Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Yahyia M. Hameed
University of Diyala, College of Engineering, Department of Architecture, Iraq
Haitham J. Abd
University of Baghdad, Department of Reconstruction and Projects, Iraq
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the effect of construction joints on the performance of
reinforced self-compacting concrete slender beams. The experimental program
included casting and testing four beams with dimensions of 125×150×1000 mm. The
first beam is without construction joint as a reference specimen, the second beam is of
horizontal construction joint at mid-depth of the beam, the third beam is of vertical
construction joint at mid-span (maximum bending moment point) and the fourth beam
is of vertical construction joint on fourth-span (maximum shear region). The test
results showed that the effect of construction joint on the ultimate load was more
significant than that on the first crack load, also, the results showed that the beam of
horizontal construction joint gave better structural performance as compared with the
other cases of the construction joint, in which the first crack load decreased 6.7% and
the ultimate load decreased 26.7%as compared with the reference beam. Also the
results showed that the beam with vertical construction joint on the fourth-span
represented the less efficiency case, in which the first crack load decreased 16.7% and
ultimate load decreased 56.2% as compared with the reference beam. Furthermore
the load-deflection becomes less stiff with presence construction joint especially
beyond the first crack load.
Key words: Beams, Structural performance, Construction joint, self-compacting
concrete.
Cite this Article: Murtada A. Ismael, Yahyia M. Hameed and Haitham J. Abd, Effect
of Construction Joint On Structural Performance of Reinforced Self-Compacting
Concrete Beams, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET),
10 (1), 2019, pp. 297–306.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
Construction joints are define as the places of stopping in the process of concrete casting in
the buildings and the structures and they are practically required when it is not possible to
complete the process of casting in one continuous operation due to many reasons related by
the amount of concrete that can be placed at one time which is governed by batching and
mixing capacity, crew size, and the amount of time available. Correctly located and properly
executed construction joints provide limits for successive concrete placements, without
adversely affecting the structure [1].On the other hand, in recent years, self-compacting
concrete (SCC) has been became an excellent alternative to conventional concrete in many
fields due to its special properties such as its ability to flow and fill the formwork under its
own weight without the need to use external vibrators, easy placement of concrete in
restricted sections and congested reinforcement areas without segregation, reduction in site
manpower and faster construction [2]. At the same time, As compared with conventional
concrete, SCC consists of lesser amount and smaller maximum size of coarse aggregate,
therefore, it is expected that the structural performance of SCC beams is different from that of
CC beams, where the interlock mechanism of coarse aggregate is weaker which is the
important factor in shear transfer and redistribution the internal stress in the concrete beams.
Most of the previous contributions which studied the effect of construction joint focused
on its impact on the mechanical properties of conventional concrete such as studying the
effect of construction joints on the shear strength of unreinforced concrete prisms which
presented by Clark and Gill [3], studying the effect of construction joints on the modulus of
rupture which presented by Issa et al [4],studying the effect of construction joint on splitting
tensile strength of concrete which is presented by Gergeset al [5], Rathi and, Kolase [6]
studied the effect on the strength of concrete, while the behavior of beams made of
conventional concrete presented by Jabir et al [7] and Abass [8].
All the previous studies did not study the effect of construction joint on self-compacting
concrete reinforced beams, therefore this research investigate the effect of construction joints
on the performance of reinforced self-compacting concrete beams.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The experimental program consists of casting and testing four reinforced concrete slender
beams. The first beam is without construction joint as a reference specimen, the second beam
is of horizontal construction joint at mid-depth of the beam, the third beam is of vertical
construction joint at mid-span (maximum bending moment point) and the fourth beam is of
vertical construction joint on fourth-span (maximum shear region).All the beams made of
self-compacting concrete of about 32MPa compressive strength, and have the same
dimensions (1000mm length, 120mm width and 150mm height). Figure (1) shows the layout
and cross sections of these beams and Table (1) lists the details of type and location of
construction joint of each beam.
3. CONSTITUENT MATERIALS
3.1. Self-compacting concrete
The ingredients of SCC used in this research include: Ordinary Portland cement Type I
conform to the requirements of the Iraqi specification No.5/1984 [9], crashed gravel as coarse
aggregate of maximum size 14 mm conform to the requirements of the Iraqi specification
No.45/1984 [10], Natural sand conform to the requirements of the Iraqi specification
No.45/1984 [10], Lime stone powder with particle size of less than 0.125 mm (Sieve No.200)
satisfies EFNARC 2002 recommendations [2], high range water reducers (S.P.) complies with
ASTM C494 type A[11] and tap water. The components of SCC used in this research and it
proportions per cubic meter are listed in Table (2).
Super -
Cement Limestone Water Sand Gravel
plasticizer
(kg) powder (kg) (liter) (kg) (kg)
(liter)
400 134 192 821 767 2.2
4. MIXING
The concrete mixing for SSC achieved using a titling horizontal rotary mixer machine. The
procedure of SCC mixing was as follows: firstly, the fine aggregate, cement and limestone
powder were mixed for one minute before adding half of the mixing water. Then, the mixture
was mixed for two minutes. The coarse aggregate was added and then the remaining quantity
of water with superplasticizer. Mixing was continued for two minutes to achieve uniform
distribution through the concrete mix.
Table (3) Results of fresh SCC for slump flow, T50, V-funnel and L-box tests
Figure (2) V-funnel, slump flow and L-box tests of fresh concrete
Figure (3) beams casting stages (a) beam of vertical construction joint at mid-span (b)
reference and horizontal construction joint at mid-depth of the beam (c) beam is of
vertical construction joint on fourth-span
8. TEST SETUP
The beams were lifted from the curing water tank at the age of 28 days after casting, left to
dry, and then painted with white colour so that cracks can be easily detected. The beams were
tested under two points loading using a universal hydraulic machine of 2000kN capacityas
shown in Figure (4). The beam specimens were tested as simply supported using rigid
supports with 900mm clear span and loading distance of 315mm from the support, in order to
provide a shear span to effective depth ratio equal to 2.5. The loads were applied in successive
increments up to failure. A dial gauge of 0.001 mm accuracy was attached firmly at the center
of the bottom face of the beam to record midspan deflection. The load that produced the first
crack and the ultimate strength were recorded. Crack patterns were marked on the beams.
However, presence horizontal construction joint in the mid depth of the beam B2 led to
decrease the first crack load 6.7% and the ultimate load 26.7%as compared with that of the
reference beam (B1). Also, the test results showed that presence vertical construction joint on
the mid span of the beam made the first crack load decrease with percentage of 33.4%, while
the decrease in ultimate load was 38% as compared with the reference beam (B1).
Furthermore, presence vertical construction joint on the fourth of span of the beam (B4)
reduced the first crack load of about 16.7% and ultimate load of about 56.2% as compared
with reference beam (B1).
Figure (9) shows load-deflection of the tested beams, it can be noted that generally
presence of construction joint in the beam made the beam less stiffer after first crack load as
compared with the beam without construction joint and before the first crack the effect is very
little. Also, Table (5) shows that presence horizontal construction joint in the mid depth of the
beam (B2) reduced the ultimate deflection of about 9.5%, while presence vertical construction
joint on the mid span of the beam made the ultimate deflection decrease with percentage of
14.3% and presence vertical construction joint on the third of span of the beam (B4) reduced
the ultimate load of about 41.7% as compared with reference beam (B1).
For the beam with vertical construction joint on the fourth-span (B4) which represented
the less efficiency case, the position of the construction joint represents the area of the highest
shear stress and about half the maximum bending moment, so the shear stress is the risk in
this case. After spreading the cracks to the shear zone, the construction joint caused an early
weakness in the shear strength of the beam. The presence of shear reinforcement does not
improve this weakness as the construction joint is located between the stirrups resulting in an
early failure compared to the other cases.
10. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the experimental work of this study, it can be concluded that:
The effect of construction joint on the ultimate load was more significant than that on the first
crack load.
The beam of horizontal construction joint gave better performance in terms of first crack load,
ultimate strength and load-deflection relationship. However, the first crack load decreased of
about 6.7% as compared with that of the reference beam, while the ultimate load decreased of
about 26.7%.
Presence vertical construction joint on the mid span of the beam made the first crack load
decrease with percentage of 33.4%, while the reduction in ultimate load was 37.9% as
compared with the reference beam.
Presence vertical construction joint on the fourth span represented the less efficiency case
comparing with the other beams of construction joint .However, the first crack load decreased
with percentage 16.7% and ultimate load decreased with percentage 56.2% as compared with
reference beam.
Generally, presence construction joint in the beam made the beam less stiffer after first crack
load as compared with the beam without construction joint and before the first crack the effect
is very little.
Presence horizontal construction joint in the mid depth of the beam reduced the ultimate
deflection of about 9.5% as compared with the reference beam, while presence vertical
construction joint on the mid span of the beam made the ultimate deflection decrease with
percentage of 14.3% and presence vertical construction joint on the third of span of the beam
reduced the ultimate load of about 41.7%.
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