The Peak Boiling Heat Flux in

R. P. Reddy Saturated Ethanol-Water Mixtures

Graduate Assistant.
Student Mem. ASME
J. H. Lienhard
Professor.
Fellow ASME
Heat Transfer/Phase-Change Laboratory,
Mechanical Engineering Department,
University of Houston,
Houston, TX 77204-4792
The present work provides original measurements of the burnout heat flux in
saturated ethanol-water mixtures, over the full range of concentrations. These data
were obtained at atmospheric pressure on horizontal cylinders, ranging from 0.51 to
2.16 mm in diameter. They reveal significant improvements of the peak heat flux for
mixtures, over that which would be expected from pure fluids with the properties of
the mixture. This improvement is most pronounced at low ethanol mass fractions.
McEligot has suggested that the improved heat flux results from a subcooling
created by selective distillation at the liquid-vapor interface. Combining this idea
with a recent correlation of subcooled burnout, we estimate the extent of effective
subcooling qualitatively and discuss the use of this estimate to correlate burnout in
binary mixtures. Two dimensionless groups are proposed to characterize this effec-
tive subcooling, both based on appropriate characterizations of the phase
equilibrium diagram.

Introduction
Boiling in mixtures has been a concern for almost as long as
boiling itself has been an active subject of study; the need to
understand the burnout heat flux, qmm, in mixtures has been a
major theme from the beginning. This need has been driven by
the ubiquitous presence of mixtures in the chemical and
process industries.
Reddy (1987) provides a fairly complete critical review of
the literature on burnout in binary mixtures since 1941. We
provide a brief summary of that review here:
Bonilla provided the first systematic study of boiling in mix-
tures almost a half century ago. Bonilla and Perry (1946)
boiled binary mixtures of water, various alcohols, and acetone
(in several combinations) on 9.1 and 6.65-cm-dia flat plate
heaters. Additional mixture data by Cichelli and Bonilla
(1946) and Bonilla and Eisenberg (1948) signaled to the world
that such data displayed certain anomalies and were hard to
reproduce.
Van Stralen produced extensive data on small horizontal
cylinders in a variety of organic liquid mixtures and aqueous
solutions during the 1950's (see Vos and Van Stralen, 1956;
Van Wijk et al., 1956; and Van Stralen, 1956, 1959). He noted
that burnout could be dramatically increased with small con-
centrations of alcohol in water. Van Stralen returned to the
field later (see Van Stralen, 1966, 1970, and Van Stralen and
Sluyter, 1969) with other suggestions for analyzing <ymax in
mixtures. These suggestions have proved to have limited
value, for reasons that become apparent subsequently.
Meanwhile, many other observers (Jordan and Leppert,
1959; Dunskus and Westwater, 1961; Huber and Hoehne,
1962; Came, 1963, 1964; Sterman et al., 1966; Grigor'ev et
al., 1968; Wright and Colver, 1968; Van Stralen and Sluyter,
1969) added to the fund of burnout data using a variety of
binary organic and aqueous mixtures, on a variety of heaters.
Under certain conditions, many of these investigators found a
phenomenon that had particularly caught Van Stralen's atten-
tion. That was the fact that, in many mixtures, qmaK reached a
local maximum at a low concentration of one component.
Unfortunately, much of the interpretation offered in these
studies suffered because the influential roles of geometry and
of geometric scale on burnout had not yet been identified or
properly diagnosed. The work of Lienhard and several
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division and presented at the
ASME/AIChE National Heat Transfer Conference, Houston, Texas, July
24-27, 1988. Manuscript received by the Heat Transfer Division April 28, 1988.
Keywords: Boiling, Phase-Change Phenomena.
others—notably Wong, Sun, Bakhru, and Dhir (see, e.g.,
Lienhard and Dhir, 1973)—during the 1960s and early 1970s
finally established two things about burnout in single-phase
liquids:
1 The hydrodynamic processes that give rise to burnout
cease to occur, and so too does the multivalued character of
the boiling curve, when the Laplace number, R' = R{g[pj
—Pg]/<')y', is reduced below a value on the order of 0.1, where
R is a characteristic dimension of the heater (see, e.g., Bakhru
and Lienhard, 1972).
2 When 7?' is greater than about 1/10, an appropriately
nondimensionalized #max varies systematically with R'; and
does so in a different way in each of the geometric heater
configurations.
There was not yet any basis for separating out the influence
of geometry on qmax when most of the data were obtained dur-
ing the 1950s and 60s; yet those influences were present, and
many of the data fell in regions of low R'. Therefore, most at-
tempts at interpreting the role of composition were muddied
by the unrecognized influences of configuration and geometric
scale on burnout.1
Two particularly important insights nevertheless did emerge
during this period. First, Came (1964) questioned the use of
the equilibrium latent heat of vaporization, hfg. Figure 1
shows a typical phase-equilibrium diagram for a binary
azeotropic mixture. The equilibrium hfg is the enthalpy dif-
ference between the liquid and vapor at the same temperature.
Carne suggested that a flash evaporation process occured at
constant composition during boiling. This being the case, the
appropriate latent heat would be hfg<{, the enthalpy difference
between liquid and vapor at the same composition. This is
sometimes called the "integral latent heat." While it is doubt-
ful that pure flash evaporation occurs during boiling, Thome
(1983) subsequently argued that the actual process lies
somewhere between equilibrium and flash evaporation.
McEligot (1964) provided the second important step toward
understanding binary boiling when he noted that evaporation
from a liquid-vapor interface leaves the liquid phase at a
higher temperature than that at which the vapor condenses.
The burnout process in a mixture, while it differs in some features from that
in a single-component fluid, still involves the same basic hydrodynamic
breakdown. Our visual observation of the vapor-removal pattern supports this.
We therefore assume R' still correctly compares the buoyant and surface ten-
sion forces that are the key to that breakdown; and the criterion, R' < 0.1,
defines the breakdown in both mixtures and single-component liquids.

480/Vol. 111, MAY 1989 Transactions of the ASME

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 of the phase-equilibrium diagram. A glance at the diagram
tells us that a variety of pairs of information will characterize
sat - the diagram completely. If we identify the liquid and vapor
1
mole fractions of component 1 as x and y, respectively, then
T
sat d. vapor T(x) and T(y) would be such a pair, but the complete function
H
YT m a x (xT\ would be unmanageable. Kutateladze correlated data with an
expression of the following form, which characterizes the role
mperature,

^_(y-x)—i> of the equilibrium phase diagram:

sat. Ku=/([y-x]/[>-x]max) (1)

dx I N
^ s a t ' d , liquid
x 1.0
2,azeotrope
Pure fluid 1 Pure fluid 2
Mole fraction
Fig. 1 Schematic phase-equilibrium diagram lor a typical binary
azeotropic mixture, showing nomenclature
The surrounding liquid—at the original concentration—is
thus colder than the temperature at which the liquid actually
evaporates. The resulting subcooling is greatest at low alcohol
concentrations (owing to the shape of the ethanol-water
phase-equilibrium diagram) and so too is the heat flux
augmentation.
The idea of this sort of induced subcooling can only be
made useful when two things are known. One is the magnitude
of the induced subcooling and the other is its effect on the
burnout heat flux. McEligot had access to neither. Indeed, it
was not until very recently that Elkassabgi and Lienhard
(1988) provided mechanistic accounts (as well as correlations
based upon them) of the various influences of subcooling on
burnout in pure fluids. The extent of induced subcooling in
the interface remains unpredictable. A third piece of informa-
tion that is also needed is the path of the evaporation process
on the phase-equilibrium diagram. Thome's and Shock's
(1984) study, 20 years later, provided a cogent discussion of
these problems.
Kutateladze et al. (1966) pointed out another element that
must be taken into account in binary boiling, namely the shape
The term (y-x) is the isothermal difference between y and x
and (y—*)max is the maximum value that (y—x) can reach on
the diagram. The Kutateladze number, Ku, is defined as
H max />y\
Ku=-
(The denominator of equation (2) is proportional to the Zuber
(1958)/Kutateladze (1950) prediction/correlation for <7„,ax.)
Afgan (1966) also used the more limited expression,
K u = / 0 - x ) , to correlate data. Of course, neither Afgan nor
Kutateladze yet had any way to isolate the influence of
geometry in their correlations.
Van Stralen (1970) noted that qmm was maximum where the
quantity
ix-y) ^ L (3)
Ax
was maximum. ATsat is the increase of the liquid saturation
temperature resulting from the reduction of concentration,
Ax, caused by evaporation at the interface. Since these in-
crements are not known, we would prefer to write them as a
derivative, and in so doing obtain another, albeit dimensional,
characterization of the phase-equilibrium diagram
dTsM
(x-y) • (4)
dx
After the mid-1960s, work on burnout in binary mixtures
slacked off. The issue did not go away, but the flow of new
ideas abated. Ishiki and Nikai (1972) provided more data, but
in a range of R' less than 0.1. Matorin (1973), Gaidarov
(1975), and Stephen and Preusser (1979) presented additional
data and suggested empirical correlations. Frea et al. (1977)

Nomenclature

c„ = specific heat at constant pressure temperature, saturated liquid

for the boiled liquid temperature, temperature of the
8 = gravitational acceleration wall of a heater
h'fg'
fP, h"fg.i latent heat of vaporization at con- x = mole fraction of ethanol in the liq-
stant temperature; "integral" or uid phase
constant-composition latent heat of y = mole fraction of ethanol in the
vaporization vapor phase when x is the mole
Ja, Ja e = volumetric Jakob fraction in the liquid phase
number = p ^ A T ^ / p ^ ; a = thermal diffusivity of boiled liquid
modified volumetric Jakob number max, sub = <7rr " <7max, SL
based on an effective subcooling = Tw-Tsat; Tg(x) - Tf(x) (see Fig.
(see equation (9)) AT, Ar m a x , Ar sub 1)> ^ s a t —
-'bath
Ku = Kutateladze number defined in saturated liquid and vapor den-
equation (2) p/> pg sities, respectively
Pe an effective Peclet number, defined surface tension
in equation (7)
/ m a x ' ^ m a x , SL peak or "burnout" heat flux in
saturated boiling; Sun and Subscripts
Lienhard's qmiK, equation (8) 1,2 denoting the two components of a
Vmax, sub <7max in subcooled boiling binary mixture
R radius of heater f,g denoting the saturated liquid and
R' Laplace number = R[g(Pf — pg)/o]Vl vapor states

Journal of Meat Transfer MAY 1989, Vol. 111/481

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 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0

2.0 2.0 o

1.5 je s 0.51 mm dia. 1.5

2.0 1.0

1.5 0.5 o
, 0.77 mm dia. o
t • (wire) o
1.0 -D
2.0
§ O,
1.5 ' 0.5
1.02 mm dia.
<J> (wire)
1.0 1.0
0.0
o 0 o < 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.5
* • • 1.30 mm dit
Mole f r a c t i o n of ethanol
1.0 J
* (wire)
'1.0
Fig. 6 Effective subcooling inferred from the present data using the
low-subcooling correlation of Elkassabgi and Lienhard
* » %• .
1.5 0.5
1.63 mm di£

1.0
(wire)
-?1.0 5. (We defer discussion of a predictive correlation that is also
included in the figure.) The data correlate rather well on these
1.5 0.5 dimensionless coordinates, except at low values of x, where
£ A
A
1.80 mm dia. the scatter broadens. However, most of this scatter is in-
(tube)
1.0 0.0 troduced by the data obtained using stainless steel tubes,
which are generally low. Changing from wires to tubes
1.5-y 0.5
changes the heat transfer boundary condition from uniform-
wall-temperature to uniform-heat-flux and it is clear that
1.0 (tube) Lo.o burnout is sensitive to this change. For the isothermal wires,
<5 5 however, the modified <?maX]SL normalizes the data, and
0.5
therefore takes accurate account of the role of R or R' in
0.5
burnout, in this case.
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 An Estimation of the Effective Subcooling. The correla-
tion given in Fig. 5 gives us greater confidence in the use of the
Mole fraction of ethanol modified # max SL to represent qmaK when there is no effective
Fig. 4 The complete raw q m a x data subcooling. We can then equate (qmax - qmaXt SL ) to Ar?sub given
by equation (5) and solve the result for ATmb using mixture
2.5 properties. (These values, of course, are only inferred.
However we have no means for making direct in situ
equation (12) measurements of AT"sub nor do we see such means on the
2.0 horizon.)
The resulting values of Ar s u b , plotted in Fig. 6, show a clear
1.5 trend in x, with A!Tsub vanishing at the azeotrope where effec-
E tive subcooling can no longer occur. ATsub must also remain
a dia.=0.767 mm close to zero for x>xazeotmpl,, since the saturated liquid and
1.0 h*-
o
O dia. = 1.016 mm ) wires vapor curves are very close together in that range (see Fig. 3).
# dia.= 1.295 mm B?>S I The numerical values of Ar s u b look fairly small—all below 2
A dia. = 1.626 mm J
0.5 A dia.= 1.803 mm °C. These, of course, are characteristic values, not actual
tubes
O dia. = 2.159 mm ones. Furthermore, it is hard to know whether 2°C should
— correlation, equation (12)
really be regarded as a small subcooling within an actual
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 bubble.
Mole f r a c t i o n of ethanol Incorporation of Effective Subcooling Into a Burnout Cor-
Fig. 5 The q m a x data normalized to eliminate the role of geometric relation. What factors are missing in the correlation of
scale burnout in a binary mixture? The obvious answer is the com-
position, x, of the boiled liquid; but the shape of the phase-
(based on properties of the mixture) to obtain a value of qmax equilibrium diagram must also be accounted in a correct cor-
that would represent the mixture if effective subcooling did relation. The x-dependent shape of the phase equilibrium
not take place. We subtract this qmm< SL from the experimental diagram can be represented using a new effective Jakob
value in each case, to get Aqsub. However, there is a catch. number, Ja e , based on an effective subcooling of the liquid,
Equation (8) reveals a small systematic error as it is applied to which varies with x. Two candidate Jakob numbers, based on
different liquids. It predicts our pure water burnout data very two representations of the subcooling, are
closely, but it overpredicts our burnout values in ethanol by 10
percent. We accordingly use a corrected <7max S L : the value Ja = Wpb-y) dTf (9a)
given by equation (8), divided by (1+0.10*). This serves to Ps8h n/g dx
compensate for the systematic overprediction. and
Isolating the Influence of Cylinder Geometry. The present Pfcp[Tg(x)-Tj(x)\
Ja„ = (9b)
qmax data have been normalized by qmaXj SL and plotted in Fig. PshfS

484/Vol. 111, MAY 1989 Transactions of the ASME

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 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0

2.0 2.0 o

1.5 je s 0.51 mm dia. 1.5

2.0 1.0

1.5 0.5 o
, 0.77 mm dia. o
t • (wire) o
1.0 -D
2.0
§ O,
1.5 ' 0.5
1.02 mm dia.
<J> (wire)
1.0 1.0
0.0
o 0 o < 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.5
* • • 1.30 mm dit
Mole f r a c t i o n of ethanol
1.0 J
* (wire)
'1.0
Fig. 6 Effective subcooling inferred from the present data using the
low-subcooling correlation of Elkassabgi and Lienhard
* » %• .
1.5 0.5
1.63 mm di£

1.0
(wire)
-?1.0 5. (We defer discussion of a predictive correlation that is also
included in the figure.) The data correlate rather well on these
1.5 0.5 dimensionless coordinates, except at low values of x, where
£ A
A
1.80 mm dia. the scatter broadens. However, most of this scatter is in-
(tube)
1.0 0.0 troduced by the data obtained using stainless steel tubes,
which are generally low. Changing from wires to tubes
1.5-y 0.5
changes the heat transfer boundary condition from uniform-
wall-temperature to uniform-heat-flux and it is clear that
1.0 (tube) Lo.o burnout is sensitive to this change. For the isothermal wires,
<5 5 however, the modified <?maX]SL normalizes the data, and
0.5
therefore takes accurate account of the role of R or R' in
0.5
burnout, in this case.
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 An Estimation of the Effective Subcooling. The correla-
tion given in Fig. 5 gives us greater confidence in the use of the
Mole fraction of ethanol modified # max SL to represent qmaK when there is no effective
Fig. 4 The complete raw q m a x data subcooling. We can then equate (qmax - qmaXt SL ) to Ar?sub given
by equation (5) and solve the result for ATmb using mixture
2.5 properties. (These values, of course, are only inferred.
However we have no means for making direct in situ
equation (12) measurements of AT"sub nor do we see such means on the
2.0 horizon.)
The resulting values of Ar s u b , plotted in Fig. 6, show a clear
1.5 trend in x, with A!Tsub vanishing at the azeotrope where effec-
E tive subcooling can no longer occur. ATsub must also remain
a dia.=0.767 mm close to zero for x>xazeotmpl,, since the saturated liquid and
1.0 h*-
o
O dia. = 1.016 mm ) wires vapor curves are very close together in that range (see Fig. 3).
# dia.= 1.295 mm B?>S I The numerical values of Ar s u b look fairly small—all below 2
A dia. = 1.626 mm J
0.5 A dia.= 1.803 mm °C. These, of course, are characteristic values, not actual
tubes
O dia. = 2.159 mm ones. Furthermore, it is hard to know whether 2°C should
— correlation, equation (12)
really be regarded as a small subcooling within an actual
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 bubble.
Mole f r a c t i o n of ethanol Incorporation of Effective Subcooling Into a Burnout Cor-
Fig. 5 The q m a x data normalized to eliminate the role of geometric relation. What factors are missing in the correlation of
scale burnout in a binary mixture? The obvious answer is the com-
position, x, of the boiled liquid; but the shape of the phase-
(based on properties of the mixture) to obtain a value of qmax equilibrium diagram must also be accounted in a correct cor-
that would represent the mixture if effective subcooling did relation. The x-dependent shape of the phase equilibrium
not take place. We subtract this qmm< SL from the experimental diagram can be represented using a new effective Jakob
value in each case, to get Aqsub. However, there is a catch. number, Ja e , based on an effective subcooling of the liquid,
Equation (8) reveals a small systematic error as it is applied to which varies with x. Two candidate Jakob numbers, based on
different liquids. It predicts our pure water burnout data very two representations of the subcooling, are
closely, but it overpredicts our burnout values in ethanol by 10
percent. We accordingly use a corrected <7max S L : the value Ja = Wpb-y) dTf (9a)
given by equation (8), divided by (1+0.10*). This serves to Ps8h n/g dx
compensate for the systematic overprediction. and
Isolating the Influence of Cylinder Geometry. The present Pfcp[Tg(x)-Tj(x)\
Ja„ = (9b)
qmax data have been normalized by qmaXj SL and plotted in Fig. PshfS

484/Vol. 111, MAY 1989 Transactions of the ASME

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 0.4
actual behavior
line showing approximately
linear shape of solid curve
or 0.3
3 o
0.2
« E
CD O
0.0
4 8
" W * ) - T s a t | a < x ) CO
Fig. 7 The approximate linear relation between ly - x I and (T g - T/) in
the ethanol/water system.
Other Jae's could have been created using other characteriza-
tions of the subcooling. However, equation (9b) proved to
work better than other candidates. The effective subcoolings
used here (and the other ones we tried) contain full informa-
tion about the equilibrium phase diagram.
Before setting a correlation, we look at the dimensional
analysis of burnout. The dimensional functional equation for
<lmax=f(hfg, g(Pf-/i »). Pp Pg, R, cp, (Tg~Tf), a, mass dif-
fusivity)
These ten variables are expressible in N, m, s, °C. Hence the
dimensional equation reduces to six dimensional groups
Ku =f(R', Jae, Pf/pt, Pe, Lewis No.)
We assume two of these groups are unimportant: Mass dif-
fusivity is normally so slow with respect to boiling processes
that it should not play an important role. Hence we drop the
Lewis number. Elkassabgi and Lienhard found by least-
squares fitting that pf/pg played no role in the kindred
problem of burnout in a subcooled, single-component liquids.
Binary boiling appears to be sufficiently similar in its vapor
removal mechanisms to warrant the use of the same assump-
tion here.
Since Ku and R' can be combined using <?max SL, we assume
that binary burnout data can be correlated with an equation of
the form
1 Carne, M., 1964, "Some Effects of Test Section Geometry, in Saturated Pool
(/max, SL
l-/(Jaexperiments
The range of Pe variation in these e , Pe) was not large
enough to make its general influence on qmax clear. It is only
clear that Pe has no noticeable influence when it is varied over
the small range represented by the ethanol/water system at 1
atm.
Throughout the present computations, we used actual data
for physical properties wherever that was possible. In the few
cases that it was not, we used standard prediction techniques
of the kind described by Reid et al. (1977) (see Reddy, 1987).
A simple least-squares fit of our data then yielded
<7max(l+0.10x)
:(l-0.170Ja|P 08 )- (12)
#max, SL
which represents the ethanol/water data for wires alone with
an rms deviation of ±8 percent. (With the tube data, the rms
error increases to ±15 percent.) Equation (12) is included in
Fig. 5.
Journal of Heat Transfer
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A Note on the Use of (y-x) to Characterize the Phase-
Equilibrium Diagram. We have noted that some authors
have tried to characterize the phase-equilibrium diagram using
the term \y—x\ evaluated at x. This term alone ought not be
adequate to characterize the diagram fully. However, the use
of [Tg — Tf\ has proven to be adequate in our effective sub-
cooling model. By plotting \y—x\ against [Tg — Tf] (see Fig.
7) for the ethanol/water system we discover a nearly linear in-
terdependence. This is built into the nature of the phase-
equilibrium diagram and may work for many other fluids as
well. Thus \y-x\ fortuitously gives a fairly good
characterization of phase-equilibrium behavior.
Accomplishments, Conclusions, and Observations
1 We have provided a carefully measured set of observa-
12
tions of burnout on cylinders in the ethanol/water system over
a range of sizes.
2 The Sun-Lienhard burnout prediction may be used to
account for size variation when R' > 0.1 and when its minor
systematic failure for some fluids is compensated.
3 Equation (12) represents these burnout data within an
rms error of ±8 percent.
4 The past success of using \y-x\ to characterize the
phase-equilibrium diagram of ethanol/water is explainable
and fortuitous.
5 Further research should be directed at:
9
identifying the role of heat diffusion. This can
probably be accounted in a relation of the form of equation
(11), although it might be necessary to revert to equation (10).
8
identifying the role of other geometries in the
ethanol/water system (the flat plate would be a prime
candidate).
• learning how the heater boundary condition (uniform
heat flux as opposed to uniform wall temperature) influences
burnout.
(10)
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