises and for the purpose, the Investigator and the
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parties shall have authority to enter upon private lands with previous notice to
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the owners thereof.

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The Investigator may conduct ex-parte investigation/hearing if cir-

cumstances so warrant.
Section 71._0rders/Rulings. - Interlocutory orders/rulings made dur-

ing the proceedings are not appealable.
Motions for postponement or continuance shall be based on valid and
reasonable grounds and the grant or denial thereof rests upon the sound
discretion of the Investigator, provided that not more than three (3) postpone-
ments may be given to either party or a total of six (6) postponements in a
given case. regardless of the number of parties and provided further, that in no
case shall any postponement last for more than three (3) calendar days.
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Section 72. Jnvestigation Report. - The Investigation shall transmit
to the Council within fifteen (15) days from the date of termination of the
proceedings, his report with the complete record of the case with a
comprehensive sketch of the premises involved. The report shall contain the
following:
a) Names and postal addressess of the parties;
b] Nature of the controversy;
c) Summary of the allegations and proofs presented by parties;
d) Clear and concise statement of the findings of facts borne by the
evidence and/or revealed in the ocular inspections;
e) The law and rules involved; and
O' Conclusion, comment and recommendation.
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Section 73.JJecision. - All disputes shall be decided within sixty (60)
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days after the parties submit the same for decision or resolution. Decisions
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shall be in writing, stating clearly and concisely the cause or causes of action,
20
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findings of facts and the law or rules upon which they are based.
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The Council shall have the power to issue writs of execution and enforce
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its decisions with the assistance of national or local law enforcement agencies
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subject to prior notice to the.party concerned in accordance with Article 84 of

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the Code.
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Section 74. .ProofofService. - Decisions,resolutions or orders of the

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Council shall be furnished to the contending parties thru their counsel if

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represented, or by personal/substituted service or registered mail with return

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card. Personal/substituted service to the parties shall be acknowledged in

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writing, indicating the date or receipt and the name of the person serving.
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Should any person refuse to receive the decision, resolution or order, a written
statement to such effect duly signed by the person serving shall be submitted.
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Decisions, resolutions or orders coursed through the deputies/agents of the

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Council, shall in all cases, be served upon counsel, if represented, or to the par-
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ty within five (5) days from the date of receipt by the Office concerned.
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Section 75.-AppeaIlPetition for Reconsideration and/or Reinvestiga-

tion. -
A) Appeal from the decision of the Council in accordance with Article
89 of the Code shall be made by the party adversely affected within
fifteen (15) days from receipt of the decision unless a petition for
reconsideration or reinvestigation is filed with the Council within the
same period. The filing of said petition suspends the running of the
15·day period within which to fiie an appeal with the Court.
B) Petition for reconsideration/reinvestigation shall be based on any of
the following grounds:
48
I) Fraud, accident, mistake or excusable negligence which Of-
dinary prudence could not have guarded against and by reason
of which the aggrieved party has probably been impaired in his
rights;
2) Newly discovered evidence which petitioner couid not, with
reasonable diligence, have discovered, and produced at the in-
vestigation and which if presented would probably alter the
result; and
3) Palpable errors in the findings of facts and conclusions of law or
decisions that are not supported by the evidence adduced in the
investigation.
Only one petitioner for reconsideration/reinvestigation accompanied by
proof of service upon the other party shall be entertained. Resolution or peti-
tions for reconsideration/reinvestigation shall be served upon the parties con-
cerned in accordance with Section 73 hereof.
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Section 76._Stay of Execution. - The filing of petition for
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reconsideration andlor reinvestigation under the preceding section or an appeal
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with the Court of First Instance under Article 89 of the Code shall not stay
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the execution of the decision, resolution or order of the Council unless a bond
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as provided for in Article 88 shall have been posted.

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Section 77._Light Offenses. - A fine of not more than Two Hundred

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(P200.00) Pesos and/or suspension of the permit/grant for a period of not more
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than sixty (60) days shall be imposed for any of the following violations:
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a) illegal taking or diversion of water in anopen canal or reservoir;

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b) unauthorized utilization of an existing well or ponding or spreading

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of water for recharging subterranean or ground water supplies;

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c) appropriation of subterranean or ground water for domestic use by

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an overlying landowner without the registration when required by

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the Council;
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d) failure of the appropriator to keep a record of water withdrawal when

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required by the Councilor by the rules and regulations of other water

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oriented agencies such as Water Districts created pursuant to

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Presidential Decree No. 198, as amended, provided that such rules

and regulations have been approved by the Council;
e) repair without permission of hydraulic works or structures involving
alteration of its hydraulic or structural features as originally ap-
proved; an;
f) such other infractions as the Council may determine.
49
Section 7S._Less Grave Offenses. - A fine of more than Two Hun-
dred (P200.00) Pesos but not exceeding Five Hundred (P500.00) Pesos andJor
suspension of the water permit/grant for a period of one hundred twenty (120)
days shall be imposed for the following violations:
a) unauthorized sale, lease or transfer of water permits and/or water
rights;
b) failure to install a regulating and measuring device for the control of
the volume of water appropriated when required;
c) non-payment of water charges; and
d) violation of or non-compliance with any order, rule or regulation of
the Council.
Section 79._Grave Offenses. - A fine of more than Five Hundred

(P500.00) Pesos but not exceeding One Thousand (P 1,000) Pesos and/or
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revocation of the water permit/grant of any other right to the use of water
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shall be imposed for any of the following violations:
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of a well without permit or with expired permit;
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a) drilling
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b) failure to provide adequate facilities to prevent or control disease
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whenever required in the construction of any work for the storage,
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diversion, distribution and utilization of water;
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c) construction of any hydraulic work or structure without duly ap-

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proved plans and specifications;

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d) failure to comply with any of the terms or conditions in a water per-

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mit or water rights grant not covered by the preceding sections;

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e) non-observance of any standard for the beneficial use of water andJor

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schedule of water distribution;

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f) use of water for a purpose other than that for which a right or permit
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was granted;
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g) malicious destructions of hydraulic works or structure valued at not

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exceeding Five Thousand (P5,000.OO) Pesos;

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h) unauthorized sale of water in violation of the permit; and

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i) such other serious violations as the Council may determine.
Section SO._Penalties/or Delinquency. - Where the penalty imposed

is a fine and the offender fails to pay the same within the given period, he shall
be liable, in addition, to pay Five (P5.00) Pesos per day of delay but in no case
to exceed One Thousand (PI ,000.00) Pesos. However, if the penalty imposed
is suspension of the water permit/grant, the counting of the period shall begin
from the time the original copy of the water permit/grant certificate is sur-
rendered to the Councilor any of its deputies/agents. Such grantJpermit/certi
ficate shall be surrendered within fifteen (15) days from receipt of the
50
Council's order or decision and any delay in the surrender thereof will be
meted a penalty of Five IP5.00) Pesos each day.
Section 81. _ Violations by Juridical Persons. - In cases where the of-

fender is a corporation, firm, partnership or association, the penalty shall be
imposed upon the guilty officers mentioned in Article 92 of the Code.
Section 82. _ Violations by Non-Permittees. - In cases where the

violator is not a permittee or grantee or has no right to use the water whatso-
ever, the Council thru its deputies or authorized representatives shall cause
the stoppage of the use of the water either by plugging or sealing of the well if
the same involves ground water appropriation or demolition of the dam or
hydraulic structures if the same involves surface water, without prejudice to
the institution of a criminal/civil action as the facts and circumstances may
warrant.
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Section 83._Violations by Non-Owners. - In cases where the violator
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is not the owner of the well or structure, he shall be penalized twice as much
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as the fine imposed on the owner of such well or structure without prejudice
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to the inclusion of his name as a party defendant in any action filed. Proper
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representations in this regard shall be made with the appropriate agency for
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the.cancellation or suspension of his license/certificates of registration.
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Section 84._0ffer ofCompromise. - In cases where offender, at any-

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time before the execution of the order or decision, offers in writing to pay the
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fine imposed instead of having his/her permit/grant suspended for a given

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period, the Council may, if the circumstances so warrant, accept such offer or
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compromise. However, if the penalty imposed is both fine and suspension of

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the permit for a given period, the offer shall necessarily include the amount of
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the fine imposed as well as such amount as maybe determined by the Council
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corresponding to the period for which the permit should have beensuspended.
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Section 85._Summary Revocation/Suspension. - Water permits or

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other rights to use the water may be revoked or suspended summarily by the
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Council if any of the following facts and/or conditions exists:

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a) That the suspension/revocation will redound to greater public in-

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terest, public health and safety;

b) That the acts complained of are grossly illegal per se;
c) That the violative act is the second offense on record involving the
same infraction;
d) That the non-observance of or non-compliance with the rules, order
or regulation is willful and deliberate;
e) When there is a prima facie showing that the non-observance of any
standard for the beneficial use of water or non-compliance with any
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of the terms or conditions in a water permit or water rights grant is
prejudicial to the life and property of third person;
o When the suspension or revocation thereof is sought by an injured
party, provided he files a bond to cover any damage which maybe
sustained by the permittee or grantee arising from such summary
revocation/suspension;
g) In times of emergency, where there is a prima facie showing that the
use of water by the permittee/grantee is wasteful;
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h) When health authorities so recommend to prevent or control the
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spread of disease due to inadequate facilities;
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i) When in a decision of a competent court the revocation or suspension
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of the water permit or grant is ordered or recommended; and
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j) Such other serious offenses or gross violations and infractions as the

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Council may decide.

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Section S6._Applicability of the New Rules of Court and Related

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Laws. - The provisions of the New Rules of Court, Presidential Decree Nos.
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77 and 911 on preliminary investigation shall have suppletory effect on mat-

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Section 87._Appeal of Council Decisions. - The decisions of the

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Council concerning policies on the utilization, exploitation, development, con-

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trol, conservation and protection of water resources may be appealed to the

President.
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Section 88._ These rules shall take effect fifteen (15) days after publica-
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tion in three (3) newspapers of general circulation.

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***
UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTED AT THE 119th MEETING OF THE
NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL~~~ JUNE 11,/979_
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Chairman
Ethics and Accountability: The Philippine Experience
By the Civil Service Commission of Philippines
Introduction
Under a democracy such as in the Philippines, the people’s fundamental faith in the integrity of
political institutions is what holds the system together even under the most difficult times. The
present situation in the Philippines is a test of this principle. Whether or not the test is passed
with success is a matter yet to be seen. However, at this stage, what could be gainfully
learned from present experience is the knowledge that people’s trust seems to lie on the
existence of ethics and accountability mechanisms and infrastructure. As shown and proven
with quite a measure of success by many studies, ethics and accountability are keys not only
to effective government but also to effective governance. The following discussions deal with
some of the infrastructures and initiatives in the Philippines.
Legal Framework
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines provides the basis of ethical and accountable
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behavior in the public sector. Section 1 of Article XI states that:
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Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all
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times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility,
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integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead
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modest lives.
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This provision requires every public official and employee to exhibit and live certain values
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while in government service. In addition, the State has been mandated by the Constitution to
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“maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures
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against graft and corruption”.

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In 1989, the Philippine legislature passed Republic Act No. 6713, a law embodying the Code
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of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees. The Code spells out in
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fine detail the do’s and don’ts for government officials and employees in and out of the
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workplace. These do’s and don’ts are encapsulated in the eight norms of conduct to be
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observed by all government officials and employees. These norms or standards are:
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• Commitment to public interest

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• Professionalism
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Justness and sincerity

• Political neutrality
• Responsiveness to the public
• Nationalism and patriotism
• Commitment to democracy
• Simple living
The Code, likewise, introduced some reforms in the administrative systems like giving heads
of agencies the responsibility of ensuring there is a value development program for their
employees; continuing studies on work systems and procedures with
the end in view of improving the delivery if public services; and, mandating the designation of
a resident Ombudsman in every department, office and agency. Incentives and rewards
system has also been put in place.
Another comprehensive law passed to address and curb the commission of malfeasance in
government is Republic Act No. 3019 or the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. In Section
1 of this law, it states that:
It is the policy of the Philippine Government, in line with the principle that
a public office is a public trust, to repress certain acts of public officer and
private persons alike which constitute graft and corrupt practices which may
lead thereto.
This law specifies eleven (1 1) instances of corrupt practices in addition to acts or omissions
already penalized by existing laws.
Political Commitment
The legal infrastructure that prescribes ethical conduct of; public servants is reinforced by
political commitment. This political commitment, while difficult to benchmark, has been
demonstrated by some policy pronouncements. Quite significant are the
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ten-point action agenda of the present Administration and the Medium-Term Development Plan
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(2000 2004) or
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Angat Pinoy 2004 which embody the framework for the country’s socioeconomic
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development.The agenda and
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the MTDP place the implementation of a sustained

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training and orientation
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program on anti-graft and corrupt practices and laws, and on the Ethical Standards Act of
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Public Officials and Employees among the Administration’s priorities to

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reduce graft and corruption and exact high standards of ethics in government. Proceeding from
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this, departments and agencies of the executive branch have set up and implemented various
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Oversightthat
programs Institutions
aim to eliminate bureaucratic red tape. One-stop action centers are now being
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The legal infrastructure and political commitment are supported and complemented by the
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promoted and institutionalized in the agencies.

existence of oversight institutions. The creation of the oversight institutions that deal with
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issues of ethics, accountability, graft and corruption are mandated by the Constitution. The
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common feature of these institutions is they enjoy a substantive degree of fiscal autonomy in
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the sense that they are not subject to the fiscal controls of the executive. The budget is
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directly released to these institutions and the heads are authorized to realign savings from
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their budget. They also have quasi-judicial powers in that they can adjudicate and decide
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cases and enforce their own decisions, including the imposition of sanctions which may
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include suspension from office or even dismissal from government service.

In the Philippines, the three constitutionally mandated oversight institutions are the Civil
Service Commission, the Office of the Ombudsman and the Commission on Audit.
The Civil Service Commission is the central personnel agency of the government. Under
Section 3, Article IX-B of the Constitution, the CSC is mandated to “establish
career service and adopt measures to promote morale, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness,
progressiveness, and courtesy in the civil service.” It is also tasked to “institutionalize a
management climate conducive to public accountability.” CSC’s effort involves in enforcing
ethics and accountability of line agencies basically involves three approaches. One approach
is regulatory, the other, corrective, and the last one, developmental. The first approach
addresses compliance of-agencies with policies and standards on HRD systems set by the
CSC. For instance, CSC prescribes qualification standards for each and every position in
the Philippine government. Non-compliance with the QS by agencies in the processing of
appointments of their staff results in the disapproval by the CSC of such appointments. But,
apart from the substantive requirements for practically all kinds of personnel actions such as
the publication requirement and the promotion and selection board processes. Non-
compliance with the procedural requirements constitutes ground for corrective or even punitive
action. The second approach deals with disciplinary actions against official or employee for
infractions committed in relation to the performance of his/her official functions. The
Administrative Code of 1987 or Executive Order No. 292 outlines the various acts that are
subject to administrative disciplinary proceedings. However, administrative discipline is not a
function within the exclusive jurisdiction of CSC. Agency heads as well as the Office of the
Ombudsman also have the authority to proceed against erring government officials and
employees. The third approach is developmental and will be discussed later in the
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succeeding paragraph.
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The Office of the Ombudsman acts as a prosecutor against those charged with the violation of
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RA 3019, RA 6713 and the law against ill-gotten wealth, among others. It is mandated to
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investigate and prosecute the criminal liability of public officials and employees involved in
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graft and corruption.
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The Commission on Audit is the fiscal watchdog of the government. COA is responsible for
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ensuring legal and proper disbursement of public funds and preventing irregular, unnecessary,
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or extravagant expenditures or usage of public funds. It also has quasi-judicial powers.

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All these oversight institutions enforce accountability ethic in government.

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Active Citizenry
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Market principle is at work in government operations. This simply means that the services
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provided by the government are dictated, to a large extent, by the need of the people. Some
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mechanisms by which the extent, type and adequacy of services are gauged are feedback
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surveys and the practice of benchmarking.

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The CSC has relied on Mamamayan Muna, Hindi Mamaya Na! Program (translated as
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Citizens First, Not Later) as source of client feedback. The program is a government-wide
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campaign of the CSC that not only provides measure of client satisfaction but also addresses
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the need for behavioral reforms in the bureaucracy, particularly in the manner by which civil
servants deal with the public. Since the formal launching in 1994, the program has gained
wide acceptance by the public. By reviewing the number and subject matter of
complaints received under the
program, the CSC has been able to determine the centers of excellence in government. On
the other hand, the performance of agencies that received the highest complaints are
continuously being monitored.
Promoting Ethics and Accountability in the Public Sector

There have been numerous initiatives in promoting ethics and accountability in the public
sector. As shown in the earlier discussions, all the above mechanisms focus on exacting as
well as developing ethics and accountability consciousness in government officials and
employees. The other approach that will be given emphasis in the discussion are the
various developmental initiatives, which are within the area of knowledge and competence of
the CSC.
As earlier mentioned, RA 6713 has put in place an incentive and awards program in
government. Every year, officials and
employees who have demonstrated exemplary service and conduct
in observance of the eight norms of conduct are chosen and are conferred awards by the
Office of the President and the CSC. The Presidential Lingkod Bayan
(meaning: “Serving the Nation”) Award is conferred by the President to an individual for
consistent and dedicated performance which made significant impact to the public and the
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country as a whole. The CSC Pag-asa (meaning: “Hope”) Award is granted to a group of
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individuals or a team who demonstrated outstanding teamwork and cooperation which
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resulted in better delivery of public service, improved the lives of clients or beneficiaries, or
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instituted efficiency and economy in government operations.
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In preparing public servants for ethical dilemma, all new entrants in government service
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undergo the Alay sa Bayan (meaning: “For the Country”) Induction Program. This aims to
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focus and enhance the energies and commitment of new employees as they assume their
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new roles as government employees. What follows this is a three-day training program Values
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Orientation Workshop. The VOW is designed to inculcate appropriate norms and conduct
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becoming of government employees.

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For career executives, a program called Gabay ng Paglilingkod (translated as “Guide to

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Service”) is a capability building program that provides a forum for discussion on values and
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principles of public ethics and accountability among government managers.

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One of CSC’s present initiatives is the training on public sector ethics and accountability, which
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is being developed under the auspices of the United Nations Development Programme -
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PARAGON Regional Governance Reform Program. The training course forms part of a six-
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module training package on governance, which UNDP hopes to pilot across the Asia Pacific
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Region. The framework that is being pursued for this training course basically focuses on the
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individual. Because what is being dealt with are moral and ethical issues, the resolve to
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behave in accordance with the standards of conduct and to live a life of integrity depends
greatly on the individual. Of course, as previously elucidated in the paper, the standards for
individual behavior should be reinforced by existing mechanisms in the organization. At the
community level, there should be ethical infrastructures that will further reinforce and sustain
ethical and accountable behavior. The framework therefore
suggests mechanisms or ethics infrastructures, which are not only at the personal level but also at the levels of
the organization and the community. The mechanisms and infrastructures common to all levels are commitment,
workable code of conduct, effective legal framework, professional socialization mechanisms, efficient
accountability mechanisms, ethics coordinating body, supportive public sector conditions and active civil society.
A future goal is for the CSC to be the Center for Leadership and Ethical Management in the government. This
has been placed in the drawing board and it is expected that concrete proposals will be ready next year.
A Final Word
The issues of ethics and accountability pose a continuing challenge to the Philippine government. The
mechanisms and infrastructure that have been put in place, as outlined in this paper, may not yet be the best or
ideal in the sense that ethical and accountable behavior in the public sector is still much to be desired in the
Philippines. But, there is so much hope to hold and believe that there will be many opportunities to lead and
change for the best.
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Philippine Constitution (1987)
Preamble
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society
and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve
and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.
ARTICLE l
NATIONAL TERRITORY
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein,
and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial,
fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas. The waters around between, the connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of
their
breadth and dimensions, from part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
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ARTICLE II s
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Declaration of Principles and State Policies
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Principles
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Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all
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government authority emanates from them.

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Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted
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principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice,
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freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.

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Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the
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protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the
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national territory.
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Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon
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the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions
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provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service.

Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and promotion of the
general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.
Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
State Policies
Section 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount
consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-
determination.
Section 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from
nuclear weapons in its territory.
Section 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social
services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living,and an improved quality of life for all.
Section 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development.
Section 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic
autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from
conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and
the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.
Section 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their
physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and
nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.
Section 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental
equality before the law of women and men.
Section 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health
consciousness among them.
Section 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in
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accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
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Section 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster
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patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.
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Section 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and
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promote their welfare.
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Section 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by
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Filipinos.
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Section 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise,
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and provides incentives to needed investments.

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Section 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.
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Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the
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framework of national unity and development.

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Section 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based,or sectoral organizations that
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promote the welfare of the nation.

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Section 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.
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Section 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
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Section 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political
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dynasties as may be defined by law.

Section 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective
measures against graft and corruption.
Section 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full
public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.
ARTICLE III
Bill of Rights
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any
person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search
warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge
after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of
the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in
any proceeding.
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of
the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.
Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.
The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be
impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest
of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to
official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to
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government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such
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limitations as may be provided by law.
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Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions,
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associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
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Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
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Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

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Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be
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denied to any person by reason of poverty.

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Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be
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informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own
choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot
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be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.

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(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which violate the free will shall be used
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against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
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(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in
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evidence against him.

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(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to the
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Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of
guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may
be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall
enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation
against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have
compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf.
However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has
been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or
rebellion when the public safety requires it.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-
judicial, or administrative bodies.
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted.
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted.
Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress
hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the
use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished
by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for
the same act.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
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ARTICLE IV
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Citizenship
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Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
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1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
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2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;

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3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching
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Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to
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perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in
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accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
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Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.
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Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or
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omission they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
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Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.
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ARTICLE V
Suffrage
Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are
at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the
place wherein they propose to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the election.No literacy,
property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
Section 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as well as a
system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of
other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules as the Commission on
Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot.
ARTICLE VI
The Legislative Department
Section 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a
Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative
and referendum.
Section 2. The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large by the qualified
voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of
the election, is at least thirty-five years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter, and a resident of the
Philippines for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the election.
Section 4. The term of office of the Senators shall be six years and shall commence, unless otherwise provided
by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election. No Senator shall serve for more than
two consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an
interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term of which he was elected.
Section 5. (1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and fifty
members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned among the
provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective
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inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by law, shall be
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elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
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(2) The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives
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including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half
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of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from
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the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may
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be provided by law,except the religious sector.

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(4) Within three years following the return of every census, the Congress shall make a reapportionment of
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Section 6. No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he is a natural-born citizen of
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the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least twenty-five years of age, able to read and write, and,
except the party-list representatives, a registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected, and a resident
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thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election.
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Section 7. The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of three years which shall
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begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election. No
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Member of the House of Representatives shall serve for more than three consecutive terms. Voluntary
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renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his
service for the full term for which he was elected.
Section 8. Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election of the Senators and the Members of the
House of Representatives shall be held on the second Monday of May.
Section 9. In case of vacancy in the Senate or in the House of Representatives, a special election may be called
to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, but the Senator or Member of the House of
Representatives thus elected shall serve only for the unexpired term.
Section 10. The salaries of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall be determined by law.
No increase in said compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the full term of all the Members of
the Senate and the House of Representatives approving such increase.
Section 11. A Senator or Member of the House of Representatives shall, in all offenses punishable by not more
than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest while the Congress is in session. No Member shall be
questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the Congress or in any committee
thereof.
Section 12. All Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall, upon assumption of office,
make a full disclosure of their financial and business interests. They shall notify the House concerned of a
potential conflict of interest that may arise from the filing of a proposed legislation of which they are authors.
Section 13. No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may hold any other office or employment in
the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or
controlled corporations or their subsidiaries, during his term without forfeiting his seat. Neither shall he be
appointed to any office which may have been created or the emoluments thereof increased during the term for
which he was elected.
Section 14. No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may personally appear as counsel before
any court of justice or before the Electoral Tribunals, or quasi-judicial and other administrative bodies. Neither
shall he, directly or indirectly, be interested financially in any contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege
granted by the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any government-
owned or controlled corporation, or its subsidiary, during his term of office. He shall not intervene in any matter
before any office of the Government for his pecuniary benefit or where he may be called upon to act on account
of his office.
Section 15. The Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its regular session,
unless a different date is fixed by law, and shall continue to be in session for such number of days as it may
determine until thirty days before the opening of its next regular session, exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and
legal holidays. The President may call a special session at any time.
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Section 16. (1). The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker, by a
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majority vote of all its respective Members. Each House shall choose such other officers as it may deem
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necessary.
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(2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from
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day to day and may compel the attendance of absent Members in such manner, and under such penalties, as
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such House may provide.

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(3) Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly behavior, and,
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with the concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members,suspend or expel a Member. A penalty of suspension, when
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imposed, shall not exceed sixty days.

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(4) Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such
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parts as may, in its judgment, affect national security; and the yeas and nays on any question shall, at the
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request of one-fifth of the Members present, be entered in the Journal. Each House shall also keep a Record of
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its proceedings.
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(5) Neither House during the sessions of the Congress shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more
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than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
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Section 17. The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each have an Electoral Tribunal which shall be
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the sole judge of all contests relating to the election,returns, and qualifications of their respective Members. Each
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Electoral Tribunal shall be composed of nine Members,three of whom shall be Justices of the Supreme Court to
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be designated by the Chief Justice, and the remaining six shall be Members of the Senate or the House of
Representatives, as the case maybe, who shall be chosen on the basis of proportional representation from the
political parties and the parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein. The
senior Justice in the Electoral Tribunal shall be its Chairman.
Section 18. There shall be a Commission on Appointments consisting of the President of the Senate, as ex
officio Chairman, twelve Senators, and twelve Members of the House of Representatives, elected by each
House on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties and parties or organizations
registered under the party-list system represented therein. The chairman of the Commission shall not vote,
except in case of a tie. The Commission shall act on all appointments submitted to it within thirty session days of
the Congress from their submission. The Commission shall rule by a majority vote of all the Members.
Section 19. The Electoral Tribunals and the Commission on Appointments shall be constituted within thirty days
after the Senate and the House of Representatives shall have been organized with the election of the President
and the Speaker. The Commission on Appointments shall meet only while the Congress is in session, at the call
of its Chairman or a majority of all its Members, to discharge such powers and functions as are herein conferred
upon it.
Section 20. The records and books of accounts of the Congress shall be preserved and be open to the public in
accordance with law, and such books shall be audited by the Commission on Audit which shall publish annually
an itemized list of amounts paid to and expenses incurred for each Member.
Section 21. The Senate or the House of Representatives or any of its respective committees may conduct
inquiries in aid of legislation in accordance with its duly published rules of procedure. The rights of persons
appearing in or affected by such inquiries shall be respected.
Section 22. The heads of departments may upon their own initiative, with the consent of the President, or upon
the request of either House, as the rules of each House shall provide, appear before and be heard by such
House on any matter pertaining to their departments. Written questions shall be submitted to the President of the
Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives at least three days before their scheduled appearance.
Interpellations shall not be limited to written questions, but may cover matters related thereto. When the security
of the State or the public interest so requires and the President so states in writing, the appearance shall be
conducted in executive session.
Section 23. (1) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint session assembled, voting
separately, shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war.
(2) In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the President, for a limited
period and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry
out a declared national policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress, such powers shall
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cease upon the next adjournment thereof.
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Section 24. All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of the public debt, bills of local
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application, and private bills hall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may
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propose or concur with amendments.
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Section 25. (1) The Congress may not increase the appropriations recommended by the President for the
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operation of the Government as specified in the budget. The form,content, and manner of preparation of the
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budget shall be prescribed by law.
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(2) No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general appropriations bill unless it relates specifically to
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some particular appropriation therein. Any such provision or enactment shall be limited in its operation to the
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(3) The procedure in approving appropriations for the Congress shall strictly follow the procedure for approving
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appropriations for other departments and agencies.

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(4) A special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for which it is intended, and shall be supported by
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funds actually available as certified by the National Treasurer, or to be raised by a corresponding revenue
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proposal therein.
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(5) No law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of appropriations; however, the President, the President of
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the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the
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heads of Constitutional Commissions may, by law,be authorized to augment any item in the general
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appropriations law for their respective offices from savings in other items of their respective appropriations.
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(6) Discretionary funds appropriated for particular officials shall be disbursed only for public purposes to be
supported by appropriate vouchers and subject to such guidelines as may be prescribed by law.
(7) If, by the end of any fiscal year, the Congress shall have failed to pass the general appropriations bill for the
ensuing fiscal year, the general appropriations law for the preceding fiscal year shall be deemed reenacted and
shall remain in force and effect until the general appropriations bill is passed by the Congress.
Section 26. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which shall be expressed in
the title thereof.
(2) No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has passed three readings on separate days,
and printed copies thereof in its final form have been distributed to its Members three days before its passage,
except when the President certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public calamity or
emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall
be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal.
Section 27. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President.
If he approves the same he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his objections to the
House where it originated, which shall enter the objections at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If,
after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be
sent, together with the objections,to the other House by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved
by two-thirds of all the Members of that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of each House
shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names of the Members voting for or against shall be entered in its
Journal. The President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it originated within thirty days
after the date of receipt thereof, otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it.
(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff
bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object.
Section 28. (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The Congress shall evolve a progressive
system of taxation.
(2) The Congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix within specified limits, and subject to such
limitations and restrictions as it may impose, tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues,
and other duties or imposts within the framework of the national development program of the Government.
(3) Charitable institutions, churches and parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosques, non- profit
cemeteries,
religious, and all lands, buildings, and improvements, actually, directly, and exclusively used for
charitable, or educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation.
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(4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all the Members
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of the Congress.
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Section 29. (1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by
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law.
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(2) No public money or property shall be appropriated, applied,paid, or employed, directly or indirectly, for the
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use, benefit, or support of any sect, church,denomination, sectarian institution, or system of religion, or of any
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priest, preacher, minister, other religious teacher, or dignitary as such, except when such priest, preacher,
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minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or to any penal institution, or government orphanage or
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(3) All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund and paid out for
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such purpose only. If the purpose for which a special fund was created has been fulfilled or abandoned, the
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balance, if any, shall be transferred to the general funds of the Government.

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Section 30. No law shall be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as provided in
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Section 31. No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be enacted.

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Section 32. The Congress shall, as early as possible, provide for a system of initiative and referendum, and the
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exceptions therefrom, whereby the people can directly propose and enact laws or approve or reject any act or
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law or part thereof passed by the Congress or local legislative body after the registration of a petition therefor
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signed by at least ten per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must
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be represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters thereof.
ARTICLE VII
Executive Department
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.
Section 2. No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a
registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of
the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.
Section 3. There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same qualifications and term of office and be
elected with and in the same manner as the President. He may be removed from office in the same manner as
the President.
The Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet. Such appointment requires no confirmation.
Section 4. The President and the Vice-President shall be elected by direct vote of the people for a term of six
years which shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at
noon of the same date six years thereafter. The President shall not be eligible for any reelection. No person who
has succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to
the same office at any time.
No Vice-President shall serve for more than two successive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any
length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of the service for the full term for which
he was elected.
Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for President and Vice-President shall be held on the
second Monday of May.
The returns of every election for President and Vice-President, duly certified by the board of canvassers of
each province or city, shall be transmitted to the Congress, directed to the President of the Senate. Upon
receipt of the certificates of canvass, the President of the Senate shall, not later than thirty days after the day
of the election, open all the certificates in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives in joint
public session, and the Congress, upon determination of the authenticity and due execution thereof in the
manner provided by law, canvass the votes.
The person having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimed elected, but in case two or more shall have
an equal and highest number of votes, one of them shall forthwith be chosen by the vote of a majority of all
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the Members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.
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The Congress shall promulgate its rules for the canvassing of the certificates.
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The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and
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qualifications of the President or Vice-President, and may promulgate its rules for the purpose.
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Section 5. Before they enter on the execution of their office, the President, the Vice-President, or the Acting
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President shall take the following oath or affirmation:

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"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice-
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President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do
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justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." (In case of
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Section 6. The President shall have an official residence. The salaries of the President and Vice-President shall
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be determined by law and shall not be decreased during their tenure. No increase in said compensation shall
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take effect until after the expiration of the term of the incumbent during which such increase was approved. They
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shall not receive during their tenure any other emolument from the Government or any other source.
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Section 7. The President-elect and the Vice-President-elect shall assume office at the beginning of their terms.
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If the President-elect fails to qualify, the Vice-President-elect shall act as President until the President-elect shall
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have qualified.
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If a President shall not have been chosen, the Vice-President-elect shall act as President until a President shall
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have been chosen and qualified.

If at the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died or shall have become
permanently disabled, the Vice-President-elect shall become President.
Where no President and Vice-President shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have
died or become permanently disabled, the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the
House of Representatives shall act as President until a President or a Vice-President shall have been chosen
and qualified.
The Congress shall, by law, provide for the manner in which one who is to act as President shall be selected
until a President or a Vice-President shall have qualified, in case of death, permanent disability, or inability of the
officials mentioned in the next preceding paragraph.
Section 8. In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the President, the Vice-
President shall become the President to serve the unexpired term. In case of death, permanent disability,
removal from office, or resignation of both the President and Vice-President, the President of the Senate or, in
case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall then act as President until the President
or Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified.
The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as President in case of death, permanent disability, or
resignation of the Acting President. He shall serve until the President or the Vice-President shall have been
elected and qualified, and be subject to the same restrictions of powers and disqualifications as the Acting
President.
Section 9. Whenever there is a vacancy in the Office of the Vice-President during the term for which he was
elected, the President shall nominate a Vice-President from among the Members of the Senate and the House
of Representatives who shall assume office upon confirmation by a majority vote of all the Members of both
Houses of the Congress, voting separately.
Section 10. The Congress shall, at ten o'clock in the morning of the third day after the vacancy in the offices of
the President and Vice-President occurs, convene in accordance with its rules without need of a call and within
seven days enact a law calling for a special election to elect a President and a Vice-President to be held not
earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days from the time of such call. The bill calling such special
election shall be deemed certified under paragraph 2, Section 26, Article V1 of this Constitution and shall
become law upon its approval on third reading by the Congress. Appropriations for the special election shall be
charged against any current appropriations and shall be exempt from the requirements of paragraph 4,
Section 25, Article V1 of this Constitution. The convening of the Congress cannot be suspended nor the
special election postponed. No special election shall be called if the vacancy occurs within eighteen months
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Section 11. Whenever the President transmits to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
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Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and
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until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by
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Whenever a majority of all the Members of the Cabinet transmit to the President of the Senate and to the
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Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the
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powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office
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Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of
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Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall reassume the powers and duties of his
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office. Meanwhile, should a majority of all the Members of the Cabinet transmit within five days to the President
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of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is
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unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Congress shall decide the issue. For that purpose,
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the Congress shall convene, if it is not in session, within forty-eight hours, in accordance with its rules and
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If the Congress, within ten days after receipt of the last written declaration, or, if not in session, within twelve
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days after it is required to assemble, determines by a two-thirds vote of both Houses, voting separately, that the
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President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice- President shall act as President;
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Section 12. In case of serious illness of the President, the public shall be informed of the state of his health. The
members of the Cabinet in charge of national security and foreign relations and the Chief of Staff of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, shall not be denied access to the President during such illness.
Section 13. The President, Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, and their deputies or assistants shall
not, unless otherwise provided in this Constitution, hold any other office or employment during their tenure. They
shall not, during said tenure, directly or indirectly, practice any other profession, participate in any business, or
be financially interested in any contract with, or in any franchise, or special privilege granted by the Government
or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or
their subsidiaries. They shall strictly avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of their office.
The spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree of the President shall not
during his tenure be appointed as Members of the Constitutional Commissions, or the Office of the Ombudsman,
or a Secretaries, Undersecretaries, chairmen or heads of bureaus or offices, including government-owned or
controlled corporations and their subsidiaries.
Section 14. Appointments extended by an Acting President shall remain effective, unless revoked by the elected
President within ninety days from his assumption or reassumption of office.
Section 15. Two months immediately before the next presidential elections and up to the end of his term, a
President or Acting President shall not make appointments, except temporary appointments to executive
positions when continued vacancies therein will prejudice public service or endanger public safety.
Section 16. The President shall nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments, appoint
the heads of the executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, or officers of the
armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose appointments are vested in him
in this Constitution. He shall also appoint all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not
otherwise provided for by law, and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. The Congress may, by
law, vest the appointment of other officers lower in rank in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of
departments, agencies, commissions, or boards.
The President shall have the power to make appointments during the recess of the Congress, whether voluntary
or compulsory, but such appointments shall be effective only until disapproval by the Commission on
Appointments or until the next adjournment of the Congress.
Section 17. The President shall have control of all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices. He shall
ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.
Section 18. The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines and
whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence,
invasion or rebellion. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he may, for a period not
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exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part
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thereof under martial law. Within forty-eight hours from the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the
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privilege
writ of thecorpus, the President shall submit a report in person or in writing to the Congress. The Congress,
of habeas
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voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all its Members in regular or special session, may revoke such
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proclamation or suspension, which revocation shall not be set aside by the President. Upon the initiative of the
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President, the Congress may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or suspension for a period to be
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determined by the Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist and public safety requires it.
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The Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four hours following such proclamation or suspension,
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The Supreme Court may review, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen, the sufficiency of the factual
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basis of the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ or the extension thereof,
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and must its decision thereon within thirty days from its filing.
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A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor supplant the functioning of the civil
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courts or legislative assemblies, nor authorize the conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over
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where civil courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ.
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The suspension of the privilege of the writ shall apply only to persons judicially charged for rebellion or offenses
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During the suspension of the privilege of the writ, any person thus arrested or detained shall be judicially
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Section 19. Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the President may
grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final judgment.
He shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the
Congress.
Section 20. The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines
with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
The Monetary Board shall, within thirty days from the end of every quarter of the calendar year, submit to the
Congress a complete report of its decision on applications for loans to be contracted or guaranteed by the
Government or government-owned and controlled corporations which would have the effect of increasing the
foreign debt, and containing other matters as may be provided by law.
Section 21. No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least two-
thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
Section 22. The President shall submit to the Congress within thirty days from the opening of every regular
session, as the basis of the general appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures and sources of financing,
including receipts from existing and proposed revenue measures.
Section 23. The President shall address the Congress at the opening of its regular session. He may also appear
before it at any other time.
ARTICLE VIII
Judicial Department
Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be
established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are
legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of
discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the
Government.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of the various
courts but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Section 5
hereof.No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it under-mines the security of tenure of its
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Members.
Section 3. The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced by the
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legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous year and, after approval, shall be automatically and
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regularly released.
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Section 4. (1) The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate Justices. It may
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sit en banc or in its discretion, in division of three, five, or seven Members. Any vacancy shall be filled within
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(2) All cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty, international or executive agreement, or law, which shall
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be heard by the Supreme Court en banc, and all other cases which under the Rules of Court are required to be
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heard en banc, including those involving the constitutionality, application, or operation of presidential decrees,
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proclamations, orders, instructions, ordinances, and other regulations, shall be decided with the concurrence of
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a majority of the Members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted
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thereon.
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(3) Cases or matters heard by a division shall be decided or resolved with the concurrence of a majority of the
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Members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon, and in no case,
without the concurrence of at least three of such Members. When the required number is not obtained, the case
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shall be decided en banc: Provided, that no doctrine or principle of law laid down by the court in a decision
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rendered en banc or in division may be modified or reversed except by the court sitting en banc.
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Section 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:

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1. Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and
over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus.
2. Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari as the law or the Rules of Court may
provide, final judgments and orders of lower courts in:
3. All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive agreement, law,
presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation is in question.
1. All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in
relation thereto.
2. All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue.
3. All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher.
4. All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved.
4. Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public interest may require. Such
temporary assignment shall not exceed six months without the consent of the judge concerned.
5. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.
6. Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice,
and procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance
to the underprivileged. Such rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy
disposition of cases, shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase,
modify substantive rights. Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain
effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court.
7. Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the Civil Service Law.
Section 6. The Supreme Court shall have administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof.
Section 7. (1) No person shall be appointed Member of the Supreme Court or any lower collegiate court unless
he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines. A Member of the Supreme Court must be at least forty years of
age, and must have been for fifteen years or more a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in
the Philippines.
(2) The Congress shall prescribe the qualifications of judges of lower courts, but no person may be appointed
judge thereof unless he is a citizen of the Philippines and a member of the Philippine Bar.
(3) A Member of the Judiciary must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence.
Section 8. (1) A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby created under the supervision of the Supreme Court
composed of the Chief Justice as ex officio Chairman, the Secretary of Justice, and a representative of the
Congress as ex officio Members, a representative of the Integrated Bar, a professor of law, a retired Member
of the Supreme Court, and a representative of the private sector.
(2) The regular members of the Council shall be appointed by the President for a term of four years with the
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consent of the Commission on Appointments. Of the Members first appointed, the representative of the
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Integrated Bar shall serve for four years, the professor of law for three years, the retired Justice for two years,
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and therepresentative of the private sector for one year.
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(3) The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be the Secretary ex officio of the Council and shall keep a record of its
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proceedings.
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(4) The regular Members of the Council shall receive such emoluments as may be determined by the Supreme
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Court. The Supreme Court shall provide in its annual budget the appropriations for the Council.
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(5) The Council shall have the principal function of recommending appointees to the Judiciary. It may exercise
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such other functions and duties as the Supreme Court may assign to it.
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Section 9. The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts shall be appointed by the President
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from a list of at least three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council for every vacancy. Such
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appointments need no confirmation.

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For the lower courts, the President shall issue the appointments within ninety days from the submission of the
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list.
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Section 10. The salary of the Chief Justice and of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, and of judges of
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lower courts shall be fixed by law. During their continuance in office, their salary shall not be decreased.
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Section 11. The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts shall hold office during good
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behavior until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their
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office. The Supreme Court en banc shall have the power of discipline judges of lower courts, or order their
dismissal by a vote of a majority of the Members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the
case and voted thereon.
Section 12. The Members of the Supreme Court and of other courts established by law shall not be designated
to any agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.
Section 13. The conclusions of the Supreme Court in any case submitted to it for decision en banc or in division
shall be reached in consultation before the case is assigned to a Member for the writing of the opinion of the
Court. A certification to this effect signed by the Chief Justice shall be issued and a copy thereof attached to the
record of the case and served upon the parties. Any Members who took no part, or dissented, or abstained from
a decision or resolution must state the reason therefor. The same requirements shall be observed by all lower
collegiate courts.
Section 14. No decision shall be rendered by any court without expressing therein clearly and distinctly the facts
and the law on which it is based. No petition for review or motion for reconsideration of a decision of the court
shall be refused due course or denied without stating the legal basis therefor.
Section 15. (1) All cases or matters filed after the effectivity of this Constitution must be decided or resolved
within twenty-four months from date of submission for the Supreme Court, and, unless reduced by the Supreme
Court, twelve months for all lower collegiate courts, and three months for all other lower courts.
(2) A case or matter shall be deemed submitted for decision or resolution upon the filing of the last pleading,
brief, or memorandum required by the Rules of Court or by the court itself.
(3) Upon the expiration of the corresponding period, a certification to this effect signed by the Chief Justice or the
presiding judge shall forthwith be issued and a copy thereof attached to the record of the case or matter, and
served upon the parties. The certification shall state why a decision or resolution has not been rendered or
issued within said period.
(4) Despite the expiration of the applicable mandatory period, the court, without prejudice to such responsibility
as may have been incurred in consequence thereof, shall decide or resolve the case or matter submitted thereto
for determination, without further delay.
Section 16. The Supreme Court shall, within thirty days from the opening of each regular session of the
Congress, submit to the President and the Congress an annual report on the operations and activities of the
Judiciary.
ARTICLE IX
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CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
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A. Common Provisions
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Section 1. The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be independent, are the Civil Service Commission, the
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Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.

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Section 2. No member of a Constitutional Commission shall, during his tenure, hold any other office or
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employment. Neither shall he engage in the practice of any profession or in the active management or control of
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any business which in any way may be affected by the functions of his office, nor shall he be financially
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interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with, or in any franchise or privilege granted by the Government,
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any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations or

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their subsidiaries.
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Section. 3. The salary of the Chairman and the Commissioners shall be fixed by law and shall not be decreased
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during their tenure.

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Section 4. The Constitutional Commissions shall appoint their officials and employees in accordance with law.
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Section 5. The Commission shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Their approved annual appropriations shall be
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automatically and regularly released.

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Section 6. Each Commission en banc may promulgate its own rules concerning pleadings and practice before it
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or before any of its offices. Such rules however shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights.
Section 7. Each Commission shall decide by a majority vote of all its Members any case or matter brought
before it within sixty days from the date of its submission for decision or resolution. A case or matter is deemed
submitted for decision or resolution upon the filing of the last pleading, brief, or memorandum required by the
rules of the Commission or by the Commission itself. Unless otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law,
any decision, order, or ruling of each Commission may be brought to the Supreme Court on certiorari by the
aggrieved party within thirty days from receipt of a copy thereof.
Section 8. Each Commission shall perform such other functions as may be provided by law.
B. The Civil Service Commission
Section 1. (1) The civil service shall be administered by the Civil Service Commission composed of a Chairman
and two Commissioners who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their
appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, with proven capacity for public administration, and must not have
been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment.
(2) The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the
Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without reappointment. Of those first appointed, the
Chairman shall hold office for seven years, a Commissioner for five years, and another Commissioner for three
years, without appointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired term of the predecessor.
In no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity.
Section 2. (1) The civil service embraces all branches, subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies of the
Government, including government owned or controlled corporations with original charters.
(2) Appoints in the civil service shall be made only according to merit and fitness to be determined, as far as
practicable, and, except to positions which are policy- determining, primarily confidential, or highly technical, by
competitive examination.
(3) No officer or employee of the civil service shall be removed or suspended except for cause provided by law.
(4) No officer or employee in the civil service shall engage, directly or indirectly, in any electioneering or partisan
political campaign.
(5) The right to self-organization shall not be denied to government employees.
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(6) Temporary employees of the Government shall be given such protection as may be provided by law.
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Section 3. The Civil Service Commission, as the central personnel agency of the Government, shall establish a
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career service and adopt measures to promote morale, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness, progressiveness,
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and courtesy in the civil service. It shall strengthen the merit and rewards system, integrate all human resources
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development programs for all levels and ranks, and institutionalize a management climate conducive to public
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accountability. It shall submit to the President and the Congress an annual report on its personnel programs.
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Section 4. All public officers and employees shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend this
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Constitution.
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Section 5. The Congress shall provide for the standardization of compensation of government officials and
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employees, including those in government-owned or controlled corporations with original charters, taking into
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account the nature of the responsibilities pertaining to, and the qualifications required for their positions.
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Section 6. No candidate who has lost in any election shall, within one year after such election, be appointed to
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any office in the Government or any government-owned or controlled corporations or in any of their subsidiaries.
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Section 7. No elective official shall be eligible for appointment or designation in any capacity to any public office
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or position during his tenure.

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Unless otherwise allowed by law or by the primary functions of his position, no appointive official shall hold any
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other office or employment in the Government or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including
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government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.

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Section 8. No elective or appointive public officer or employee shall receive additional, double, or indirect
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compensation, unless specifically authorized by law, nor accept without the consent of the Congress, any
present, emolument, office, or title of any kind from any foreign government.
Pensions or gratuities shall not be considered as additional, double, or indirect compensation.
C. The Commission on Elections
Section 1. (1) There shall be a Commission on Elections composed of Chairman and six Commissioners who
shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of
age, holders of a college degree, and must not have been candidates for any elective position in the immediately
preceding elections. However, a majority thereof, including the Chairman, shall be members of the Philippine Bar
who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years.
Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without reappointment. Of those first appointed, three
Members shall hold office for seven years, two Members for five years, and the last Members for three years,
without reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired term of the predecessor. In
no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity.
Section 2. The Commission on Elections shall exercise the following powers and functions:
(1) Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative,
referendum, and recall. (2) Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections,
returns, and qualifications of all elective regional, provincial, and city officials, and appellate jurisdiction over all
contests involving elective municipal officials decided by trial courts of general jurisdiction, or involving elective
barangay officials decided by trial courts of limited jurisdiction.
Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the Commission on election contests involving elective municipal and
barangay offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.
(3) Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections, including determination of
the number and location of polling places, appointment of election officials and inspectors, and registration of
voters.
(4) Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement agencies and instrumentalities of the
Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, for the exclusive purpose of ensuring free, orderly,
honest, peaceful, and credible elections.
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(5) Register, after sufficient publication, political parties, organizations, or coalitions which, in addition to other
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requirements, must present their platform or program of government; and accredit citizens' arms of the
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Commission on Elections. Religious denominations and sects shall not be registered. Those which seek to
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achieve their goals through violence or unlawful means, or refuse to uphold and adhere to this Constitution, or
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which are supported by any foreign government shall likewise be refused registration.
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Financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies to political parties, organizations, coalitions,
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or candidates related to elections constitute interference in national affairs, and, when accepted, shall be an
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additional ground for the cancellation of their registration with the Commission, in addition to other penalties that
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(6) File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for inclusion or exclusion of voters;
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investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases of violations of election laws, including acts or omissions
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constituting election frauds, offenses, and malpractices.

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(7) Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election spending, including limitation of places
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where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to prevent and penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses,
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malpractices, and nuisance candidacies.

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(8) Recommend to the President the removal of any officer or employee it has deputized, or the imposition of
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any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or disobedience to its directive, order, or decision.
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(9) Submit to the President and the Congress a comprehensive report on the conduct of each election,
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Section 3. The Commission on Elections may sit en banc or in two divisions, and shall promulgate its rules of
procedure in order to expedite disposition of election cases, including pre- proclamation controversies. All such
election cases shall be heard and decided in division, provided that motions for reconsideration of decisions
shall be decided by the Commission en banc.
Section 4. The Commission may, during the election period, supervise or regulate the enjoyment or utilization of
all franchises or permits for the operation of transportation and other public utilities, media of communication or
information, all grants, special privileges, or concessions granted by the Government or any subdivision, agency,
or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or controlled corporation or its subsidiary. Such
supervision or regulation shall aim to ensure equal opportunity, equal rates therefor, for public information
campaigns and forums among candidates in connection with the objective of holding free, orderly, honest,
peaceful, and credible elections.
Section 5. No pardon, amnesty, parole, or suspension of sentence for violation of election laws, rules, and
regulations shall be granted by the President without the favorable recommendation of the Commission.
Section 6. A free and open party system shall be allowed to evolve according to the free choice of the people,
subject to the provisions of this Article.
Section 7. No votes cast in favor of a political party, organization, or coalition shall be valid, except for those
registered under the party-list system as provided in this Constitution.
Section 8. Political parties, or organizations or coalitions registered under the party-list system, shall not be
represented in the voters' registration boards, boards of election inspectors, boards of canvassers, or other
similar bodies. However, they shall be entitled to appoint poll watchers in accordance with law.
Section 9. Unless otherwise fixed by the Commission in special cases, the election period shall commence
ninety days before the day of election and shall end thirty days thereafter.
Section 10. Bona fide candidates for any public office shall be free from any form of harassment and
discrimination.
Section 11. Funds certified by the Commission as necessary to defray the expenses for holding regular and
special elections, plebiscites, initiatives, referenda, and recalls, shall be provided in the regular or special
appropriations and, once approved, shall be released automatically upon certification by the Chairman of the
Commission.
D. The Commission on Audit
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Section 1. (1) There shall be a Commission on Audit it composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners, who
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shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of
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age, certified public accountants with not less than ten years of auditing experience, or members of the
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Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years, and must not have been
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candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment. At no time shall all
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Members of the Commission belong to the same profession.
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Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without reappointment. Of those first appointed, the
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Chairman shall hold office for seven years, one Commissioner for five years, and the other Commissioner for
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three years, without reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired portion of the
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term of the predecessor. In no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting
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capacity.
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Section 2. (1) The Commission on Audit shall have the power, authority, and duty to examine, audit, and settle
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all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and property, owned or
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held in trust by, or pertaining to, the Government, or any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities,
including government-owned or controlled corporations with original charters, and on a post- audit basis: (a)
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constitutional bodies, commissions and offices that have been granted fiscal autonomy under this Constitution;
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(b) autonomous state colleges and universities; (c) other government-owned or controlled corporations and their
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subsidaries; and (d) such non-governmental entities receiving subsidy or equity, directly or indirectly, from or
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through the Government, which are required by law or the granting institution to submit to such audit as a
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condition of subsidy or equity. However, where the internal control system of the audited agencies is inadequate,
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the Commission may adopt such measures,including temporary or special pre-audit, as are necessary and
appropriate to correct the deficiencies. It shall keep the general accounts of the Government and, for such period
as may be provided by law, preserve the vouchers and other supporting papers pertaining thereto.
(2) The Commission shall have exclusive authority, subject to the limitations in this Article, to define the scope of
its audit and examination, establish the techniques and methods required therefor, and promulgate accounting
and auditing rules and regulations, including those for the prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary,
excessive, extravagant, or unconscionable expenditures, or uses of government funds and properties.
Section 3. No law shall be passed exempting any entity of the Government or its subsidiary in any guise
whatever, or any investment of public funds, from the jurisdiction of the Commission on Audit.
Section 4. The Commission shall submit to the President and the Congress, within the time fixed by law,an
annual report covering the financial condition and operation of the Government, its subdivisions, agencies, and
instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations, and non-governmental entities subject
to its audit, and recommend measures necessary to improve their effectiveness and efficiency. It shall submit
such other reports as may be required by law.
ARTICLE X
Local Government
General Provisions
Section 1. The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the provinces, cities,
municipalities, and barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras as
hereinafter provided.
Section 2. The territorial and political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy.
Section 3. The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a more responsive and
accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective
mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their
powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal,
term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization
and operation of the local units.
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Section 4. The President of the Philippines shall exercise general supervision over local governments.
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Provinces with respect to component cities an municipalities, and cities and municipalities with respect to
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component barangays shall ensure that the acts of their component units are within the scope of their prescribed
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powers and functions.
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Section 5. Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy
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taxes, fees and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the Congress may provide, consistent with
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the basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes, fees, and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local
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governments.
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Section 6. Local government units shall have a just share, as determined by law, in the national taxes which
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Section 7. Local governments shall be entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization and
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development of the national wealth within their respective areas, in the manner provided by law, including
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sharing the same with the inhabitants by way of direct benefits.

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Section 8. The term of office of elective local officials, except barangay officials, which shall be determined by
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law, shall be three years and no such official serve for more than three consecutive terms. Voluntary
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renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his
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Section 9. Legislative bodies of local governments shall have sectoral representation as may be prescribed by
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law.
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Section 10. No province, city, municipality, or barangay may be created, divided, merged, abolished, or its
boundary substantially altered, except in accordance with the criteria established in the local government code
and subject to approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite in the political units directly affected.
Section 11. The Congress may, by law, create special metropolitan political subdivisions, subject to a plebiscite
as set forth in Section 10 hereof. The component cities and municipalities shall retain their basic autonomy and
shall be entitled to their own local executives and legislative assemblies. The jurisdiction of the metropolitan
authority that will thereby be created shall be limited to basic services requiring coordination.
Section 12. Cities that are highly urbanized, as determined by law, and component cities whose charters
prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective officials, shall be independent of the province. The voters
of component cities within a province, whose charters contain no such prohibition, shall not be deprived of their
right to vote for elective provincial officials.
Section 13. Local government units may group themselves, consolidate or coordinate their efforts, services, and
resources for purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance with law.
Section 14. The President shall provide for regional development councils or other similar bodies composed of
local government officials, regional heads of departments and other government offices, and representatives
from non-governmental organizations within the regions for purposes of administrative decentralization to
strengthen the autonomy of the units therein and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development
of the units in the region.
Autonomous Regions
Section 15. There shall be created autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras consisting of
provinces, cities, municipalities, and geographical areas sharing common and distinctive historical and cultural
heritage, economic and social structures, and other relevant characteristics within the framework of this
Constitution and the national sovereignty as well as territorial integrity of the Republic of the Philippines.
Section 16. The President shall exercise general supervision over autonomous regions to ensure that laws are
faithfully executed.
Section 17. All powers, functions, and responsibilities not granted by this Constitution or by law to the
autonomous regions shall be vested in the National Government.
Section 18. The Congress shall enact an organic act for each autonomous region with the assistance and
participation of the regional consultative commission composed of representatives appointed by the
President from a list of nominees from multisectoral bodies. The organic act shall define the basic structure
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of government for the region consisting of the executive department and legislative assembly, both of which
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shall be elective and representative of the constituent political units. The organic acts shall likewise provide
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for special courts with personal, family, and property law jurisdiction consistent with the provisions of this
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Constitution and national laws.
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The creation of the autonomous region shall be effective when approved by majority of the votes cast by the
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constituent units in a plebiscite called for the purpose, provided that only provinces, cities, and geographic areas
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Section 19. The first Congress elected under this Constitution shall, within eighteen months from the time of
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organization of both Houses, pass the organic acts for the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the
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Section 20. Within its territorial jurisdiction and subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national laws,
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(1) Administrative organization; (2) Creation of sources of revenues; (3) Ancestral domain and natural resources;
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(4) Personal, family, and property relations; (5) Regional urban and rural planning development; (6) Economic,
social, and tourism development; (7) Educational policies; (8) Preservation and development of the cultural
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heritage; and (9) Such other matters as may be authorized by law for the promotion of the general welfare of the
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Section 21. The preservation of ponstitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal
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of public trust. All other public officers and employees may be removed from office as provided by law, but not by
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impeachment.
Section 3. (1) The House of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to initiate all cases of
impeachment.
(2) A verified complaint for impeachment may be filed by any Member of the House of Representatives or by any
citizen upon a resolution of endorsement by any Member thereof, which shall be included in the Order of
Business within ten session days, and referred to the proper Committee within three session days thereafter.
The Committee, after hearing, and by a majority vote of all its Members, shall submit its report to the House
within sixty session days from such referral, together with the corresponding resolution. The resolution shall be
calendared for consideration by the House within ten session days from receipt thereof.
(3) A vote of at least one-third of all the Members of the House shall be necessary either to affirm a favorable
resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the Committee, or override its contrary resolution. The vote of
each Member shall be recorded.
(4) In case the verified complaint or resolution of impeachment is filed by at least one-third of all the Members of
the House, the same shall constitute the Articles of Impeachment, and trial by the Senate shall forthwith
proceed.
(5) No impeachment proceedings shall be initiated against the same official more than once within a period of
one year.
(6) The Senate shall have the sole power to try and decide all cases of impeachment. When sitting for that
purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote. No person shall be convicted without the
concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
(7) Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to
hold any office under the Republic of the Philippines, but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and
subject to prosecution, trial and punishment according to law.
(8) The Congress shall promulgate its rules on impeachment to effectively carry out the purpose of this section.
Section 4. The present anti-graft court known as the Sandigan-bayan shall continue to function and exercise its
jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.
Section 5. There is hereby created the independent Office of the Ombudsman, composed of the Ombudsman to
be known as Tanod-bayan, one overall Deputy and at least one Deputy each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
A separate Deputy for the military establishment may likewise be appointed.
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Section 6. The officials and employees of the Office of the Ombudsman, other than the Deputies, shall be
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appointed by the Ombudsman according to the Civil Service Law.
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Section 7. The existing Tanodbayan shall hereafter be known as the Office of the Special Prosecutor. It shall
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continue to function exercise its powers as now or hereafter may be provided by law, except those conferred on
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the Office of the Ombudsman created under this Constitution. s
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Section 8. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines, and at the time of
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their appointment, at least forty years old, or recognized probity and independence, and members of the
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Philippine Bar, and must not have been candidates for any elective office in the immediately preceding election.
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The Ombudsman must have for ten years or more been a judge or engaged in the practice of law in the
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Philippines.
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During their tenure, they shall be subject to the same disqualifications and prohibitions as provided for in Section
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2 of Article 1X-A of this Constitution.

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Section 9. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be appointed by the President from a list of at least six
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nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council, and from a list of three nominees for every vacancy
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thereafter. Such appointments shall require no confirmation. All vacancies shall be filled within three months
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Section 10. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall have the rank of Chairman and Members, respectively, of
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the Constitutional Commissions, and they shall receive the same salary, which shall not be decreased during
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their term of office.

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Section 11. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall serve for a term of seven years without reappointment.
They shall not be qualified to run for any office in the election immediately succeeding their cessation from office.
Section 12. The Ombudsman and his Deputies, as protectors of the people, shall act promptly on complaints
filed in any form or manner against public officials or employees of the Government, or any subdivision, agency
or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations, and shall, in appropriate
cases, notify the complainants of the action taken and the result thereof.
Section 13. The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following powers, functions, and duties:
(1) Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any public official, employee,
office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be illegal, unjust, improper, or inefficient.
(2) Direct, upon complaint or at its own instance, any public official or employee of the Government, or any
subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, as well as of any government-owned or controlled corporation
with original charter, to perform and expedite any act or duty required by law, or to stop, prevent, and correct any
abuse or impropriety in the performance of duties.
(3) Direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action against a public official or employee at fault, and
recommend his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure, or prosecution, and ensure compliance therewith.
(4) Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by
law, to furnish it with copies of documents relating to contracts or transactions entered into by his office involving
the disbursement or use of public funds or properties, and report any irregularity to the Commission on Audit for
appropriate action.
(5) Request any government agency for assistance and information necessary in the discharge of its
responsibilities, and to examine, if necessary, pertinent records and documents.
(6) Publicize matters covered by its investigation when circumstances so warrant and with due prudence.
(7) Determine the causes of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud, and corruption in the Government
and make recommendations for their elimination and the observance of high standards of ethics and efficiency.
(8) Promulgate its rules of procedure and exercise such other powers or perform such functions or duties as may
be provided by law.
Section 14. The Office of the Ombudsman shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Its approved annual appropriations shall
be automatically and regularly released.
Section 15. The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from
them or from their nominees or transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.
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Section 16. No loan, guaranty, or other form of financial accommodation for any business purpose may be
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granted, directly or indirectly, by any government-owned or controlled bank or financial institution to the
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President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, and the
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Constitutional Commissions, the Ombudsman, or to any firm or entity in which they have controlling interest,
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Section 17. A public officer or employee shall, upon assumption of office and as often thereafter as may be
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required by law, submit a declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities, and net worth. In the case of the
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President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional
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Commissions and other constitutional offices, and officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank, the
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declaration shall be disclosed to the public in the manner provided by law.

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Section 18. Public officers and employees owe the State and this Constitution allegiance at all times, and any
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public officer or employee who seeks to change his citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of another
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country during his tenure shall be dealth with by law.

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ARTICLE XII
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National Economy and Patrimony

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Section 1. The goals of the national economy are a more equitable distribution of opportunities, income, and
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wealth; a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit of the
people; and an expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially the
underprivileged.
The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound agricultural development and
agrarian reform, through industries that make full and efficient use of human and natural resources, and which
are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets. However, the State shall protect Filipino enterprises
against unfair foreign competition and trade practices.
In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and all regions of the country shall be given optimum
opportunity to develop. Private enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective
organizations, shall be encouraged to broaden the base of their ownership.
Section 2. All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of
potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by
the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be alienated. The
exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision of
the State. The State may directly undertake such activities, or it may enter into co-production, joint venture, or
production-sharing agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of
whose capital is owned by such citizens. Such agreements may be for a period not exceeding twenty-five years,
renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and under such terms and conditions as may be provided by law.
In cases of water rights for irrigation, water supply fisheries, or industrial uses other than the development of
water power, beneficial use may be the measure and limit of the grant.
The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive
economic zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.
The Congress may, by law, allow small-scale utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens, as well as
cooperative fish farming, with priority to subsistence fishermen and fishworkers in rivers, lakes, bays, and
lagoons.
The President may enter into agreements with foreign-owned corporations involving either technical or financial
assistance for large-scale exploration, development, and utilization of minerals, petroleum, and other mineral oils
according to the general terms and conditions provided by law, based on real contributions to the economic
growth and general welfare of the country. In such agreements, the State shall promote the development and
use of local scientific and technical resources.
The President shall notify the Congress of every contract entered into in accordance with this provision, within
thirty days from its execution.
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Section 3. Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands and national
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parks. Agricultural lands of the public domain may be further classified by law according to the uses to which
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they may be devoted. Alienable lands of the public domain shall be limited to agricultural lands. Private
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corporations or associations may not hold such alienable lands of the public domain except by lease, for a
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period not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and not to exceed one
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thousand hectares in area. Citizens of the Philippines may lease not more than five hundred hectares, or acquire
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not more than twelve hectares thereof by purchase, homestead, or grant.
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Taking into account the requirements of conservation, ecology, and development, and subject to the
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requirements of agrarian reform, the Congress shall determine, by law, the size of lands of the public domain
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which may be acquired, developed, held, or leased and the conditions therefor.
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Section 4. The Congress shall, as soon as possible, determine by law the specific limits of forest lands and
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national parks, marking clearly their boundaries on the ground. Thereafter, such forest lands and national parks
shall be conserved and may not be increased nor diminished, except by law. The Congress shall provide, for
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such period as it may determine, measures to prohibit logging in endangered forests and watershed areas.
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Section 5. The State, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national development policies and
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programs, shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their
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economic, social, and cultural well-being.

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The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws governing property rights or relations in
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determining the ownership and extent of ancestral domain.

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Section 6. The use of property bears a social function, and all economic agents shall contribute to the common
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good. Individuals and private groups, including corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective organizations,
shall have the right to own establish, and operate economic enterprises, subject to the duty of the State to
promote distributive justice and to intervene when the common good so demands.
Section 7. Save in cases of hereditary succession, no private lands shall be transferred or conveyed except to
individuals, corporations, or associations qualified to acquire or hold lands of the public domain.
Section 8. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 7 of this Article, a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
who has lost his Philippine citizenship may be a transferee of private lands, subject to limitations provided by
law.
Section 9. The Congress may establish an independent economic and planning agency headed by the
President, which shall, after consultations with the appropriate public agencies, various private sectors, and local
government units, recommend to Congress, and implement continuing integrated and coordinated programs and
policies for national development.
Until the Congress provides otherwise, the National Economic and Development Authority shall function as the
independent planning agency of the government.
Section 10. The Congress shall, upon recommendation of the economic and planning agency, when the
national interest dictates, reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations at least sixty per
centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens, or such higher percentage as Congress may prescribe,
certain areas of investments. The Congress shall enact measures that will encourage the formation and
operation of enterprises whose capital is wholly owned by Filipinos.
In the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony, the State shall
give preference to qualified Filipinos.
The State shall regulate and exercise authority over foreign investments within its national jurisdiction and in
accordance with its national goals and priorities.
Section 11. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall
be granted except to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of
the Philippines at franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in character or for a longer period than fifty
years. Neither shall any such franchise or right be granted except under the condition that it shall be subject to
amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the common good so requires. The State shall
encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general public. The participation of foreign investors in the
governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all
the executive and managing officers of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines.
Section 12. The State shall promote the preferential use of Filipino labor, domestic materials and locally
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produced goods, and adopt measures that help make them competitive.
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Section 13. The State shall pursue a trade policy that serves the general welfare and utilizes all forms and
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arrangements of exchange on the basis of equality and reciprocity.
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Section 14. The sustained development of a reservoir of national talents consisting of Filipino scientists,
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entrepreneurs, professionals, managers, high-level technical manpower and skilled workers and craftsmen in all
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fields shall be promoted by the State. The State shall encourage appropriate technology and regulate its transfer
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for the national benefit.
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The practice of all professions in the Philippines shall be limited to Filipino citizens, save in cases prescribed by
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law.
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Section 15. The Congress shall create an agency to promote the viability and growth of cooperatives as
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instruments for social justice and economic development.

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Section 16. The Congress shall not, except by general law, provide for the formation, organization, or regulation
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of private corporations. Government-owned or controlled corporations may be created or established by special

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charters in the interest of the common good and subject to the test of economic viability.
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Section 17. In times of national emergency, when the public interest so requires, the State may, during the
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emergency and under reasonable terms prescribed by it, temporarily take over or direct the operation of any
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privately owned public utility or business affected with public interest.

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Section 18. The State may, in the interest of national welfare or defense, establish and operate vital industries
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and, upon payment of just compensation, transfer to public ownership utilities and other private enterprises to be
operated by the Government.
Section 19. The State shall regulate or prohibit monopolies when the public interest so requires. No
combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition shall be allowed.
Section 20. The Congress shall establish an independent central monetary authority, the members of whose
governing board must be natural-born Filipino citizens, of known probity, integrity, and patriotism, the majority of
whom shall come from the private sector. They shall also be subject to such other qualifications and disabilities
as may be prescribed by law. The authority shall provide policy direction in the areas of money, banking, and
credit. It shall have supervision over the operations of banks and exercise such regulatory powers as may be
provided by law over the operations of finance companies and other institutions performing similar functions.
Until the Congress otherwise provides, the Central Bank of the Philippines, operating under existing laws, shall
function as the central monetary authority.
Section 21. Foreign loans may only be incurred in accordance with law and the regulation of the monetary
authority. Information on foreign loans obtained or guaranteed by the Government shall be made available to the
public.
Section 22. Acts which circumvent or negate any of the provisions of this Article shall be considered minimical to
the national interest and subject to criminal and civil sanctions, as may be provided by law.
ARTICLE XIII
Social Justice and Human Rights
Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the
right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural
inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.
To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its
increments.
Section 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic opportunities based
on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
Labor
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Section 3. The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized, and
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promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
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It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations,and
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peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law. They shall be entitled to
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security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. They shall also participate in policy and
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decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.
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The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers and the
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preferential use of voluntary modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and shall enforce their mutual
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compliance therewith to foster industrial peace.

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The State shall regulate the relations between workers and employers, recognizing the right of labor to its just
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share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable returns to investments, and to
expansion and growth.
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Agrarian and Natural Resources Reform

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Section 4. The State shall, by law, undertaken an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and
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regular farmworkers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or in the case of other
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farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake
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the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the
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Congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to
the payment of just compensation. In determining retention limits, the State shall respect the right of small
landowners. The State shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.
Section 5. The State shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and landowners, as well as cooperatives,
and other independent farmers' organizations to participate in the planning, organization, and management of
the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate technology and research, and
adequate financial, production, marketing, and other support services.
Section 6. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable in
accordance with law, in the disposition or utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public
domain under lease or concession suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small
settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral lands.
The State may resettle landless farmers and farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which shall be
distributed to them in the manner provided by law.
Section 7. The State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local communities, to the
preferential use of the communal marine and fishing resources, both inland and offshore. It shall provide support
to such fishermen through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial, production, and marketing
assistance, and other services. The State shall also protect, develop, and conserve such resources. The
protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence fishermen against foreign intrusion.
Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.
Section 8. The State shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian reform
program to promote industrialization, employment creation, and privatization of public sector enterprises.
Financial instruments used as payment for their lands shall be honored as equity in enterprises of their choice.
Urban Land Reform and Housing
Section 9. The State shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the private sector,
a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which will make available at affordable cost decent
housing and basic services to underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlement areas. It
shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of such program
the State shall respect the rights of small property owners.
Section 10. Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwelling demolished, except in
accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.
No resettlement of urban or rural dwellers shall be undertaken without adequate consultation with them and the
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communities where they are to be relocated.
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Health
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Section 11. The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development which
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shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all the people at affordable
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cost. There shall be priority for the needs of the under-privileged sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children.
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The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers.

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Section 12. The State shall establish and maintain an effective food and drug regulatory system and undertake
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appropriate health manpower development and research, responsive to the country's health needs and
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problems.
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Section 13. The State shall establish a special agency for disabled person for their rehabilitation, self-
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development and self-reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society.
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Women
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Section 14. The State shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking
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into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and
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enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.
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Role and Rights of People's Organization
Section 15. The State shall respect the role of independent people's organizations to enable the people to
pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations
through peaceful and lawful means.
People's organizations are bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated capacity to promote the public
interest and with identifiable leadership, membership, and structure.
Section 16. The right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable participation at all levels
of social, political, and economic decision-making shall not be abridged. The State shall, by law, facilitate the
establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms.
Human Rights
Section 17. (1) There is hereby created an independent office called the Commission on Human Rights.
(2) The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman and four Members who must be natural-born citizens of
the Philippines and a majority of whom shall be members of the Bar. The term of office and other qualifications
and disabilities of the Members of the Commission shall provided by law.
(3) Until this Commission is constituted, the existing Presidential Committee on Human Rights shall continue to
exercise its present functions and powers.
(4) The approved annual appropriations of the Commission shall be automatically and regularly released.
Section 18. The Commission on Human Rights shall have the following powers and functions:
(1) Investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of human rights violations involving civil and
political rights;
(2) Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and cite for contempt for violations thereof in
accordance with the Rules of Court;
(3) Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all persons within the Philippines, as
well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measures and legal aid services to the
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underprivileged whose human rights have been violated or need protection;
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(4) Exercise visitatorial powers over jails, prisons, or detention facilities;
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(5) Establish a continuing program of research, education, and information to enhance respect for the primacy of
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(6) Recommend to the Congress effective measures to promote human rights and to provide for compensation
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(7) Monitor the Philippine Government's compliance with international treaty obligations on human rights;
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(8) Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession of documents or other
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evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any investigation onducted by it or under its
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(9) Request the assistance of any department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of its functions;
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(10) Appoint its officers and employees in accordance with law; and
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(11) Perform such other duties and functions as may be provided by law.
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Section 19. The Congress may provide for other cases of violations of human rights that should fall within the
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ARTICLE XIV
Education
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall
take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all.
Section 2. The State shall:
(1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the
needs of the people and society;
(2) Establish and maintain, a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels. Without
limiting the natural rights of parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of
school age;
(3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other
incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the
underprivileged;
(4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and
out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond to community needs; and
(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and
other skills.
Section 3. (1) All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the curricula.
(2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster lover of humanity, respect for human rights,
appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the rights and
duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline,
encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational
efficiency.
(3) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their
children or wards in public elementary and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated
or approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or wards belong, without additional
cost to the Government.
Section 4.(1) The State recognizes the complementary roles of public and private institutions in the educational
system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all educational institutions.
(2) Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission boards, shall be owned
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solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of
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which is owned by such citizens. The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity participation in
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all educational institutions.
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The control and administration of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens of the Philippines.
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No educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens and no group of aliens shall comprise more
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than one-third of the enrollment in any school. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to schools
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established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided by law, for
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other foreign temporary residents.

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(3) All revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions used actually, directly, and
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exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from taxes and duties. Upon the dissolution or cessation of
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the corporate existence of such institutions, their assets shall be disposed of in the manner provided by law.
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Proprietary educational institutions, including those cooperatively owned, may likewise be entitled to such
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exemptions subject to the limitations provided by law including restrictions on dividends and provisions for
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reinvestment.
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(4) Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all grants, endowments, donations, or contributions used actually,
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directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from tax.
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Section 5. (1) the State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and shall encourage
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local planning in the development of educational policies and programs.

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(2) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning.

(3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable, and equitable
admission and academic requirements.
(4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement. Non-teaching academic and non-
academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State.
(5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will attract and
retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job
satisfaction and fulfillment.
Language
Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and
enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to
initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in
the educational system. Section 7. For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the
Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of
instruction therein.
Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
Section 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated into major
regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.
Section 9. The Congress shall establish a national language commission composed of representatives of
various regions and disciplines which shall undertake, coordinate, and promote researches for the development,
propagation, and preservation of Filipino and other languages.
Science and Technology
Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give
priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology
education, training, and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self- reliant scientific and
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technological capabilities, and their application to the country's productive systems and national life.
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Section 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage private
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participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research. Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of
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incentives shall be provided to deserving science students, researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists, and
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specially gifted citizens.
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Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for
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the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest participation of private groups, local governments, and
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community-based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology.

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Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and other
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gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such
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period as may be provided by law.

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Arts and Culture

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Section 14. The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national
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culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression.
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Section 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the partronage of the State. The State shall conserve, promote, and
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popularize the nation's historical and cultural heritage and resources, as well as artistic creations.
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Section 16. All the country's artistic and historic wealth constitutes the cultural treasure of the nation and shall
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be under the protection of the State which may regulate its disposition.
Section 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to
preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall consider these rights in the formulation of
national plans and policies.
Section 18. (1) The State shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities through the educational system,
public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and other incentives, and community cultural centers, and
other public venues.
(2) The State shall encourage and support researches and studies on the arts and culture.
Sports
Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league
competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline,
teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry.
(2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with
athletic clubs and other sectors.
ARTICLE XV
THE FAMILY
Section 1. The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it shall
strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.
Section 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be protected by
the State.
Section 3. The State shall defend:
(1) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of
responsible parenthood;
(2) The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of
neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation and other conditions prejudicial to their development;
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(3) The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and
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(4) The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and implementation of policies and
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programs that affect them.
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Section 4. The family has the duty to care for its elderly members but the State may also do so through just
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programs of social security.
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General Provisions
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Section 1. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as consecrated
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and honored by the people and recognized by law.

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Section 2. The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a national seal,
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which shall all be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall
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take effect only upon its ratification by the people in a national referendum.
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Section 3. The State may not be used without its consent.

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Section 4. The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo
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military training and serve, as may be provided by law. It shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of
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Section 5. (1) All members of the armed forces shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend this
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Constitution.
(2) The State shall strengthen the patriotic spirit and nationalist consciousness of the military, and respect for
people's rights in the performance of their duty.
(3) Professionalism in the armed forces and adequate remuneration and benefits of its members shall be a prime
concern of the State. The armed forces shall be insulated from partisan politics.
No member of the military shall engage directly or indirectly in any partisan political activity, except to vote.
(4) No member of the armed forces in the active service shall, at any time, be appointed or designated in any
capacity to a civilian position in the Government including government-owned or controlled corporations or any
of their subsidiaries.
(5) Laws on retirement of military officers shall not allow extension of their service.
(6) The officers and men of the regular force of the armed forces shall be recruited proportionately from all
provinces and cities as far as practicable.
(7) The tour of duty of the Chief of Staff of the armed forces shall not exceed three years. However, in times of
war or other national emergency declared by the Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.
Section 6. The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian
in character, to be administered and controlled by a national police commission. The authority of local executives
over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.
Section 7. The State shall provide immediate and adequate care, benefits, and other forms of assistance to war
veterans and veterans of military campaigns, their surviving spouses and orphans. Funds shall be provided
therefor and due consideration shall be given them in the disposition of agricultural lands of the public domain
and, in appropriate cases, in the utilization of natural resources.
Section 8. The State shall, from time to time, review to increase the pensions and other benefits due to retirees
of both the government and the private sectors.
Section 9. The State shall protect consumers from trade malpractices and from substandard or hazardous
products.
Section 10. The State shall provide the policy environment for the full development of Filipino capability and the
emergence of communication structures suitable to the needs and aspirations of the nation and the balanced
flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of
speech and of the press.
Section 11. (1) The ownership and management of mass media shall be limited to citizens of the Philippines, or
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to corporations, cooperatives or associations, wholly-owned and managed by such citizens.
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The Congress shall regulate or prohibit monopolies in commercial mass media when the public interest so
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requires. No combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition therein shall be allowed.
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(2) The advertising industry is impressed with public interest, and shall be regulated by law for the protection of
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consumers and the promotion of the general welfare.
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Only Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least seventy per centum of the capital of which is owned
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by such citizens shall be allowed to engage in the advertising industry.

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The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of entities in such industry shall be limited to their
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proportionate share in the capital thereof, and all the executive and managing officers of such entities must be
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Section 12. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies affecting
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indigenous cultural communities, the majority of the members of which shall come from such communities.
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Amendments or Revisions
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Section 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:
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(1) The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or

(2) A constitutional convention.
Section 2. Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through initiative
upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative
district must be represented by at least three per centum of the registered votes therein. No amendment under
this section shall be authorized within five years following the ratification of this Constitution nor oftener than
once every five years thereafter.
The Congress shall provide for the implementation of the exercise of this right.
Section 3. The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, call a constitutional convention, or by a
majority vote of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a convention.
Section 4. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution under Section 1 hereof shall be valid when ratified
by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety
days after the approval of such amendment or revision.
Any amendment under Section 2 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite
which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the certification by the Commission
on Elections of the sufficiency of the petition.
ARTICLE XVIII
Transistory Provisions
Section 1. The first elections of Members of the Congress under this Constitution shall be held on the second
Monday of May, 1987.
The first local elections shall be held on a date to be determined by the President, which may simultaneous with
the election of the Members of the Congress. It shall include the election of all Members of the city or municipal
councils in the Metropolitan Manila area.
Section 2. The Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, and the local officials first elected under
this Constitution shall serve until noon of June 30, 1992.
Of the Senators elected in the election in 1992, the first twelve obtaining the highest number of votes shall serve
for six years and the remaining twelve for three years.
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Section 3. All existing laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, letters of instructions, and other executive
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issuances not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain operative until amended, repealed, or revoked.
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Section 4. All existing treaties or international agreements which have not been ratified shall not be renewed or
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extended without the concurrence of at least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
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Section 5. The six-year term of the incumbent President and Vice-President elected in the February 7, 1986
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election is, for purposes of synchronization of elections, hereby extended to noon of June 30, 1992.
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The first regular elections for the President and Vice-President under this Constitution shall be held on the
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second Monday of May, 1992.

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Section 6. The incumbent President shall continue to exercise legislative powers until the first Congress is
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convened.
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Section 7. Until a law is passed, the President may fill by appointment from a list of nominees by the respective
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sectors the seats reserved for sectoral representation in paragraph (2), Section 5 of Article V1 of this
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Constitution.
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Section 8. Until otherwise provided by the Congress, the President may constitute the Metropolitan Authority to
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be composed of the heads of all local government units comprising the Metropolitan Manila area.
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Section 9. A sub-province shall continue to exist and operate until it is converted into a regular province or until
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its component municipalities are reverted to the mother province.

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Section 10. All courts existing at the time of the ratification of this Constitution shall continue to exercise their
jurisdiction, until otherwise provided by law. The provisions of the existing Rules of Court, judiciary acts, and
procedural laws not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain operative unless amended or repealed by the
Supreme Court or the Congress.
Section 11. The incumbent Members of the Judiciary shall continue in office until they reach the age of seventy
years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office or are removed for cause.
Section 12. The Supreme Court shall, within one year after the ratification of this Constitution, adopt a
systematic plan to expedite the decision or resolution of cases or matters pending in the Supreme Court or the
lower courts prior to the effectivity of this Constitution. A similar plan shall be adopted for all special courts and
quasi-judicial bodies.
Section 13. The legal effect of the lapse, before the ratification of this Constitution, of the applicable period for
the decision or resolution of the cases or matters submitted for adjudication by the courts, shall be determined by
the Supreme Court as soon as practicable.
Section 14. The provisions of paragraphs (3) and (4), Section 15 of Article VIII of this Constitution shall apply to
cases or matters filed before the ratification of this Constitution, when the applicable period lapses after such
ratification.
Section 15. The incumbent Members of the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the
Commission on Audit shall continue in office for one year after the ratification of this Constitution, unless they are
sooner removed for cause or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office or appointed to a new
term thereunder. In no case shall any Member serve longer than seven years including service before the
ratification of this Constitution.
Section 16. Career civil service employees separated from the service not for cause but as a result of the
reorganization pursuant to Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 and the reorganization following the
ratification of this Constitution shall be entitled to appropriate separation pay and to retirement and other benefits
accruing to them under the laws of general application in force at the time of their separation. In lieu thereof, at
the option of the employees, they may be considered for employment in the Government or in any of its
subdivisions, instrumentalities, or agencies, including government-owned or controlled corporations and their
subsidiaries. This provision also applies to career officers whose resignation, tendered in line with the existing
policy, had been accepted.
Section 17. Until the Congress provides otherwise, the President shall receive an annual salary of three
hundred thousand pesos; the Vice-President, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, two hundred forty thousand pesos each; the
Senators, the Members of the House of Representatives, the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, and the
Chairmen of the Constitutional Commissions, two hundred four thousand pesos each; and the Members of the
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Constitutional Commissions, one hundred eighty thousand pesos each.
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Section 18. At the earliest possible time, the Government shall increase the salary scales of the other officials
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and employees of the National Government.
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Section 19. All properties, records, equipment, buildings, facilities, and other assets of any office or body
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abolished or reorganized under Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 or this Constitution shall be
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transferred to the office or body to which its powers, functions, and responsibilities substantially pertain.
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Section 20. The first congress shall give priority to the determination of the period for the full implementation of
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free public secondary education.

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Section 21. The Congress shall provide efficacious procedures and adequate remedies for the reversion to the
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State of all lands of the public domain and real rights connected therewith which were acquired in violation of the
Constitution or the public land laws, or through corrupt practices. No transfer or disposition of such lands or real
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rights shall be allowed until after the lapse of one year from the ratification of this Constitution.
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Section 22. At the earliest possible time, the Government shall expropriate idle or abandoned agricultural lands
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as may be defined by law, for distribution to the beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program.
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Section 23. Advertising entities affected by paragraph (2), Section 11 of Article XV1 of this Constitution shall
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have five years from its ratification to comply on a graduated and proportionate basis with the minimum Filipino
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ownership requirement therein.

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Section 24. Private armies and other armed groups not recognized by duly constituted authority shall be
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dismantled. All paramilitary forces including Civilian Home Defense Forces not consistent with the citizen armed
force established in this Constitution, shall be dissolved or, where appropriate, converted into the regular force.
Section 25. After the expiration in 1991 of the Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the
United States of America concerning Military Bases, foreign military bases, troops, or facilities shall not be
allowed in the Philippines except under a treaty duly concurred in by the Senate and, when the Congress so
requires, ratified by a majority of the votes cast by the people in a national referendum held for that purpose, and
recognized as a treaty by the other contracting State.
Section 26. The authority to issue sequestration or freeze orders under Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25,
1986 in relation to the recovery of ill-gotten wealth shall remain operative for not more than eighteen months
after the ratification of this Constitution. However, in the national interest, as certified by the President, the
Congress may extend period.
A sequestration or freeze order shall be issued only upon showing of a prima facie case. The order and the list
of the sequestered or frozen properties shall forthwith be registered with the proper court. For orders issued
before the ratification of this Constitution, the corresponding judicial action or proceeding shall be filed within six
months from its ratification. For those issued after such ratification, the judicial action or proceeding shall be
commenced within six months from the issuance thereof.
The sequestration or freeze order is deemed automatically lifted if no judicial action or proceeding is commenced
as herein provided.
Section 27. This Constitution shall take effect immediately upon its ratification by a majority of the votes cast in a
plebiscite held for the purpose and shall supersede all previous Constitutions.
The foregoing proposed Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the Constitutional
Commission of 1986 on the twelfth day of October Nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and accordingly signed on
the fifteenth day of October Nineteen hundred and eighty-six at the Plenary Hall, National Government Center,
Quezon City, by the Commissioners whose signatures are hereunder affixed.
Adopted, Cecilia Munoz Palma, President
Ambrosio B. Padilla, Vice-President
Napoleon G. Rama, Floor Leader
Ahmad Domocao Alonto, Assistant Floor Leader
Jose D. Calderon, Assistant Floor Leader
Yusuf R. Abubakar Teodulo C. Natividad
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Felicitas S. Aquino Ma. Teresa F. Nieva
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Adolfo S. Azcuna Jose N. Nolledo
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Teodoro C. Bacani Blas F. Ople
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Jose F. S. Bengzon, Jr. Minda Luz M. Quesada

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Ponciano L. Bennagen Florenz D. Regalado

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Joaquin G. Bernas Rustico F. de los Reyes, Jr.

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Florangel Rosario Braid Cirilo A. Rigos

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Crispino M. de Castro Francisco A. Rodrigo

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Jose C. Colayco Ricardo J. Romulo

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Roberto R. Concepcion Decoroso R. Rosales

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Hilario G. Davide, Jr. Rene V. Sarmiento
Vicente B. Foz Jose E. Suarez
Edmundo G. Garcia Lorenzo M. Sumulong
Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon Jaime S. L. Tadeo
Serafin V.C. Guingona Christine O. Tan
Alberto M. K. Jamir Gregorio J. Tingson

Jose B. Laurel, Jr. Efrain B. Trenas
Eulogio R. Lerum Lugum L. Uka
Regalado E. Maambong Wilfrido V. Villacorta
Christian S. Monsod Bernardo M. Villegas
Attested by :
Flerida Ruth P. Romero Secretary-General
Ordinance
APPORTIONING THE SEATS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE CONGRESS OF THE
PHILIPPINES TO THE DIFFERENT LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS IN PROVINCES AND CITIES AND THE
METROPOLITAN MANILA AREA
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Section 1. For purposes of the election of Members of the House of Representatives of the First Congress of the
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Philippines under the Constitution proposed by the 1986 Constitutional Commission and subsequent elections,
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and until otherwise provided by law, the Members thereof shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned
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among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila Area as follows:
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Metropolitan Manila Area
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MANILA, six (6) - First District: Barangays Nos. 1-146, N-City Boundary between Manila and Caloocan; E - From
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Estero de Sunog Apog going South to Estero de Vitas up to the bridge spanning Juan Luna Street, eastward to
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Tayuman Street up to the Railroad Tracks along Dagupan Street, thence southward to Claro M. Recto Avenue;
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SE - From point Claro M. Recto Avenue extending westward to Manila Bay; W - Manila Bay northward to City
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boundary between Manila and Caloocan. Second District: Barangays Nos. 147-267, N - City boundary between
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Manila and Caloocan; E - From end of Rizal Avenue Extension extending southward to Railroad Tracks at
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Antipolo Street; from corner Antipolo Street and Rizal Avenue on southern side of Railroad Tracks extending
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westward to Estero de San Lazaro, southward along Estero de San Lazaro up to corner of C. M. Recto Avenue
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westward to bridge spanning Claro M. Recto at Estero de la Reina; W - Estero de la Reina to Estero de Vitas to
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Estero Sunog Apog to City boundary between Manila and Caloocan; Third District: Barangays Nos. 268-394, N -
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City boundary between Manila and Caloocan; E - A. Bonifacio Street extending southward to Dimasalang, to
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Anda-lucia, Claro M. Recto Avenue eastward to Estero de San Miguel ending at Pasig River; S - Mouth of Estero
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de San Miguel at Pasig River, westward to Del Pan Bridge, thence to Del Pan Street; W - Del Pan Street
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northward up to Claro M. Recto Extension to Estero de San Lazaro, northward to Antipolo Street, eastward to
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Rizal Avenue Extension, northward to boundary between Manila and Caloocan; Fourth District: Barangays Nos.
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395 - 586 SW - Estero de San Miguel up to Mendiola Bridge, thence to C. M. Recto Avenue to Quezon
Boulevard; W - Quezon Boulevard, Andalucia, Dimasalang up to boundary between Manila and Quezon City;
NE - City boundary between Manila and Quezon City up to Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard; SE - Ramon
Magsaysay Boulevard up to V. Mapa Street; S - Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard up to point Estero de San Miguel
where Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard spans Estero de San Miguel; Fifth District: Barangays Nos. 649-828 N -
Mouth of Pasig River inland to point Paz M. Guanzon Street extending to Estero de Pandacan; NE - Estero de
Pandacan up to Pedro Gil Street to Tejeron Street up to boundary of Manila and Makati; SE - City boundary
between Manila and Makati up to Estero de Tripa de Gallina; S - City boundary between Pasay and Manila down
to Roxas Boulevard up to edge of reclaimed areas westward to Manila Bay; W - Manila Bay up to mouth of Pasig
River, Sixth District: Barangays Nos. 587-648; and 829-905 N - Starting from point which is mouth of Estero de
San Miguel going eastward to Mendiola Bridge, following line along Estero de San Miguel up to point where
Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard eastward to City boundary between Manila and Quezon Cityl; NE - City boundary
up to point city boundary of Manila, San Juan and Quezon City; E - Manila-San Juan-Mandaluyong-Makati
boundaries up to Tejeron Street; SE - Tejeron Street to Pedro Gil Street up to bridge spanning Estero de
Pandacan; SW & W - Estero de Pandacan going northward to Paz M. Guanzon Street, then northward on Paz
M. Guazon Street up to Pasig River to mouth of Estero de San Miguel on Pasig River.
QUEZON CITY, four (4) - First District : Barangays Del Monte, Paltok, Bungad, San Antonio, Katipunan,
Veterans Village, Talayan, Damayan, Mariblo, Paraiso, Sta. Cruz, Nayong Kanluran, Philam, West Triangle, N.S.
Amoranto, Paang Bundok, San Isidro Labrador, Sta. Teresita, Salvacion, Maharlika, St. Peter, Lourdes, Sto.
Domingo, Sienna, San Jose, Manresa, Pag-ibig sa Nayon, Balingasa, Masambong, Damar, Bahay Toro, St.
Cristo, Ramon Magsaysay, Project 6, Vasra, Alicia, and Bagong Pag-asa; Second District: Barangays Fairview,
New Era, Holy Spirit, Batasan Hills, Commonwealth, Payatas, Bagong Silangan, Sauyo, Talipapa, Bagbag, San
Bartolome, Sta. Lucia, Gulod, Novaliches Proper, San Agustin, Nagkaisang Nayon, Sta. Monica, Kaligayahan,
Pasong Putik, Apolonio Samson, Unang Sigaw, Tandang Sora, Pasong Tamo, Culiat, Baesa, Capri, Balumbato,
and Sangandaan: Third District : Barangays E. Rodriguez, Silangan, Quirino 3-A, Duyan-Duyan, Quirino 3-B,
Amihan, Socorro, San Roque, Manga, Zobel Dioquino, Tagumpay, Aguinaldo, Escopa 1, Escopa 2, Escopa 3,
Escopa 4, West Kamias, East Kamias, Quirino 2 A, Quririno 2 B, Quirino 2 C, Ugong Norte, Bagumbayan, Libis,
Villa Maria Clara, Masagana, Milagrosa, Marilag, Bagumbayan, Loyola Heights, Pansol, and Matandang Balara;
Fourth District: Barangays Bagong Lipunan, Kaunlaran, San Martin, Immaculate Concepcion, South Triangle,
Sacred Heart, Laging Handa, Paligsahan, Obrero, Roxas, Kamuning, Kanluran, Kamuning Silangan, Tatalon,
Don Manuel, Dona Josefa, San Isidro, Dona Aurora, Santo Nino, Santol, Dona Imelda, Kristong Hari,
Kalusugan, Damayang Lagi, Mariana, Valencia, Horseshoe, Pinagkaisahan, San Vicente, U.P. Campus, Krus
Na Ligas, Central, Old Capital Site, U.P. Village, Teacher's East, Teacher's West, Sikatuna, Malaya, Pinahan,
and Botocan.
CALOOCAN CITY, two (2) - First District : 70 Barangays; All of Caloocan North EDSA; Second District: 118
Barangays; All of Caloocan South EDSA. PASAY CITY, one (1) MALABON and NAVOTAS, one (1) SAN JUAN
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and MANDALUYONG, one (1) MARIKINA, one
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(1) MAKATI, one (1) PASIG, one (1) PARANAQUE, one (1) LAS PINAS and MUNTINGLUPA, one (1)
PATEROS and TAGUIG, one (1) VALENZUELA, one
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(1)
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BENGUET with the City of Baguio, two (2) - First District: Baguio City; Second District: all the Municipalities of
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ILOCOS NORTE with Laog City, two (2) - First District: Laog City and the Municipalities of Bacarra, Bangui,
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Burgos, Pagud-Pagud, Pasuquin, Piddig, Sarrat, Vintar, Adams, Carasi, and Dumalneg; Second District:
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Municipalities of Badoc, Batac, Currimao, Dingras, Espiritu, Marcos, Nueva Era, Paoay, Pinili, San Nicolas, and
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Solsona.
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ILOCOS SUR, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Bantay, Cabugao, Caoayan, Magsingal, San Ildefonso,
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San Juan, San Vicente, San Catalina, Santo Domingo, Sinait, and Vigan; Second District: Municipalities of
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Alilem, Banayoyo, Burgos, Candon, Cervantes, Galimuyod, Gregorio del Pilar, Lidlidda, Nagbukel, Narvacan,
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Quirino, Salcedo, San Emilio, San Esteban, Santa, Santa Cruz, Santa Lucia, Santa Maria, Santiago, Suyo,
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Tagudin, Sigay, and Sugpon.

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LA UNION, two (2) - First District : Municipalities of Bacnotan, Balaoan, Bangar, Luna, San Fernando, San
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Gabriel, San Juan, Santol, and Sudipen; Second District: Municipalities of Agoo, Aringay, Bagulin, Bauang,
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Burgos, Caba, Naguilian, Pugo, Rosario, Santo Tomas, and Tubao.

MOUNTAIN PROVINCE, one (1)
PANGASINAN with the Cities of Dagupan and San Carlos, six (6) - First District: Municipalities of Bolinao, Bani,
Agno, Burgos, Dasol, Infanta, Mabini, Alaminos, Anda and Sual; Second District: Municipalities of Labrador,
Lingayen, Bugallon, Aguilar, Mangatarem, Binmaley, Urbiztondo, and Basista; Third District: San Carlos City,
and the Municipalities of Malasiqui, Bayambang, Calasiao, Mapandan, and Sta. Barbara; Fourth District:
Dagupan City and the Municipalities of Mangaldan, San Fabian, San Jacinto, and Manaoag; Fifth District:
Municipalities of Binalonan, Laoac, Urdaneta, Villasis, Sison, Pozorrubio, Bautista, Alcala, and Sto. Tomas; Sixth
District: Municipalities of Rosales, Asingan, Balungao, Sta. Maria, Umingan, San Quintin, Natividad, Tayug, San
Nicolas, and San Manuel.
Region II
BATANES, one (1)
CAGAYAN, three (3) - First District: Municipalities of Aparri, Camalaniugan, Lallo, Buguey, Sta. Teresita,
Gonzaga, Sta. Ana, Gattaran, Baggao, and Alcala; Second District: Municipalities of Sta. Praxedes, Sanchez
Mira, Claveria, Pamplona, Abulug, Ballesteros, Allacapan, Lasam, Sto. Nino, Rizal, Piat, and Calayan; Third
District: Municipalities of Tuguegarao, Solana, Enrile, Penablanca, Iguig, Amulung, and Tuao.
IFUGAO, one (1)
ISABELA, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Sta. Maria, San Pablo, Cabagan, Sto. Tomas, Albano,
Tumauini, Ilagan, Divilican, Maconacon, and Palanan; Second District: Municipalities of Aurora, San Manuel,
Roxas, Mallig, Quezon, Quirino, Burgos, Gamu, Naguilian, Benito Soliven, An Mariano; Third District:
Municipalities of Reina Mercedes, Cauayan, Luna, Cabatuan, San Mateo, Alicia, Angadanan, and San
Guillermo; Fourth District: Municipalities Cordon, Santiango, Ramon, San Isidro, Echague, Jones, San Agustin,
and Dinapigui.
KALINGA-APAYAO, one (1)
NUEVA VIZCAYA, one (1)
QUIRINO, one (1)
Region III
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BATAAN, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Dinalupihan, Hermosa, Orani, Samal, Abucay, and Morong,
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Second District: Municipalities of Pilar, Orion, Limay, Bagac, Mariveles, and Balanga.
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BULACAN, four (4) - First District : Municipalities of Hagonoy, Paombong, Malolos, Calumpit, Pulilan, and
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Bulacan; Second Distict: Municipalities Baliuag, Bustos, Plaridel, Guiguinto, Balagtas, Pandi, and Bocaue; Third
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District: Municipalities of San Miguel, San Ildefonso, San Rafael, Angat, Norzagaray, and Remedios Trinidad;
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Fourth District: Municipalities of San Jose del Monte, Sta. Maria, Marilao, Meycauayan,, and Obando.
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NUEVA ECIJA, with the Cities of Cabanatuan, Palayan and San Jose, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of
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Nampicuan, Cuyapo, Guimba, Quezon, Talavera, Licab, Sto. Domingo, Aliaga, and Zaragoza, Second District:
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San Jose City and the Municipalities of Lupao, Munoz, Talugtog, Caranglan, Pantabangan, Lanera, and Rizal;
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Third District: Cabanatuan City; Palayan City, and the Municipalities of General Natividad, Bongabong, Laur,
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Gabaldon, and Sta. Rosa, Fourth District: Municipalities fof San Leonardo, General Tinio, Penaranda, Gapan,
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San Isidro, Cabiao, San Antonio, and Jaen.

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PAMPANGA with Angeles City, four (4) - First District : Angeles City and the Municipalities of Mabalacat and
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Magalang; Second District: Municipalities of Lubao, Guagua, Floridablanca, Porac, Sta. Rita, and Sexmoan;
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Third District: Municipalities of San Fernando, Arayat, Mexico, Bacolor, and Sta. ana; Fourth District:
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Municipalities of Candaba, Apalit, Macabebe, Masantol, Minalin, Sto. Tomas, San Luis, and San Simon.
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TARLAC, three (3) - First District: Municipalities of Mayantoc, Sta. Ignacia, Camiling, Moncada, San Manuel,
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Anao, Paniqui, Ramos, San Clemente, and Pura; Second District: Municipalities of Tarlac, Gerona, and Victoria;
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Third District: Municipalities of Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, and La Paz.

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ZAMBALES with Olongapo City, two (2) - First District: Olongapo City and the Municipalities of Subic, Castillejos,
and San Marcelino, Second District: Municipalities of Botolan, Cabangan, Candelaria, Iba, Masinloc, Palauig,
San Antonio, San Felipe, San Narciso, and Sta. Cruz.
Region IV
AURORA, one
(1) BATANGAS with the Cities of Batangas and Lipa, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Nasugbu, Lian,
Calatagan, Balayan, Tuy, Calaca, Lemery, and Taal; Second District: Batangas City and the Municipalities of
Lobo, San Pascual, Bauan, Mabini, San Luis, and Tingloy; Third District: Municipalities of Balete, Malvar, Sto.
Tomas, Tanauan, Talisay, Laurel, Agoncillo, San Nicolas, Sta. Teresita, Alitagtag, Cuenca, and Mataas na
Kahoy; Fourth District : Lipa City and the Municipalities of San Juan, Taysan, Rosario, P. Garcia, Ibaan, and San
Jose.
CAVITE with the Cities of Tagaytay, Cavite and Trece Martires, three (30 - First District: Cavite City and the
Municipalities of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario; Second District: Trece Martires City and the
Municipalities of Imus, Dasmarinas, Carmona, Gen. Mariano Alvarez, General Trias, and Tanza; Third District:
Tagaytay City and the Municipalities of Alfonso, Amadeo, General Aguinaldo, Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon,
Mendez-Nunez, Naic, Silang, and Ternate.
LAGUNA with San Pablo City, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Binan, San Pedro and Sta. Rosa; Second
District: Municipalities of Bay, Cabuyao, Calamba, and Los Banos; Third District: San Pablo City and the
Municipalities of Calauan, Alaminos, Rizal, Nagcarlan, Liliw, and Victoria: Fourth District: Municipalities of Sta.
Cruz, Pila, Lumban, Pagsanjan, Cavinti, Kalayaan, Paete, Pakil, Pangil, Siniloan, Famy, Mabitac, Sta. Maria,
Magdalena, Luisiana, and Majayjay.
MARINDUQUE, one (1)
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO, one (1)
ORIENTAL MINDORO, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Baco, Calapan, Naujan, Puerto Galera, San
Teodoro, Victoria, Pola, and Socorro; Second District: Municipalities of Bansud, Bongabon, Bulalakao, Gloria,
Mansalay, Pinamalayan, and Roxas.
PALAWAN with Puerto Princesa City, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Agutaya, Araceli, Busuanga,
Cagayancillo, Coron, Cuyo, Dumaran, El Nido, Linapacan, Magsaysay, Roxas, San Vicente, Taytay, and
Kalayaan; Second District: Puerto Princesa City and the Municipalities of Aborlan, Balabac, Batarasa,
Brooke's Point, Narra, Quezon, and Marcos.
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QUEZON with Lucena City, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Burdeos, Gen. Nakar, Infanta, Jumalig,
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Panukulan, Patnanungan, Polilio, Real, Sampaloc, Mauban, Pagbilao, Lucban, and Tayabas; Second District:
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Lucena city and Municipalities of Candelaria, Dolores, San Antonio, Sariaya, and Tiaong; Third District:
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Municipalities of Catanauan, Gen. Luna, Macalelon, Mulanay, Pitogo, San Andres, San Francisco, San Narciso,
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Buenavista, Padre Burgos, Agdangan, and Unisan; Fourth District: Municipalities of Calauag, Guinayangan,
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Gumaca, Lopez, Tagkawayan, Atimonan, Plaridel, Alabat, Perez, and Quezon
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RIZAL, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Antipolo, Taytay, Cainta, Angono, and Binangonan; Second
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District: Municipalities of E. Rodriguez, San Mateo, Morong, Cardona, Teresa, Baras, Tanay, Pililla, and Jala-
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ROMBLON, one (1)

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ALBAY with Legaspi City, three (3) - First District: Municipalities of Bacacay, Malinao, Malilipot, Santo Domingo,
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Tabaco, and Tiwi, Second District: Legaspi City and the Municipalities of Camalig, Daraga, Manito, and Rapu-
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Rapu; Third District: Municipalities of Guinobatan, Jovellar, Libon, Ligao, Oas, Pio Duran, and Polangui.
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CAMARINES NORTE, one (1)

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CAMARINES SUR including the Cities of Naga and Iriga, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Del Gallego,
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Ragay, Lupi, Sipocot, Libmanan, Cabusao, Pamplona, Pasacao, Minalabac, and San Fernando, Second District
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: Naga City and the Municipalities of Bonbon, Calabanga, Camaligan, Canaman, Gainza, Magarao, Milaor,
Ocampo, and Pili; Third District: Municipalities of Caramoan, Garchitorena, Goa, Lagonoy, Presentacion,
Sangay, San Jose, Tigaon, Tinambac, and Siruma; Fourth District: Iriga City and the Municipalities of Baao,
Balatan, Bato, Buhi, Bula, and Nabua.
CATANDUANES, one (1)
MASBATE, three (3) - First District Municipalities of San Pascual, Claveria, Monreal, San Jacinto, San
Fernando, and Batuan; Second District: Municipalities of Masbate, Mobo, Milagros, Aroroy, Baleno, Balud, and
Mandaon; Third District: Municipalities of Uson, Dimasalang, Palanas, Cataingan, Pio V. Corpuz, Esperanza,
Placer, and Cawayan.
SORSOGON, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Sorsogon, Pilar, Donsol, Castilla, Bacon, Casiguran, and
Magallanes; Second District: Municipalities of Barcelona, Prieto Diaz, Gubat, Juban, Bulusan, Irosin, Sta.
Magdalena, Matnog, and Bulan.
Region VI
AKLAN, one (1)
ANTIQUE, one (1)
CAPIZ including Roxas City, two (2) - First District: Roxas City and the Municipalities of Panay, Pilar,
Pontevedra, President Roxas, Ma-ayon, and Panitan; Second District: Municipalities of Dumalag, Jamindan,
Mambusao, Sapian, Sigma, Tapaz, Cuartero, Dao, Dumarao, and Ivisan.
ILOILO, five (5) - First District: Municipalities of Guimbal, Igbaras, San Joaquin, Tigbauan, Tubungan, Miagao,
and Oton; Second District; Municipalities of Jordan, Nueva Valencia, Buenavista, Pavia, Leganes, Sta. Barbara,
New Lucena, Zarraga, Alimodian, Leon, and San Miguel; Third District: Municipalities of Maasin, Cabatuan,
janiuay, Badiangan, Mina, Pototan, Calinog, Lambunao, and Bingawan; Fourth District: Municipalities of Passi,
San Enrique, Duenas, Dingle, Barotac Nuevo, Dumangas, Anilao, and Banate; Fifth District: Municipalities of
Barotac Viejo, San Rafael, Ajuy, Lemery, Concepcion, Sara, San Dionisio, Batad, Estancia, Balasan, and
Carles.
ILOILO CITY, one (1)
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, with the Cities of San Carlos, Cadiz, Bago, La Carlota, and Silay, six (6) - First District:
San Carlos City and the Municipalities of Toboso, Calatrava, Escalante, and S. Benedicto; Second District:
Cadiz City and the Municipalities of Sagay and Manapla; Third District: Silay City and the Municipalities of
Victorias, Enrique B. Magalona, Talisay, and Murcia; Fourth District: Bago City and the Municipalities of
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Valladolid, San Enrique, Pontevedra, Pulupandan, and La Carlota; Fifth District: Municipalities of La Castellana,
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Moises Padilla, Isabela, Binalbagan, Himamaylan, and Hinigaran; Sixth District: Municipalities of Kabankalan,
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Ilog, Cauayan, Candoni, Sipalay, and Hinobaan.
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BACOLOD CITY, ONE ( 1 )
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BOHOL, with Tagbilaran City, three (3) - First District: Tagbilaran City and the Municipalities of Alburquerque,
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Antequera, Baclayon, Balilihan, Calape, Catigbian, Corella, Cortes, Dauis, Loon, Maribojoc, Panglao, Sikatuna,
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and Tubigon; Second District: Municipalities of Clarin, Inabangan, Sagbayan, Buenavista, Jetafe, Dagohoy,
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Danao, San Miguel, Trinidad, Talibon, Ubay, Bien Unido, San Isidro, and Pres. C. P. Garcia; Third District:
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Municipalities of Loay, Loboc, Bilar, Batuan, Carmen, Sevilla, Lila, Dimiao, Valencia, Garcia-Hernandez, Jagna,
Duero, Guindulman, Candijay, Mabini, Alicia, Anda, Sierra Bullones, and Pilar.
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CEBU, with the Cities of Danao, Lapu-lapu, Mandaue, and Toledo, six (6) - First District: Municipalities of
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Talisay, Minglanilla, Naga, San Fernando, Carcar, and Sibongan; Second District: Municipalities of Argao,
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Dalaguete, Alcoy, Boljoon, Oslob, Santander, Samboan, Ginatilan, Malabuyoc, Alegria, Badian, Moal- boal,
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Alcantara, Ronda, and Dumanjug; Third District: Toledo City and the Municipalities of Barili, Alonguinsan,
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Pinamungajan, Balamban, Asturias, and Tuburan; Fourth District: Municipalities of Tabuelan, San Remigio, Sta.
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Fe, Bantayan, Madridejos, Daan- bantayan, Medellin, Bogo, and Tabogon; Fifth District: Danao City and the
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Municipalities of Borbon, Sogod, Catmon, Carmen, Compostela, Liloan, San Francisco, Poro, Tudela, and Pilar;
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Sixth District: Lapu-lapu City, Mandanue City, and the Municipalities of Cordova and Consolacion.
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CEBU CITY, two (2) - First District: Barangays of Adlawon, Agsungot, Apas, Bacayan, Banilad, Binaliw, Budla-
an, Busay, Cmbinocot, Camputhaw, Capitol Site, Carreta, Central Proper, Cogon-Ramos, Day-as, Ermita, Guba,
Hipodromo, Kalubihan, Kamagayan, Kasambagan, Lahug, Lorega, Lusaran, Luz, Mabini, Mabolo, Malubog,
Pahina Central, Parian, Paril, Pit-os, Pulang Bato, Sambag 1, Sambag 11, San Antonio, San Jose, San Roque,
Sta. Cruz, Sirao, T. Padilla, Talamban, Taptap, Tejero, Tinago, and Zapatera; Second District: Barangays of
Babag, Basak Pardo, Basak San Nicolas, Bonbon, Buhisan, Bulacao pardo, Bout-Taup, Calamba, Cogon Pardo,
Duljo Fatima, Guadalupe, Inayawan, Kalunasan, Kinasang-an Pardo, Labangon, Mambaling, Pahina San
Nicolas, Pamutan, Pardo, Pasil Abuno, Sibugay, Punta Princesa, Quiot, San Nicolas, Sawang Calero, Sinsin,
Suba Pasil, Sudlon, Sapangdako, Tabunan, Tigbao, Tisa, and Toong.
NEGROS ORIENTAL, with the Cities of Bais, Canlaon, and Dumaguete, three (3) - First District: Canlaon City
and the Municipalities of Vallehermoso, Guihulngan, La Libertad, Jimalalud, Tayasan, Ayungon, Bindoy, and
Manjuyod; Second District: Bais City, Dumaguete City, and the Municipalities of Mabinay, Tanjay, Pamplona,
Amlan, San Jose, and Sibulan; Third District: Municipalities of Valencia, Bacong, Dauin, Zamboanguita, Siaton,
Sta. Catalina, Bayawan, and Basay.
SIQUIJOR, one (1)
Region VIII
LEYTE with the Cities of Tacloban and Ormoc, five (5) - First District: Tacloban City and the municipalities of
Alangalang, Babatngon, Palo, San Miguel, Sta. Fe, Tanauan, and Talosa; Second District: Municipalities of
Barugo, Barauen, Capoocan, Carigara, Dagami, Dulag, Jaro, Julita, La Paz, Mayorga, MacArcthur, Pastrana,
Tabontabon, and Tunga; Third District: Municipalities of Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Calubian,
Culaba, Kawayan, Leyte, Maripipi, Naval, San Isidro, Tabango, and Villaba; Fourth District: Ormoc city and the
Municipalities of Albuera, Isabel, Kananga, Matagob, Merida, and Palompon; Fifth District: Municipalities of
Abuyog, Bato, Baybay, Hilongos, Hindang, Inopacan, Javier, Mahaplag, and Matalom.
SOUTHERN LEYTE, one (1)
EASTERN SAMAR, one (1)
NORTHERN SAMAR, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Allen, Biri, Bobon, Capul, Catarman, Lavezares,
Lope de Vega, Rosario, San Antonio, San Isidro, San Jose, San Vicente, Victoria, and Mondragon; Second
District: Municipalities of Silvino Lobos, San Roque, Pambuyan, Las Navas, Catubig, Laoang, Palapag,
Mapanas, Gamay, and Lapinig.
SAMAR with Calbayog city, two (2) - First District: Calbayog City and the Municipalities of almagro, Gandara,
Matuguinao, Pag- sanghan, San Jorge, Santa Margarita, Sto. Nino, Tagapul-an, and Tarangnan; Second
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District: Municipalities of Basey, Calbiga, Catbalogan, Daram, Hinabangan, San Jose de Buan, Jiabong,
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Marabut, Motiong, Pinabacadao, San Sebastian, Sta. Rita, Talalora, Villareal, Wright, and Zumarraga.
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BASILAN, one (1)

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SULU, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Jolo, Marungas, Indanan, Pangutaran, Parang, Talipao,
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Maimbung, and Patikul; Second District: Municipalities of Siasi, Pandami, Pata, Luuk, K. Culuang, Panamao,
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New Panamao, Tapul, Lungus, and Tongkil.

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ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE with the Cities of Dapitan and Dipolog, three (3) - First District: Dapitan City and the
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Municipalities of Sibutad, Rizal, La Libertad, Mutia, Pinan, Sergio Osmena, Sr., and Polanco; Second District:
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Dipolog City and the Municipalities of Katipunan, Pres. Manuel A. Roxas, Manukan, Ponot, Siayan, and
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Sindangan; Third District: Municipalities of Salug; Godod, Liloy, Tampilisan, Labason, Gutalac, Siocon,
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Baliquian, Siraway, Bacungan, and Sibuco.

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ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR, with Pagadian City, three (3) - First District: Pagadian City and the Municipalities of
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Dumingag, Mahayag, Molave, Tambulig, Midsalip, R. Magsaysay, Labangan, Aurora, Tukuran, Josefina, and
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Don Mariano Marcos; Second District: Municipalities of Dumalinao, San Pablo, Tabina, Dima- taling, Dinas, San
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Miguel, Margosatubig, Lapuyan, Kumalarang, Bayog, Lakewood, Pitogo, and Vincenzo A. Sagun; Third District:
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Municipalities of Malangas, Alicia, Olutanga, Mabuhay, Siay, Kabasalan, Naga, Ipil, Titay, Tungawan, Buug,
Imelda, Payao, Talusan, Diplahan, and Roseller Lim.
ZAMBOANGA CITY, one (1)
Region X
AGUSAN DEL NORTE, with the City of Butuan, two (2) - First District: Butuan City and the Municipality of Las
Nieves, Second District: Municipalities of Buenavista, Cabadbaran, Carmen, Jabonga, Kitcharao, Magallanes,
Nasipit, Santiago, Tubay, and Remedios T. Romualdez.
AGUSAN DEL SUR, one (1)
BUKIDNON, three (3) - First District: Municipalities of Talakag, Baungon, Malitbog, Libona, Manolo Fortich,
Sumialo, Panganto-can, and Kalilangan; Second District: Municipalities of Malay-balay, Lantapan, Cabanglasan,
Valencia, San Fernando, and Impasugong; Third District: Municipalities of Maramag, Quezon, Don Carlos,
Kitaotao, Dangcagan, Kibawe, Damulog, and Kadingilan.
CAMIGUIN, one (1)
MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL with the Cities of Oroquieta, Ozamiz and Tangub, two (2) - First District: Oroquieta City
and the Municipalities of Baliangao, Plaridel, Calamba, Sapang Dalaga, Lopez Jaena, Aloran, Concepcion,
Panaon, and Jimenez; Second District: Ozamiz City, Tangub City, and the Municipalities of Bonifacio, Tudela,
Clarin, Sinacaban, and Don Mariano Marcos.
MISAMIS ORIENTAL, with Gingoog City, two (2) - First District: Gingoog City and the Municipalities of
Magsaysay, Talisayan, Balingoan, Medina, Kinogitan, Sugbongcogon, Binuangan, Salay, Lagonglong, and
Balingasag; Second District: Municipalities of Claveria, Jasaan, Villanueva, Tagoloan, Alubijid, El Salvador,
Gitagum, Initao, Laguindingan, Libertad, Lugait, Manticao, Naawan, and Opol.
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY one (1)
SURIGAO DEL NORTE with the City of Surigao, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Sta. Monica, San Isidro,
Del Carme, Pilar, General Luna, Dapa, Socorro, Burgos, San Benito, Loreto, Libjo, Dinagat, Cagdianao,
Tubajon, and Basilisa; Second District: Surigao City and the Municipalities of San Francisco, Tagana-an, Sison,
Placer, Malimono, Bacauag, Gigaquit, Tubod, Mainit, Alegria, and Claver.
Region XI
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DAVAO DEL NORTE, three (3) - First District: Municipalities of Moncayo, Montevista, Compostela, Nabunturan,
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New Bataan, Mawab, and San Mariano; Second District: Municipalities of San Vicente, Capalong, Asuncion,
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New Corella, Tagum, Maco, Mabini, and Pantukan; Third District: Municipalities of Sto. Tomas, Carmen,
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Panabo, Babak, Samal, and Kaputian.
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DAVAO ORIENTAL, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Boston, Cateel, Baganga, Caraga, Manay, and
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Tarragona; Second District: Municipalities of Mati, Banaybanay, Lupon, San Isidro, and Governor Generoso.
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DAVAO DEL SUR, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Magsaysay, Bansalan, Sta. Cruz, Matanao, Digos,
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Hagonoy, and Padada; Second District: Municipalities of Kiblawan, Sulop, Malalag, Sta. Maria, Malita, Jose
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DAVAO CITY, three (3) - First District: Districts of Poblacion and Talomo; Second District: Districts of
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Buhangin,Bunawan, and Paquibato; Third District: Districts of Toril, Tugbok, Calinan, and Baguio.
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SOUTH COTABATO with General Santos City, three (3) - First District: General Santos City, and the
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Municipalities of Polomolok, Tampakan, and Tupi; Second District: Municipalities of Tantangan, Norala, Banga,
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Sto. Nino, Surallah, Koronadal, Tiboli, and Lake Sebu; Third District: Municipalities of Alabel, Malapatan, Glan,
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Maasim, Kiamba, Maitum, and Malungon.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Bayabas, Cantilan, Carrascal, Cortes, Lanuza,
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Madrid, San Miguel, Tago, Tandag, Cagwit, Marihatag, San Agustin, Carmen, and Lianga; Second District:
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Region XII
LANAO DEL NORTE with Iligan City, two (2) - First District: Iligan City, Linamon, Kauswagan, Bacolod, Maigo,
Kolambugan, Tubod, and Baroy; Second District: Baloi, Pantar, Tagoloan, Poona-Piagapo, Pantao-Ragat,
Matungao, Tangkal, Munai, Nunungan, Magsaysay, Salvador, Kapatagan, Karomatan. Sapad, and Lala.
LANAO DEL SUR with Marawi City, (2) - First District: Marawi City and the Municipalities of Marantao, Piagapo,
Saguiaran, Tagoloan, Kapai, Ditsaan - Ramain, Bubong, Buadiposo-Buntong, Bumbaran, Maguing, Wao,
Molundo, Taraka, Lumba-Bayabao, Poona-Bayabao, Masiu and Tamparan; Second District: Municipalities of
Balindong, Tugaya, Bacolod Grande, Madalum, Madamba, Pualas, Ganassi, Pagayawan, Sultan Gumander,
Malabang, Balabagan, Kapatagan, Marogong, Tubaran, Binidayan, Lumbatan, Lumbayanague, Butig, Bayang
and Calanogas.
MAGUINDANAO with Cotabato City, two (2) - First District: Cotabato City and the Municipalities of Parang,
Sultan Kudarat, Buldon, Barira, Dinaig, Kabuntalan, Matanog and Upi; Second District: Municipalities of
Pagalunga, Buluan, Sultan sa Barongis, Maganoy, Talaya, South Upi, Datu Piang, Datu Paglas, and Ampatuan.
NORTH COTABATO, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Carmen, Kabacan, Libungan, Midsayap,
Pigkawayan, Pikit, Aleosan, Banisilan, and Alamada; Second District: Municipalities of Kidapawan, Makilala,
Matalam, Antipas, Mlang, Pres. Roxas Tulunan, and Magpet.
SULTAN KUDARAT, one (1)
Section 2. The Commission on Elections is hereby empowered to make minor adjustments of the
reapportionment herein made.
Section 3. Any province that may hereafter be created, or any city whose population may hereafter increase to
more than two hundred fifty thousand shall be entitiled in the immediately following election to at least one
Member or such number of Members as it may be entitled to on the basis of the number of its inhabitants and
according to the standards setforth in paragraph (3), Section 5 of Article VI of the Constitution. The number of
Members apportioned to the province out of which such new province was created or where the city, whose
population has so increased, is geographically located shall be correspondingly adjusted by the Commission on
Elections but such adjustment shall not be made within one hundred and twenty days before the election.
Section 4. This Ordinance shall be appended to the Constitution proposed by the 1986 Constitutional
Commission, and shall be submitted to a plebiscite simultaneously with such Constitution, and shall take effect
upon its ratification by a majority of the votes cast in such plebiscite.
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VIOLATIONS OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES
Violations under PD 46
- receiving directly or indirectly any gift, present or any other valuable thing on any occasion, including
Christmas, when such gift, present or other valuable thing is given by reason of his official position.
Violations under RA 3019 (Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act)
- directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present, share, percentage, or benefit, for himself or
for any other person, in connection with any contract or transaction between the Government and any other part,
wherein the public officer in his official capacity has to intervene under the law. [Section 3 (b)]
- accepting or having any member of his family accept employment in a private enterprise which has
pending official business with him during the pendency thereof or within one year after its termination. [Section 3
(d)]
- causing any undue injury to any party, including the Government, or giving any private party any
unwarranted benefits, advantage or preference in the discharge of his official administrative or judicial
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functions through manifest partiality, evident bad faith or gross inexcusable negligence. [Section 3 (e)]
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- neglecting or refusing, after due demand or request, without sufficient justification, to act within a
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reasonable time on any matter pending before him for the purpose of obtaining, directly or indirectly, from any
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person interested in the matter some pecuniary or material benefit or advantage, or for the purpose of favoring
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his own interest or giving undue advantage in favor of or discriminating against any other interested party.
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[Section 3 (f)]
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- entering, on behalf of the Government, into any contract or transaction manifestly and grossly
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disadvantageous to the same, whether or not the public officer profited or will profit thereby. [Section 3 (g)]
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- directly or indirectly having financing or pecuniary interest in any business, contract or transaction in
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connection with which he intervenes or takes part in his official capacity, or in which he is prohibited by the
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Constitution or by any law from having any interest. [Section 3 (h)]

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- directly or indirectly becoming interested, for personal gain, or having a material interest in any
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transaction or act requiring the approval of a board, panel or group of which he is a member, and which
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exercises discretion in such approval, even if he votes against the same or does not participate in the action of
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the board, committee, panel or group. [Section 3 (i)]

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- knowingly approving or granting any license, permit, privilege or benefit in favor of any person not
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qualified for or not legally entitled to such license, permit, privilege or advantage, or of a mere representative or
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dummy of one who is not so qualified or entitled. [Section 3 (j)]
- divulging valuable information of a confidential character, acquired by his office or by him on account of
his official position to unauthorized persons, or releasing such information in advance of its authorized release
date. [Section 3 (k)]
Violations under RA 6713 (Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees) and its
Implementing Rules
- directly or indirectly having financial and material interest in any transaction requiring the approval of his
office. [Rule X Section 1 (a)]
- recommending any person to any position in a private enterprise which has a regular or pending official
transaction with his office. [Rule X Section 1 (d)]
- disclosing or misusing confidential or classified information officially known to him by reason of his office
and not made available to the public, to further his private interests or give undue advantage to anyone, or to
prejudice the public interest. [Rule X Section 1 (e)]
- soliciting or accepting, directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan or anything of
monetary value which in the course of his official duties or in connection with any operation being regulated by,
or any transaction which may be affected by the functions of, his office. [Rule X Section 1 (f)]
- unfair discrimination in rendering public service due to party affiliation or preference.
[Rule X Section 1 (h)]
- failure to act promptly on letters and request within fifteen (15) days from receipt.
[Rule X Section 1 (j)]
- failure to process documents and complete action on documents and papers within a reasonable time
from preparation thereof. [Rule X Section 1 (k)]
- failure to attend to anyone who wants to avail himself of the services of the office, or to act promptly and
expeditiously on public personal transactions. [Rule X Section 1 (l)]
- failure to resign from his position in the private business enterprise within thirty (30) days from assumption
of public office when conflict of interest arises, and/or failure to divest himself of his shareholdings or interests in
private business enterprise within sixty
(60) days from such assumption of public office when conflict of interest arises. [Rule X Section 1 (n)]
Violations under Book V, Title I, Subtitle A of EO 292 (Revised Administrative Code of 1987)
- dishonesty. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (1)];
- oppression. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (2)]
- neglect of duty. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (3)]
- misconduct. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (4)]
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- disgraceful and immoral conduct. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (5)]
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- being notoriously undesirable. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (6)]
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- discourtesy in the course of official duties. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (7)]
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- inefficiency and incompetence in the performance of official duties. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (8)]
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- receiving for personal use of a fee, gift or other valuable thing in the course of official duties or in
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connection therewith when such fee, gift, or other valuable thing is given by any person in the hope or
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expectation of receiving a favor or better treatment than that accorded other persons, or committing acts
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punishable under the anti-graft laws. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (9)]
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- falsification of official document. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (13)]

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- loafing during regular office hours. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (14)]

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- habitual drunkenness. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (15)]

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- gambling. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (16)]

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- physical or mental incapacity or disability due to immoral or vicious habits. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (19)]
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- willful failure to pay just debts. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (22)]

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- contracting loans of money or other property from persons with whom the office of the employee
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concerned has business relations. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (23)]

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- conduct prejudicial to the best interest of the service. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (27)]
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- promoting the sale of tickets in behalf of private enterprises that are not intended for charitable or public
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welfare purposes and even in the latter cases if there is no prior authority. [Chapter 7 Section 46 (b) (29)]
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Violations under Act 3815 (Revised Penal Code)

- direct bribery - agreeing to perform an act constituting a crime or not, in connection with the performance
of this official duties, or refraining from doing something which it was his official duty to do, in consideration of
any offer, promise, gift or present received by such officer, personally or through the mediation of another.
[Article 210]
- indirect bribery - accepting gifts offered to him by reason of his office. [Article 211]
- entering into an agreement with any interested party or speculator or make use of any other scheme, to
defraud the Government, in dealing with any person with regard to furnishing supplies, the making of contracts,
or the adjustment or settlement of accounts relating to public property or funds. [Article 213 par. 1]
- directly or indirectly become interested in any contract or business in which it is his official duty to
intervene. [Article 216]
- appropriating, misappropriating or permitting any other person to take public funds or property [Article
217]
Violations under RA 9184 (Government Procurement Reform Act)

- opening any sealed bid including but not limited to bids that may have been submitted through the
electronic system and any and all documents required to be sealed or divulging their contents, prior to the
appointed time for the public opening of bids or other documents. [Section 65 (a) (1)]
- delaying, without justifiable cause, the screening for eligibility, opening of bids, evaluation and post
evaluation of bids, and awarding of contracts beyond the prescribed periods of action provided for in the
Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 9184. [Section 65 (a) (2)]
- unduly influencing or exerting undue pressure on any member of the Bids and Awards Committee (BAC)
or any officer or employee of the procuring entity to take a particular action which favors, or tends to favor a
particular bidder. [Section 65 (a) (3)]
- splitting of contracts which exceed procedural purchase limits and competitive bidding.
[Section 65 (a) (4)]
- when the head of the agency abuses the exercise of his power to
reject any and all bids as mentioned under Section 41 of RA 9184 with manifest preference to any bidder who is
closely related to him in accordance with Section 47 of RA 9184. [Section 65 (a) (5)]
- conspiring with two or more bidders who agree and submit different
bids as if the bids were bona fide,
when the bidders knew that one or more of them was so much higher than
the other that it could not be honestly accepted and that the contract will
surely be awarded to the pre-arranged lowest bid. [Section 65 (b) (1)]
- conspiring with a bidder who maliciously submits different bids through two or more persons,
corporations, partnerships or any other business entity in which the bidder
has interest to create the appearance of competition that does not in fact
exist so as to be adjudged as the winning bidder. [Section 65 (b) (2)]
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- conspiring with two or more bidders who enter into an agreement
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which call upon one bidder to refrain from bidding for procurement contracts,
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or which call for withdrawal of bids already submitted, or which are otherwise intended to secure an undue
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advantage to any one of the bidders. [Section
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- conspiring with a bidder, by himself or in connivance with other
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- conspiring with a bidder who submits bidding eligibilitydocuments

requirementsof whatever
of kind and nature that contain false
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use one's name for the purpose of participating in a public bidding. [Section 65 (c) (3)]
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- conspiring with a bidder who withdraws a bid, after it shall have qualified as the lowest calculated
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bid/highest rated bid, or refuse to accept an award, without just cause or for the purpose of forcing the procuring
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entity to award the contract to another bidder. This shall include the non-submission within the prescribed time,
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final award of the contract. [Section 65 (c) (4)]

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Alarming Waste Problem in the Philippines

The Philippines is looming with garbage problems despite the passage of the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act or the Republic Act (RA) 9003.
2007 first quarter data from the National Solid Waste Management Commission shows that there are 677 open
dumpsites, 343 controlled dumps, and 21 landfills in the country. An additional 307 dump sites are subject for
closure or rehabilitation plans but without definite schedules for enforcement. About 215 additional landfills are
being proposed to be set up nationwide.
About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. Prominent dumps all over the country can be
found in Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal; Baguio City; Calapan, Mindoro Oriental; Carmen, Cagayan de Oro;
Mandurriao, Iloilo City; Obando, Bulacan; and San Pedro, Laguna.
Environmentalists stress that Republic Act 9003 calls for the adoption of the best environmental practices in
ecological waste management and explicitly excludes waste incineration as an ecological option. These polluting
disposal facilities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere which adds to global
warming.
Landfills and open dumps, according to studies, account for 34 percent of human-related methane emissions to
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the atmosphere, a global warming gas that has 23 times more heat-trapping power than carbon dioxide. These
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landfills and open dumps are illegal under RA 9003.
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Incinerators, on the other hand, have significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions (per kilowatt) than
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a coal-fired power plant when all of the carbon coming out of an incinerator stack is measured. Such emissions
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Inaction on garbage contributes to the death of at least two persons every minute due to complications from
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environmental problems, which could be prevented if the country only developed a more efficient
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Annual waste generation in the Philippines is expected to grow 40 percent by 2010. Improvements in recycling,
collection, and disposal will become even more critical as garbage production continues to increase with
population growth and economic development.
Past efforts to promote waste segregation at source have minimal impact despite the presence of Republic Act
9003. Most of these were barangay, city, and municipal ordinances providing for sanctions and penalties for
non-compliance. Campaigns, seminars, trainings and other different community activities were implemented
with the help of various private groups or NGO’s to pursue the objective of solving the garbage problem.
RA 9003 further calls for the establishment of materials recovery facilities, or ecology centers, in every barangay
or cluster of a barangay. To date, only 1,923 ecology centers exist, serving 2,133 barangays of a total 41,975
nationwide. In Quezon City alone, only 52 barangays have established Materials Recovery Facilities out of a total
of 142.
People’s Behavior Toward Waste

Behaviour is a key cultural aspect that is embedded in people’s way of life. Studying a community’s behavior and
introducing new ones requires intensive, long-term, and creative social marketing. This can be done by studying
the demographic and cultural fiber of the community through immersions and capacity building activities.
The Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc.’s (REECS) 2002 study on household waste
management systems and the attitudes and behavior of the communities in two barangays in Metro Manila (
Bennagen, Nepomuceno, Covar, 2002) showed that:
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1. Waste management is still perceived by many as the responsibility of government.
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2. Public participation in waste management, especially in segregation at source, remains limited.
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3. More extensive awareness- raising activities and training on ecological waste management are needed,
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together with stricter enforcement of the Law and local ordinances must be observed.
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Recognizing the importance of the environment’s immediate recovery and effects of improper waste
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towards the protection of environment. The impending garbage crisis can be prevented if we only practice
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waste segregation at source, recycling, and composting as what the law requires. An intensive social marketing
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ANOTHER ARTICLE IN GARBAGE-------
Everyone knows the following scenario: Driving on the major roads of Metro Manila, every few minutes, one can
see garbage piling up along the street. Trash is a problem not only in Manila with its million inhabitants
producing a massive amount of waste, but also in the rural parts. And it does not only affect those, who
generate the waste. Even more, Mother Earth and her rich animal life suffer from our lavish lifestyle.
The dumpsite’s poisons
A major problem that comes with the dumpsites is the toxic liquid called leachate that seeps into the soil, and
most of the time is released unfiltered into the river system and the groundwater – a source of our drinking
water. According to the Garbage Book, a study by the Asia Development Bank, the Payatas landfill has released
an estimated amount of 63 million liters of leachate until 2003. This amount equals 2 liters per second or one
18-wheeled tractor trailer tanker truck every 5 hours. Leachate often contains toxic substances such as lead and
other heavy metals. “The problem with heavy metals is that they do not disappear, even when burning or
burying the waste,” explains Christina Vergara, who works for the EcoWasteCoalition, a group of experts on
waste management and zero-waste-campaigning. Samples of leachate have been tested on the Payatas and the
Rodriguez landfills with the result that a lot of toxics, among them heavy metals can be found in the liquid. The
two landfills generate an estimated 26 kilograms of lead annually. Lead levels were found to be up to 22 times
above standards. The substance can cause serious health damages: Lead is a neurotoxic and affects almost every
organ in the human body. It is especially dangerous for children, causing decreased mental abilities, learning
difficulties, and reduced growth.
One way to solve this is to address the manufacturers and convince them to use fewer toxic materials from the
start. Even though, the use of lead has already been phased out in gasoline and pesticides, past lead releases
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can still be found. Today, batteries and cables contain lead, but also paint which stains not only buildings, but
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other everyday products. Toys had to be recalled several times in the past due to lead residues and particles
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have even been found in lipstick. It is particularly hard to recycle those products, because they count as
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hazardous waste.
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Besides the water we drink, the air we breathe is being polluted by the landfills. A World Bank Study in 2007
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estimates that waste is responsible for 5% of the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions – the main cause of
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climate change. Methane from landfills represents 12% of total global methane emissions. And some goods are
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even more toxic: Light bulbs contain mercury. When they brake, the toxin is released in the air and inhaled by
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the people around. “Waste pickers have told us about the effects of mercury like the shaking of their bodies,”
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reports Vergara.
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And that is only to name a few examples for the poisons on our landfills.
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Dangerous carelessness
Being an ocean state, it is obvious that most landfills in the Philippines are built close to water – a river, a lake or
the ocean. The leachate floats in there and can contaminate the groundwater. Communities use the water for
washing or even for drinking. Agriculture is also affected as plants absorb the water. Later on, humans eat the
fruits and vegetables that still contain the toxic substances.
According to the DENR, 50 of the 421 rivers in the Philippines are already considered “biologically dead”, among
them the Pasig river. They no longer contain any oxygen and cannot support any but the hardiest kinds of
species.
Apart from that, another consequence can be observed several times a year all through the Philippines: there is
a connection between littering and flood. Typhoons have always hit the country and people had to cope with
nature’s mood, but today, flood situations have become more severe. Litter aggravates the problem by clogging
the drainage. In a city like Metro Manila, where almost all the surface is covered with concrete, the drainage
system is crucial for the water to flow off. “Even the pumping stations break, because of the clogging waste,”
states Christina Vergara. “Curing the consequences of the flooding costs a lot more than healing the actual
sickness, the littering,” she adds.
Who suffers first
The Philippines are considered as one of the mega-diverse countries in the world, meaning that their plant and
animal life is particularly rich. A lot of the organisms in the Philippines are endemic, so they only grow or live in a
certain area. More than 65% of the country’s plants and 61% of the mammals only exist in the Philippines. But
many of them are in danger. A lot of species are threatened by logging, mining, land conversion and just as
much the increasing amount and improper disposal of waste. The most immediate threat for the wildlife is the
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direct contact with the waste. They swallow toxic materials, they injure themselves on broken glass or sharp
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plastics and they can get caught in jars or bottles. And of course, they are the first ones to suffer from
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groundwater contamination.
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We dispose our garbage in order to get rid of unwanted items, but in reality, we waste a lot of valuable
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materials. “You waste good resources instead of recovering them, so you have to extract them again from virgin
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materials to create new products,” explains Vergara. This leads to the fact that an incinerator can solve the
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problem of high amounts of waste, but then, it also burns a resource: All the plastics, aluminum and others have
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to be newly produced using highly scarce raw materials. With the exceeding extraction of raw oil and the like,
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we exploit our nature and in fact, will at one point run out of those valuable resources. So we should better not
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waste them now. That is why the only solution is to reduce the waste instead of choosing the path of least
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resistance. Organizations like the EcoWasteCoalition promote a zero-waste-policy with the aim that waste
should not only be out of sight through burning, but should not be generated at all. Building new landfills
therefore is not the solution for the waste problem, because the sanitary landfills currently existing in the
Philippines should actually be able to accommodate all the waste being generated in the country. According to
law, only 5% of the waste are supposed to be residual. But so far, the recycling rates are not met at all. Thus,
“mixed” waste continues to be dumped on landfills and on uncontrolled dumpsites as well as being openly
burned or thrown in the ocean and rivers. Again, waste reduction hand in hand with the closure of the unsafe
open dumpsites is the only option, according to Christina Vergara: “We should manage the waste before it is
generated following the old saying: prevention is better than cure.”
Another article on Garbage
Addressing Metro Manila’s garbage problems remains a big challenge “If we will not change our way of life, we
will run out of land to dump the waste and we will soon be
walking on streets full of garbage,” Emelita S. Aguinaldo,
executive director of the National Solid Waste Management
Commission (NSWMC), said. Metro Manila produces about
8,700 tons of garbage daily and as the population grows, so
is the volume of garbage that the agency needs to dispose
of everyday.
Currently, Metro Manila’s garbage go to three different

dumps – Tanza, Navotas, Payatas, and Montalban dump sites. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA) General Manager Corazon Jimenez said the three garbage dumps have the capacity to take in Metro
Manila’s garbage for the next four to five decades, after which there is going to be a need to look for new
sites. After scouting in Japan for technologies that would help solve the problem, Jimenez saw that the use of
incinerator and the melting of garbage will be the solution. However, the NSWMC is more focused on
enforcing RA 9003 or the Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, which promotes waste segregation, recycling
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and composting to cut down waste production. Executive Director Aguinaldo says, “Fifty percent of the
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garbage we produce everyday are biodegradable. Local governments should have a composting facility to
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reduce garbage.”
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The problems caused by garbage are:
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Effects of Burning Trash
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The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 57 percent of the toxic substances dioxin and furans
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between 2002 and 2004 were created by burning trash in backyards. In addition to the toxins released by
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smoke, the garbage ash may have harmful toxins, and if the trash contains polystyrene plastic, pressure-treated
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wood, bleach and dyed paper, even more chemicals are released. The EPA estimates that burning 10 pounds of
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trash per household can produce as much air pollution as an efficient commercial incinerator burning 400,000
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pounds of trash.
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Landfills
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Even if garbage isn’t burned and is properly disposed of, garbage sits in landfills, taking up precious land. As
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biodegradable waste breaks down, the greenhouse gas methane is released in large quantities. Methane is 70%
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more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, an effect linked to global warming. Nitrous oxide is also
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released during the transportation of waste to landfills.
Land and Water Pollution
As waste sits and breaks down, harmful chemicals can leak into the ground and aquifers, contaminating local
water supplies. Older incinerators also release carcinogens known to cause cancer. Air pollutants can create acid
rain or cause respiratory problems.
Diseases Caused by Rodents and Insects
Of course, where there’s decay and garbage, there are rodents. Landfills and garbage piles are homes for rats,
flies and vermin carrying disease.
Fish Kills and Other Effects on Oceans
There is a garbage pile located in the Pacific Ocean, known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, covering an area
one and a half times the size of the United States and sits 100 feet deep. It consists primarily of plastic items,
which are not biodegradable and have buoyancy. Other waste which are biodegrable are absorbed by the water.
Animals may ingest or get caught in the plastics, and harmful chemicals can affect their health. Old fishnets also
trap animals, turtles and dolphins. In addition to affecting the ocean’s population, 2.5 billion people on earth
rely on fish to meet 20 percent of their protein needs, according to an article by Thomas Kostigen in Discovery
magazine.
Philippine Environment laws have been promulgated to protect our right to a healthful environment. These are:
Republic Act No. 8749 or the “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, ” declaring the duty of the State to protect and
advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of
nature,
Republic Act No. 9003, or the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000,” declaring the policy of the
State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program,
Republic Act No. 3931, creating the National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission, prohibiting among,
others, disposal of any organic or inorganic matter or any substance in gaseous or liquid form into any of the
waters and/or atmospheric air of the country.
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These laws have been well thought of in order to serve the purpose for which they were made. But however
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good these laws are, if they are not properly implemented or followed, they become ineffective and useless.
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News about garbage have been discouraging. Last month, mountains of garbage swept onto the Baywalk area
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along Roxas Boulevard in Manila , proof that despite the people’s unforgettable experience from Typhoon
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Ondoy, they are still in the process of learning proper garbage disposal. MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino said
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48 garbage trucks have been collected from Roxas Boulevard after the water surge. Tolentino said that 405
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truckloads of garbage clog Metro Manila’s esteros and canals each month resulting to flooding.
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As everybody could see, the garbage problem is a behavioral one. After everything has been said about it,
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discipline indeed is the name of the game.

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Republic Act No. 6713
Code of Conduct and Ethical standards for Public Officials and Employees
Republic of the Philippines

Congress of the Philippines
Second Regular Session
Senate. No. 139
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House No. 12069
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An act establishing a code of conduct and ethical standards for public officials
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and employees, to uphold the time-honored principle of public office being a
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public trust, granting incentives and rewards for exemplary service, enumerating
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prohibited acts and transactions and providing penalties for violations thereof and
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for other purposes.
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Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in
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Congress assembled:
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Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the “Code of Conduct and Ethical
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standards for Public Officials and Employees.”

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Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is the policy of the State to promote a high

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standard of ethics in public service. Public officials and employees shall at all
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times be accountable to the people and shall discharge their duties with utmost
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responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with patriotism and justice,
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lead modest lives, and uphold public interest over personal interest.
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Sec. 3. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the term:

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(a) “Government” includes the National government, the local governments, and
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all other instrumentalities, agencies or branches of the Republic of the

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Philippines including government0owned or controlled corporations and their

subsidiaries.
(b) “Public Officials” includes elective and appointive officials and employees,
permanent or temporary, whether in the career or non-career service, including
military and police personnel, whether or not they receive compensation,
regardless of amount.
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(c) “Gift” refers to a thing or a right disposed of gratuitously, or any act of
liberality, in favor of another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or
an ostensibly onerous disposition thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited gift of
nominal or insignificant value not given in anticipation of, or in exchange for, a
favor from a public official or employee.
(d) “Receiving any gift” includes the act of accepting, directly or indirectly, a gift
from a person other than a member of his family or relative as defined in this Act,
even on the occasion of a family celebration or national festivity like Christmas, if
the value of the gift is neither nominal nor insignificant, or the gift is given in
anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor.
(e) “Loan” covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as guarantees,
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financing arrangements or accommodations intended to ensure its approval.
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(f) “Substantial stockholder” means any person who owns, directly or indirectly,
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shares of stock sufficient to elect a director of a corporation. This term shall also
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apply to the parties to a voting trust.
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(g) “Family of public officials or employees” means their spouses and unmarried
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children under eighteen (18) years of age.
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(h) “Person” includes natural and juridical persons unless the context indicates
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otherwise.
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(i) “Conflict of interest” arises when a public official or employee is a member of a

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board, an officer, or a substantial stockholder of a private corporation or owned

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or has a substantial interest in business, and the interest of such corporation or

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business, or his rights or duties therein, may be opposed to or affected by the

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faithful performance of official duty.

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(j) “Divestment” is the transfer of title or disposal of interest in property by

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voluntarily, completely and actually depriving or dispossessing oneself of his right

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or title to it in favor of a person or persons other than his spouse and relatives as
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defined in this Act. “Relatives” refers to any and all persons related to a public
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official or employee within the fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity,

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including bilas, inso and balae.

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Sec. 4. Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees.
(A) Every public official and employee shall observe the following as standards of
personal conduct in the discharge and execution of official duties:
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(a) Commitment to public interest. - Public officials and employees shall always
uphold the public interest over and above personal interest. All government
resources and powers of their respective offices must be employed and used
efficiently, effectively, honestly and economically, particularly to avoid wastage in
public funds and revenues.
(b) Professionalism. - Public officials and employees shall perform and discharge
their duties with the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence
and skill. They shall enter public service with utmost devotion and dedication to
duty. They shall endeavor to discourage wrong perceptions of their roles as
dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage.
(c) Justness and sincerity. - Public officials and employees shall remain true to
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the people at all times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not
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discriminate against anyone, especially the poor and the underprivileged. They
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shall at all times respect the rights of others, and shall refrain from doing acts
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contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public policy, public order, public
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safety and public interest. They shall not dispense or extend undue favors on
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account of their office to their relatives whether by consanguinity or affinity except
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with respect to appointments of such relatives to positions considered strictly
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confidential or as members of their personal staff whose terms are coterminous
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(d) Political neutrality. - Public officials and employees shall provide service to
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everyone without unfair discrimination and regardless of party affiliation or

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preference.
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(e) Responsiveness to the public. - Public officials and employees shall extend
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prompt, courteous, and adequate service to the public. Unless otherwise

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provided by law or when required by the public interest, public officials and
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employees shall provide information on their policies and procedures in clear and
understandable language, ensure openness of information, public consultations
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and hearings whenever appropriate, encourage suggestions, simplify and

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systematize policy, rules and procedures, avoid red tape and develop an
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understanding and appreciation of the socioeconomic conditions prevailing in the

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country, especially in the depressed rural and urban areas.

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(f) Nationalism and patriotism. - Public officials and employees shall at all times
be loyal to the Republic and to the Filipino people, promote the use of locally-
produced goods, resources and technology and encourage appreciation and
pride of the country and people. They shall endeavor to maintain and defend
Philippine sovereignty against foreign intrusion.
(g) Commitment to democracy. - Public officials and employees shall commit

themselves to the democratic way of life and values, maintain the principle of
public accountability, and manifest by deeds the supremacy of civilian authority
3
over the military. They shall at all time uphold the Constitution and put loyalty to
country above loyalty to persons or party.
(h) Simple living. - Public officials and employees and their families shall lead
modest lives appropriate to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in
extravagant or ostentatious display of wealth in any form.
(B) The Civil Service Commission shall adopt positive measures to promote: (1)
observance of these standards including the dissemination of information
programs and workshops authorizing merit increases beyond regular progression
steps, to a limited number of employees recognized by their office colleagues t
be outstanding in their observance of ethical standards; and (2) continuing
research and experimentation on measures which provide positive motivation to
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public officials and employees in raising the general level of observance of these
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standards.
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Sec. 5. Duties of public Officials and Employees. - In the performance of their
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duties, all public officials and employees are under obligation to:
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(a) Act promptly on letters and requests. - All public officials and employees shall,
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within fifteen (15) working days from receipt thereof, respond to letters telegrams
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or other means of communications sent by the public. The reply must contain the
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action taken on the request.

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(b) Submit annual performance reports. - All heads or other responsible officers
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of offices and agencies of the government and of government-owned or

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controlled corporations shall, within forty-five (45) working days from the end of
the year, render a performance report of the agency or office or corporation
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concerned. Such report shall be open and available to the public within regular
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office hours.
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(c) Process documents and papers expeditiously. - All official papers and
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documents must be processed and completed within a reasonable time from the
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preparation thereof and must contain, as far as practicable, not more than three
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(3) signatories therein. In the absence of duly authorized signatories, the official
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next-in-rank or officer-in-charge shall sign for and in their behalf.

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(d) Act immediately on the public’s personal transactions. - All public officials and
employees must attend to anyone who wants to avail himself of the services of
their offices and must, at all times, act promptly and expeditiously.
(e) Make documents accessible to the public. - All public documents must be
made accessible to, and readily available for inspection by, the public within
reasonable working hours.
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Sec. 6. System of Incentives and Rewards. - A system of annual incentives and
rewards is hereby established in order to motivate and inspire public servants to
uphold the highest standards of ethics. For this purpose, a Committee on Awards
to Outstanding Public Officials and Employees is hereby created composed of
the following: Ombudsman and Chairman of the Commission on Audit, and two
government employees to be appointed by the president, as members.
It shall be the task of this Committee to conduct a periodic, continuing review of

the performance of public officials and employees, in all the branches and
agencies of Government and establish a system of annual incentives and
rewards to the end that due recognition is given to public officials and employees
of outstanding merit on the basis of the standards set forth in this Act.
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The conferment of awards shall take into account, among other things, the
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following: the years of service and the quality and consistency of performance,
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the obscurity of the position, the level of salary, the unique and exemplary quality
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of a certain achievement, and the risks of temptations inherent in the work.
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Incentives and rewards to government officials and employees of the year to be
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announced in public ceremonies honoring them may take the form of bonuses,
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citations, directorships in government-owned or controlled corporations, local and
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foreign scholarship grants, paid vacations, and the like. They shall likewise be
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automatically promoted to the next higher position with the commensurate salary
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suitable to their qualifications. In case there is no next higher position or it is not

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vacant, said position shall be included in the budget of the office in the next
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General Appropriations Act. The Committee on Awards shall adopt its own rules
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to govern the conduct of its activities.

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Sec. 7. Prohibited Acts and Transactions. - In addition to acts and omissions of

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public officials and employees now prescribed in the Constitution and existing
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laws , the following shall constitute prohibited acts and transactions of any public
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official and employee3 and are hereby declared to be unlawful:

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(a) Financial and material interest. - Public officials and employees shall not,
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directly and indirectly, have any financial or material interest in any transaction
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requiring the approval of their office.

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(b) Outside employment and other activities related thereto. - Public officials and
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employees during their incumbency shall not:
(1) Own, control, manage or accept employment as officer, employee,

consultant, counsel, broker, agent, trustee or nominee in any private enterprise
regulated, supervised or licensed by their office unless expressly allowed by law;
(2) Engage in the private practice of their profession unless authorized by the
Constitution or law, provided that such practice will not conflict or tend to conflict
with their official functions; or
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(3) Recommend any person to any position in a private enterprise which has a
regular or pending official transaction with their office. These prohibitions shall
continue to apply for a period of one (1) year after resignation, retirement, or
separation from public office, except in the case of subparagraph (b) (2) above,
but the professional concerned cannot practice his profession in connection with
any matter before the office he used to be with, in which case the one-year
prohibition shall likewise apply.
(c) Disclosure and/or misuse of confidential information. - Public officials and

employees shall not use or divulge, confidential or classified information officially
known to them by reason of their office and not made available to the public,
either:
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(1) To further their private interests, or give undue advantage to anyone; or
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(2) To prejudice the public interest.
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(d) Solicitation or acceptance of gifts. - Public officials and employees shall not
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solicit or accept, directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan
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or anything of monetary value from any person in the course of their official
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duties or in connection with any operation being regulated by, or any transaction
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which may be affected by the functions of their office.
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As to gifts or grants from foreign governments, the Congress consents to:

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(i) The acceptance and retention by a public official or employee of a gift of

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nominal value tendered and received as a souvenir or mark of courtesy;

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(ii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of a gift in the nature of a

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scholarship or fellowship grant or medical treatment; or

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(iii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of travel grants or expenses

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for travel taking place entirely outside the Philippines (such as allowances,
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transportation, food, and lodging) of more than nominal value if such acceptance
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is appropriate or consistent with the interests of the Philippines, and permitted by

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the head of office, branch or agency to which he belongs.

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The Ombudsman shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry

out the purpose of this subsection, including pertinent reporting and disclosure
requirements.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict or prohibit any educational,

scientific or cultural exchange programs subject to national security
requirements.
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Sec. 8. Statements and Disclosure. - Public officials and employees have an
obligation to accomplish and submit declarations under oath of, and the public
has the right to know, their assets, liabilities, net worth and financial and business
interest including those of their spouses and of unmarried children under
eighteen (18) years of age living in their households.
(A) Statement of Assets and Liabilities and Financial Disclosure. - All public
officials and employees, except those who serve in an honorary capacity,
laborers and casual or temporary workers, shall file under oath their Statement of
Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and a Disclosure of Business Interests and
Financial Connections and those of their spouses and unmarried children under
eighteen (18) years of age living in their households.
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The two documents shall contain information on the following:
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(a) real property, its improvements, acquisition costs, assessed value and current
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fair market value;
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(b) personal property and acquisition cost; er
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(c) all other assets such as investments, cash on hand or in banks, stocks,
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(d) liabilities; and

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(e) all business interests and financial connections.

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The documents must be filed:

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(a) within thirty (30) days after assumption of office;

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(b) on or before April 30 of every year thereafter; and

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(c) within thirty (30) days after separation from the service.
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All public officials and employees required under this section to file the
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aforestated documents shall also execute, within thirty (30) days from the date of
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their assumption of office, the necessary authority in favor of the Ombudsman to

obtain from all appropriate government agencies, including the Bureau of Internal
Revenue, such documents as may show their assets, liabilities, net worth, and
also their business interests and financial connections in previous years,
including, if possible, the year when they first assumed any office in the
Government.
Husband and wife who are both public officials or employees may file the
required statements jointly or separately.
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The Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and the Disclosure of
Business Interests and Financial Connections shall be filed by:
(1) Constitutional and national elective officials, with the national office of the
Ombudsman;
(2) Senators and Congressmen, with the Secretaries of the Senate and the
House of Representatives, respectively; Justices, with the Clerk of Court of the
Supreme Court; Judges, with the court Administrator; and all national executive
officials with the office of the President;
(3) Regional and local officials and employees, with the Deputy Ombudsman in
their respective regions;
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(4) Officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, with the
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Office of the President, and those below said ranks, with the Deputy
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Ombudsman in their respective regions; and
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(5) All other public officials and employees, defined in Republic Act No. 3019, as
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amended, with the civil Service Commission.
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(B) Identification and disclosure of relatives. - It shall be the duty of every public
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official or employee to identify and disclose, to the best of his knowledge and
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information, his relatives in the Government in the form, manner and frequency
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prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.

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(C) Accessibility of the documents.

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(1) Any and all statements filed under this Act shall be made available for
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inspection at reasonable hours.

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(2) Such statements shall be made available for copying or reproduction after ten
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(100 working days from the time they are filed as required by law.
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(3) Any statement filed under this Act shall be available to the public for a period
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of ten (10) years after receipt of the statement. After such period, the statement
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may be destroyed unless needed in an ongoing investigation.

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(D) Prohibited acts. - It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain or use any
statement filed under this Act for:
(a) any purpose contrary to morals or public policy; or
(b) any commercial purpose other than by news and communications media for
dissemination to the general public.
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Sec 9. Divestment. - A public official or employee shall avoid conflicts of interest

at all times. When a conflict of interest arises, he shall resign from his position in
any private business enterprise within thirty (30) days from his assumption of
office and/or divest himself of his shareholdings or interest within sixty (60) days
from such assumption.
The same rule shall apply where the public official or employee is a partner in a
partnership.
The requirement of divestment shall not apply to those who serve the
Government in an honorary capacity nor to laborers and casual or temporary
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workers.
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Sec. 10. Review and Compliance Procedure.
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(a) The designated Committees of both Houses of the Congress shall establish
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procedures for the review of statements to determine whether said statements
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have been submitted on time are complete and are in proper form. In the event a
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determination is made that a statement is not so filed, the appropriate Committee

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shall so inform the reporting individual and direct him to take the necessary
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corrective action.
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(b) In order to carry out their responsibilities under this Act, the designated
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Committees of both Houses of congress shall have the power, within their
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respective jurisdictions, to render any opinion interpreting this Act, in writing, to

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persons, covered by this Act, subject in each instance to the approval by

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affirmative vote of the majority of the particular House concerned.

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The individual to whom an opinion is rendered, and any other individual involved
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in a similar factual situation, and who, after issuance of the opinion acts in good
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faith in accordance with it shall not be subject to any sanction provided in this
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Act.
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(c) The heads of other offices shall perform the duties stated in subsections (a)
and (b) hereof insofar as their respective offices are concerned, subject to the
approval of the Secretary of Justice, in the case of the Executive Department and
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in the case of the Judicial Department.
Sec. 11. Penalties.
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(a) Any public official or employee, regardless of whether or not he holds office or
employment in a casual, temporary, holdover, permanent or regular capacity,
committing any violation of this Act shall be punished with a fine not exceeding
one (1) year, or removal depending on the gravity of the offense after due notice
and hearing by the appropriate body of agency. If the violation is punishable by a
heavier penalty under another law, he shall be prosecuted under the latter
statute. Violations of Sections 7, 8, or 9 of this Act shall be punishable with
imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years, or a fine not exceeding Five thousand
pesos (P5, 000.00), or both, and, in the discretion of the court of competent
jurisdiction, disqualification to hold public office.
(b) Any violation hereof proven in a proper administrative proceeding shall be

sufficient cause for removal or dismissal of a public official or employee, even if
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no criminal prosecution is instituted against him.
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(c) Private individuals who participate in conspiracy as co-principals, accomplices
20
or accessories, with public officials or employees, in violation of this Act, shall be
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subject to the same penal liabilities as the public officials or employees and shall
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be tried jointly with them. er
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(d) The official or employee concerned may bring an action against any person
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who obtains or uses a report for any purpose prohibited by Section 8 (D) of this
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Act. The court in which such action is brought may assess against such person a
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penalty in any amount not to exceed Twenty-five thousand pesos (P25, 000.00).
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If another sanction hereunder or under any other law is heavier, the latter shall
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apply.
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Sec. 12. Promulgation of Rules and Regulations, Administration and

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Enforcement of this Act. - The Civil Service Commission shall have the primary
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responsibility for the administration and enforcement of this Act. It shall transmit
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all cases for prosecution arising from violations of this Act to the proper
authorities for appropriate action: Provided, however, That it may institute such
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administrative actions and disciplinary measures as may be warranted in

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accordance with law. Nothing in this provision shall be construed as a deprivation

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of the right of each House of Congress to discipline its Members for disorderly
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behavior. The Civil Service Commission is hereby authorized to promulgate rules

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and regulations necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act, including
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guidelines for individuals who render free voluntary service to the Government.
The Ombudsman shall likewise take steps to protect citizens who denounce acts
or omissions of public officials and employees which are in violation of this Act.
Sec. 13. Provisions for More Stringent Standards. - Nothing in this Act shall be
constructed to derogate from any law, or any regulation prescribed by any body
or agency, which provides for more stringent standards for its officials and
employees.
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Sec. 14. Appropriations. - The sum necessary for the effective implementation of
this Act shall be taken from the appropriations of the Civil Service Commission.
Thereafter, such as may be needed for its continued implementation shall be
included in the annual General Appropriations
Act. Sec. 15. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act or the application
of such provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any person or
circumstance is declared invalid, the remainder of the Act or the application of
such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected by such
declaration.
Sec. 16. Repealing Clause. All laws, decrees and orders or parts thereof
inconsistent herewith, are deemed repealed or modified accordingly, unless the
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same provide for a heavier penalty.
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Sec. 17. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect after thirty (30) days following the
20
completion of its publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) national
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newspapers of general circulation.
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Approved, February 20, 1989
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Rules Implementing the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public
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Officials and Employees

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Pursuant to the provisions of Section 12 of Republic Act No. 6713, otherwise

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known as the “Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
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Employees”, approved Dn February 20, 1989, and which took effect on March
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25, 1989, conformably to Section 17 thereof, the following Rules are hereby
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adopted in order to carry out the provisions of the said Code:

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Rule I
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Coverage
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Section 1. These Rules shall cover all officials and employees in the government,
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elective and appointive, permanent or temporary, whether in the career or non-

career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not they
receive compensation, regardless of amount.
Rule II
Interpretation
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Section 1. These Rules shall be interpreted in the light of the Declaration of
Policy found in
Section 2 of the Code:
“It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in public service.
Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and
shall discharge their duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence and
loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public
interest over personal interest.”
Rule III
Reforms on Public Administrative Systems
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Section 1. Every department, office and agency shall, as soon as practicable
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and in no case later than ninety (90) days from the effectivity of these rules, start
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conducting value development programs for its officials and employees in order
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to strengthen their commitment to public service and help promote the primacy of
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public interest over personal interest in the performance of their duties. Such
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programs and other parallel efforts on value development shall include, among
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other things, the following subjects:
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(a) Ethical and moral values;

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(b) Rights, duties and responsibilities of public servants

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(c) Nationalism and patriotism;

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(d) Justice and human rights;

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(e) Democracy in a free and just society;

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(f) Philippine history. Culture and tradition; and

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(g) Socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country, especially in the

depressed areas, and the need for a code of Conduct and Ethical Standards.
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Continuing refresher courses and seminars and/or workshops to promote a high

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standard of ethics in public service shall be conducted.

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Section 2. Professional, scientific, technical trainings and education programs

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shall enhance to the highest degree, professionalism, excellence, intelligence

and skills in the performance and discharge of duties and responsibilities of
officials and employees. These programs shall be conducted in all offices of the
government and may include subjects that are enumerated in the preceding
section.
Section 3. It is the responsibility of every head of department, office and agency

to ensure that officials and employees attend the value development program
and participate in parallel value development efforts.
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Section 4. Every department, office and agency shall conduct continuing studies
and analyses of their work systems and procedures to improve delivery of public
services. Towards this end, such studies and analyses shall: (1) identify systems
and procedures that lead or contribute to negative bureaucratic behavior; (2)
simplify rules and procedures to avoid red tape; and (3) devise or adopt systems
and procedures that promote official and employee morale and satisfaction.
Each department, office or agency shall develop a service guide or its functional
equivalent which shall be regularly updated and made available to the
transacting public. A workflow chart showing procedures or flow of documents
shall likewise be posted in conspicuous places in the department, office or
agency for the information and guidance of all concerned.
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Upon request, the Department of Budget and Management shall assists
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departments, offices and agencies in the evaluation and adoption of work
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systems and procedures that will institutionalize a management climate
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conducive to public accountability.
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Section 5. Every department, office and agency shall consult the public they
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serve for the purpose of gathering feedback and suggestions on the efficiency,
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effectiveness and economy of services. They shall establish mechanisms to
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ensure the conduct of public consultations and hearings.
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Section 6. Every department, office and agency shall continuously conduct

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research and experimentation on measures and adopt innovative programs

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which will provide motivation to officials and employees in raising the level of
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observance of public service ethical standards.

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Section 7. every department, office and agency shall, appoint or designate a

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resident Ombudsman, who shall act immediately on all request for public
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assistance referred to him by the Ombudsman and his Deputies. He shall be held
accountable for the disposition of all requests for assistance.
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Section 8. Government officials shall make themselves available to their staff for
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consultations and dialogues.

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Rule IV
Transparency of Transactions and Access to Information
Section 1. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts

and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving
public interest.
13
Section 2. it is the responsibility of heads of departments, offices and agencies
to establish measures and standards that will ensure transparency of and
openness in public transactions in their respective offices, such as biddings,
purchases, other internal transactions, including contracts, status of projects, and
all other matters involving public interest.
They shall establish information systems that will inform the public of the
following: (a) policies, rules, and procedures; (b) work programs, projects, and
performance targets; (c) performance reports; and (d) all other documents as
may hereafter be classified as public information.
Such information shall be utilized solely for the purpose of informing the public of
such policies, programs and accomplishment, and not to build the public image
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of any official or employee or to advance his own personal interest.
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Section 3. Every department, office or agency shall provide official information,
20
records or documents to any requesting public, except if:
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(a) such information, record or document must be kept secret in the interest of
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national defense or security or the conduct of foreign affairs.
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(b) such disclosure would put the life and safety of an individual in imminent
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danger;
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(c) the information, record or document sought falls within the concepts of
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established privilege or recognized exceptions as may be provided by law or

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settled policy or jurisprudence;

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(d) such information, record or document compromises drafts or decisions,

orders, rulings, policy, decisions, memoranda, etc;
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(e) it would disclose information of a personal nature where disclosure would

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constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;

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(f) it would disclose investigatory records complied for law enforcement

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purposes, or information which if written would be contained in such records or

information would (I) interfere with enforcement proceedings, (ii) deprive a
person of a right to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication, (iii) disclose the identity
of a confidential source and, in the case of a record compiled by a criminal law
enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation, or by an agency
conducting a lawful national security intelligence investigation, confidential
information furnished only by the confidential source, or (iv) unjustifiably disclose
investigative techniques and procedures; or
14
(g) it would disclose information the premature disclosure of which would (I) in
the case of a department, office or agency which agency regulates currencies,
securities, commodities, of financial institutions, be likely to lead to significant
financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities or significantly
endanger the stability of any financial institution, or (ii) in the case of any
department, office or agency be likely or significantly to frustrate implementation
of a proposed official action, except that subparagraph (f) (ii) shall not apply in
any instance where the department, office or agency has already disclosed to the
public the content or nature of its proposed action, or where the department,
office or agency is required by law to make such disclosure on its own initiative
prior to taking final official action on such proposal.
Section 4. Every head of department, office and agency shall establish
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information systems and networks that will effect the widest possible
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dissemination of information regarding the provisions of the Code, and the
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policies and programs relative thereto.
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Rule V
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Incentive and Rewards System pd

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Section 1. Incentives and rewards shall be granted officials and employees who
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have demonstrated exemplary service and conduct on the basis of their

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observance of the norms of conduct laid down in Section 4 of the Code namely:
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(a) Commitment to public interest - Officials and employees shall always uphold
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the public interest over personal interest. All government resources and powers
and powers of their respective departments, offices and agencies must be
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employed and used efficiently, effectively, honestly and economically, particularly

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to avoid wastage in public funds and revenues.

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(b) Professionalism - Officials and employees shall perform and discharge their
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duties with the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and

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skill. They shall enter public service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty.
They shall endeavor to discourage wrong perceptions of their roles as dispensers
or peddlers of undue patronage.
(c) Justness and sincerity - Officials and employees shall remain true to the
people at all times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not
discriminate against anyone, especially the poor and the underprivileged. They
shall refrain from doing acts contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public
policy, public order, public safety and public interest. They shall not dispense or
15
extend undue favors on account of their office to their relatives, whether by
consanguinity or affinity, except with respect to appointments of such relatives to
positions considered strictly confidential or as members of their personal staff
whose terms are coterminous with theirs.
(d) Political neutrality - Officials and employees shall provide service to everyone
without unfair discrimination regardless of party affiliation or preference.
(e) Responsiveness to the public - Officials and employees shall extend prompt,
courteous, and adequate service to the public. Unless otherwise provided by law
or when required by the public interest, officials and employees shall provide
information on their policies and procedures in clear and understandable
language, ensure openness of information, public consultations and hearings
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whenever appropriate, encourage suggestions, simplify and systematize policy,
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rules and procedures, avoid red tape and develop an understanding and
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appreciation of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country,
20
especially in the depressed rural and urban areas.
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(f) Nationalism and patriotism - Officials and employees shall at all times be loyal
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to the Republic and to the Filipino people, promote the use of locally produced
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goods, resources and technology and encourage appreciation and pride of
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country and people. They shall endeavor to maintain and defend Philippine
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sovereignty against foreign intrusion.

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(g) Commitment to democracy - Officials and employees shall commit

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themselves to the democratic way of life and values, maintain the principle of
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public accountability and manifest by deeds the supremacy of civilian authority

over the military. They shall at all times uphold the Constitution and put loyalty to
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country above loyalty to persons or party.

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(h) Simple living - Officials and employees and their families shall lead modest
lives appropriate to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in
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Section 2. The following criteria shall be considered in the conferment of awards:

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(a) Years of service;

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(b) Quality and consistency of performance;

(c) Obscurity of the position;
(d) Level of salary;
(e) Unique and exemplary quality of achievement;
(f) Risk or temptation inherent in the work; and
(g) Any similar circumstances or considerations in favor of the particular
awardee.
16
Section 3. Incentives and rewards to government officials and employees of the
year may take the form of any of the following, as may be determined by the
Committee on Awards established under the Code:
(a) Bonuses; or
(b) Citations; or
(c) Directorships in government-owned or controlled corporations; or
(d) Local and foreign scholarship grants; or
(e) Paid vacations; and
(f ) Automatic promotion to the next higher position suitable to his qualifications
and with commensurate salary; provided, that if there is no next higher position
or it is not vacant, said position shall be included in the next budget of the office;
except when the creation of a new position will result in distortion in the
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organizational structure of the department, office or agency. Where there is no
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next higher position immediately available, a salary increase equivalent to the
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next higher position shall be given and incorporated in the base pay. When a
20
new position is created, that which is vacated shall be deemed abolished.
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The grants of awards shall be governed by the merit and fitness principle.
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Section 4. (a) The system shall be administered by a Committee on Awards for
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Outstanding Public Officials and Employees composed of:
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(1) Ombudsman Co-Chairman

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(2) Chairman CSC Co-Chairman

(3) Chairman COA Member
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(4) Two (2) Government Members Employees to be Appointed By the President

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(b) For this purpose, the Committee shall perform the following functions and
responsibilities:
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(1) Conduct a periodic, continuing review of performance of officials and

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employees in all department, offices and agencies;

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(2) Establish a system of annual incentives and rewards to the end that due
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recognition is given to officials and employees of outstanding merit on the basis

of standards set forth in Section 2, Rule V hereof;
(3) Determine the form of rewards to be granted;
(4) Formulate and adopt its own rules to govern the conduct of its activities,
which shall include guidelines for evaluating nominees, the mechanism for
recognizing the awardees in public ceremonies and the creation of sub-
committees;
17
In the evaluation of nominees, the Committee may be assisted by technical
experts selected from the government and the private sectors.
Section 5.The Civil Service Commission shall provide secretariat services to the
Committee.
Section 6. Nothing herein provided shall inhibit any department, office or agency
from instituting its own rewards program in addition to those provided by, but not
inconsistent with these Rules.
Section 7. The budget to cover all expenses in the implementation of this Rule
shall be incorporated in the appropriation of the Civil Service Commission.
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Rule VI
20
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Duties of Public Officials and Employees
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Section 1. As a general rule, when a request or petition, whether written or
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verbal, can be disposed of promptly and expeditiously the official and employee
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in charge to whom the same is presented shall do so immediately, without
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discrimination, and in no case beyond fifteen (15) working days from receipt of
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the request or petition.

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Section 2. In departments, offices or agencies that are usually swamped with

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persons calling for a particular type of service, the head of the department, office
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or agency shall devise a mechanism so as to avoid long queues, such as by

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giving each person a ticket number duly countersigned which shall specify the
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time and the date when the person, whose name and address shall be indicated,
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can be served without delay. Said person shall have the right to prompt service
upon presentation of said ticket number.
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Section 3. In case of written requests, petitions or motions, sent by means of

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letters, telegrams, or the like, the official or employee in charge shall act on the
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same within fifteen (15) working days from receipt thereof, provided that:
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(b) If the communication is within the jurisdiction of the office or agency, the
official and employee must:
(1) Write a note or letter of acknowledgement where the matter id merely

routinary or the action desired may be acted upon in the ordinary course of
business of the department, office or agency, specifying the date when the
matter will be disposed of and the name of the official or employee in charge
thereof.
18
(2) Where the matter is non-routinary or the issues involved are not simple or
ordinary, write a note or letter of acknowledgement, informing the interested
party, petitioner or correspondent of the action to be taken or when such
requests, petitions or motions can be acted upon. Where there is a need to
submit additional information, requirements, or documents, the note or letter of
acknowledgement shall so state, specifying a reasonable period of time within
which they should be submitted, and the name of the particular official or
employee in charge thereof. When all the documents or requirements have been
submitted to the satisfaction of the department or office or agency concerned, the
particular official or employee in charge shall inform the interested party,
petitioner, or correspondent of the action to be taken and when such action or
disposition can be expected, barring unforeseen circumstances.
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(c) If communication is outside its jurisdiction, the official or employee must:
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(1) Refer the letter, petition, telegram, or verbal request to the proper department,
20
office or agency.
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(2) Acknowledge the communication by means of a note or letter, informing the
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interested party, petitioner, correspondent of the action taken and attaching a
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copy of the letter of the letter of referral to the proper department, office or
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agency. pd
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The department, office or agency to which the letter, petition, telegram or verbal
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request was referred for appropriate action must take action in accordance with
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subsection (a), pars. 1 and 2 hereof.

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The period of fifteen (15) working days herein provided shall be counted from the
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date of receipt of the written or verbal communication by the department, office or

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agency concerned.
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Section 4. All official papers and documents must be processed and completed
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within a reasonable time from the preparation thereof. Reasonable time shall be
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determined in accordance with the following rules:

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(b) When the law or the applicable rule issued in accordance therewith
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prescribes a period within which a decision is to be rendered or an action taken,

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the same shall be followed;
(c) When the law or the applicable rule issued in accordance therewith does not
prescribe a period, the head of department, office or agency shall issue rules and
regulations prescribing, among other things, what is reasonable time, taking into
account the following factors:
(1) Nature, simplicity or complexity of the subject matter of the official papers of
documents processed by said department, office or agency.
19
(2) Completeness or inadequacy of requirements or of data and information
necessary for decision or action;
(3) Lack of resources caused by circumstances beyond the control of the

department, office or agency or official or employee concerned;
(4) Legal constraints such as restraining orders and injunctions issued by proper
judicial, quasi-judicial or administrative authorities; and
(5) Fault, failure or negligence of the party concerned which renders decision or
action not possible or premature; and
(6) Fortuitous events or force majeure.
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Section 5. Except as otherwise provided by law or regulation, and as far as
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practicable, any written action or decision must contain not more than three (3)
20
initials or signatures. In the absence of the duly authorized signatory, the official
vi
next-in-rank or officer-in-charge or the person duly authorized shall sign for and
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in his behalf. The head of department, office or agency shall prescribe, through
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and appropriate office order, the rules on the proper authority to sign in the
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absence of the regular signatory, as follows:
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(1) If there is only one official next in rank, he shall automatically be the
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signatory;
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(2) If there are two ore more officials next in rank, the appropriate office order
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shall prescribe the order of priority among the officials next in rank within the
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same organizational unit; or

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(3) If there is no official next in rank present and available, the head of
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department, office or agency shall designate an officer-in-charge from among

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those next lower in rank in the same organizational unit.

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Section 6. All public documents must be made accessible to, and readily
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available for inspection by, the public during working hours, except those
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provided in Section 3. Rule IV.
Section 7. All heads or other responsible officers of departments, offices or

agencies of the government and of government-owned or controlled corporations
shall, within forty five (45) working days from the end of the year, render a full
and complete report of performance and accomplishments, as prescribed by
existing laws and regulations.
20
Another report of compliance with the provisions of the Code and these Rules
shall be prepared and submitted to the Civil Service Commission. The
Commission may require officials to provide additional information or furnish
documents, if necessary.
Section 8. Officials and employees and their families shall lead modest and
simple lives appropriate to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in
Basically, modest and simple living means maintaining a standard of living within
the public official and employee’s visible means of income as correctly disclosed
in his income tax returns, annual statement of assets, liabilities and net worth and
other documents relating to financial and business interests and connections.
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Public funds and proper for official use and purpose shall be utilized with the
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diligence of a good father of a family.
20
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Rule VII
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Public Disclosure pd
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Section 1. Every official and employee, except those who serve in an official
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honorary capacity, without service credit or pay, temporary laborers and casual
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or temporary or contractual workers, shall file under oath their statement of

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assets, liabilities and net worth and a disclosure of business interests and
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financial connections including those of their spouses and unmarried children

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under eighteen (18) years of age living in their households, in the prescribed
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form, Annex A.
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(b) Contents of Statement

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(1) The Statement of Assets and Liabilities and Net Worth shall contain
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information on the following:

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(a) real property, its improvements, acquisition costs, assessed value, and
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current fair market value;
(b) personal property and acquisition costs;
(c) all other assets such as investments, cash on hand or in banks, stocks,
bonds, and the like; and
(d) all financial liabilities and long-term.
21
(2) The Disclosure of Business Interests and Financial Connections shall contain
information on any existing interests in, or any existing connections with, any
business enterprises or entities, whether as proprietor, investor, promoter,
partner, shareholder, officer, managing director, executive, creditor, lawyer, legal
consultant, accountant, auditor, and the like, the names and addresses of the
business enterprises or entities, the dates when such interests or connections
were established, and such other details as will show the nature of the interests
or connections.
(c) When to File
The above documents under the Code must be filed:
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(1) within thirty (30) days after assumption of office, statements of which must be
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reckoned as of his first day of service;
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20
(2) on or before April 30 of every year thereafter, statements of which must be
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reckoned as of the end of the preceding year; or
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(3) within thirty (30) days after separation from the service, statements of which
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must be reckoned as of his last day of office.
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(d) Where to File

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The Statement of Assets and Liabilities and Net Worth and the Disclosure of
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Business Interests and Financial Connections shall be filed by the:

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(1) President, Vice-President and Constitution al Officials, with the National

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Office of the Ombudsman;

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(2) Senators and Congressmen, with the Secretaries of the Senate and the
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House of Representatives, respectively; Justices, with the Clerk of Court of the

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Supreme Court; Judges, with the Court Administrator; and national executive
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officials such as Members of the Cabinet, Undersecretaries and Assistant

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Secretaries, including the foreign service and heads of government-owned or

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controlled corporations with original charters and their subsidiaries and state
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colleges and universities, with the Office of the President.

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(3) Regional and local officials and employees, both appointive and elective,
including other officials and employees of government-owned or controlled
corporations and their subsidiaries and state colleges and universities, with the
Deputy Ombudsman in their respective regions;
(4) Officers of the Armed Forces from the rank of Colonel or Naval Captain, with
the Office of the President, and those below said ranks, with the Deputy
Ombudsman in their respective regions; and
22
(5) All other officials and employees defined in Republic Act No. 3019, as
amended, with the Civil Service Commission.
A copy of said statements shall also be filed with their respective departments,
offices or agencies.
(d) All Statement of Assets and Liabilities and Net Worth, as of December 31,
1988, now on file with their respective agencies shall constitute sufficient
compliance with the requirements of the Code and they shall be required to
accomplish and file the new form as prescribed in these Rules on or before April
30, 1990, and every year thereafter.
(e) Every official and employee shall also execute, within thirty (30) days from the
s/
date of their assumption of office, the necessary authority in favor of the
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Ombudsman to obtain, from all the appropriate government agencies, including
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the Bureau of Internal Revenue, such documents as may show their assets,
20
liabilities, net worth, and also their business interests, and financial connections
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in previous years, including, if possible, the year when they first assumed any
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office in the government. er
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(f)Married couples who are both public officials and employees may file the
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Section 2. Every official or employee shall identify and disclose under oath to the
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best of his knowledge and information, his relatives in the government, up to the
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fourth civil degree of relationship, either of consanguinity or affinity, including

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bilas, inso and balae, in the prescribed form, Annex A, which shall be filed; (a)
within thirty (30) days after assumption of office, the information contained
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therein must be reckoned as of his first day of office; (b) on or before April 30 of
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every year thereafter, the information contained therein must be reckoned as of

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the end of the preceding year; or (c) within thirty (30) days after separation from
the service, the information contained therein must be reckoned as of his last day
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of office.
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Section 3. (a) Any and all statements filed in accordance with the preceding
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sections shall be made available for public inspection at reasonable hours;

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(b) Such statements shall be made available for public inspection at reasonable
hours;
(c) Any duly authorized person requesting a copy of a statement shall be

required to pay a reasonable fee as may be determined and prescribed by the
Civil Service Commission to cover the cost of reproduction and mailing of such
statement, as well as the cost of certification.
23
(d) Any statement filed under the Code shall be available to the public, subject to
the foregoing limitations, for a period of ten (10) years after receipt of the
statement. The statement may be destroyed after such period unless needed in
an ongoing investigation.
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Rule VIII
Review and Compliance Procedures
Section 1. The following shall have the authority to establish compliance

procedures for the review of statements to determine whether said statements
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have been properly accomplished:
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(a) In the case of Congress, the designated committees of both Houses of
20
Congress subject to approval by the affirmative vote of the majority of the
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particular House concerned;
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(b) In the case ef the Executive Department, the heads of departments, offices
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and agencies insofar as their respective departments, offices and agencies are
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concerned subject to approval of the Secretary of Justice.
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(c) In the case of the Judicial Department, the Chief Justice of the Supreme
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Court; and
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(d) In the case of the Constitution al Commissions and other Constitutional

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Offices, the respective Chairman and members thereof; in the case of the Office
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of the Ombudsman, the Ombudsman.

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The above officials shall likewise have the authority to render any opinion
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interpreting the provisions on the review and compliance procedures in the filing
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of statements of assets, liabilities, net worth and disclosure information.

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In the event said authorities determine that a statement is not properly filed, they
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shall inform the reporting individual and direct him to take the necessary
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corrective action.
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The individual to whom an opinion is rendered, and any other individual involved
in a similar factual situation, and who, after issuance of the opinion acts in good
faith in accordance with it shall not be subject to any sanction provided in the
Code.
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Rule IX
24
Conflict of Interest and Divestment
Section 1. (a) An official or employee shall avoid conflict of interest at all times.
(b) Conflict of interest occurs:
(1) When the official or employee is:
(a) a substantial stockholder; or

(b) a member of the Board of Directors; or
(c)an officer of the corporation; or
(d) an owner or has substantial interest in a business; or
(e) a partner in a partnership; and
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(2) The interest of such corporation or business, or his rights or duties therein,
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are opposed to or affected by the faithful performance of official duty.
20
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(c) A substantial stockholder is any person who owns, directly or indirectly,
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shares of stock sufficient to elect a director of a corporation. This term shall also
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apply to the parties to a voting trust.
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(d) A voting trust means an agreement in writing between one or more
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stockholders of a stock corporation for the purpose of conferring upon a trustee
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or trustees the right to vote and other rights pertaining to the shares for certain
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periods and subject to such other conditions provided for in the Corporation Law.
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Section 2. (a) When a conflict of interest arises, the official or employee involved
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shall resign from his position in any private business enterprise within thirty (30)
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days from his assumption of office and/or divest himself of his share-holdings or
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interests within sixty (60) days from such assumption. For those who are already
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in the service, and conflict of interest arises, the officer or employee must resign
from his position in the private business enterprise and/or divest himself of his
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shareholdings or interests within the periods herein-above provided, reckoned

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from the date when the conflict of interest had arisen. The same rule shall apply
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where the public official or employee is a partner in a partnership.

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(b) If the conditions in Section 1 (b) concur, divestment shall be mandatory for
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any official or employee even if he has resigned from his position in any private
business enterprise.
(c) Divestment shall be to a person or persons other than his spouse and
relatives within the fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity.
(d) The requirements for divestment shall not apply to those specifically
authorized by law and those who serve the government in an honorary capacity
nor to laborers and casual or temporary workers.
25
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Rule X
Grounds for administrative disciplinary action
Section 1. In addition to the grounds for administrative disciplinary action

prescribed under existing laws, the acts and omissions of any official or
employee, whether or not he holds office or employment in a casual, temporary,
hold-over, permanent or regular capacity, declared unlawful or prohibited by the
Code, shall constitute grounds for administrative disciplinary action, and without
prejudice to criminal and civil liabilities provided herein, such as:
s/
(a) Directly or indirectly having financial and material interest in any transaction
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requiring the approval of his office. Financial and material interest is defined as a
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pecuniary or proprietary interest by which a person will gain or lose something;
20
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(b) Owning, controlling, managing or accepting employment as officer, employee,
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consultant, counsel, broker, agent, trustee, or nominee in any private enterprise
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regulated, supervised or licensed by his office, unless expressly allowed by law;
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(c)Engaging in the private practice of his profession unless authorized by the
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Constitution, law or regulation, provided that such practice will not conflict or tend
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to conflict with his official functions;

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(d) Recommending any person to any position in a private enterprise which has a
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regular or pending official transaction with his office, unless such

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recommendation or referral is mandated by (1) law, or (2) international

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agreements, commitment and obligation, or as part of the functions of his office;

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These acts shall continue to be prohibited for a period of one (1) year after
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resignation, retirement, or separation from public office, except in the case of

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paragraph (c) above, but the professional concerned cannot practice his
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profession in connection with any matter before the office he used to be with,
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within one year after such resignation, retirement, or separation provided that any
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violation hereof shall be a ground for administrative disciplinary action upon re-
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(e) Disclosing or misusing confidential or classified information officially known to

him by reason of his office and not made available to the public, to further his
private interests or give undue advantage to anyone, or to prejudice the public
interest;
(f) Soliciting or accepting, directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor,

entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value which in the course of his
official duties or in connection with any operation being regulated by, or any
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transaction which may be affected by the functions of, his office. The propriety or
impropriety of the foregoing shall be determined by its value, kinship or
relationship between giver and receiver and the motivation. A thing of monetary
value is one which is evidently or manifestly excessive by its very nature.
Gift refers to a thing or a right disposed of gratuitously, or any act of liberality, in

favor of another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or an
ostensibly onerous disposition thereof.
Loan covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as guarantees, financing
arrangement or accommodations intended to ensure its approval. Commodatum
refers to a contract whereby one of the parties delivers to another something not
consumable so that the latter may use the same for a certain time and return it.
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This prohibition shall not include:
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(1) Unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in anticipation of, or
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in exchange for, a favor from a public official or employee or given after the
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transaction is completed, or service is rendered. As to what is a gift of nominal
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value will depend on the circumstances of each case taking into account the
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salary of the official or employee, the frequency or infrequency of the giving, the
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expectation of benefits, and other similar factors.

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(2) A gift from a member of his family or relative as defined in the Code on the
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occasion of a family celebration, and without any expectation of pecuniary gain or

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benefit.
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(3) Nominal donations from persons with no regular, pending, or expected

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transactions with the department, office or agency with which the official or
employee is connected, and without any expectation of pecuniary gain or benefit.
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(4) Donations coming from private organizations whether local or foreign, which
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are considered and and accepted as humanitarian and altruistic in purpose and
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mission.
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(5) Donations coming from government to government entities.
As to gift or grants from foreign governments, the Congress consents to:
(i) The acceptance and retention by public official or employee of a gift of nominal
value tendered and received as a souvenir or mark of courtesy;
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(ii) The acceptance and retention by public official or employee of gift in the
nature of a scholarship or fellowship grant or medical treatment; or
(iii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of travel grant or expenses

for travel taking place entirely outside the Philippines (such as allowances,
transportation, food and lodging) of more than nominal value if such acceptance
is appropriate or consistent with the interests of the Philippines, and permitted by
the head of office, branch, or agency to which he belongs.
Nothing in the Code shall be construed to restrict or prohibit any educational,

scientific or cultural exchange programs subject to national security
requirements.
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(g) Obtaining or using any statement filed under the Code for any purpose
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contrary to morals or public policy or any commercial purpose other than by news
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and communications media for dissemination to the general public;
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(h) Unfair discrimination in rendering public service due to party affiliation or
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preference;
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(i) Disloyalty to the Republic of the Philippines and to the Filipino people;
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(j) Failure to act promptly on letters and request within fifteen (15) days from
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receipt, except as otherwise provided in these Rules;

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(k) Failure to process documents and complete action on documents and papers
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within a reasonable time from preparation thereof, except as otherwise provided

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in these Rules;
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(l) Failure to attend to anyone who wants to avail himself of the services of the
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office, or to act promptly and expeditiously on public personal transactions;

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(m) Failure to file sworn statements of assets, liabilities and net worth and
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disclosure of business interests and financial connections; and

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(n) Failure to resign from his position in the private business enterprise within
thirty (30) days from assumption of public office when conflict of interest arises,
and/or failure to divest himself of his shareholdings or interests in private
business enterprise within sixty (60) days from such assumption of public office
when conflict of interest arises, the official or employee must either resign or
divest himself of said interests within the periods herein-above provided,
reckoned from the date when the conflict of interest had arisen.
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Rule XI
Penalties
Section 1. Any official or employee regardless of whether or not he holds office

or employment in casual, temporary, holdover, permanent or regular capacity,
committing any violation of the Code shall be punished with a fine not exceeding
the equivalent of six months (6) salary or suspension not exceeding one (1) year,
or removal depending on the gravity of the offense after due notice and hearing
by the appropriate body or agency. If the violation is punishable by a heavier
penalty under another law, he shall be prosecuted under the latter statute.
Violations of Section 7, 8, or 9 of the Code shall be punishable with imprisonment
not exceeding five (5) years, or a fine not exceeding five thousand pesos
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(P5,000.00) or both, and in the discretion of the court of competent jurisdiction,
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disqualification to hold public office.
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Any violation hereof proven in a proper administrative proceeding shall be
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sufficient cause for removal or dismissal of an official or employee, even if no
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criminal prosecution is instituted against him. er
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Private individuals who participate in conspiracy as co-principals, accomplices or
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accessories, with officials or employees, in violation of the Code, shall be subject
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to the same penal liabilities as the officials or employees and shall be tried jointly
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with them.
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The official or employee concerned may bring an action against any person who
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obtains or uses a report for any purpose prohibited by Section 8 (d) of the Code.
The Court in which such action is brought may assess against such person a
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penalty in any amount not to exceed twenty five thousand pesos (P25, 000.00). If
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another sanction hereunder or under any other law is heavier, the latter shall
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apply.
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Section 2. Administrative proceedings for violation of these Rules shall be in

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accordance with Civil Service Law and Rules.

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Rule XII
Free Voluntary Service
Section 1. (a) Free voluntary service refers to services rendered by persons who
are in government without pay or compensation.
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(b) The requirements of free voluntary service are as follows:
(1) Issuance of an appropriate document;
(2)Fitness and suitably for the duties and responsibilities of the particular
position; and
(3) Compliance with rule on nepotism
(c) The following are the functions or services that volunteers can perform:
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(1) Advisory
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(2) Consultancy or counseling
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(3) Recommendatory;
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(5) Staff work such as planning or research; or

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(6) Humanitarian.
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(d) Those who render free voluntary service to the government are covered by
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the following:
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(1) Laws on rewards and incentives;

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(2) Norms of conduct and ethical standards;

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(3) Duties and obligations of public officers and employees;

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(4) Prohibitions and sanctions enumerated in these Rules; and
(5) Civil and criminal liability.
(e) Those who render free voluntary service are, however, liabilities and net
worth and financial disclosures, the requirement on divestment and the
appropriate eligibility requirement, for their designations, and shall not enjoy
security of tenure.
30
Unless otherwise provided in the terms of their designations, volunteers are
prohibited from:
(1) Exercising supervisory functions over personnel;
(2) Exercising functions of position involving national security;
(3) Having access to confidential or classified information unless authorized by

proper authorities;
(4) Occupying regular plantilla positions;
(5) Having such services credited as government service and availing
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themselves of retirement benefits;
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(6) Using facilities and resources of the office for partisan political purposes; and
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(7) Receiving any pecuniary benefits such as honoraria, allowances and other
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perquisites of office. er
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Rule XIII
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Amendment
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Section 1. The Civil Service Commission may amend or modify these Rules as
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may be necessary.
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Rule XIV
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Effectivity
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Section 1. These Rules shall take effect thirty (30) days following the completion
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of their publication in the Official Gazette or in a newspaper of general circulation.

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Thank you for buying this Civil Service Exam Reviewers. The mission of
these reviewers is to prepare well and passed the Civil Service Exam this
2018.
98% who passed the exam successfully using these reviewers while 2%
who failed, lack of knowledge and unprepared. We are hoping that you will
join the battle!
God bless!
Don’t forget to pray before and after the exam and review.
May the Lord bless you,

CIVIL-Service-Exam-Reviewers-2018
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You can pass the Professional Civil Service exam easily in one take if you
follow the tips.
Apply early before taking the exam. The Civil Service Commission always
posts their announcement for the dates of Professional and Sub-
Professional examination schedule. They give exam twice or thrice a year.
Apply early to avoid the rush and deadline. This will give you enough time
to relax and review.
Review and refresh your knowledge. There is a complete reviewer for the
CSC Exam available online. The page is CIVIL Service Exam Reviewers
2018. Many people have passed the exam successfully using that online
reviewer. Perhaps you will be the next passer. It would really sharpen up
your mind and refresh your knowledge. It covers all subjects for both
Career Service Professional and Sub-Professional so it’s worth it.
During The Exam Day:
• During the exam day, eat your breakfast and take a bath. It will keep
you fresh and relaxed.
• Double check if you have with you the necessary things like ballpen
and pencil for problem solving, and most importantly the examination slip
and receipt, NOTICE OF ASSIGNMENT AND CS ACCEPTABLE VALID
ID’S. NO ID, NO EXAM!
• Go to the examination venue at least an hour before the official exam
time, which is 8:00 o'clock in the morning. (HIGHLY ADVISED: come
before 7:00 am but with food on tummy, if not bring your provision along)
• Bring with you something to eat and drink.
• While the exam is on-going, focus and read the instructions and
questions carefully, with comprehension.
• Do not stay long on hard questions; go back to them when you’re
done with easier ones.
• If you are finished answering all questions ahead of cut-off time, do
not go home immediately. Make use of the remaining time to review your
answers.
• Enjoy the feel of it. Be confident.
• Avoid shading excessively. Just shade lightly on the paper and your
best answer. Never shade everything and answer only the items with
questions. Never leave a number unanswered.
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• 80 is the passing rate. Believe in yourself that you can get more than
80. If you do, you’ll likely pass it. Can I say – you know already if you would
pass the test from the beginning? It’s true. The 80 percent know it in their
bones already; the 20 percent are just not quite sure.
The CSC exam results are posted at the official website of CSC. Good luck
and congrats in advance.
Civil Service Exam Coverage are as follows:
• Career Service Professional - In English and Filipino; Vocabulary,

grammar and correct usage, paragraph organization, reading
comprehension, analogy logic, and numerical reasoning
• Career Service Sub professional - In English and Filipino;
Vocabulary, grammar and correct usage, paragraph organization, reading
comprehension, spelling, clerical operations, and numerical reasoning.
Both Professional and Sub professional levels of the examinations will have
general information on the following areas: Philippine Constitution, Code of
Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees (R.A.
6713), Peace and Human Rights Issues and Concepts, and Environment
Management and Protection.
If you file for Sub-professional level, you can skip the Analogy and
Logic in this reviewer.
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Tips in Paragraph Organization

Every paragraph, story or an article has a pattern and your goal is to
organize the whole pattern to present the main thought chronologically. If
it’s hard for you, make an outline of each topic in the sentences.
Watch out for signal words which indicate time or events. Watch out for the
following signal words:
Order or sequence:
 First, second, third, first and foremost, afterwards, then, next, at
last, until, finally, lastly
Comparison: Similarities and differences:
 But, however, on the other hand, than, likewise, nonetheless,
nevertheless, similarly, oppose to, apparently
Cause and effect:
 Because, hence, thus, therefore, consequently, subsequently

Paragraph Organization Techniques:
1. Find the topic sentence. It usually contains the main idea or the
main topic
2. Next find the supporting sentences that support that topic
sentence.
3. Find the concluding sentence or the closing sentence. It usually
the final thought or conclusion and marks the end of the article,
paragraph or story.
Tips in getting the right answer in Analogy and Logic:
1. Determine the thought and relationship between the first set of words
2. Apply the same thought and relationship among the choices for the next
set of words
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CSE Analogy questions usually have the following relationship and

thoughts:
Synonym – pretty: beautiful: big: huge
Antonym – big: small: fast: slow
Group – wolf: pack: tree: forest
Cause and effect – rain: flood: quake: sink-hole
Sequence – study: graduate: plant: harvest
Classification – blue: color: pants: clothing
Degree – warm: hot: cold: freezing
Effort and result – paint: painting: write: letter
Problem and Solution – tired: sleep: itch: scratch
Function – keyboard: to type: phone: to call
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Academic Vocabulary List

1. abbreviate 2. Abstract 3. According 4. Acronym 5. Address 6. Affect 7. Alter 8. Always

EXAMINEES DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Sex: 1. Male 2. Female

2. Civil Status: 1. Single 2. Married 3. Widow/Widower 4. Separated/ Divorced

4. 2005-2009 5. 2010 Present

5. Location of School of last Attended

1. Metro Manila 2. Luzon (outside Metro Manila) 3. Visayas

1. Summa cum Laude 2. Magna cum Laude 3. Cum Laude

4. None 5. Not Applicable

1. Government 2. Private 3.Self-Employment

8. Type of present job:

1. Professional/Technical/ Scientific 2. Trades and Crafts 3. General Clerical

4. Others 5. Not Applicable

1. Never 2. Once 3.Twice 4. More than two times

1. Outstanding 2. Very Satisfactorily 3.Satisfactorily/Fair

4. Unsatisfactorily 5. Not Applicable

1. Never 2. Once 3.Twice

13.For what reason you’re taking this examination?

1. Entrance to government service 2. Change of Status of appointment

3. Promotion 4. Achievements 5. Others

14. Category of Government office where employed

1. National Government 2 . Local Government 3. Government owned/controlled

corporation 4. Constitutional Office 5. Not Applicable

15.Status of present appointment in the government service

16. Years of Experience in government service.

1. Less than 5 years 2. 5-10 years 3. 11-20 years

4. 20 years above 5. N/A

1. Yes, Immediately 2. Yes, after 1 year 3. Yes, after 2 years

4. Yes, after 3 years 5. Yes, after I finish my studies

1. Metro Manila 2. Luzon (outside Metro Manila) 3. Visayas

4. Mindanao 5. In Nearby Place in my house

19.For what type of work do you consider yourself best qualified?

Test Begin here pd

21. 27, 499 round to the nearest hundred is ?

22. Twenty-four weeks is how many days?

23. Five hundred ninety-five days is how many weeks?

37. There are scarcely no more birds in this city. NO ERROR

38. This fruit contains fewer sugar. NO ERROR

39. I have never seen nothing as beautiful as this city. NO ERROR

42. My favorite vegetable are peas. NO ERROR

former has the more effective plan.

has the more effective plans than the Vice President.

2. Neither emotions nor actions of the people are making me touch.

3. Neither emotions nor actions of the people is make me touch.

4. Neither emotions nor actions of the people are make me touch

5. Neither emotions nor actions of the people is making me touch.

Elementary Algebra is selected.

1. Advanced Algebra is not selected.

3. Calculus is not selected.

4. Statistics is not selected.

5. Plane Geometry is not selected.

2. Truthful 2. Hardworking 3. Transparent 4. Honest 5. Intelligent

3. Infamous 2. Unfamous 3. Not Famous 4. No home 5. No Property

4. Contented 2. Thrifty 3. Luxurious 4. Self-Indulgent 5. Not Conscious

mga hukbo nito?

5. Pananakop 2. Pananakit 3. Pagpatay 4. Pamumuno 5. Paniniil

71. It is pointed out in the reading that opera ----.

1. Has developed under the influence of musical theater

1. People are captivated more by opera than musical theater

73. It is stated in the reading that ----.

74. It is clear from the passage that dolphins ----.