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SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

SUBMITTED BY
Sowmya jammi
Reg.No : 161fk01035

Under the guidance of

Mr. phani kumar katuri
Department of MBA
Asst,Professer

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the“IMPACT OF IRRIGATION ON AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF THE VILLAGES UNDER NAGARJUNA SAGAR
PROJECT)” submitted to Dr.srinivasa rao banduru, during BBA
program (2016-2019) in partial fulfilment of BBA program.

Signature of student

Name : jammi sowmya

Regd no:161fk01035

Signature of the faculty guide

Name :Dr srinivasa rao banduru

Designation:

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 DECLARATION
I hearby declare that this report entitled “IMPACT OF IRRIGATION ON
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF THE VILLAGES UNDER
NAGARJUNA SAGAR PROJECT)”has beem prepared in partial fulfilment
of the requirement for the award of degree of bacholer of business
administration under esteemed guidance of Dr srinivasa rao banduru.

I also declare that this project is the results of my own efforts and it has
not been submitted to another university for award of any degree.

Place: Guntur
Date:

(sowmya jammi)

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 PREFACE

The Government of India had prepared a bill for providing food

security in the country. This requires large amount of food grains. The
cultivable land is decreasing. Therefore the productivity of the land is to
be increased. This is possible only by adopting the modern technology in
agriculture. In place of broad casting method, JMPC (Japanese Method
of Paddy Cultivation), in place of traditional seeds, HYV (High Yielding
Variety Seeds) have to be used. In place of ploughing with wooden
plough with bulks have to be replaced by tractors. Instead of depending
on rain god for irrigation assured irrigation has to be provided for the
lands.
There are several sources of irrigation in the country. Among these
the canal irrigation is preferable as it will arrest the flow water and the
water is provided to the fields. When rain god is not in favour, it is
believed that sustainable agricultural development will take place only
when the present generation uses the natural resources in an optimum
manner. Therefore there is a need to increase food production in the
country. The study is concentrated to find out to what extent canal
irrigation will help to increase production, productivity, cropping
pattern, income generation and increase in the surplus.

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S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1 Intorduction 6

2 Sources of irrigation 7

3 Methodology and research 9

design
4 Objective of study 11
Hypotheses
5 Profile of study area 11-17

6 18

PACT OF NAGARJUNA
SAGAR LEFT CANAL
IRRIGATION ON
AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT

7 Conclusion 19

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 Introdution

Prelude

There are no two opinions regarding the significance of irrigation in agricultural

development in particular and overall development in general. Water is used for
several purposes but supply of irrigational water is more important. It will increase the
production and productivity in agriculture sector, provides increase in employment
and income. Thus it leads to food security and removal of poverty. However water
must be available in appropriate quantity and at the right time for the growth of plants
depending on the species of plant and climatic conditions (Dhawan, B.D. 1989). It is
a well known fact that agriculture is a gamble in most parts of India due to uncertainty
of rains, which even in normal times are inadequate. Hence irrigation is the most
useful input to stablise and increase agricultural production, reduce rural
unemployment and supply of agriculture raw materials to industries, particularly agro
based industries. India is a large country where in some parts floods occur and in
other parts due to inadequate rain famine takes place.

Several famines occurred in India during the last 150 years especially in 1838, 1869,
1877, 1899 and in 1941. Among these famines the great madras famine of 1877 and
the Bengal famine of 1943 were the worst (Bhatia, B.M.1963). Famine occurs due to
various reasons. Some famines are man made, while others are caused by natural
calamities. Famines occur due to natural calamity mainly due to droughts, floods,
earthquakes etc. In India famines occurred mainly due to drought conditions. Though
sometimes disasters like earthquakes and floods aggravated the situation. (Rao, K.L.
1955).

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Sources of Irrigation

It has been recognized for long in the world over that the best insurance against
famine is optimum utilization of water supplies in agriculture. Droughts can be
controlled in India as much as irrigation facilities are provided. Keeping this in view
the Government of India as well as State Government, in the five year plans
accorded priority for the construction of major and medium dams. There are some
dams which are recognized as national projects for which Government of India
provides 100% finances. There are some projects which are under medium level
projects and are generally financed by State Government. State Government also
expected to give due importance to minor irrigation also Banks and other financial
institutions are expected to finance (in the form of credit) to the farmers for digging
wells and undertaking tube wells and bore wells.

The source of irrigation is classified into four categories

1. Canal Irrigation: (Major and Medium Projects / Private and Private Canals)
2. Tanks: (Private and Public tanks)
3. Wells: (Mostly private which consists of tube wells dug wells, bore wells) and

4. Other Sources: (Flow water which is stored across the hills)

1.Canals
The canal irrigation is provided by constructing dams across rivers by stopping the
water by digging the canals water is provided to the fields. Under this we can give the
example of Bhakra Nangal Project, Nagarjuna Sagar Project, Sriram Sagar Project
and Hirakud Project etc.

2.Tanks
For centuries tank irrigation is prominent in India. The rulers (before Independence)
gave importance to store the rain water by constructing tanks which provide irrigation
to the fields. There are private and public tanks in India. Private tanks are owned
maintained and used by large farmers i.e., landlords whereas the public tanks are
maintained under the supervision of Government authorities.

3. Wells:
In India we are having several types of wells such as dug wells / tube wells / bore
wells). To lift the water from these wells either bullock labour or diesel pumps electric
pump sets are used. Before Independence lifting water from wells was done by
bullock power (Mota and by French Wheel System). After Independence many State
Governments, supply power to the farmers free of cost to lift the water from the
wells, here mention may be made of Punjab, Maharashtra and Andhra

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Pradesh etc., Even to dig the well subsidies are provided by Government with a view
to increase agriculture production

METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN

Methodology indicates as to how this study is carried. There are different

methodologies adopted by different scholars depending upon the purpose of the
study and scope of the study. Some studies are based purely on theoretical basis.
Several works have come out be adopting classical approach/New-classical
approach/ Keynesian approach and Keynes approach. Some studies are based on
empirical approach. Some are based on primary data alone (particularly in
Agricultural Economics) some are based purely on secondary data (such as
Monetary Economics and Fiscal Economics)

However impact studies are generally used both primary and secondary data.

Data base:

The Data base is the important item of methodology. This study is based on both
types of data. (a) Primary data (b) secondary data. Primary data is collected by
canvassing the questionnaire among the farmers. First 250 schedules are canvassed
to collect data from the agricultural households for the year 1988-89 when
Nagarjunasagar Left Canal was not estabilized. Again 250 schedules are canvassed
among the same farmers for the agricultural year 2008-09, 1st June, 2008 to 31st May,
2009. Thus on the whole primary data is collected by canvassing 500 households

1. 250 schedules 1988-89

2. 250 schedules 2008-09

a. Primary data
The primary data is collected on the following factors.

Size of landholdings

Crops cultivated

Production generated

Employment generated

Type of seeds used

Type of equipment used

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Levels of education

Income generated

Surplus generated

Surplus marketed

Assets created

Subsidiary activities taken up such as (i) Diary (ii) Poultry (iii) any others

Condition of health

Wages paid

Caste class relation

Assets created

Compensation received

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nagarjunasagar Left Canal All the

above data is collected from large farmers, medium farmers, small
farmers and marginal farmers by visiting twice to each household.
Later on, data is analysed and main tables are prepared.

a. Secondary data

Secondary data is collected from village records such as Khana No.3

(Pahani) and Khana No.4 (Chowpasla). Khana No. 3 indicates land
owned by a farmer at different locations where as Khana No. 4 i.e.,
Chowpasla indicate a farmers land holdings at one place through its
location may be different places. This is particularly useful to identify/
classify a farmer as to whether he is large farmer / medium farmer /
small farmer and marginal farmers. From these, sample farmers are
selected on the basis of random sampling method. Another important
village is Anawari Register which gives farm- wise and crop wise,
season wise yields every year.

Socio-Economic Survey, Government of Andhra Pradesh (Planning Department).

The Publications of Directorate of Economics & Statistics mention may be made of
the following

Season and Crop Report

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Agriculture Situation

Statistical Abstract of Government of Andhra Pradesh

Hand Book of Statistics, Nalgonda district published by Chief Planning Officer,

Nalgonda District

Mandal Statistical Abstract, Published by Mandal Planning and

Development Officer, Miryalguda Mandal.

Village Statistical Abstract of Thungapahad and Alagadappa prepared by

Village Revenue Officials.

In addition to the above, the reports of Chief Engineer, Nagarjunasagar Project,

Project Report of Water and Land Marketing Training and Research Institute
(WALAMTARI) Project Report of Environmental Protection, Training and Research
Institute (EPTRI) various volumes of Central Board of Irrigation (CHIP), Publications
of Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad (CESS). M. Phil., Ph.D.,
thesis available in the Departmental Library on the theme irrigation are also referred.
The articles published in various journals such as quarterly journal of Agricultural
Economics, Productivity Journal and Southern Economist etc.

Objectives of study

1. To study the impact of Nagarjunasagar Left Canal irrigation on the production,

productivity of various crops in Thungapahad and Alagapada villages in Miryalguda
Mandal of Nalgonda District.

2. To study the changing cropping pattern before stabilization and after

Nagarjunasagar left canal water stabilization in the study area.

3. To analyse the changes in the economic and social environment of the study area.

4. To assess the advantages and disadvantages faced by farmers in the above

period.

5. To analyse the cost of cultivation, income received and surplus derived.

6. To study the structural changes in irrigation of study area.

7. To study the irrigation development through Five Year Plans.

8. To study the asset creation by farmers in study area.

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Hypotheses:

To realize the above objectives the following hypothesis are formulated.

1. Positive relationship exists between increase in irrigation facilities and production

and productivity, when irrigation facility increases.

2. Positive relationship exists between farm size and benefits of irrigation. This
means that large size farmer reap more advantages by Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal
Irrigation than medium, small and marginal farmers.

3. Structural changes have taken place in irrigation sector during the study period.

4. Cropping pattern changed during the study period in the sample area.

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

Development of irrigation needs not only to agriculture development but overall area
under it in several ways. Increase in the facilities of agriculture leads to increase in
the production, productivity, employment, income, poverty reduction, increase in the
literacy rate, life expectancy, health facilities, human development etc. Therefore in
this chapter an attempt is made to give an overview of the study area which is
discussed in four parts which are as under:

1. Nalgonda District (Broad Study Area)

2. Miryalguda Mandal which is the sample mandal and highest amount of land under
Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal is irrigated in this mandal (in Nalgonda District)

3. Two sample villages which are 1st and 2nd highest irrigated villages under
Nagarjuna Sagar Canal in Miryalguda Mandal under that (I) Village Thungapahad (II)
Alagadapa Village

4. Over view of Nagarjuna Sagar Project in general and left canal Jawaharlal Nehru
Left Canal in particular.

An overview of Nalgonda District:

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The present Nalgonda District took several changes in the past. It was formed out of
Kakatiya Kingdom later on it became part of Bahamani Kingdom. In 18th Century it
was passed to Qutub Shahi Dynasty. In 1947 when India became independent, the
princely states were given choice either to remain independent or to join the Indian
Union. In 1956 reorganisation of the state the Hyderabad states was trifurcated and 9
predominantly Telugu speaking districts of Nizam domain which were known as
Telangana region in which Nalgonda district is included and formed part of the state
of Andhra Pradesh in 1956.

The present form of Nalgonda district is a result of some outs, in’s. It means that
some part of Nalgonda district merged with other districts for e.g. the present
Janagama Taluk which was part of Nalgonda was merged with Warangal district.
Some parts of Khammam district were transferred to Nalgonda district.
Ibrahimpatnam which was part of Ramannapet Taluka Nalgonda district has been
transferred to Rangareddy district. Same way Bethavolu village transferred from
Suryapet Taluka to Huzurnagar Taluka. Thus, the present shape of the district is that,
it contains four revenue divisions.

1. Nalgonda

2. Bhongir

3. Miryalguda

4. Suryapet

The district consists of 59 mandals and 1148 villages. There are three urban
agglomerations and 9 towns.

(i) Area and Population:

According to 2001 population census the total population of district is 32,47,982. Of

which 16,52,000 (51%) is male population and 15,96,000 (49%) female population.
SC population consists of 5,76,000 (18%) ST population consists of 3,43,000 (10%).
It has 15,96,000 (49%) literates of which 9,82,000 males and 6,14,000 females. The
total literacy rate works out to 49.13% of which male literacy rate is 59.4% and
female literacy rate is 38.5%. So far as SC literacy rate is concerned it is 50.68% SC
maleliteracy rate is 63.60 and female literacy rate is 37.38% which is notup to the
mark. When we look into ST literacy rate it is 35.22%, for males it is 49.12% and for
females it is 20.13%. On the whole it is clear that the ST literacy rate is lower than
both (overall literary rate and SC literacy rate).

(ii) Situation of Workers / Cultivators:

The total main workers are 13,08,907 which forms as 40.3% to total population. The
cultivators account for 4,06,502 which works out to 25.5% to the total workers.
Agriculture labour works out to 42.1% the total workers. Workers who work in
household industry to total workers are 4.4%.

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Percentage of workers working in other than household industry, to the total workers
is 52.1%. Marginal workers form 15.7%, non workers to total population accounts for
60.1%. Thus, total workers (main and marginal) accounts for 63,333.

(iii) Population division according to Religion:

The total population is categorized into 8 groups

1. Hindus 93.6%

2. Muslim 5.25%

3. Christians 1%

4. Sikhs 0.02%

5. Jains 89 persons (negligible percentage)

6. Buddhists 66 persons (negligible percentage)

7. Religion not stated 0.11%

8. Others 42 persons (it is insignificant)

Thus, Hindus are the predominant population in the district.

(v) Crops Grown:

(i) Kharif / Abi Season

In Kharif season (Abi) there are 11 main crops grown in this district of which are as
under;

1. Rice

2. Jowar

3. Maize

4. Groundnut

5. Chillies

6. Bajra

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7. Red gram

8. Green gram

9. Castor

10. Seasamum

11. Cotton

So far as area cultivated is concerned Rice occupies the main place followed by
Castor. Remaining crops are not much popular. So far as productivity is concerned
(in 2008-09) 3111 Kgs per hectare was yielded for Rice, Chillies also exhibited good
productivity showing yield of 2800 kgs per hectare. Next important crop is maize
whose productivity is 1481 Kgs/hectare. The productivity of cotton is 320 kgs per
hectare. The lowest productivity is revealed by Seasamum which is 160 kgs /
hectare.

(ii) Rabi / Tabi

So far as the second season i.e., Rabi / Tabi there are 10 crops which are grown
mainly they are as under

1. Rice

2. Jowar

3. Maize

4. Groundnut

5. Chillies

6. Bengal gram

7. Black gram

8. Horse gram

9. Green gram

10. Sunflower

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In Rabi maize is the predominant crop. So far as productivity is concerned it is (5350
Kgs/hectare). Though in area cultivated its share is 0.185 thousand hectares.
However in area grown rice cultivation is predominant but its productivity is less i.e.,
(3258 Kgs/ hectare). Another important crop produced is Chillies, whose productivity
is higher (3935 Kgs / hectare) which is more than Rice productivity in Kharif.
Sunflower is grown in 2000 hectares and its productivity is 1245 Kgs / hectare.
Bengal gram, Black gram, Horse gram, Green gram are the crops which aregrown in
Rabi season only.

(vii) Climate:

In the year 2008 the temperature varied from one to two months. The maximum
temperature is usually witnessed in the month of April, May and June which is
highest (in Centigrade). The lowest temperature is recorded in December, January,
February, March, October and November.

Industries:

(i) Large and Medium Scale Industries

Large and Medium Scale Industries can be classified into 10 categories which covers
84 industries in all. The 10 categories are as under

I. Agro Based and Food Industries

II. Basic Metal and Alloy Industries

III. Chemical Based

IV. Drugs and Pharmaceuticals

V. Engineering Based

VI. Non-Metallic Mineral Based

VII. Metallic Mineral Based

VIII. Plastic, Rubber, Petroleum and Coal Products

IX. Textile Based

X. Others

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In these industries capital invested is Rs. 2,84,437 lakhs and the output generated is
8,27,046 lakh rupees. The employment generated is 12,419 male workers and 1,734
female workers.

(ii) Working of Registered Factories (As per 1948 Act)

There are 1639 factories in which the employment provided is 39,769 male members
and 2857 female members. (These pertains to 2008- 09)

(iii) Small Scale Industries

In the year 2008-09 there are 311 small scale industries in which 134 units are
mineral based, 35 units engineering based. There are 9 plastic units and 12 repair
centres. There are 49 food processing industries and 12 drug and pharmaceuticals.
The total capital invested in these units is Rs. 32,737.76 lakhs. The employment
generated is 5,188 male members, 1,894 female members.

This district also contains cottage industries which are 5 in number 1)one rice mill 2)
one centering units 3) one paper plates and Glasses manufacturing units 4) one clay
bricks 5) one tent house in all these 5 industries capital invested as 17.88 lakhs.
Total employment generated is for 59 members of which 32 male members and 27
female members.

This district is also famous for mining and mineral resources. In the year 2008-09
income received from these sources is Rs. 21,638.35 lakhs.

(viii) Agricultural Implements (2007)

This mandal is having several types of agricultural implements. The following are the
important ones.

S,NO IN MMS In%

1 Wooden plough 1026 33.8

2 Steel plough 564 18.6
3 Cultivators 90 3,0
4 Steel cum fertilizers 144 4.7
5 Sugarcane crushers 1 0.03
6 Manually operated spayres and 3 0.1
crushers
7 Power operated sprayers and dusters 1206 39.7

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It is surprising to note that tractors, power tillers in this mandal as well as in this district are
not used adequately. This indicate that the farmers in this mandal are following the
traditional methods of cultivation which leads to more time consuming, more labour using
(men and animals) and more costly which leads to low production, low productivity and lower
return and lower income, lower standard of living. Therefore there is a need to Government
take up this issue seriously and bring the marginal and small farmers for the use of modern
technology by providing subsidised modern technology.

PACT OF NAGARJUNA SAGAR LEFT CANAL IRRIGATION

ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

With a view to find out the impact of the Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal we have taken
two periods.

1. 1988-89

2. 2008-09

1988-89 represent that Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal water is released but the system
was nit stabilized the canals were not completed. The field channels were not
completed. The field channels were not ready. Due to mud canals water was logging.
Some fields received more water than required. Some fields received less water than
it needed. In short the Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal system was not stabilized
therefore the production, productivity, employment, cost of cultivation, income
generated will be low. The second period that we have taken is 2008-09. By this time
the canals were properly built and maintained. Field channels also systematically
completed. Therefore there is no water logging and no waste of water. The difference
between the above factors will give the impact of Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal. This is the purpose of
this chapter.

Conclusion

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Basically nalgonda district was considered as backward district in 1970’s but since releasing of water
from nagarjuna sagar left canal this district has become rich.it is true that nagarjuna sagar left canel is
not providing water to all the 24 mandals of the district.but those mandals which are provided water
under nagarjuna sagar is providing trickle down effect to the neighbouring mandals and villages.
Therefore overall development can be witnessed in our sample area (nalgonda district ,miryalaguda
mandal, thungapahad and alagadapa villages)if sriramnagar project water is also released to the
remaining mandals then,the district will become richer

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