Problems in and Obstacles to Economic Development

Education and health are basic objectives of development. Health is central to well-
being, and education is essential for a satisfying and rewarding life; both are fundamental to the
broader notion of expanded human capabilities that lie at the heart of the meaning of
development. At the same time education plays a key role in the ability of a developing country
to absorb modern technology, and to develop the capacity for self-sustaining growth and
development. Moreover, health is a prerequisite for increase in productivity, and successful
education relies on adequate health as well. Thus, both health and education can also be seen
as vital components of growth and development – as inputs to the aggregate production
function. Their dual role as both inputs and outputs gives health and education their central
importance in economic development.

Some important killer diseases have been completely or nearly eradicated. Of the 781
million adults over the age of 15 estimated to be illiterate, 496 million were women, the World’s
Women 2015 report found. Women made up more than half the illiterate population in all
regions of the world.

Despite such outstanding achievements, developing countries continue to face great

challenges as they seek to continue to improve the health and education of their people. The
distribution of health and education within countries is as important as income distribution; life
expectancy may be quite high for better-off people in developing countries but far lower for the
poor. Child mortality rates in developing countries remain more than 10 times higher than those
found in rich countries. Many children who survive nonetheless suffer chronic problems of
malnutrition, debilitating parasitic infections, and other recurrent illnesses.

Rural Poverty

Perhaps the most valid generalizations about the poor are that they are
disproportionately located in rural areas, that they are primarily engaged in agricultural and
associated activities, that they are more likely to be women and children than adult males, and
that they are often concentrated among minor ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. Data from
a broad cross section of developing nations support these generalizations. On the average, it is
concluded that in Africa and Asia, about 80% of all target poverty groups are located in the rural
areas, as are about 50% in Latin America. It is interesting to note, in light of the rural
concentration of absolute poverty, that the majority of government expenditures in most
developing countries over the past several decades has been directed toward the urban area
and especially toward the relatively affluent modern manufacturing and commercial sectors. In
view of the disproportionate number of the very poor who reside in rural areas, any policy
designed to alleviate poverty must necessarily be directed to a large extent toward rural
development in general and the agricultural sector in particular.

Women and Poverty

Women make up a substantial majority of the world’s poor. If we compare the lives of
inhabitants of the poorest communities throughout the developing world, we would discover that
virtually everywhere women and children experience the harshest deprivation. They are more
likely to be poor and malnourished and less likely to receive medical services, clean water,
sanitation, and other benefits. The prevalence of female-headed households, the lower earnings
capacity of women, and their limited control over their spouses’ income all contribute to this
disturbing phenomenon. In addition, women have less access to education, formal sector
employment, social security, and government employment programs. These facts combine to
ensure that poor women’s financial resources are meager and unstable relative to men’s.

Women are often paid less for performing similar tasks, and in many cases, they are
essentially barred from higher-paying occupations. In urban areas, women are much less likely
to obtain formal employment in private companies or public agencies and are frequently
restricted to illegal, low productivity jobs.

The consequences of declines in women’s relative or absolute-economic status have

both ethical and long-term economic implications. Any process of growth that fails to improve
the welfare of the people experiencing the greatest hardship, broadly recognized to be women
and children, has failed to accomplish one of the principal goals of development. In the long run,
the low status of women is likely to translate into slower rates of economic growth This is true
because educational attainment and future and future financial status of children are much more
likely to reflect those of the mother than those of the father. Thus, the benefits of current
investments in human capital are more likely to be passed on to future generations if women are
successfully integrated into the growth process. And considering that human capital is perhaps
the important prerequisite for growth, education and enhanced economic status for women are
critical to meeting long-term development objectives.