Cross Drum Water Tube Boiler- In Cross Drum Boiler

the steam drum is placed at cross ways to the heat source as

shown in the figure. Here, the down-comer is fitted on the bottom
of the drum and riser is fitted on the top of the drum via a
horizontal tube as shown in the figure.

What is a Boiler?
W

A boiler is a closed vessel in which heat change water,

under pressure, into steam. Boilers are one of the essential
equipment's on-board ships. It's purpose is to provide
heating to the main diesel propulsion engine, to the bunker Working Principle of Cross Drum Boiler
F.O. tanks(to make it less viscous for transfer purposes as The working principle of cross drum boiler is same as
well as easy ignition). The steam generated by the boiler longitudinal drum boiler.
can also be use for cleaning, and heating of the seawater in 1. The feed water is fed to the cross drum through
feed water inlet.
the freshwater generator thus evaporating it to make it
2. Then this water comes down through the down-
potable water.
comer pipe and enters into inclined water tube
placed in hot chamber.
There are two major types of boiler 3. Here, the water becomes hot and steam is produced
1.Water tube boiler in the water which comes into steam chamber.
4. Here in the steam drum steam is separated from
2.Fire-tube boiler
water in natural way
Water tube boiler - is a type of boiler in which
water circulates in tubes heated externally by the fire.
Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas Bend Tube Boiler or Sterling Boiler- Bend
which heats water in the steam-generating tubes. Tube Boiler or Sterling Boiler is the developed version
of water tube boiler. The working principle of bend
Types of Water Tube Boiler tube boiler is more or less same as other water tube
1. Horizontal Straight Tube Boiler boilers, but it utilizes four drums.
2. Bent Tube Boiler.
3. Cyclone Fired Boiler.
Horizontal Straight Tube Boiler again can be
sub-divided into two different types.
1. Longitudinal Drum Boiler.
2. Cross Drum Boiler.

Babcock-Wilcox Boiler is also known as Longitudinal

.
Drum Boiler or Horizontal Tubes Boiler In this type
of boiler, one cylindrical drum is longitudinally placed above
the heat chamber. In rear of the drum down comer tube is
filled and in front of the drum riser tube is fitted as shown
in the figure.
Working Principle of Bent Tube or Stirling
Boiler
The feed water first enters into right most upper drum.
Due to more density this water comes down in the
lower water drum. The water within that water drum
and the connecting pipes to the other two upper
drums, are heated up and consequently steam bubbles
are produced.
Fire tube boiler- A fire tube boiler is a type
of boiler in which hot gases pass from a fire
through one or (many) more tubes running
through a sealed container of water. The heat of
the gases is transferred through the walls of the
tubes by thermal conduction, heating the water
and ultimately creating steam.

Scotch Marine Boiler is a fire tube boiler, in that

hot flue gases pass through tubes set within a tank of
water. The general layout is that of a squat horizontal
cylinder. One or more large cylindrical furnaces are in
the lower part of the boiler shell. Above this is a large
number of small-diameter fire-tubes.

Different types of fire boiler

1. Cornish boiler
2. Lancashire boiler
3. Scotch marine boiler
4. Locomotive boiler
Locomotive boiler has three main components: a
5. Vertical fire tube boiler double-walled firebox; a horizontal, cylindrical "boiler barrel"
containing a large number of small flue-tubes; and a smoke
box with chimney, for the exhaust gases. The boiler barrel contains
Cornish boiler is a simple horizontal boiler larger flue-tubes to carry the super heater elements, where present.
Forced draught is provided in the locomotive boiler by injecting
which belong to the shell and tube class of boilers. Cornish exhausted steam back into the exhaust via a blast pipe in the smoke
boiler is much like the Lancashire boiler. Cornish boiler has box.
the ability to produce steam at the rate of 1350 kg/hr. and
can take the maximum pressure of about 12 bar. Dimensions
of the Cornish boiler shell is 4 m to 7 m in length and 1.2 m
to 1.8 m in diameter. Cornish boiler is a fire tube type of
boiler that is hot gases flow in tubes and water surround
these tubes in shell.

Vertical fire-tube boiler is a vertical boiler where the

heating surface is composed of multiple small fire-tubes,
arranged vertically. It is the simplest fire tube boiler which
consist of a cylindrical shell containing greater portion of
water and remaining portion is occupied by steam

Lancashire Boiler is a horizontal type and

stationary fire tube boiler. Generally flue gases passes
through the fire tube. It is present inside the boiler shell or
body and for this reason it is a fire tube boiler. Lancashire
Boiler is an internally fired boiler because the furnace uses
to present inside the boiler. This boiler generates low
pressure steam and it is a natural circulation boiler.
D AIR COMPRESSOR
- An air compressor is a device that
converts power (using an electric motor,
diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into
potential energy stored in pressurized air
(i.e., compressed air). By one of several Rotary Screw Compressors work on the
principle of air filling the void between two helical mated screws and
methods, an air compressor forces more their housing. As the two helical screws are turned, the volume is
reduced resulting in an increase of air pressure. Most rotary screw
and more air into a storage tank, compressors inject oil into the bearing and compression area. The
reasons are for cooling, lubrication and creating a seal between
increasing the pressure. screws and the housing wall to reduce internal leakage. After the
compression cycle, the oil and air must be separated before the air
can be used by the air system.
Types of Air Compressors
There are mainly four types of compressors:
1. Centrifugal compressor
2. Rotary vane compressor
3. Rotary screw compressor
4. Reciprocating air compressor

Centrifugal Boiler- A centrifugal compressor

is a type of dynamic compressor, or turbo compressor, with a radial
design. that work at a constant flow, dynamic compressors work at
a constant pressure and the performance is affected by external
conditions such as changes in inlet temperatures.
Reciprocating or Piston compressors are
the most common machines available on the market. They
are positive displacement compressors and can be found in
ranges from fractional to very high horse powers. Positive
displacement air compressors work by filling an air chamber
with air and then reducing the chamber’s volume
(Reciprocating, Rotary Screw and Rotary Sliding Vane are all
positive displacement compressors). Reciprocating
compressors work in a very similar manner as does as
internal combustion engine but basically in a reverse
process. They have cylinders, pistons, crankshafts, valves
and housing blocks.

So, how does a centrifugal compressor work?

Air is drawn into the center of a rotating impeller with radial blades
and is pushed toward the center by centrifugal force. This radial
movement of air results in a pressure rise and the generation of
kinetic energy. Before the air is led into the center of the impeller,
the kinetic energy is also converted into pressure by passing
through a diffuser and volute.
Rotary vane compressor-Rotary Sliding Vane Compressors
like Reciprocating and Rotary Screw compressors are positive displacement
compressors. The compressor pump consists primarily of a rotor, stator, and 8
blades. The slotted rotor is eccentrically arranged within the stator providing a
crescent shaped swept area between the intake and exhaust ports. As the
rotor turns a single revolution, compression is achieved as the volume goes
from a maximum at the intake ports to a minimum at the exhaust port. The
Uses of Air Compressor on Ship
vanes are forced outward from within the rotor slots and held against the stator On board a ship, compressed air is used for several
wall by rotational acceleration. Oil is injected into the air intake and along the purposes. On the basis of application, different air
stator walls to cool the air, lubricate the bearings and vanes, and provide a
seal between the vanes and the stator wall. After the compression cycle, the compressors are kept for a particular usage. Normally,
oil and air must be separated before the air can be transferred to the air air compressors on board ships are:
system. • Main air compressor
• Topping up compressor
• Deck air compressor
• Emergency air compressor
Main air compressor is used for supplying
high pressurised air for starting of main and auxiliary
engines. The pressurised air generated by the air
compressor is stored in air storage bottle. These are
high capacity compressors and the air pressure that is
required from these compressors to start the main
engine is 30 bars. Control air is also supplied from air bottle
through a pressure reducing valve and a control air filter.
Normally they are twice in number and can be more than that
for redundancy.
Emergency air compressor is used for
starting auxiliary engine at the time of an emergency or when
the main air compressor has failed for filling up the main air
receiver. This type of compressor can be motor driven or
engine driven. If motor driven, it should be supplied from
emergency source of power.
Topping up compressor takes up the lead to
cover up for the leakage in the system. This means that as
soon as the air pressure in the system goes below a
particular level, the topping up compressor replenished the
system with pressurized air.
Deck air compressor is used for deck use
and as service air compressor and might have a
separate service air bottle for the same. These
are lower capacity pressure compressors as
pressure required for service air is in between the
range of 6 to 8 bar