Spielvogel Piping Stress Calculatons Simplified PDF

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1 1
PIPING
STRESS CALCULATIONS
SIMPLIFIED
by S. W. Spielvogel
BYRNE ASSOCIATES, INC.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
11
FIFTH EDITION
i
i w.
COPYRIGHT 1955
Reissued in 1961
i S. SPIELVOGEL. LAKE SUCCESS, N. Y.
: 1
• 1
11
11~................................................................................................................................................
===============================================
PREFACE
of pipe stress under changing temperature conditions has heretoíore
C ALCULATION
been confined to engineers having an extensive background and working knowl-
edge of calculus. In this brief presentation exact solutions have been worked out in
arithmetical íorm so that the practica! pipe designer•can refer to typical problems
íor both form and method of computation.
Methods for calculating expansion stresses in high-temperature power piping
have been worked out in a number of ways by severa! investigators. Engineers
engaged in this field have adopted one or another of these procedures, depending on
personal preference or extent of theoretical background. Material in this text,
applying to one such method, has been discussed in suffi.cient detall so that the
mathematical theory can be traced from principie to actual calculation of typical
problems.
The relatively simple concepts are familiar to most men who have already been
required to design piping. Others can acquire a working understanding of the methods
presented in a short period of study. Once the basic methods are understood, the
engineer can follow through the mathematical procedures at will. Fortunately, it is
possible to strip these formulas toa point where the practica1 designer can recognize
the results without need for following the detalled derivations.
"This book is arranged in such a manner that one familiar with pipe calculations
can refer quickly to formulas or computations involved in any specific case without
reviewing the theoretical background. Specific instructions not only facilitate com-
putation but also reduce the probability of error through omission of sorne detall.
Computation forms are arranged to permit sharing of labor on three-dimensional
piping systems by allocating parts of the work to severa! persons. The method is exact
within slide-rule accuracy.
Thorough understanding of the complex problems of elasticity, moments and
forces, codified values, and varied methods of calculation can properly be restricted
to the very few that have specialized in the field. This book brings the ordinary
layout problem well within the grasp of many who wish ·practica! answers to im.mediate
piping layouts.
S. w. SPIELVOGEL.
LAKE SuccEss, N. Y.,
This edition incorporates the provisions of the 1955 American
Standard Association Code for Pressure Piping.
The new Code recognizes the concept of "stress-range" as the

criterion for the safety of piping systems. The problems of thi.s
edition therefore have been adjusted to conform to this concept as
well as to new stress values, elastic constants and coefficienta
of expansion as published in the Code. The numerical examples take
into account the now mandatory requirement of appl:ying stress in-

tensification factors found to exist in components otber than plain
straight pipe.
Piping systems vithin the scope o! thia vork are atruc-
tures designed to absorb expansiona by the inherent flexibility of the
layout.
The requirementa !or •ixpansion and llexibility# are regulated in
Section 6, Chapter J of the "Coda for Preasure Piping• published by the
American Society of Mechanic&l ingineera.

The intention of theae regul&tions ia to provide adequate saiety vith
economical use of materi&la vhile alloving maximum latitude in procedure
or method o! matheaatical analyais.
The Code recognizea the fact that streases in piping systems are not
necesaarily oí coastant intensity, that expansion stressea at elevated
temperaturas may not be sustained becauae of relaxation or creep and con-
aequently vill drop to the stress level vhich the material can •ustain.
This phenomenon o! yielding in the elastie range or flov in the plastic
stage presenta a problem different from that encountered in the analysia
of structures or machinery vhich operate at relatively lov temperaturas
and therefore are in a state of steady stress. In this case the elements
are designad to meet a limiting stress or deforaation vithin the elastic
limit o! the material.

In contrast, the atresses in a piping system can traspasa the elastie
limit vith stress reversals from cold to hot condition provided the number
of stress reversals remains belov certain limita so as to exclude the ef-
fect of fatigue.
Piping syetems can absorb relatively large displacements
2
without 111 effect, changing from one shape to another without return-
ing exactly to previous configurations. Rel.axation to the sustaining
level of the material will tend to establish a condition of permanenqy
in but a few cycles, each cycle lowering the upper limit of the hot
stress until a state of equilibrium is reached in which the system is
completely rela:x:ed and capable of maintaining constant stress indefinitely.
The stress of which a material is relieved due to relaxation reappears
as stress in the opposite temperatura state with equal intensity but oppo-
site sign. Thus, a systam which originally was stressless could witbin a
few c.ycles accumulate stresses in the cold condition and spring iteelf
witbout tbe application of extraneous work.
This pbenomenon is called "self springing" • It may originate in the
cold as well as in tbe hot condition, that is whenever the contraction -
or expansion stresses are of sufficient intensity to cause yielding. In-
itial cold springing therefore loses its significance because the stresses
calculated on the basis of predeterminad short-cutting of the pipe and
springing it into position will be alterad by subsequent self springing of
the systam. This fact is recognized by the Coda by omission of the credit
allowance for cold springing as far as stresses are concerned. Reactions,
however, are credited for the effect of cold springing as will be shown
separately.
The phenomenon of self springing is demonstrated by the following ex-
ample:
Let it be assumed that the 90° turn shown below is to absorb 6" of ex-
pansion between anchors and that the calculated maximum stress is 24,000 psi
3
SYSTEM RELAXEO TO SUSTAINING LEVEL
6" FREE EXPANSION
SYSTEM SELF SPRUNG
Sup:;o:.;ing the material at the particular operating temperatura can
sustsin only 18,000 psi or three-quarters of the calculated stress.
Yieldine will take place to this sustaining level. On cooling to room
temperature the s.rstem must contract 6". At 3/4 of this contraction
i.e. 4.)" the system will be stressless. Completing the contraction
through the remaining 1.5" will result in a stress of 6,000 psi oppo-
s:i te in sign to that caused by an expansion of 1.5". The system which
at t~c start was stressless is now cold sprung.
THE STRESS RANGE
From the fo~egoing it is evident that the true magnitude of the
stresses in either the hot or the cold conctition cannot be determined
by c~Jculation because tha al"\ount of relaxation is unkn<Y.rTn a.nd cannot
be judged reliably. However, service failures are r~]ated to eyclic
rather than sta.tic stress conditions and it is therefore permissible to
assume that a piping system will operate satisfactorily if the sum of
the cold and the hot stress is within a stress range ~hich is considered
safe for the expected number of stress reversals. This concept provides
4
a logical basis on which to design a piping system becau.se i t takes into
consideration all stress levels to which a system will adjust itself to
support the loading to which it is subjected. The stress intensity at a
specific stage is of academic interest only.
The expansion stress range is set b,y the Code at
SA = allowable expansion stress range in psi

Se = allowable stress (S-value) in the cold condition
Sh = allcwable stress (S-value) in the hot condition

f = stress ranga reduction factor for cyclic condition, from the fol-
lowing tabla:
Total number of
full temperature
cycles over ex:-
pected l:U'e. f
7,000 and less l. O

14,000 • 11
0.9
22,000 • • o.s
45,000 • • o.?
100,000 • " o.6
250,000 an:i over 0.5
The starting poi.nt for the application of the stress range reduction
factor has been selected at 7,000 cycles which is approximatel1 equal to
one cycle per day' over a period of 20 years. By expected llfe is meant
the total number of years during which the system i~ expected to be in
active operation.
5
The Basis for the Allowable Stress Range SA.
The allowable S-values given in the Code are the lesser of the follow-
ing stresses:
1) 25% of the m.inimum specified tensile strengt.h.

2) 25% of the tensile strength at temperatures a~ reported b.1 test data.
J) 62.5% of the ¡ield strength Y.s. at temperatures as reported by test
data i.e. that stress which will produce a strain of 0.002 inches per
inch.
4) A conservativa average of the stress to give a creep rate of 0.01% in
1, 000 hours as reported b.1 test data.
5) 6o% of the average or Bo% o! the m.inimuDa stress to produce rupture in
100,000 hours as reported b.1 test data.
The JJI2Ximum stress range a system could be subjected to without pro-

ducing flow neither in the cold nor in the hot condition was proposed b.1
A.R.C. Markl*, reasoning as !ollows:
(A) At co1d temperatures the stress will 1imit itself automaticall7
to the yie1d strength or to 1.6 s0 •
(Note that Seis limited to 0.625 Y.S., Item J above. There!ore
Y.s. = S0 :0.625 = 1.6Sc)
(B) At temperatures conducive to creep the stress w1ll liMit itself
to the rupture strength or si:m.ilarly to 1.6 ~, Item 5 above.
The sum of the two 1imits therefore is

1.6 (S 0 + 5t1)
* Piping Flexibillty A.na.lysis. A.S.M.!!:. paper No. 53-A-51.

6
The range established by the Code is
which includes all stresses that is expansion, pressure and weight stresses.
The range !or expansion stresses only is
SA = 1.25 S0 + 0.25 ~
!or which !urther explanation is given in the !oll~ section.
The Expansion Stress S¡
Temperatura changes in restrained piping cause bending stresses in single
plane systems, and bending and torsional stresses in three-dimensional sys-
tems. The max1m:um stress due to thermal changes sole~ is called the expan-
sion stress ~· 'l'his stress must be within the alJ.owable stress range SA.
The stresses due to internal pressure and weight o! the pipi.ng are pe:rma-
nently sustained. They do not participate in stress reductions due to relax-
ation and are excluded !rom the canparison o! .5_g with SA. as the latter has
been adjusted to allow !or them with the !ollowing provision:
•The sum o! the longitudinal stresses due to pressure,
veight and other sustained extemal loading s hall
not exceed Sh. Where the sum. o! these stress es is
less than ~ the dif!erence between ~ and this su.

may be added to the tena 0.25 ~ in the formula !or
To explain the !oregoing quotation írau the Code íor Pressure Piping re!-
erence is made to the method of calculating the pipe wall thickness an:i to
the general analysis o! cylindrical vessela subjected to pressure. Accord-
ingly, the maximum stress due to internal pressure is tensile transversa~
to the pipe axis. This stress is limi ted by the Code to the S-value S}l at
7
operating temperature. Pressure also causes a longitudinal stress which

equals one-half the transverse stress and which is additive to the bend-
ing stress caused b,y expansion. In reducing the stress range by Sh, one-
half of this amount is assigned to stress due to pressure leavi.ng t he
other hal.f available for stress due to weight.
The expansion stresses shall be combined in accordance with the follow-
ing fonrru.l.a.:
Where
51) = i.~:Z = resulting bending stress, psi
st = Mt,:2Z = torsional stress, psi
~ = resulting bending moment, in. lb.
Mt = torsional moment, in. lb.

Z = Section modulus of pipe, tnJ.
i = Stress intensification factor
The Code stipulates that flexibility calculations for the expansion
stress S:g be based on the modulus of elasticity E0 at room temperature in-
cluding the effect of stress intensification.
Inasmuch as it is customary to make flexibillty calculations for. the en-
tire e.xpansion range using the mod:ulus of elasticity Eh at operating temper-
ature, the resulting stress must be increased by t he factor Ec :Eh to obtain
the expansion stress SE• On the other hand i f the calculation for the en-
tire expansion range is made with modulus Ec the r esult gives ~ which in,.
this case sif;nifies either the stress in the cold condi tion f or a system
which is cold sprung lO~ or the stress in the cold condition for a systen
which, operating in the creep range, has relaxed completely and becomes
stressless at operating temperature.

8
In reference to the stress intensification factor the Code permits sim-
plifying assumptions in calculations or model tests. It is permissible for

example to substituta square cornera for circular bends or elbows foregoing
the increased f.lexibility attributable to these components. The stress in-
tensification factor, however, must be included in the calculation of the
bending stress ~·
REACTIONS
In contrast to the procedure for determining the stresses the method for
recording the magni tude of the reactions is based on the initial. condi tion
with no consideration for subsequent relaxation but with specific credits

íor the efíect oí cold springing.
Thus the manufacturar oí equipment is protected against excessive actions
during the initial stages oí operation and the user is granted. adequate bene-
fit íor cold springing the system.
For this purpose the degree oí cold springing is expressed b.1 the •cold
spring factor e• which varies írom zero for no cold springing to unity íor
lOO% cold springing.

Let R denote the reaction obtained from the flexibility calculation based
on the mod.ulus E0 , ( if the calcula.tion is made wi th the modulus Eh at operat-
ing temperatura multiply' result by E0 :Eb) then the initial reaction in the
hot condition is calculated from
Rb = (1 - 2/3 C) R ~
Ec
This formula credits the system with two-thirds oí the designed cold spring.
9
The reaction in the cold condition is obtained from
~ or= CR
Re = (1 _ Sh • Ere) R
( S.s Eh)
whichever is greater and with the further conditio~ that
sh Ec
SE ~
41
is less than unity
The foll~iing diagram will demonstrate these rules
z
o
....u
<l
11.1
a:
....
o
:S:
z
2
....
u .-R: R
<l e
11.1
a:
o
..1
o
u
Initial reactions in the hot condition are shown above the horizontal
base line with credit allowance and correction for the modulus of elasti-
city at operating temperature. (As stated previously R is the reaction

obtained from the flexibility calculation based on the modulus Ec at room
temperature.)
The inclined line below the base line and the intercepting horizontal
line give the reaction in the cold condition for non-yielding and yielding
systems respectively.
For a system which is lOo% cold sprung i.e. C = 1 ••••••.• ~=R.
For a lesser amount of cold springing •••..•••..•.•.•••••••• R0 = CR.

10
Hmrever, in a yielding system Re can be more than CR beca use of self-
sprineine. Evidently the amount of relaxation whi~h causes the self-springing
d~pends on the ratio of the stress which can be sustained i.e. Sh to the
stress S"!;'
..., p::-oduced by the expo.nsion. Therefore the te:nn
has been assumed to represent an appraisal of the effect of self-springing
and the reaction in the cold condition then is
=
R
11
SUMMARY OF STRESS EXAMINAT ION
The Cede confines the stress examination to the most significant
stresses created by tbe diversity of loading to which a piping system
is subjected. They are:
l. Stresses due to the thermal expansion of the line.

2. The longitudinal stress due to internal or external pressure.
). The bending stress created by the weight of the pipe and its
insulation, the internal fluid, fittings, valves and external
loading such as wind.
The suitability of the system is established by the following cam-
parison:
The expansion stress ~ must be within the stress range SA (see
Page 4). SE is the result of a stress analysis based on the modulus of
elasticity in the cold condition and for the total expansion range from
the maximum to the minimum operating temperature (for hot lines this rnay
be taken as the erection temperature).
For three dimensional systems the combined expansion stress is ob-
tained from the formula on Page 7.

The longitudinal pressure stress plus the stress due to weight must
not exceed the allowable stress 5n in the hot condition. Where this sum
is less than sh the difference may be added to the term 0.25 sh in the
formula for SA (see Page 6).
The longitudinal pressure stress equals internal pressure times in-
side area of pipe divided by the pipe metal area or
where
p = internal pressure in pounds per square inch.

d = inside diameter of pipe in inches.
D = outside diameter of pipe in inches.
12
DETERMINING PIPE WALL THICKNESS
Before the stress caused by temperature expansion of piping can be

calculated, at· least one possible arrangement of given lengths of piping
of known size and weight must be developed. Arrangement and size depend
on the amount of fluid to be carried and the phydcal layout of other
equipment; pipe thickness is establlshed from. codified st&ndards o

1
The basis for selecting pipe wall thickness is the A.S.A. Code for
Pressure Piping and the A.S.Ao standard 8)6.10--1950 the form.er in respect
to strength, the latter in respect to dimensions.
The appropriate material specification depends on the service pressure.
It is obtained byreference to the specific requirements of the Codeo
When the ~terial has been selected, the stress S for the particular
service temperature 1s taken from. the table entitled Allowable S Value.
This stress is used in the following formulas to determ.ine the pipe wall
thicknen.
tmn • ( PD )
( 2S + 2yP )
+e
p • 2S(tmn -e)
D-2y ( tmin -e)
where tm.in = rainimUJD pipe wall thickness, in.

p = maximum 1nternal service pressure, psi
D = outside diameter (O.D.) of pipe, ino
S • allowable stress in material due to internal pressure at
the operating temperature, psi
= allowance for threading or corrosion, in.
e • 0.065 in. for plain-end steel or wrought-1ron pipe or tube
for sizes 1 t\", • , fi c;::(:n:;eas::e l•fi . ftz .--' ,, •Utit $"
4 1 •
UP -ro '1' \~G.l...IJC:H ...l c. 3 /'2
e .. O•ooo Fe~ ~\..~1~ l:.~C ~"1"i:'E:I... cQ., wR..cv<ii."\\ \R..o.-..1
4-y4 ~"'~ .. ~.
1 American Standards Association
lJ
Y• a coefficient having values as follows:

900 1150
Temp and and
F below 950 1000 1050 1100 above
Ferritic
steels 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Austenitie
steels 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7
It is customary to order pipe b.1 its nominal wall thickness adding theJ
manufacturer's tolerance.
~Y"" ~'~'o;.~ ~;!·
For rolled pipe tnom = t,un + o.875
For pipe made of plate, the plate tolerance applies.
When the wall thickness t has been determined, the "schedule number"
is obtained from the A.S.A. dilftensional standard BJ6.10 in which pipe
of the same nominal size has the same outside di~ter for all sched-
ule numbers.
12" pipe operating at 900 F and 1000 psi pressure.

Jofaterial specification ASTM .lJJ5 Orade Pl2:
Allowab1e S-value at 900 F. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13,100 '081
(Pa.ge 106)
Y = o.;
-::;~~<: 7
o. 0 0 0 o '4i o
J
:
10~0
[ 2 xQ-3100 + 2
X 12~5
X 0.) X 1000)
+ 0.065 - 0;535"
/
·..JO •
tnom- 0.53.5 ..;.. 0.87.5 - 0.612•

p D -t C.A.
Use Schedule 80 • • • • • • • • t = 'L(? +V y)
0.687"
t. ...... '...,¡ -séA .... w
·<5J5
t.~""" :;:. t. M•~ + '0 \ ?\.A,'

14
SINGLE-PLANE PIPING
If a pipeline, owing to the character of its supports or end conditions, is prevented
from free expansion, then it is compelled to assume a distorted shape. The new
configuration attained will be that ·which requires the least effort. Actual shape
depends on the resistance to distortion offered y
by individual sections of pipe or fittings. r_E:_~a_n~e_:'~~a:e J~lfc
The pipe line (Fig. 1) is fixed at its t\YO 1 --
e~
x
1 b
ends and subjected to thermal expansion. 1
1
Each end will react \\ith a force and a 1
1
moment. For convenience the force is rep- X - - -
resented by its t>vo rectilinear components X \1
Ma"--._ y
a
and Y. The relationship bet,Yeen expansion
and reactions may be Yi::malized if one of the FIG. l.
supports is removed to permitan unrestricted expansion of the pipe. If, for example,
the support at e is removed, the expanded shape \Vill be as in Fig. 2.
Let the expansion of leg be be designated by .6-x and that of ab by C:.y. Then, in
order to restore the conditions of Fig. 1', it is necessary to apply suitable forces X
and Y opposite to the expansions and a moment 1~1 c. These three actions combined
\Vill move e' back to e and rotate the pipe to obtain a horizontal tangent at e, as shown
in Fig. l. The determination of the unknowns X, Y, and .v[c is considerably simplified
b' e'
r-------------
6!-'x~~~
lx x
e
y
a a
FIG. Z. FrG. 3.
if the ende is temporarily connected with the centroid C by means of a rigid bracket
and the actions necessary to bring e' back toe are applied at C. During this operation
the bracket is assumed to be absolutely stiff, i.e., it transfers all actions "ithout
bending, contracting, or elongating. It can be proYed by theory that, to restore the
original conditions of Fig. 1 with actions at th.e centroid, only the forces X and Y
are required; in other words, the two forces X and Y acting at the centroid accomplish
the same as X, Y, and Jtfc acting at point c.
Once the centroid forces X and Y are found, the moment at e is obtained by
multiplying these forces by their respecti>·e offsets from c. Assigning a plus sign
to clocbvise moments, we obtain from Fig. 3
Jfc = Xy - Y.t
The unknowns in the problem are thus reduced from three to two, namely, X and Y.
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIO~S SI~1PLIFIED
DETERMINING X AND Y
Remove one of the two supports, connect that end temporarily with the centroid
by means of a rigid bracket, and permit the line to expand freely. Xext apply unit
forces (1 lb) in directions opposite to the two component expansions Ax and Jly.
These directions shall be the positive x- and the positive y-a.xes of a coordinate
system (Fig. 4).
The unit force acting in the x-direction "'ill move the centroid in the x-direction
as well as in the y-direction. These tiYO movements shall be designated by ou and
b' e' o" 1" the first subscript indicating the direction of
b¡-------~ the force, the second the direction of the move-
•.x-- - - c·r;:-'
1
lb. ment.
e ¡ lb. Similarly, the unit force acting in the y-
: direction '"ill produce deflections o1111 and o11,..
a' 1 If the actual reactions X and Y are applied
•
+y the total movements will be, respectively, X and
Fxa. 4. Y times larger than the movements produced by
the unit forces. Thus the total movement in the x-direction is X o,.:z: + Y o11:z:, and the
total movement in the y-direction is X ox 11 + Y olfll.
The reactions X and Y must have such intensities as to make the sum of all
movements in the x-direction equal to the expansion ~x, and the sum of all movements
in the y-direction equal to the expansion ~y. Expressing this fact in form of equations
we obtain
1
1
(1)
1
?%
These two equations contain only t1vo unkno1vns, because the expansions Jlx
and ~y are known, and the coefficients o_.x, o""' etc., are deflections produced by unit
i
1 Ioads acting at the free end of a cantilevt>r and are calculable.
1 Thus the problem involves, first, calculating the coefficients and, then, solving
the equations for X and Y.
Note that Oyz = ox 11 because of Maxwell's law of reciprocity of deflections, which,
applied to this problem, may be stated as follows:
The dejlection in the x-direction pToduced by a foTce acting in the y-direction equals
the dejlection in the y-direction due to the same force but applied 1.'n the x-direct1.'on.
DETERMINING THE COEFFICIENTS
The coefficients, also known as shape constants, depend on the geometrical
distribution of the material or the shape of the line. They are deflections due to
unit loads and as such are directly proportional to the moment of inertia or the product
of inertia of the line with 1/EI as factor of proportionality. E is the modulus of
elasticity of the material, and 1 is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional metal
area of the pipe.
Referring to Fig. 4,
~
r.Jzz
r.
= EJ and
16
SINGLE-PLANE PIPING
where r. is the moment of inertia of the line about the x-axis, 111 the moment of inertia
of the line about the y-axis and lx 11 the product of inertia of the line, \\'i.th respect to
the coorclinate axes.
The moment of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying
the length of each line element by the square of its distance from the reference axis.
The product of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying
the length of each element by its coordinates. (A line element is an infinitesimal
part of the totallength.)
Introducing the line inertia in equations (1), 1\i.th signs as explained below, we
obtain
x b..
El
-X lx¡¡
- }y
+ y~
r.!l_
El
=
=
~x
~Y
l (2)
El El
Explanation of signs:
A force acting in the positive x-direction will move the free end in the same
direction. This deflection is associated ''i.th the moment of inertia, which always is a
positive value. The same force will also move the free end normal to its line of action,
and the intensity of this movement depends on the product of inertia of the line, which
may have either sign.
'\Vith the assumption of positive axes opposite to the anticipated expansions,
a positive X-force causes one movement in the positive x-direction, and another in
the negative y-direction. Similarly a positive Y-force causes one movement in the
positive y-direction and another in the negative x-direction.
With negative signs in equations (2), products of inertia are introduced alge-
braically with the result that the end reactions X and Y will be obtained with plus
signs indicating that their assumed directions are correct.
Equations (2) are used in two distinct forms.
1. Lines with Constant Cross Section and Same Modulus E. Since the product
El in equations (2) is always the same for this case, it is convenient to transfer it to
the right side.
XT.- Ylxy = ~x El} (3)
-Xlx, + Yl" = t:.y El
The solution of these equations is
X = l,;C~x El) + L~(.~y El)

lxly - r.y
y = fx(tly El) + L~(~x El)
l (4)
lxly- J;'l
~ ote that the denominators for X and Y are the same.
In numerical solutions the products (~x El) and (~y El) ~lrc calculated at the
start and therefore 1vill appear in equations (3) and (-!) as numbers.
2. Lines with Variable Cross Sections and Same Modulus E. In this case
each branch of the line must be divided by the moment of inertia of its own cross-
17
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
sectional area. Thus only E can be brought to the right side, and the general equation
becomes
XI: - Y~~~~ = t::.:c E } (5)
-XI~ 11 + YI~ = D.y E
1
w here 1., =
J., ' ['rv = T'
fry t
e c.
1
The solution of these equations is
V
A-
r
-
_
I~(D.x E)
I~(D.y
% 11
+
J' J' _ J'2
E) + I: 11 (tlx E)
I:y(D.y E)
%¡¡
l (6)
l - I'z l'11 - J'2z¡¡
Summary of procedure:
l. Calculate the expansions D.x and D.y.
2. Calculate the products D.x El and D.y El.
3. Determine the centroid of the line.
4. Make centroid the origin of a system of coordinates with positive direGtions
opposite to the anticipated expansions.
5. Calculate the line inertias 1., 11 , 1.,, 111 •
6. Insert in equations (3), and solve for X and 1" [equations (4)].
Moment of Inertia of Strai¡ht Lines
~&-e
x---
8
-~:::
~
.
e
----x --
x-------~----x
\:)')
....~:
1-"
-
a
J.:! +/a 2
12
:
'
Lme located at 90" to ctx1s
tY
1
--a -----1
1 ly•la 1
1
1
¡y
Lme pCiralle! to ax1s
Product of inertia
<une part1llel to cm t1xis>
Fm. 5.
18
SI::-iGLE-PLA_:¡-E PIPING
Moment of Inertia of an Inclined Branch

+y +y'
t
f.--m--
1
lb l
1 '
n
1 1
L----.1...---+x
Fw. 6.
About u.xes through its own centroid
1~ = p sin~ 8
12
2
]' = l3 cos 8
u 12
About axes parallel to x' or y' at distances m or n
l., = 1: + ln
2
I 11 = ]'11 + lm 2
sin 1 8 cos1 8
8
12 12
( .
o· o 0.08333
15" 0.00558 0.07775
30" 0.02083 0.06250
45" 0.04167 0.04167
60" 0.06250 0.02083
75" 0.07775 0.00558

90" 0.08333 o
105° 0.07775 0.00558
120" 0.06250 0.02083
135° 0.04167 0.04167
150" 0.02083 0.06250

165" 0.00558 0.07775
180" o 0.08333
19
Product of I.nertia of a.n I.ncli.necl Bra.nch

+y
t1---m--
1 ,tJ
..)1'---,~--+x'
1 .
1 ~
L----.L---+x
Fla. 7.
About axes x', y' through its own centroid
I' = za sin 28 - Z.ab

"" 24 12
About axes x, y, parallel to x', y' at distances m, n
[., 11 = [~ 11 + lmn
sin 2S
24
o
+0.02083
+0.03608
~.04167
+0.03608
+0.02083
o
-0.02083
-0.03608
-0.04167
-0.03608
-o.<r.nJ3
o
20
Product of Inertia for Quarter Bend

Located in Plane of Projection
+y' rY
1
+ ~- m-.l
1
- Ixy=fo01J7R 3 + f mn}K
~ 1 Examples:
qT•x'
A 1
e\ ¡ W'J1J
+X'
j
+.x'
1
1
R/
~ /
/ +X'
1
1
+x_.L ____
--l +y' +y' +Y'
- +y' + +O.IJ7R 3 -OIJ7JP -0137R 3
Tv obtain tbe sign of the term 0.13í R'. pass throu~h the rentroid of the 90° bend two axes +x' and
The sig:n i~ then dctermincd from the position of +x'
-<-y' parallel to the positive gra,·ity axes of tbe entire line.
c;nd +y' relative to tbe are. The coordinates m and n are introduced algebraically.
Product of Inertia of Quarter Bend

Located at Right Angles to Plane of Projection
..
ac
...•
ci +Y
¡
CENTR 010 OF ARC
f SEE PAGE 184
+X
MOOIFIEO l..ENGTH • R1f'

2 X 1.1!1
Ixv • NOOIFIEO l..ENSTH TIMES COOROINATES OF CENTROIO OF QUARTER SENO
R1f" XI.I5XMXN
2
Moment of Inertia of Quarter Bend
;;c------------T---;;c :x---7----------;¡¡; 1
1
1
1
1
m
1 ,-
1 1 /
~-r-
1/
1/
I:;c=(0.1481JRJ+Rfm2JK I:;c=(Q/488RJ+Rfm 1) lb.

Oue~rtu bend in true length Quarler bend in reduced length
2l
The Produet of Inertia of a Circular Are

General Formal&
-·-- ..............
'ez,,
'
'
'
~------J-----------------~%
I~ = [hkR8 - hR 2 cos 8 + kR 2 sin 8 + 0.5R 1 sin 2 8~.1{'
- 1
The Moment of Inertia of a Circular Are

General Formula
:r ó
C'= R.sin ~ (8¡ -91 }

~oT----r--a Vz(82-8tJ
About axes through center of circle
I~ - ~~ [8- ~sin 281:: K

R•
l., - 2 [8 + ~ sin 28]~ K
About axes through centroid

2
I .. - la- 8m
I.- I'/1- mz
where K • flexibility constant.
a • modified length of are, i.e., e.ctuallength X K.
22
PROBLEM 1
90° Bend, Both Ends Fixed
1
1
~
i1
23
PROBLEM 1
90° Bend, Both Ends Fixed
12-in. pipe, A.S.T.M. ~tion A-106

Steam temperature == ?10Th'
Pressure = 8-SQ pai
Wall thickness required:
Stress value S = U,6.50 gsi
tmin = O. 518 in.
*tmin + 0.125tnom == lnom, i.uom = o~87r:r = 0.595 in.

Use 12-in. pipe, Schedule 80 t = 0.687 in.
1 - 475 in.'
S = 74.5 in. 3
Expa.nsion = 5.75 in. per 100ft.
E = 25 X 10 8 psi
5 ·75 .
Az = m. X 80ft = 4.6 m.
.
100
lly = ~~ in. X 50 ft = 2.88 in.
Az El = ~: in. ~ 25 X 10 6 X 12 2 X ~;~ == 31,600,000 lb ft. 3
lly El = 2i~S in. X 25 X 10 6 X 12 2 X ;~~ = 19,800,000 lb ft 3
• Manufacturing tolerance.
Fto. 8.
24
PRO B LE :\1 1
entrot .:v
ft¡~;~ _ly_'_l.:.i;~~~~¡~
_.!.c.!:_1x'.
ab
1
80 40 ¡ 3.200: 1 O . O 801-15.4 -9.51 -t-11.820
be 1~1 80 25 l~. 50 1 2·!.6[ 15.41 4-18,990
i..:!:QQQ.!
130 1.200 1.no : ¡· +30,810 r•• -
i - 7,200 - 55 ~ ft . - 1.250 '
130 . 1~ 130
. - 9.6 ft'
80 X 9.6'
~' + 80 X 15.4' - 61..340
• 7,370
~~' + 50 X 15.4' - 22,230
50 X 24.6' - 30,200
' ¡~· - 29.600 91,HO · r. -
29,600X - 30,810Y - 31.1300.000
-30,810X + 91,740Y - 1(),800,000
lu(t;,:¡; El) + L.(:,.y El)

X
I,lu- I;.
L_.::..:.(:,._,y:__E....:l)_+_:__I..:.••:,:.(_Ilx_E:::...:..:.l)
y,._
Ll, - [~
X: =- 91.740 X 31,600,000 + 30,810 X 19,800,000
' 20,600 X 91,740 - 30,810 2
= 1,990 lb
y ,. 29,600 X 19,800,000 + 30.810 X 31,600,000
29,600 X 91,740 - 30,810 2
890 lb
Rea.cting moment ata:
+1,990 lb X 9.6 ft- 890 lb X 55.4 ft
= -30,200 ft lb
Bending moment a.t b:
+1,990 lb X 9.6 ft + 890 lh X 24.6 ft
,..· +41,000 ft lb
Bending moment a.t e:
-1,990 lb X 40.4 ft + 890 lh ;< 2Ui ft
"' -58,500 ft lb
KoTE: The moment at the point that has been con·
nected with the centroid is the reacting moment at the
1
1
support. :\.11 other moments are hending moments,
' i.e., the algehraic sum of the moments produced by the
forces and the moment at the right of a cross section .
....
'Pomts of mflecflon are af
pomrs of zero moment
"'\ e sa,soo
"'uo'J-. a9o lb.
FtG. 9.
25
SIMPLIFIED TABUlATION
The computation of the line inertias can be convenientl7 contracted

into a single table. The procedure whieh is demonstrated below has
the added advantage of being partl7 self-checking.
First enter in table the effective lengths and the coordinates of
the branches about the gravity axes. Then ealeulate the terma 1x2,
1,-2 and 1xy and check these values as follows:
The product of the first two divided by the third should
equal the third. A check in thb manner confirms the cor-
rectness of a11 three.
For example refer to branch ab (18,940 x 7 ,370) +11,820 = 11,820
The mODlent of inertia of a branch which is paralle1 to an axis con-
sista of one term only, namel7 1x2 or ly2 depending on the axis
about which ealculation i.s made. Branches which are at right angle
to an axis have the additional term 13/12 wbich is placed i.lmlediately
below the first term.. For values of 13 112 refer to Page 182 a.nd
Page 18J.
26
SIMPUFIED TABULA.TION
FOR
PP.OBIEM 1
Branch Lene:th 1 )(' y lx2+ Io ly2+ Io 1xy
ab 80 -15.4 -9.6 18,940 7,)70 ..¡... 11,920

42,600
r- be 50 ..¡... 24.6 +1.5.4 30,200 11,B14 + 1~.990

\ __ 10,416
ly = 91,740
Ix = 29,600
\__ .
, ..
!
Ixy - + 30,810
\_
10 ....., moment of inet"tia about gravi ty axis of branch.

27
Stress Calculati•n !or Problem 1

The stress Talues !or ASTM Al06 Grade A aaterial in tho co1d aad
hot condition are
S0 • 12 1 000 psi -
Sh • 11.460 psi~
The stress range is
SA • 1.2; x 12,000 + 0.25 x 11,460 • 17,865 psi

According te the requirement o! the Code for Pressure Piping tho
e¡passion stress calculated vith the modulqs ~ tlasticitY 1a !h!
~ cosdit,os MUst be vithin the stress raage SA•
Inaamuch as this calculation vaa basad on the modulus o! elasticity

in the het condition, the bending momonta must be increased in tbe
rati~ o! le : Jh • 29.9 : 25 • 1.195.
Tho u.:z:illwa moment occurs i:a the straigbt pipe at poi:at •e• u.d
equala 58,500 !tlbe.
58,500 x 1.195 • 69,900 ftlbs.
The expanaion stress S¡ at •e• equala 69,900 ftlbs. x 12 : 74.5 1:aJ
• 11.250 psi.
41,000 x 1.195 • 49,000 ft1bs.
a) Uaiag a 1hort radius ve1d-elbow Schedule 80, the stress i:atonsifi-

cation facter (from tab1e).
1 • 2.42
SJ • 2.42 x 49,000 x 12 : 74.5 • 19,100 psi

vhich ia beyond the stress range o! 17,865 pai.
b) Uai:ag a long radius veld elbow Schedule 80, the stress i:atensifi-
cat ioa factor
1 • 1.85
SJ • 1.85 X 49,000 X 12 : 74.5 - 14,60Q pli
vhich is vithin the stress raage.

28
APPLICATION OF THE RUlES
FOR
RECORDING REACTIONS
The f1exibility ca1cu1ation for Prob1em 1 has been based on the mod-
ulus of e1asticity in the hot condition
Eh = 25,000,000 psi
The reactions therefore represent initia1 intensities in the fully ex-
panded state if the system is installed without co1d-springing; the cold-
spring factor e = o.
Subsequent re1axation of the piping, if any, will reduce the reactions.
However, in order to protect equipment from over1oad during the initial
stages of operation the reduction is disregarded. The method of recording
reactions for various degrees of co1d-springing is as foll.ws:
1) No co1d-springing e• o
R0 • e R• o
Initially no reactions exist in the cold condition. However, should
self-springing occur, reactions will appear in the cold condition
which are appraised to ass\D11e in tillle intensities equal to
( ---ti-.
{ l S"' --E;-E ))
SE
R
Where R denotes the reactions based on the modulus Ee in the co1d con-
dition.
In this prob1em the ratio Ee:Eh = 1.195 and the reactions based on one
or the other modulus are as follews:

29
Ca1cu1ation based on Eh Ca1cu1ation based on Ec
1990# 1ol9.5 X 1990 = 2,378#

890# . X 890 = 1,063#
30,200 ft1bs " X 30,200 = 36,090 ft1bs
.58,.500 ft1bs " X .58,,500 = 69,900 ft1bs
The a11owab1e S-va1ues in the co1d and hot condition and the ca1cu-
1ated expansion stress are
Se = 12,000 psi
~ • 11,460 psi
SE • 14,600 psi
The term ( ) • o.o6

( 1 - )
The reactions in the co1d condition therefore may 1n time change fran
zero to
o.o6 x 2,378 = 1421

11
X 1,063 = 64+
11
X 36,090 • 2,165 ft1bs
" X 69,900 = 4,194 ftlbs
lO~ co1d-epringing.
If the system is co1d-sprung 10~ the cold-spring factor C = l.

The reactions in the cold condition are the calculated va1ues multip1ied
b,y the modulus ratio.

JO
In the hot condition the reactions theoretical1y are zero. The eode,
however, requires that one-third of the reactions existing in the
co1d condition but converted to the modulus Eh be assumed to exist

in the hot conditiono
The reactions to be recorded therefore are:

eo1d eondition: Hot eondition.:
2,3781 1/J X 1,990 • 6631
1,063# • X 890 = 297#
)6,090 ftlbs 11
X )0,200 = 10,066 ftlbs
69,900 ftlbs " X 58,500 = 19,500 ftlbs
J) 5\Yf, co1d-springing.
If the s,ystem is co1d-sprung 5o% the cold-spring factor e = o.s
R0 =e R • • • • • • • • • • • R is based on Ec
Rh = (1 - 2/J e) R • • • • • • R is based on ~
eo1d eondition: Hot eondition:
0.5 X 2,378 = 1,1891 2/J X 1,990 = 1,327#
" X 1,063 = 532# " X 890 = 593#

ll
X )6,090 ,. 18,045 ftlbs lt
X )0,200 = 20,133 ft1bs
11
X 69,900 = )4,950 ftlbs " X 58,500 = 39,000 ft1bs
The term ~ • ~ in the formula for the reaction in the cold

;; ~
cor~ition is assumed to indicate the degree to wbich a system will spring
itse1f if the expansion stress exceeds the sutaining 1evel at the particu-
lar operating temperatura. The sma11er this term and the c1oser the ex-
pansion stress Sg approaches the fu11 expansion range SA the greater will
31
be the yielding or relaxation in the hot condition and the cense-
quent reaction in the co1d condition.
The fo1lowing example wi11 demonstrate a case of acute self-
springing.
Material - ASTM A335 Grade P21
Temperature ; 1000 F
S0 = 15,000 psi sh = ?,ooo psi
Allowab1e stress range SA = 1.25 x 15,000 + 0.25 x 7,000 = 20,550 psi
E0 = 29,900,000 psi Eh = 23,000,000 psi
Supposing the calculated expansion stress SE based on E0 is
18,000 psi and the ~stem is insta11ed without co1d-springing, e = o.

The reaction in the cold condition then is the greater of the follow-
ing two:
Re= CR=O
OR
R = ( 1 ..
(
...1llO.a. • ...2.2.a.2. ))
18000 23
R = 0.495 R
The system which orig:inally was stressle55wi11 spring itself and in
coo1ing set up reaction o.495R where R is the caleulatedreaotion for
the total expansion range based on the modulus E0 in the co1d condition.
:32
THRUST LINE
If the resultant reaction force is transposed to the centroid, it will pass through
all points of zero bending moment. In this position the force is known as the thrust
line and as such offers a convenient accessory for visualizing the effect of the expansion
on every point of the pipeline.
For example, the reacting force located at the thrust line and multiplied by its
normal distance from a point gives the bending moment at that point. Conse-
quently, the greater the distance, the greater the bending stress. Thus points of
high and low stress can be seen at a glance, and joints, welded or flanged, can be
í
:'
readily located away from points of high stress.
The thrust line shows where improvements are most effective. For instance,
if it is desirable to use elements of greater flexibility, such as corrugated pipe, they will
be most beneficia! at the greatest distance from the thrust line.
The distance of the thrust line from the support can also be calculated by divid-
ing the reaction moment by the reaction force, and, since the thrust line must pass
through the centroid, a check on the position of the latter is obtained.
:3:3
P I P I ::\ G S T RE S S e AL e C LA TI O N" S S I :\I P L I F I E D
PROBLEM 2
90° Bend, One End Hinged
This problem shows the procedure for determining the end reactions when
one of the two ends is held so as to permit rotation but stop translatory motions.
This end then acts as if it were hinged and therefore offers no resistance to
moments. Let end a be the hinged end; then Ala = O.
In this case the origin of the coordinate system is placed at a, and the axes
are assumed in directions opposite to the anticipated expansions. The moment:;;
and products of inertia of the line about these axes when divided by El represent,
respectively, the deflections produced by a unit force in its own direction and
normal to its own direction.
The calculation follO\vs the pattern of problem 1 except that the axes are
laid through the hinged end. The dimensions and the temperature change
are the same as in problem l.
J4
PROBLE~l 2
b 80' a X
l----4()' ---t'""'
1
1
1
e t
+y
l?esfrained
FIG. 10.
l 1
I¡¡
rf·lbs.
Ma.• = O
-
!§§f,_!fLJII-~@~ Me
Mb ~.llJJ lb. x80ff
•J8Jfb.,80ft-f680b.,SOfl=-S.J,J60
= +J0.640
1680/b.
+$3,360\ é -5.].360
J8Jib.
FIG. 11.
35
PROBLEM 3
90° Bend, One End Hinged
In this problem end e is hinged, and end a is restrained. The procedure

follows that of problem 2 except that the origin is at e, and the axes are opposite
to the directions of problem 2.
36
PROBLEM 3
t•Y
1
1
b 80'
;;;.;!- - - . , . . • .;..;;...---f.~ a
-----40' ..•
~
X ¡;----------+X
y
FIG. 12.
r.ll
l, lv
l, x, y, lxy
ft ft ft
= 200,000 ~
3
ab 80 40 50 160,000 80 X 50 2 + 80 X 40 2 = 170,660
3
be 50 o 25 O~~ +50 X 25 2 = 41,650 o

fe¡¡ = 160,000 /, = 241,650 l.,= 170,660
241,650X- 160,000Y = 31,600,000
-160,000X + 170,660Y = 19,800,000
X = 551 lb Y = 634 lb
/Jetfdr., """"""'*'"'
,.., achóns '",;¡M
11-1/N.
(11"tJJ C/"0$11 M/ICI1ón
e tf1nt¡«1
Fto. 13.
37
PI PI N G STRESS e AL e U LA TI O N S SI ~I P L I F I E D
PROBLEM 4
90° Bend, Both Ends Hinged
Figure 14 shows the solution when both ends are held in such a manner
as to permit rotation but stop expansion. In this case the terminals act as if
they were hinged, and, in order to satisfy the laws of equilibrium, the reacting
forces must be situated in a common line of action.
The process of solution is as follows: Make one end free and place it on
rollers that permit expansion along line ab only. A unit force applied in the
opposite direction will cs.c.se a deflection o, = 1,/EI. The unknown reaction
X causes X times as much deflection. If the expansion of length L is AL, then
Xo, =AL
l ______________________________
1
)8
PROBLEM 4
8a 144• 2
-----,, 1-
~~~~~~~~~
FtG. 14.
1 = za sin2 8 + l 2
% 12 n
80 3
Iz of ab: 12 sin 2148° + 80 X 21.2 2 = 47,900
5Q3
lz of be: IT sin 2 58° + 50 X 21.2 2 = 29,950
fz = 77,850
Expansion ~ = i~~ ~·
5
X 94.3 ft = 5.43 in. = 0.452 ft
E = 25 X 10 6 psi I = 475 in. 4
El = 25 X 10 6 X 12 2 X i~~ = 82,500,000 lb ft 2
Deflection due to unit force = oz = i1
Xl>,. = ~ x = '1; = 0.452 ~ ~~goo,ooo = 478 lb
Mb = 478 lb X 42.4 ft = 20,200 ft lb

J9
PROBLEM 5
Pipe Line with Varying Cross Section
This problem shows the procedure for determining the end reactions of a
pipe line with branches of different size. The 90° connection with square corner
is used to demonstrate the technique.
For the steam conditions and the dimensiona of problem 1, and the branches
of 12 and 10 in., the pipe schedule numbers are
For ab, 12-in. pipe; Schedule 80:
For be, 10-in. pipe, Schedule 60:
lu = 475 in.f
/¡o = 212 in.f
The expansiona are as in problem l.
~ = 4.6 in. Ay= 2.88 in.
The routine is the same as that laid down in the computation of problem 1
except for the following mod.i.fication: In determining the position of the centroid
the length of each branch is divided by the moment of inertia of its own cross-
sectional area. Thus a mod.i.fied length l' is obtained and used throughout the
rest of the calculation, each pipe size having its own length modification factor
which, expressed in feet, equals
124
and f l' = lr l
These factors are

124
For ab: 475- 43.7
124
For be: 98
212 -
In calculating products of inertia the new length l' is used directly. In
calculating moments of inertia, however, the length mod.i.fication factor must be
separated from l in order to avoid the error of squaring or cubing. Note its
position in front of the parenthesis.
Equations (5) and (6) on pagel7give the solution for this type of problem.
40
PROBLEM 5
í~
l
FIG. 15.
l' _ l ft X 12" x', ft
1
1
l'x' y', ft l'y'
- I in. 4 1
ab 43.7 X 80 = 3,496 40 139,840 o o
i( be 98 X 50= 4,900 80 392,000 1 25 1
122,500
l !l' = 8,396 -
<:>31,840
1
122,500
- = 531,840 = 633ft - = 122,500 = 146ft
X 8,396 . y 8,396 .
1
,fii':.Tot
.. oo,f ·(.1 f¡ 011 lxz r 2
1y+ r
l X y 1 t ( TQII + l xy r
r Ior lor
ab 80 -23.3 - 14.6 43.7 1890,000 745,000 1,190,000
1,860,000 o
be 50 16.7 10.4 98 1365,000 530,000 851,000
o 1,020,000
l I y =5, 1 t 5,ooo
l IX : 2,295,000
Io = i2
Ix y :2 041000
2,295,000X - 2,041,000Y = ~E = 1,380,000,000
-2,041,000X + 5,115,000Y = Ay E = 864,000,000
X= 1,170lb Y= 625lb
Fia. 16.
Resultant reaction: '\j'-""1,. .,.1=7o=-=-+---.:6=2=5
2 2 = 1,328 lb
Reactionmomentata: +1,170lb X 14.6ft- 625lb X 63.3ft = -22,400ftlb
Bending moment at b: +1,170 lb X 14.6 ft + 625lb X 16.7 ft = +27,500 ft lb
Bending moment ate: -1,170 lb X 35.4 ft + 625lb X 16.7 ft = -31,000 ft lb
41
P I P I X G ST R ESS e AL e l. L A T I O ::-.; S S I ~I P L I F I E D
PROBLEM 6
Offset U Bend with Tangents
6-in. pipe, A.S.T.M. Specification A-106

Stearn ternperature = 750°F
Pressure = 52 e; psi
W all thickness req uired :
Stress value S = 10, ?00 psi
tmin= [ 525 x 6• 62 .5
2 X 10,700 + 2 X 0.4 X _52_5 {
l + 0.065 = 0.225in.
*tnun + 0.125fuom = tnom 1 lnom = 0.;

5 = 0.257 in.
Use 6-in. pipe, Schedule 40
t = 0.280 in.
l = 28 in. 4
S = 8.65 in. 3
Expansion = 6.25 in. per 100 ft
E = 2-!.3 X 10 6 psi
6
tl:t = ·;~:· X 60 ft =-- 3. 75 in.
6·25 in. X 12 't = O 7- ·
" =
~Y r . o m.
100
28
"-El = 3·75
1..\.j, 12 in. X 24 .3 X 10 X 12 X 12 4 = 1' 480 ' 000 lb ft
6 2 3
28
ay El = 0·7512in. X 24 .3 X 106 X 12 2 X 12 4
= 296 000 lb ft 3
'
• Manufacturing tolerance.
-----.i•nsr:..... ...¡
....... n'------1
e 20'
42
PROBI.»1 6
Abbreviated Tabulation
Branch 1 X y 1x2 + Io ~ + Io lxy
ab 12 -21.55 + 2.55 5,575 78 - 661
144 o
be 18 -15.55 - 6.45 4,355 748 + 1,805
o 486
cd 20 - 5.55 -15.45 617 4, 771 + 1, 716
667 o
de JO + 4.45 - 0.45 593 6 - 59
o 2,250
ef 28 +18.45 +14 •.55 9,525 5.932 + 7,,517
1,830 o
~= 2J,J06
Ix = 14,271
Ix:y ::Ir +1 O,J 18
I 0 is the moment of inertia of the branch about its own gravity

axi.s.
4J
14,271X - 10,318Y = 1,480,000

-10,318X + 23,306Y = 296,000
X = 23,306 X 1,480,000 + 10,318 X 296,000 = 167 lb
14,271 X 23,306 - 10,318 2
y = 14,271 X 296,000 + 10,318 X.1,480,000 = s-lb1
14,271 X 23,306 - 10,318 3
Reaction moment ata: +167lb X 2.55 ft + 87lb X 27.55 ft = +2,820 ft lb
Bending moment at b: + 167 lb X 2. 55ft + 87 lb X 15.55 ft = + 1,775 ft lb
Bending moment ate: -167 lb X 15.45 ft + 87 lb X 15.55 ft = -1,230 ft lb
Bending moment at d: -167lb X 15.45 ft- 87lb X 4.45 ft = -2,967 ft lb
Bendingmomentate: +167lb X 14.55ft- 87lb X 4.45ft = +2,043ftlb
Bending moment at f: + 167 lb X 14.55 ft - 87 lb X 32.45 ft = - 390ft lb
FtG. 18.
44
THE CASE OF MOVING ANCHORS

Let it be assumed that the pipe (Fig. 8) is anchored at point a to an equipment
which itself moves, owing to expansion or other causes. Then the following cases
may anse.
l. Equipment moves in the direction of the expansion.
a. The equipment moves point a to the right an amount m which is less than the
pipe expansion ~. In this case the support at a yields the amount m and the pipe
stresses are due to ilx' = ilx - m.
For example, let m = 2 in.; then the positive x-axis is directed toward the left, as
in Fig. 8, and, in computing X and Y, .::lx is replaced by .::lx' = 4.6 in. - 2 in. = 2.6 in.
b. The equipment moves point a to the right an amount m which is greatcr
than the pipe expansion, say m = 5.5 in. Then
.::lx' = ~x - m = 4.6 in. - 5.5 in. = -0.9 in.
In this case the positive x-axis is opposite to that shown in Fig. 8, i.e., to the right.
2. Equipment moves opposite to the expansion.
Let point a be moved to the left an amount m. Then ~' = .:lx + m regardless
of whether m is smaller or greater than .::lx, and the positive x-axis is directed to the
left as in Fig. 8. .
The foregoing may be. visualized by breaking the joint at the point of anchorage
and drawing the position of the pipe end in the expanded state and the position
of the equipment after it has gone through the specified movement. The direction
of the reactions is obtained by applying at the pipe end a force in the direction neces-
!!:l"V to close the gap.
PI PI::\" G STRESS e AL e G LA TI O~ S S DI P L I F I E D
PROBLEM 7
Pipe Line with Inclined Branch
Pipe: 12-in.
Schedule 160, A.S.T.~L Specificatio¡~ A3J5 Grade P2 (Carbon-Moly')
t = 1.312 in.
1 = 781 in. 4
S= 122 in. 3
Temperature = 950°F
Pressure = 1,200 psi
Expansion = 8.35 in. per 100ft
E = 23 • 7 X 10 6 psi
Inside area = 81 sq. in.
Area of metal = 47.14 sq. in.
8. 35 in. f .
~x = lOO X 22 t = 1 .84 m.
8 :3 .
~Y = • · { ~n. x 8 ft = 0.67 in.
0
~El= 1
•S:2in. X23.7 X 10 6 X 12 2 X~~= =19,700,000lb ftl
0.67 in. 781
~y El= -r2- X 23.7 X 106 X 12 2 X 124 =7,180,000 lb ft 3
...---.-- .
: - : 1 ·1·ij:S"· i
' ~ X•8.46~-1 1
\
~
'
FIG. 19.
Centroid
l. ft x'. ft l.r' y'' ft Tv-,-
01) 3o ·-o ----r5 -!50
be i 12 1 6 72 30 3GO
cd 1 14. 1-! i 17 2-!0.-! 25 3.j;) ..)
'
de 1 ' 12- - ·' 22 , __ 264 , H 108
_ _ _ _ _ _ 1
j
68.14 576.4 1.'.331.5
576.4 = 8.-:tu
"" ft. - 1.33t ..)
:r- = 68.14 . y= li8.H
= 19.54 ft
• l•'ormuh (or inclinc~l branch:
-O.OHO; X 1U.¡ 1 -i- l~.H X S.J~ X 5 . .¡5 - +5-11.5
46
PROBI.BM 7
Abbreviated Tabulation
'' '
'
!'
2 + Io 2
Branch 1 X y 1x ly + Io 1xy
ab )O - 8.46 - 4.;4 2,147 618 + 1,152
o 2,2.50
be 12 - 2.46 +10.46 7.3 o - 303
144 1,313
cd 14.14 + 8 •.54 + .5.46 1,031 422 + 6.59*
ll8 ll8 - ll8*
de 12 +13 •.54 - 5 •.54 2,200 368 - 900
o 144
ry= 5,713
Ix = 5.2JJ
= + 48.5
* From formula for inclined branch.
I 0 is the moment of inertia of the branch about its own gravity axis.
47
52331 - 485Y • 19,700,000

-4851 + 571JY • 7,180,000
X = 39201
y • 158.51
Resisting moment at a: +3920f X 19.54' -1585f X 8.46 1 • +63,200 ít1bs.

Bending " • b: -J920f X 10,46 1 -1585f X 8,46' = -54,400 "
• • " e: -J920f X 10,46 1 +1585f X J,54' = -35,400 11
11
• • d: -3920f X 0,46 1 +1585f X 1J,54 1 = +19,700 "
" " 11 e: +3920f X 11,54 1 +1585f X 13.54 1 = +66,700 11
F!G. 20.
•
,,,
48
Stress Ca1culation for Prob1em 7
Material: ASTM A335 Grade P2 (Carbon-Mol;r)
S0 = 13,750 psi 10,000 psi

Ec = 29,900,000 psi 2),700,000 psi
Allowab1e stress range SA = 1.25 x 13,750 + 0.25 x 10,000 = 19,680 psi.
The Code for Pressure Piping regulates that the expansion stress
/
\- SE be ~ 2n ~ mQdulus ,2! elasticitx in the ~ condi tion, As
this ca1culation is based on the modulus o! elasticity in the hot con-
dition the calculated stresses must be increased by the modulus conver-
sion factor Ec:En =29.9:2).7 =1.26.

The ma.:ximum bending moment occurs at anchor point "e" and equals
66,700 ftlbs.
~ = 1.26 x 66,700 x 12:122 in3 = 8,270 psi

The greatest bending mom.ent in elbows occurs at comer "b" and equals
o
,54,400 ftlbs. The stress intensification factor for a 12" - 90 long
radius elbow Schedule 160 is 1.11 (from tab1es).
5¡ =1.26 X ,54,400 X 12 X 1.11:122 inJ = 7,,500 psi

Reactions
(For discussion see Prob1em 1)
1) No co1d springing e = o
(a) Cold condition
Re = CR or Re = ~1 - ~•~~ R
whichever is greater.
In this case the term ~ • Ee is greater than uni ty. Re

Sp: Eh
therefore is negative and the greater o! the two terms is
Re = C.R = O.
No sel!-springing is expected. The reaetions in the cold
condition are zero in the initia1 stage and remain zero

thereafter.
(b) Hot condition
I = ),9201 y = 1,.58.51
Moment at anchor •a• = 6),200 ft1bs.
Moment at anchor "e" = 66,700 ftlbs.
2) lOO~ co1d-springing C = 1
(a) Co1d condition
Re = R based on Ec
X = 1.26 X J,920f = 4,940#
Y = 1.26 X 1,,58.5# = 2,000#
50
Moment at •a• = 1.26 x 63,200 = 79,600 ft1bs.

Moment at •e• = 1.26 x 66,700 = 84,000 ft1bs.
! .
(b) Hot condition
Theoretically the reactions are zero. However, the Code re-
quires that one-third of the reaction3 existing in the cold
condition but converted to modulus Eh be assumed to exist in
the hot condition. Therefore
X = 3,920 3 = 1,307#
y • 1,.58.5 3 • .528#
Moment at •a• = 63,200 ) = 21,070 ftlbs.
Moment at •e• = 66,700 3 = 22,230 ft1bs.
{)) 52% Cold-springing C = 0o 5

(a) Cold condition
Re = o.; R based on Ee•
X = 0 •.5 X 1.26 X 3,920 = 2,460#
Y = 0 •.5 X 1.26 X 1,58.5 = 982#

Moment at •a• = 0.5 x 1.26 x 63,200 = 39,800 ft1bs.
Moment at •e• • 0.5 x 1.26 x 66,700 = 42,000 ft1bs.
(b) Hot condition
= 2/3 R • • • • • based on ~
~ = ~1- +e~
R
X = 2/3 X 3,920 = 2,6101

y = 2/3 X 1,)8) = 1,055#
Moment at •a• = 2/3 X 63,200 = 42,200 ftlbs.
Moment at "e" = 2/3 X 66,700· = 44,.500 ft1bs.

51
FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS
Curved tubes exhibit greater flexibility than solid rods o! identical
shape and equal mornent of inertia. They flatten under the effect of bend-
ing mornents to an oval form and consequently relieve the end reactions o!
the system.
In the course of this deforrnation the stresses recede !roa the extreme
fiber and concentrate with increased intensity between the extreme fiber
and the neutral axis. The linear law of stress distribution which applies
to straight pipe does not apply when the pipe is.curved.
Other piping components such as tees, mitre bends, reducera, etc. also
react differently from straight pipe when subjected to bendin¡ and there-
fore require special consideration in the analysis of piping systems.
Increased flexibility is accounted for by multiplying the actual length
of the bend or fitting by a factor "k" ea1led the flexibility !actor. The
increased stress is accounted for by multiplying the stress obtained froa
the formul.a: "bending moment divided by section modulus 11 by a !actor 11 1•
called the stress intensification factor.
These factors depend on the flexibility characteristic "h• which !or
elbows or pipe bends equals
t a wall thickness
R = bend radius of elbow or pipe bend
r = mean radius o! cross section.

.52
The Code for Pressure Piping regulates the use of stress intensifica-
tion factors as follows:
•calculations shall take into

account stress-intensifica-
tion factors found to exist
in components other than
plain straight pipe. Credit
may be taken for the extra
flexibility of such compon-
ents. In the absence of
more directly app1icable
data, the flexibi1ity fac-
tors and stress-intensi!i-
cation factors shown in
Chart 1 may be used.. n
Formulas for the flexibilityfactor k and the stress intensi!ication
!actor i for various piping components are given on Chart 1 and plotted on
Chart 2. They represent the present day know1edge derived from the theoret-
ieal and experimental works of Von Karman, Hovgaard, Beskin, Vigness and
Markl.
The factors for curved bends, originally deve1oped by Von Karman and
Hovgaard, have been verified by subsequent research for characteristics "h"
greater than 0.3 but for 1esser values of "h" both factors were found to be
considerably higher. The practical ra.nge of characteristics is therefore
covered by two charts.
Chart 2 for characteristics h = 0.02 to h = 1.7

Chart 3 for characteristics h = 0.3 to h = 3•.5
The latter, prizarily needed for radius bends, emp1oys the original designa-
tions as follows:
h =;l. k = K i =¡1
Flexibility and stress intensification !actors !or elbows may be taken
directly fra. the tablea included in this section.
The introduction o! !lexibility !actors increases the work involved in
the mathematical analysis ~s each component constitutes an additional

branch o! the system requiring the computation o! several shape conatanta
!or each such branch. The Code there!ore permita simpli!ying assumptions
b,y the following regulation:
~ere simplifying assu.ptions are

used in calculations or model tests,
the likelihood of attendant under-
estimates o! !orces, maments and
stresses including the e!!ect o!
stress intensi!ication shall be
taken into aceount."
Omission of the flexibility factor which as previously stated is a
multiplier of the length, is an assumption on the side of safety. It is

permissible therefore, to calculate a ~stem consisting o! straight branchea
joined with elbows b,y ignoring the increased !lexibility of the !ittings
but the stress intensi!ication must be taken into account. Probl.- 1 dem-
onstrates a solution based on simplifying assu.ptions.

Tests to determine the ef!ect o! torsion on curved tubes conducted b.1
Pardue and Vigneas !ailed to reveal a~ significant increase in !lexibility.
The flexibility !actor as well as the stress intensification factor there-
!ore are unity.

Toble of Foctors
~~ .... ,..-
..-¡'""' -• .e::-
..... 1
1
:e·-- o...
.: ""e
lit.; ... u 1
~ ~
Description
-
)C
Ql
o
..
V
......... ··-
"'e o
,.,_u
-e o
cn_ ~.~..
Oescription
·;e ü
.!!.o
1.1..1.1..
•vto i
• e-
,..•u
--o 1
cn.:~.~o.
o
S:
o
·--•
o'"" u
Sketch
~
11UTT IEUG> JO IliT , 1
litU: IN G El..BO'I' ,
1.65 ll !B.
IIIOOCD, or
liiLDIIIi'IIIX:X Fl.AIIiE
1 1.0 or PIPE 1!04. • -r h2/3 ,z
t <11-
~~:
1:01Bl.t·III:X.DCl ltl'!'R.E BEHD+
SLIP-Gil or .!..X 0.9 cot q .!J.
1 1.2 wit.h cloae a¡;aeinct ...t
socm 111l.DIIIG rJ..otJGt h"' ~ 2 r2
1 ( r (l • tan eX)
1 R•lcot a
~
PlWT ll!1.l:r;D JOIIIT, I!ITRE !SliD,
or S OOLE-IIELD!2)
W1. t.h Widt •pacinc:.
u¡ 0.9 l·~gt q .!
1 1.3 h5/6 h213 2 r
socm "'l.DIIKl rwa •'!r (1 • t.an4X.)
R=i<l•cot a)
1 lt
W' JOM l'LoUXi.E T
IIIUIIIKl TU 0.9 -·-r·]!
(nt.h ASA Blo.9 1 1.6 1
t;i7'l 4.4+ ...¡._
~
pe!' .sA 816.9
lAp Joi.at. t\ub)
1
RSI!IFORCI'J)
:iCUO.'tl) PIP! JOIXT,
or SCJIDI!Z) PUilil
1 2.3 TABRlU m m,
W1. t.h plld or llddle
1 ~i;3
(t• 112n112
t312, }f{i'rf!
pad 1 saddle
...Lt
,...
COIUIOOUID PD'I,
lit~
UIIIISIIIF<»CID
at.raicllt. or eu,.,..¡,
5 2.5 FURIC...TID TU 1 ll .l
r
h!/3
or CIIIASID l!IDID
e'Tht nu:ibilHv ractcn k &nd IU'tttl l.nt.enllf1c:•tiOII racton 1 in Ull Tabll appl:o to CHt.i~· ot t.lle · -
DOrinal wicnt. or ac:nedule ,.. t.ht pipa 111~ 111 ~.,. avat<ta, and 111all l.n no cue be t.llten laaa tb&n wlit.y,
Tbey apply over uw cttect.i'' are lanct.n (1nown b7 naavy dun-dot. linea in t.ne aketcnet) tor CQrVed IDd
ll1t.n el~•. and t.o t.ne l.ntAnac:t.ion point !or t.eea.
t'TM •al- ot Ir and 1 can oe Ned direct.l1 !roe Chart. la, ant.erinc; n U: \lit cnaract.eritt.1c 11 eC~~~p~~tecl
ti"'OI tM COI"WI1&lu c1•an, wnere:
1t • beftiS l"lldi~&~ ot qld1.nt¡ albolr or pipa band " • one-llalt &nf:l• bat.•Mn ...:!Jacent. 111 t.re IJUit
r • - radilll oC f'latcllinr pipa • • 111 tre • pac liiC a\ e en ter 11 na
t. • nll l.niclmeu oC Mt.cllint: pipa T • ped or aaddla t.nic:lrneaa
+Ibera !llonC"• ara at.t.aened t.O ona or bOI.l'. anda, t.ne valu.. ot Ir and 1 l.n t.he Tabla anall be correct.ed
b7 Ulerae ton c1-na baloe, wnicn can be rud dirac: t.ly 1'ro. Cnart. la, ent.erinc •1 t.h l.ne COIIPUt.ed 111
OM anc1 n111ced: 11'/6
f U.o incltadea a1nd~ \re .)oint..
CHART 1
.5.5
flexibility fa e tor k
and
Stress lntensification f1etor
Chut la
Graph for
Ir and ¡
¡.
1
.2 ,4
Correctíon f~etor C
TUIE TURNS,ING
CHART 2 97.006-54
PIPING STRESS CALCULA TIONS SL\IPLIFIED
8
1 1
1
1
K a /2 ?.,2 +/0
12 ~.z + 1
7
:\ K p=}Kf-§j :\ K 1.8" 12?-.Z-2
V !2'}.2+/
V / 0.2 7.09 2.54 1.50 1.32 0.89
/
o.:> 5.34 1.97 1.15 1.23 o.qz
6 /
0.4 4.10 1.56 2.00 1.18 0.938
/
0.5 3.25 1.30 2.25 1.45 o.qsz
0.6 2.70 1.13 2.50 1.12 o.qso
0.7 2.31 1.02 2.15 1.10 Q.q68
S
\ o-.8 2.04 o.q5 3.00 1.08- o.qu
\ o.q 1.84 o.qo 3.25 1.065 o.q11
\ 1.0 1.69 0.88 3.50 1.06 0.980
1.25 1.45 0.86
\
\
\
i\
\/ \
/\
/ ./ \
/\ ~
/
1\ ' '\ .....
'1\ ¡-..... ~
r- ¡......_ K
"' ~
"""" " fJ
1 1
o.s 1 1
¡
i 1 i ! i 1 i
1 1 1
o
o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
e: tR ::
.\ rz 1r
0.3
Fi:o. 39.-Flexibility consta.nt a.nd stress coefficieni.
CHART 3
57
FLEXIBILITY FACTOR
AND
STRESS INI'ENSIFICATION FACT<lt
FOR
FlexibilitT eharacteristic h • _!:R._

r2
Flexibility factor k • la25.
h
Virtual length 1' • actual len¡th in .teet x k.
Stress 1ntensif1cat1on factor 1
\
.58
LONG RADIUS WELD-EL.BOVS
6" 8" 10 11
Schedule
Number k i 1' k 1 1' k 1 1'
20 - - - 9.6.5 2.9 1.5.1 12.1 J.4D 2).7
JO - - - 8.64 2.71 13 •.5 9.7 2.9.5 19.l
40 6.6 2.27 ?.? ?.J? 2.44 11.6 8.1 2.61 1.5.9
60 - - - 5.7) 2.06 9.0 .5.7 2.07 ll.J
80 4.06 1.64 4.? 4• .5J 1.76 7.1 4.7 1.8J 9.4
lOO - - - J.74 1 • .5.5 .5.8 ).8 1.60 7• .5
120 J.O l.J4 ).5 J.OO l.J4 4.7 ].2 1.40 6.2
140 - - - 2• .58 1.21 4.0 2.6 1.22 .5.1
160 2.2J 1.4 2.6 2.26 1.11 ).5 2.2 1.11 4.4
12 11 14 11 16 11
Sch~dule
Number k i ¡t k i 1' k i 1'
20 14.J J .. 81 JJ.6 11.8 J.J5 J2.4 1J • .5 J.ó6 42.4
JO 10.7 J.lJ 25.2 9.7 2.9J 26.6 11.2 ).22 3.5.2
40 8.59 2.70 20.2 8.25 2.64 22.6 8.2.5 2.64 25.9
60 6.04 2.14 14.2 5.96 2.12 16.4 6.18 2.17 19.4
80 4.85 1.8.5 11.5 4.60 l. 78 12.6 4.69 1.80 14.7
lOO J.86 1.59 9.1 ].58 1 • .50 9.8 J. 7J 1.5.5 11.7
120 J.l6 1.39 7.4 ).lO l.J6 8 • .5 J.08 1.)6 9.6
140 2.75 1.26 6.4 2.5.5 1.00 7.0 2• .53 1.19 7.9
160 2.28 1.11 .s.J 2.22 1.00 6.1 2.)0 l.lJ 7.2
LONG RADIUS 1.-IELD-ELB<J.JS

.59
18 11 20'f 24 11
Schedule
Number k i 1' k i 1' k i 1•
20 15.3 3.97 _54.0 14.1 3.76 55.2 17.0 4.28 80.0
f -
30 10.8 J.l5 38.1 10.4 ).O? 40.7 ll.l 3.21 52.0
40 8.25 2.64 29.1 8.73 2.73 )4.2 9.0? 2.80 42.7
60 6.J5 2.21 22.4 6.23 2.18 24.4 6.50 2.24 )0.6
80 4.74 1.82 16.7 4.80 1.83 18.8 4.88 1.85 23.0
lOO 3.75 1.56 13.2 ].86 1.59 15.1 3.86 1.59 18.1
120 ).16 1.39 11.1 ).14 1.39 12.3 3.24 1.41 15.2
140 2.64 1.24 9.3 2.62 1.22 10.2 2.67 1.24 12.5
¡- 160 2.30 LlJ 8.1 2.32 l.lJ 9.1 2.33 1.13 10.9
; .
30"
Schedule
Number k i 1'
10 25.8 _5.6J 152.0
20 15.9 1.¡.. 08 93.5
JO 12.7 3.51 74.8
LONG RAD1tTS WELD-ELBCMS

60
SHORT ~~AD It"S rft!LD-EI.JJO\·fS
6" 8" 10 11
~chedu1e
N\unber k 1 1. k 1 l t k i 11
)O - - 1J .o 3.56 13.5 lh. 7 :3.87 19.2

40 9.88 2.97 7.7 11.0 3.20 11.5 12.1 J,h1 15.9
60 - - - 8.6 2.70 q .o 8.6 2.72 11.3
80 6.11 2.15 4.8 6.8 2.:32 7.1 7.2 2/'-0 9.4
12" 1lJ." 16"

Schedule
!Tumber k 1 1' k i 1' k 1 1'
JO 16.1 4.12 25.4 14.5 3.85 26.7 16.7 l~.22 35.1
t • 0.)75• lh,O 3.75 22.0 - - - - - -
1¡.() 12.9 :J.s.s 20,2 12.4 J.h5 22.7 12.h J.hs 26.0
t • o .5" 10.J J.lO 16.2 10,7 3.14 19.6 - - -
60 9 .o 2.81 lh.2 8.9 2.77 16.3 - - -
80 7.2 2.1~2 ll.lJ. - - - - - -
61
SHORT RADIUS W:l.D-EL:BO~'iS
18" 20" 24"

Schedule
E'umber k 1 1' k 1 l' k 1 1'
t • o.375" 18.9 /.¡..58 44.7 21.1 4.93 5.5.4 25.5 5 .6o 80.3
JO 16.1 4.12 )B.O 1.5.7 4.Qú. 41.0 - - -
t • o.5" 14.0 3.75 JJ.O " " " 18.9 4.59 .59.6
40 12.4 ).45 29.2 13.1 3.58 )4.) 15.8 h.07 49.8
1
t .
)O"
Schedule
Number k 1 1'
t • 0.375" 32.2 6.53 126.5
20 23.9 5.)6 94.0
SHORT RA.D IUS i•T.LD-EIJ30WS

62
PI PI N G STRESS e:\. Le lJ L.\. TI n ::\'S S L\1 P L 1 F 1 E D
PROBLEM 8
Pipe Line with Curved Branches
The pipe Jine in Fig. 21 contains three 90° cir- 1
cular ares each with a radius of curvature

R = 4 ft.
The pipe size i.-; 6 in., Schedule 40.
The operating temperature is 760 F, the pre"-
·::r t'"
sure 450 psi. ¡_. ··· ···.r.'S48' ·i- •···• ··• ;...:<e:
I = 28 in.<
········/'"' ·t··-i ~,,
• ·-17452 ·-~ 1 1 ...... 1
~-··16' -- 1 ~
S = 8.65 in. 3 '4J;i'
*1 ·- f
~x = 6 ·;~n. X 39 ft = 2...1: in.
~Y = 6 ·;~n. X 7 ft = O.·H in.

E =
24.3 X 10 6 psi
.lx El = .4 in. X 24 3 X 106 X ~
2
12 . 144
= 944,000
El = 0.44 in. 2' 3 06 28
X .,., X 1 X 144
A
.,.y 12
= 173,000
Before calculating the position of the centroid,
C'i:NTROID
the modified length of the curved branches is 1 l, Ft x7, lt i !? ! v'. 1t lv'
determined from the formulas given in the 7b"'' 12 6 72 o o
be 8. 79 14.548 127.8 1 1.452 12.75
article on curved branches. cd 18 16 :.!88 ! 13 234
de 8. 79 17.452 153.1 i 24.548 215.5
t = 0.28 in. •f 15 ' 412.5
27.5
37.548 1
26 390
215.5
fu 8. 79 329.5 24.548
15 39 585 14.5 217.5
= 6,625 in. - 0.28 in. = . '" 86.37
1
1.967.9
-- 1
--
1,285.25
r 3 . 172 m. : 1,967.9 ~" 8 ft . 1,285.25 14 9 ft
2 .. - 86.37 - ·-· ll- 86.37 - .
R = 4 ft X 12 = 48 in.
>. = 0.28 X 48 = l 34
3.172 2 •
K = 12 X 1.34 2 + 10 = 1 4
12 X 1.34 2 + 1 .
~Iodified length of bend
=~ X 4 ft X 1.4 = 8.79 ft
FIG. 22.
6.)
PFOBI.EM 8
Branch 1 X y 1.x2 + Io ¡y2 + Io lxy
ab 12 -16.8 -14.9 J,J86 2,670 + 3,004
144 o
be 8.79 - 8.2.52 -13.448 .598 1,..590 + 97.5
13 13 + 12
cd 18 - 6.8 - 1.9 832 6.5 + 2J3
o 486
de 8.79 - ).348 + 9.648 2.51 820 - 4.5J
l.) 1J + 12
,
ef 1.5 + 4.7 +11.1 3J1 1,8.50 + 784
281 o
fg 8.79 +14.848 + 9.648 1,9J7 820 + 1,2.59
13 1J - 12
gh 1.5 +16.2 - 0.4 J.93.5 2 - 97
o 281
Iy = 11,734
Ix :: 8,623
I = + .5. 717
Samp1e ca1culation for bend "ben:
= lx2 + 0.1488 RJK = .598 + 1J
= ly-'+ n = 1.590 + 1J
lxy + 0.137 !JI = 97.5 + l2
64
F!G. 23.
Resisting moment ata:
+177lb X 14.9 ft- lO! lb X 22.8 ft = +340ft lb
Bending mom<'nt at b:
+177lb X 14.9ft -!Ollb X 10.8ft =+!,550ft lb
Bending momcnt at e:
+177lb X 10.9ft -lOllb X G.Sft =+!,243ft lb
Bending moment at d:
-177lbX 7.lft-10llbX G.8ft=-1,944ftlb
Bending moment at e:
-177lb X 11.1 ft- lOllb X 2.8 ft =- -2,248 ft lb
Bending momcut at f:
-177lb X ll.lft + lOllb X 12.2ft- -733ft lb
Bending moment at g:
-177lb X 7.1 ft + lOllb X 16.2 ft = +381ft lb
Bending moment at h:
+177lb X 7.9 ft + lOllb X 16.2 ft,. +3,035 ft lb
Material ASTM Al06 Grade A
= 12,000 psi
10,)60 psi at 760 F
Al1owab1e stress range
= 1.25 X 12.000 + 0.25 X 10,)60 = 17,590 psi

As this calculation was based on the modulus of elasticity in the
hot condition the bending moments must be increased in the ratio
of E 0 :~ = 29.9: 24.J = 1o23 (See Section •The Expansion Stress
Sp;").
65
The greatest bending moment in the straight pipe occurs at point
h and equa1s 3,035 ft1bs.
Converted to co1d modulus M = 1.23 x 3,035 = 3,730 ft1bs.
Expansion stress ~ = 3,730 x 12:8.65 = 5,170 psi

The greatest bending moment in the curved portian is 2.340 ftlbs
x 1.23 = 2,880 ft1bs. The stress intensification factor for th•
characteristic A = 1.34 is J,r= 0.88 which is 1ess than unity.

Therefore no stress intensification occurs. The bending stress in •
the curved portien is
( . 2,880 x 12:8.65 = 4,000 psi
1
l.-
The stresses in both, the straight and the curved parts, are
within the allowab1e stress range.

66
THREE-DIMENSIONAL PIPING
In a fully restrained three-dimensional pipeline the end reactions consist of three
forces acting along the axes of an assumed system of coordina tes and of three moments
acting in the planes formed by these axes.
If one end is temporarily connected with the centroid of the system by means of
an inflexible bracket (Fig. 24), then as in the case of single-plane piping the reactions
at the centroid consist of forces only and the computation is reduced to the determina-
tion of three unknowns instead of six. The reacting forces at the actual end of the
line ha ve the same intensity as the forces
obtained for the centroid, and the moment
+Z reactions equal the product of these forces
+x-( and their offsets from. the end.

The centroid acts as a hinge. If it is
released, expansion "\Yill cause identicul
y translatory movements at the centroid and
Fra. 24.
at the end to which it is connectcd.
The directions of the coordinate axes
are assumed opposite to the anticipated expansions. The latter are designated by
Ax, Ay, and .1z. In order to move the centroid back from the expanded to the original
position, forces X, Y, and Z are applied so that their combined effort causes defiections
equal to -Ax, -Ay, and -.1z.
Each force causes three component movements, one in its o>vn direction and two
along the other two axes. These movements are proportional to the moments of
inertia or the products of inertia of the line about the axes as follows:
The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the x-direction
is I;/ El.
The actual end reaction X applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of
X(I,;i El).
The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the y-direc-
tion is Iz 11 / El.
The actual end reaction Y applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of
YUzv/EI).
The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the z-direc-
tion is I,j EJ.
The actual end reaction Z applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of
Z(I"'.I El).
The algebraic sum of the foregoing movements is the total movement in the
x-direction. Equating this sum with the expansion Ax furnishes the first of three
equations (7), the other two are obtained in similar manner and represent, respectively,
the movements in the y- and z-direction.
67
THREE-D I.:\1 E :N SI O N AL P IPIN G
XI, - YI, 11 - Zlu = 6.x El}

-XI,ll + YIII- ZIII. = D.y El (7)
-XI%. - YIII. + ZI. = .lz El
For explanation of signs, see the article on Single-plane Piping (page 16).
Procedure:
The line is successively projected into the three planes formed by the coordinate
axes. Branches that are parallel to the plane of projection \Vill appear in true length.
Branches that are normal to the plane of projection will appear as a point and are
indicated by a heavy dot.
Forces located in the plane of projection, such as theX and Y forces in the xy-plane,
will cause torsion in all branches that are at right angles to that plane. In calculating
the position of the centroid, the length of members appearing as points is modified in
order to account for the displacement due to torsion.
While flexura! displacements depend on the modulus of elasticity, displacements
due to torsion depend on the modulus of rigidity. The follmving relation between
these two moduli permits a ready conversion of one into the equivalent of the other:
(_ Let E = modulus of elasticity
G = modulus of rigidity
I = moment of inertia of metal area
m = 0.3 (Poisson's ratio)
M,= torque
L = length of branch
E
G = 2(1 +m)
The angular distortion i dueto a torsional moment i\!1:
1-
. JfcL .1l1cL2(1 + 0.3) 1.31l1tL
t = 2GI = 2EI = El
Thus the angular distortion of a straight member subjected to torsion can be
1 - expressed by the modulus of elasticity if the true length is multiplied by 1.3.
1 -
The mechanics of the method can be readily followed in the numerical problem
9, which covers the case of a line consisting of straight branches only. The successive
projections into the three planes formed by the coordinate axes show which of the
members are subjected to torsion by the forces located in the plane of projection.
For example, branch cd in the xy-plane is subjected to torsion by the X and Y force.
Its actuallength is 84 ft. Its modified length is 84 X 1.3 = 109.2 ft.
This length is used in determining the position of the centroid, the moments
of inertia, and the product of inertia.
It will be noted that the moment of inertia of the line consists of two parts
obtained from two different planes. For instance one I, is obtained from the xy-plane
and one from the xz-plane. Their sum is the total moment of inertia, which is the
coefficient for X in the first of the three equations (7).
The reaction forces X, Y, Z obtained from these equations are transferred to
the actual end, which in this case is at point f. The reaction moments at end f
f -
68
PI PI X G STRESS CA. L C U LA TI O 0." S SI :\1 P L I F I E D
are the product of thesc forces ::md their respective levers from the centroid to f.
Bending moments at any point are obtained quickly by multiplying the forces at the
centroid by their offsets from the point in question.
For example, \vith X = 1,22G lb and Y = 900 lb, the reaction moment at fin
the xy-plane is
+1,226 lb X 55.77 ft + 900 lb X 1.8 ft = +70,000 ft lb
The bending moment at point b is
-1,226 lb.X 4.23 ft + 900 lb X Gl.S ft = +50;400 ft lb
The latter is the algebraic sum of the moments fromf to b and can also be obtained
in the conventional manner, i.e., starting at the support and proceeding to the point
in question.
Reaction moment at f = +70,000 ft lb
.Nloment of X-force at f about b = -1,226 lb X 60ft = -73,600 ft lb
lVIoment of Y-force at f about b = +900 lb X 60 ft = +54,000 ft lb
Bending moment at b = +50,'100 ft lb
69
PROBLEM 9
Three-dimensional Pipe Containing Straight Branches Only
24-in. pipe, Schedule 80

t = 1.218 in.
l = 5,673 in. 4
S = 472 in. 3
Expansion = 6.25 in./100 ft

E = 25 X 10 6 psi
l..
¡
1
\ -
JO'
a
FIG. 25.
~ 6 ·25 in. X (90 ft - 30 ft)

=
100
= 3.75 in.
6 25
A = · in. X (60 ft + 30 ft)
y 100
= 5.62 in.
A- =
6 25
· 100in. X 84ft = n.
- 25 m.
.
Wo(.
~El 75
= 3 · in. X 25 X 10 6 X 5,673
12
1 ~ = 308,000,000 lb ft
3
X
A
/j.y
El = 5· 62
12 in.
· X 25 X 10 X 0- ' 673
6
X
1~ = 460,000,000 lb ft 3
Az El = 5 ·25 in. X 25 X 10 6 X 5,673

12
X
1~ = 430,000,000 lb ft 3
PRO)ECTION IN XY -PLANE
+.x'• .. a x x
..... ' ''
......
CENTRO ID
a¡¡:
1, ft
30
?,ft
:--6o-'
~
---r,-800
i.ft
75
w
2,250-
be' 90 15 1,350 60 5.400
cd 109 2 -30 -3.276 60 6,550
de 30 -15 - 450 60 1,800
ef 60 o o 30 1,800
:u"" 319.2 576 f7~800
576 17 •800
~ .. -319.2 -1.8 ft y- ,. 319.2 --77ft
- OO.
71
PROBIEM 9
x;y-plane
2
Branch 1 X y 1x +!o 172 +lo lx;r
ab JO 61.8 19.2J 114,500 11,1.50 +3.5. 700
o 2,2.50
be 90 16.8 4.2J 2.5,400 1,61.5 + 6,400
l. 60,750 o
cd 109.2 -28.2 4.2J 87,000 1,95.5 -1J,OJO
o o
de JO -1J.2 4.2J .5,2.50 .540 - 1,670
2,2.50 o
ef 60 1.8 -25.77 19.5 J9,700 - 2,7.50
o 18,000
Iy = 295,J4.5
Ix = 7.5,210
I = +24,6.50
x:r
72
PRO]ECTION IN XZ-PLANE
CENTRO iD
1 l, ft
· lx' . z', ft 1
1 x', ttlz'
a¡;-,-ag--,--6o--2.3-tO_&!_I~276
be : 90 15 1.350' 84 i i,560
cd 84 -30 -2.520 -+2 1 3,528
de 30 -15 - 430 o ¡· o
ef i8 O O O O
:l ~ 321 + i20 14,364
x = ~;~ = 2.2-1 ft ; =- ~~~ = H.H ft
73
PROBLEM 9
xz-p1ane
Branch 1 X z 1x2 + Io 1z 2 + Io lxz
ab J9 57.76 J9.26 130,000 60,100 88,400
o o
be 90 12.76 J9.26 14,600 138,800 45,080
60,750 o
íl..
cd 84 -32.24 - 2.74 87,500 6JO 7,420
1-
o 49,400
de JO -17.24 -44.74 8,9JO 60,000 23,100
2,250 o
e! 78 - 2.24 -44.74 390 156,100 ?,800
o o
I.z = 304,420
Ix = 465,030
Ixz = 171,800
74
PRO]ECTION IN YZ-PLANE
•z•'~~--------------~f--~
~ ~
-r--::----:-t___..L
CENTRO ID
ly
(J)i 2,250 1
be . 7,020
cd 1 5,040
de · 2,340
ef 1 1,800
'Z:l - 330 18,450 15,876
1
~50
z- ~
1 6
y- - 55.9 ft - 48.1 ft
75
PROBLEM 9
:rz-pla.ne
Branch 1 Y' z ~ + Io 1z2 + Io lyz
ab 30 19.1 35·9 10,944 38,700 +20,570
2,2.50 o
be 117 4.1 3.5.9 1,967 150,800 +17,200
í-
1
l-
o o
cd 84 4.1 - 6.1 1,412 3,100 - 2,100
o 49,400
de 39 4.1 -48.1 6.56 90,000 - 7,680
o o
e! 60 -2.5.9 -48.1 4o,248 139,000 +74,750
18,000 o
Iz = 7.5,477
r,. = 471,000
Iy.z • +102,74o
76
SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS

Piping stress calculations involve the use of large figures. It is therefore advis-
able to express dimensions and pipe properties in feet. ~evertheless, the number
of significant ciphers remaining is large enough to make the solution of three simul-
taneous equations by method of elimination or substitution a tedious and time-
consuming task. However, the structure of the equations is of a special type. The
left side is symmetrical about the upper left to lower right diagonal, and for this
case the process of solution can be simplified. The 1L W. Kellogg Company has
developed a method that reduces the working time and practically eliminates the
possibility of errors. It is published in "Expansion Stresses and Reactions in Piping
.Systems.''
The procedure as applied to problem 9 (page 69) is as follows:
1fake a table consisting of. 4 columns and 11 rows. At the top of the columns
inscribe X, Y, Z, Constant, and in the row marked (1) place the coefficients of the
unknowns and the constant, the latter with opposite sign. ~ow read row (1) asan
equation. The unknowns X, Y, Z, instead of being placed beside the coefficients,
are placed in the heading of the table, the constant is on the left side of the equal sign,
and "equals zero" is omitted from the table.
In the same manner place the second and third equation in the rows marked (2)
and (3). Thus far 3 rows are filled, 8 rows are blank. Thereafter fill the rows in the
order indicated by the numbers at the left side of the table as follows:
Row (4) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (1) by the negative coefficient
of X, i.e., by -540,240.
Row (4) then reads
-X + 0.0456 Y + 0.318Z + 570 = O
Row (5): Each number in row (1) is multiplied by the coefficient of Y in row (4).
For example:
540,240 X 0.0456 = 24,650
This operation, applied to two columns, is indicated by arrows.
Row (6) is the sum of the figures in rows (2) and (5). This addition makes the
coefficient of X = O and reduces the number of unknowns to two.
.of Y, i.e., by -765,225 resulting in
-Y+ 0.145Z + 620 =O
Row (8): each number in row .(1) is multiplied by the coefficient of Z in row (4).
For example:
-171,800 X 0.318 = -54,600
This operation is indicated in one column by arrows.
7?
S DI P L I F I E D S O L U TI O N O F E QUA TI O N S
Row (9): Each number in row (6) is multiplied by the coefficient of Z in row (7).
For example:
-110,580 X 0.145 = -16,000
This operation is indicated in one column by arrows.
Row (10) is the sum of the figures in rows (3), (8), and (9). The coefficients for
X and Y become zero, and '\Ve obtain one equation with one unknmn1.
of Z resulting in
-z + 1,930 - o
z= +1,930 lb
Returning to row (7) and using the known value for Z
-Y+ 0.145 X 1,930 + 620 =O
y= +900 lb
,.
Returning to row (4) and using the known values for Y and Z
¡_
-X+ 0.0456 X 900 + 0.318 X 1,930 + 570 = O
X= +1,226lb
!, from xy-plane: 75,210 !" from xy-plane: 295,345 l. from xz-plane: 304,420
!, from xz-plane: 465,030 !" from yz-plane: 471,000 l: from yz-plane: 75,477
Total!,: 540,240 Total!": 766,345 Total l,: 379,897
540,240X - 24,650Y - 171,800Z = 308,000,000
-24,650X + 766,345Y - 102,740Z = 460,000,000
-171,800X- 102,740Y + 379,897Z = 430,000,000
X y z i Constant
1 1
1
(1) 540,240---- - 24,65~1 -171,800 -308,000,000
{4) - 1 ~ + 0.0456 1
+ 0.3l'e
1
+ 570
~i
1
+766,34~/
1
(2) - 24,650 1 -102,740 1 - ·160 '000 '000
(5) + 24,650 - 1,120
1
1
- 7,840. 1 - 14,000,000
1
(6) o 1
+765 ,225 i -110,580\ -4H,OOO,OOO
1 1
1 1
(7)
[__
- 1 + 0.145_:1 1
+ 620
1 1
(3)
(8)
-171.800
+171,800
i -102,740
- 7,840
1
1
+379,89:/
- 54,600
-430,000,000
- 98.100,000
1
(9) 1
1 +110.580 - 16,000 - 68,900,000
1 1
1
(10) 1 o ' o 1
+309,297 -597,000,000
! !
~1 1
1 1
- 1 + 1,930
z=+ 1,930 lb
y= + 900 lb
X= + ],226lb
78
COMBINING MOMENTS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

In general any point of the line is subjected to three moments acting in the three
planes formed by the system of coordinates. The moment that acts in the plane
at right angles to the pipe axis causes torsion; the other two cause bending. The
resultant of the latter is obtained by vectorial addition. For instance, if .~zu and
Mz~ are bending moments in the xy- and xz-plane, their resultant is
'\j.ivf~ + 111;.
In order to find the point of highest stress, the moments are tabulated in planes
of projection, and, if desirable, bending-moment diagrams may be drawn for each
plane. Of the three moments obtained for each point, mark the one that causes
torsion, thus leaving the other two for vectorial addition. At the junction of t\YO
branches (for example, ata corner b formed by two branches ab and be) two torsional
moments and consequently two different sets of bending moments exist, depending
on whether b is considered as the end of branch ab or the end of branch be. A brief
inspection will show which of the two combinations will cause the greatest effect.
With S the section modulus of the cross-sectional area of the metal, the bending
stress is
and the torsional shearing stress for the torque 11111z = llft is
Mt S
2S :: t
The COiftbined expansion stress as established by the Code for Pressur·e

Piping is
SE = v~z + 4St2
with the proviso that these stresses are based on the modulus o! elasti-
city in the cold condition.
Designers may prefer to make flexibility calculations ba~ed on the mod-

ulus o! elasticity in the hot condition in order to obtain the initial
reactions at operating temperature. In this case it is necessary to in-
crease Sb and st by multiplying these values by the ratio Ec:Bh•
79
C0::\1 BINING ::\10 :VfENTS IN THRE E-DI ::\1 ENSIO N AL PROBLE:MS

MOMENTS
Point xy-plane xz-plane yz-plane

1
-- 1
-1,226 lb X 34.23 ft + 900 1-1,226 lb X 39.26 lb + 1,930¡ +900 lb X 35.9 ft - 1,930

lbX61.8ft• : lbX57.76ft• lb X 34.1 ft •
:
a 1 i
B,}f • -33,500
BM • +13,600 T- +63,300
i 1
Resulta.nt BJl • +36,000

1
-¡
-1,226 lb X 4.23 ft + 900 1 Same as for a +900 lb X 35.9 ft - 1,930
lb X 61.8 ft • 1
1
1
lb X 4.1 ft -
1
b 1
+50,410 +63,300 +24,380
,------------------~--------~--------~------------------
1 T • 63,300 BM • 55,900 T • 24,380 B.lf ""' 80,500
---1----------------------------~--------~------------------------------
-l ,266 lb X 4.23 ft - 900 \-1,226 lb X 39.26 ft - 1, 9301 Same as for b
lb X 28.2 ft • l
lb X 32.24 ft • 1
1 1 • ~aximum bending
e -30,570 +24,380
-110,400 1
moment 115,000
1
T • 24,380 BM • 115,000 T • 30,570 BM • 113,000

1
Same as for e j+1,226lb X 44.74ft -1,9301 -900 lb X 48.1 ft - 1,930

lb X 32.24 ft • lb X 4.1 ft •
1
d -30,570 -7,400 1
-51,200
i
Resultant bending
--1----------~----------~-----------
-1,226 b X 4.23 ft + 900 +1,226lb X 44.74 ft - 1,930 Same as for d
moments are
S maller th an a t e
lb X 1.8 ft • 1 lb X 2.24 ft • [by inspectionl

1 1 1
1
e 1
-3,570
1
-51,200
1 +50,500
1 1
+ 1,226 lb X 55.77 ft + 900 1 Same as for e 1-900 lb x 48.1 ft + t,93o lb

lb X 1.8 ft • 1
X 55.9 ft •
1
1
1 BM • +70,000 1
T • +50,500
i
B.M: • +64,600 1 Resisting moments
1
1
Resultant B.lf • 95,200

\
80
Stress Calculation for Problem 9
Material ASTM A106 Grade A
Operating temperature 760 F
S0 = 12,000 psi ~ • 10,360 psi
E0 = 29,900,000 psi Eh = 25,000,000 psi
Allowable stress range:
sA = 1.25 x 12,000 + 0.25 x 10,360 = 17,590 psi
This calculation was based on modulus Eh. The resulting !orces
and moments, therefore, re!er to the hot condition.
The expansion stress Sg must be based on modulus E0 •
The maximum stress condition from the table for moments is found
in the e1bow at point •e", namely a bending moment of 113,000 fUbs.
and a torsional moment of 30,570 ftlbs.Converting to modulus E0 by
multiplying by the ratio E0 :Eh = 1.2, the bending - and the tor-
sional moments beeome respeetively;
113,000 x 1.2 = 135,600 ftlbs
30,570 x 1.2 = 36,684 ftlbs
The stress intensification factor for a 24"-90° long radius elbow
is 1.85 (see tables). This factor is applied to the bending stresa
So : lo85 (135,600 X 12:472 in)) = 6,)90 pei
St • 36,684 X 12:2 X 472 = 467 psi
SE = V63902 +4 X 4672 = 6,450 psi

81
PROBLEM 10
Three-dimensional Pipe Containing Quarter
Bends
l. 12-in. pipe
t =~in.
l = 361.5 in.•
S == 56.8 in. 3
Temperature '745°F
. 5.88 in.
E xpans10n =
100 ft
E = 25 X 10 6 psi
~ =-
5
·~~:· X 11 ft = 0.647 in.
~Y =
5 ·88 in.
100 X 21 .o• ft = 1.27 m.
.
~ ==
5
·~~:· X 9 ft == 0.53 in .
0
.lx El = ·~; in. X 25 X 106
361. 5 = 3 380 000 lb ft 3
X 144 ' '
.l El == 1. 27 in. X 25 X 106
y 12
36 5
X 1. = 6 620 000 lb ft 3
144 ' '
~El = 0·53 in. X 25 X 106
12
36 5
X 1. == 2 770 000 lb ft 3
144 ' '
82
LOCDllon af
cerrtroid
O.D. • 12.76 in. X IR 0.6 X 60

:'.fe&n radiua of pipe • 6.125 in. - ; ; -~ •0.8
Rad.iua of bend R - 60 in. K !2X' + 10
2
• 12X' + 1 •
+.X
1
. f ~
1
1
•
... !
• 1
~
-
' 1
l\1
1\j
~
~
1~ ' "'\::)
1
1
1 ' ~
~
·..:¡
1
1 O'Í
·~ • 1 ~ 1
'
·'
.....;.
(\¡
1
•.x-x- ~~----
1
1
-
~
+Id
~
"") i
0\
1
1~-G.Js:... ..J
1 1
~-8'-:
l- -5..J.9'- __:
t
+.Y +Y'
CENTROID
_¡ , t iX , t 1 U• t 1/
6 ¡--8- 1 -.8--'~129
abl
~ ~ RK • 15.71 1.815 28.6 19.686 309
cd 11.5 1 o o 10.75 123.6
do 2R
..
X 1.15 • 9.0 1
O O 1.816 18.3
t/ • ft X l. 3 • 5. 2 O O O 1 O
¡r¡ 1 1i:& 677. 9
5
J - ~~:: - 1.61 rt 11 - : ; : - 12.2 ft1
PRO]ECTION IN XY-PLANE
83
PROBLEM lO
~ranch l X y u2 + Io 1y2 + Io lx)"
ab 6 6.39 9o3 244 .519 3.56 • .5
18 o
be 1.5.7 0.20.5 7 .48.5 o.6 881.8 24.1
)7.2 37.2 34.3
cd 11 •.5 -1.61 -1.4.5 29.8 24 •.5 26.8
,- o 126 •.5
1
i
de 9.0 -1.61 -10.38.5 23.4 970 1.50o8
o 2l
•t ).2 -1.61 -12.2 13.4 774 108
o o
:r,. = ;66.4
!,: • 3,3.54
~ = +700o)
Samp1e calcula tion f or "be" :
Iy • 1x2 + Oo1488 RJ¡ • 1.5o7 X Oo2052 + 0.1488 x .532 = Oo6 + 37o2
Ix • 1,2 + N • 1.5o7 X 7o4852 + N • 88lo8 + 37o2
lxy • lxy + 0o137 R)¡ • 1.5o7 X 0.20.5 X 7o48.5 + 0.137 X )3 X 2 • 24.1 + 34.~
'
Sample calculation for Nde":
Iy = 1x2 = 9 X 1.612 • 23.4
Ix • 1.,.Z + 0.1488 R3K = 9 X 10o38.5 2 + 0.1488 X .53 X lol) = 970 + 21
~ • ~ =9 X (-1o61) (-10o38.5) = 1.50.8
84
FtG. 32.
CmNTBOID
oll
.tt
o
_!:,_lt IZ'
ü
• • t
ll M
•
8
..
k
.u
j;x 4 x 1.14- 9.03
u.Ut x 1.3- a. u
s..m.... lH:- !1.03
1.814
o
o
o
Ul.,
o
o
o
ll
ll
7.184
:;r
81
1M.6
a,.ll
8
"
4
~ 04., 34:1,,
t- O:S' i Uft ' - u.;·' - 7.9e,.
PRO]ECTION IN XZ-PLAlfE
8.5
PROBLEM lO
xz-plane
Branch 1 X z lx2 + Io 1z2 + Io lxz
ab 6.0 6•.5 1.04 2.5) 6.,5 40.6
18 o
be 9.0 0.)1.5 1.04 0.9 9.8 ;.o
* 21.4 o
' -
1 ed 14.9.5 -1 •.5 1.04 )).6 16.2 -2).)
o o
de 9.0 -1 •.5 -0.7'75 20.) ,5.4 10.7
o • 21.4
et 4.0 -1 •.5 -,5.96 9.0 142.0 ).5.7
o 5o)
Is • ).56.2
~ • 206.6
Ixs ::a 66.7
* 0el488 X ~ X lel5 • 0e1488 X sJ X lel,5 • 21e4

86
+z'
--- -----------2/.S! ___ --------- ~

FIG. 33.
CJ:NTROID
. t l.2..:.....!_ __11 _ _._t_ _ _
._
~1 a x 1.3- 7.8 21..s 168 9 10.2
be '~X S X 1.15 • 9.03 1!1.686 117.7 9 81.2
cd 11..5 10.75 123.6 9 103.5
de ix.sx:J•1.S.7 1.815 211.9 7.18& 112.s
.¡ 4 o o z· 8
-¡s ¡¡¡6,1 373.1
u-~-
~8
10.32ft ¡ -~
~8
•7.82ft
PRO]ECTION IN yz-PLANE
PROBLEM lO
87
iBranch 1 7 z lT + Io 1z2 + Io 1.)-z
ab 7.8 11.18 1.18 975 10.9 102.7
o o
be 9.0 9.)65 1.18 794 12.6 99.7
* 2l o
'.
1
1 cd. 11.5 o.4J 1.18 2 16 5.8
1 •
'
126 o
de 15.7 -8.505 -0.6J5 llJ4 6.5 8.5.7
** J7 J7 J4.J***
e! 4.0 -10eJ2 -5.82 427 lJ5.2 240.0
o 5·3
I"' = J516
r.,. = 223.5
~= 568o2
* 0.1488 RJ X 1.15
U 0.1488 RJK
*** 0.137 R}K
88
PROB!EM lO
r. from xy plane: 3,354 111 from xy plane: 366

1: from xz plane: 206 111 from yz plane: 224
Total 1: = 3,560 Total 111 = 590
I. from xz plane: 356
l. from yz plane: 3,517
Total l. = 3,873
3,560X - 700Y - 67Z = 3,380,000
-700X + 590Y - 568Z = 6,620,000
-67X- 568Y + 3,873Z = 2,770,000
--
X y z CoD.Btant
(1) 3,560 -700 - 67 - 3,380,000

(4) - 1 + 0.196 + 0.0188 + 950
(2) -700 +590 - 568 - 6,620,000

(5) +700 -137.2 - 13 - 662,000
(6) o +452.8 - 581 - 7,282,000
(7) - 1 + 1.285 + 16,100
(3) - 67 -568 +3,873 - 2,770,000

(8) + 67 - 13 - 1.2 - 63,700
(9) +581 - 748 - 9,350,000
(10) o o +3,124 -12,183,700
(11) - 1 3,900
z = + 3,900
y== +21,000
X = + 5,160
89
Stress Ca1cu1ation for Prob1em 10
A computation of the bending moments in the three planes of projee-
tion as demonstrated in Problem 9 will show extreme condition in the
straight pipe at point "a" as follows:
a torsional moment in the yz-plane of 18.800 ftlbs.
a bending moment in the xy-plane oí 149,000 !tlbs.
a bending moment in the xz-plane of )1,6)0 !tlbs.

The vectorial sum of the 1atter two moments is 152,000 !tlbs.
The stresses are:
Bending stress 152,000 x 12:56.8 tn3 = )2,100 psi

Torsional stress 18,800 x 12:2 x 56.8 tn3 = 1,980 psi
The eombined stress (see Page 7) is~2,1002 + 4 x 1,9802 =)2,400 psi
The pipe material is ASTM A-106 Grade B for whieh Se = 15,000 and Sh =
12,9oo (at 745or).
The allowable stress range SA =1.25 Se + 0.2) ~ =21,975 psi whieh

is less than the eombined stress. The line therefore is not acceptab1e.
90
THREE-DIMENSIONAL PIPE LINES OF VARIABLE FLEXIBILITY

The general equations for the solution of piping problems express the simple
fact that the end reactions applied to the centroid of the cantilever system produce
deflections that are equal and opposite to the expansions. The tenns that give the
deflections dueto the end reactions have the product El in the denominator as shown
on page 18. In the case of piping with constant cross section and the same modulus
E, the work in solving numerical problems is materially reduced by moving this
product to the right of the equation sign as in equations (7)( Page 67) •
For lines with variable cross sections or piping with variable flexibility, this
simplification is lost, for the line inertias of each branch must be divided by the
moment of inertia of its own cross-sectional area. Equations (7) must, therefore,
be written in the following fonn:
X 1z _ y lzv _ z 1u = ~x E
1 1 1
-X ly + y ~v - z Ir = ~y E (8)
-xln _ ylv• + z I. _ ilzE

1 1 1 -
In this setup the sum 1zl 1 for instance, consists of individual quotients, the
numerator of which is the line moment of inertia of the branch about the x axis and
the denominator the area moment of inenia of the cross-sectional area of the same
branch.
Since calculating moments of inertia of pipe lengths involves squaring or cubing
of lengths and distan ces, precaution must ·be taken, in introducing numerical values
of area inertias, that 1 is carried along in the first power and not accidentally included
in the process of squaring or cubing.
For orderly procedure and to avoid errors, it is advisable to calculate first the
values 1/l. For instance, in problem 5, which presents the case of a 12-in. and a
10-in. pipe with area moments of inertia of 475 and 212 in.', respectively,
1 124
43 7
/12 = 475 = ~
1 12
4
/¡o = 212 = 98
The factor 124 converts 1 into feet 4 •
When line moments of inertia are calculated, these numbers are set in front of the
parentheses containing the line inertia calculated in the usual manner.
91
PROBLEM 11
Three-dimensional Line Containing
Corrugated Sections
r---------- ----103'- . ------------

1
1a J~, Jbe
t- z
4 '
1 12 6. 6 -:
1 •
For ptam •
pipe 7 =3423 ,17 ~ : .O s; :t:
x......,o!::-_,.
. 12 4
: Y 1'~
fOrcorrog ptpe :I..LJ42J. 4 xS=JO.J .!...._: •. -~
e m. d\---16
Fw. 34.
This problem shows the procedure for pipe

lines ha.ving branches of different flexibility.
Two branches of a 24-in. line are corrugated
to obtain greater over-all ftexibility. The
effect of corrugating as established by tests is as
follows:
In bending the ftexibility of a corrugated
bra.nch is five times that of the plain pipe.
This is expressed mathematically by assigning
to the corrugated length when engaged in bend-
ing one-fifth of the moment of inertia of the.
pbin pipe.
In torsion, however, the corrugated pipe
has the same ftexibility as the plain pipe, and
therefore I is not altered when this action is
accounted for.
x, y, z = reactions and directions of positive
coordina.te axes
24-in~ pipe, Schedule 40 I = 3,423 in. 4
24-in. pipe, corrugated I e = I.
- lll ben d'mg
;)
24-in. pipe, corrug::üed le = I in tor.-;ion

Expansion = 3. i in. in 100 ft.
~ = \~n. (103ft - 14ft) = 3.3 in.
A.y = 3.7 in. 23ft = 0.85 in.
100
.u = 3.7 in. 49ft = l. 81 in.
100
33
A.x E = · in. X 29 X 10 6 X 12 2
12
= 1,142 X 106 lb/ft
~ y E = 0 ·8512 in. X 29 X 106 X 122
296 X 10 6 lb/ft
1
.:iz E = l.S in. X 29 X 10 6 X 12 2
12
650 X 106 lb/ft
92
PRO]ECTION IN XY-PLANE
~ ·/J.l-l
---202.: ___ ,
1
'
:·
1
1 q ~4 lf
+x' i 1
~ '~ ~ ¡-- 7' ...

1
~ <ri "i
' t Cenfrotd.. 1
, ::¡::
. . .;;---L-,---1 _1=
; 1 :..____±_
a !OJ 'L J7.s ·1 --r--14 __ ,
1 ' ;bcd
~J/.Ji6.i¡.--
1
+y +y'
FIG. 35.
CENTRO ID
1' • l ft X
I in.'
12
' :z•.
,
lt¡ l'L' 1' ~·. ft 1'/
-:-¡' 0.06 X 103 •

b<:d 6.0ts X 49 X 1.3 -
625/a7.5¡
386! - 141-5.420 23 i
23.{00~~-;--~. 14.380
8.870
d• 30.3 X 16- 4861-141-6.800 15 ! 7,270
ef 6.06 X 1 • 42¡- 141- 5911 3. 5 i 148
fg 1 6.06 X 14 • ~ - 71 ~~ O : o
1,623 9,9901 30.668
1
. 9.o90 "rt !9. 30.668 18 85f

X • 1,623 • 6 ·- i - 1.623 - . t
9.3
PROBI.D1 11
xy-plane
Bra.nch 1 X y *r J_x2r + Ior J.?r + Ior 1x;y"r
ab 10) )1.) 4.1.5 6.06 610,.500 10,7.50 81,200
.5.51,.500 o
bcd **6).7 -20.2 4.1.5 6.06 1.57,200 6,6.50 -32,400
o o
de 16 -20.2 - ).8.5 )O.) 198,000 7,170 )7 ,60Ó
o 10,3:37
e! 7 -20.2 -1.5.).5 6.06 17,100 10,000 1),000
o 17)
fg 14 -1).2 -18.8.5 6.06 14,770 )0,100 21,200
1,)80 o
r.,. = 1,.5.50 ,4.50
~ = 7.5,180
Ixy = +120,600
• r is the 1ength modi!ication factor 124 :I
** 1.) X 49 = 6).7
PROJECTION m XZ-PLANE
•z +z'
+1 1
=a~--~~O~J-'----~----+-~----~b--.
~·
~
FIG. 36.
CENTI!OID
1
, _zrt x 12• ¡..... ltl l':r' 1 z', lt 1 l'z'
1 in.•
: 1 i 1
ab ·l--tl-.06-X_1_0_3____
tl2-5137. si 23. 400J-:;;-ll-30-.-tl00-
b<: 6.06 X 19 • 1151-141- 1.610,39.5 4.540
cd 30.3 X 30 • 9091- !41-12. 700 15 13.600
del tl.Otl X 23 X 1.3 • !811-14•- 2,5401 O 1 O
fu 6.Ctl X 14 • 851- 71- 595 O 1 O
m: ~. 48.740
j' 48.740
z- - 5.955
1.9!5
- 3 11
. t ¡i- 1,915 -25.4 ft
9.5
PROBLEM 11
xz-phne
Braneh 1 X z r ~r + I 0 r 1z 2r + I 0 r lxzr
ab 103 34.4 23.6 6.06 738,.500 348,000 .507,000
.5.51,.500 o
be 19 -17.1 14.1 6.06 33,600 22,900 -27,800
o 3,.500
ed 30 -17.1 -10.4 30.3 266,000 98,000 161,300
o 68,000
de! *29.9 -17.1 -2.5.4 6.06 .53,000 116,800 78,.500
o o
!g 14 -10.1 -2.5.4 6.06 8,620 .54,800 21,800
1,)80 o
Iz = 1,6.52,600
I:z: = 712,000
lxz = +740,800
• 23 X 1.3
96
PRO]ECTION IN yz.pLANE
+Z .... z'
t
ahr-r-- ZJ ----- 1
FIG. 37.
CENTROID
1
, _e rt x 12• ¡¡', ftl l'¡¡'· :', .ft l'a'
1 I in.•
¡_ _
-1
ab 6.06 X 103 X 1.3 • 811123 18.6501 49 30,740
be 6.06 X 19 • 115 23 2.645 39.5 1 4.540
cd 30.3 X 30 • 909!23 20.9001 15 ' 13.630
d• 30.3 X 16 - 485115 7. 2751 oo 1 o
•1 6.06 X 7 • 421 3 5 1,470 o
fg 6.06 X 14 X !.3 • 111 o o o o
2.413' 50,9401 57,910
5
-
y -
50.940
2,473 -
20 6 f
. t t - ;::;:- 23.4 ft
PRO BI..m-1 ll 97
yz-plane
Branch 1 y z r J:l'r + Ial" 1z2r + I 0 r ly'u
ab *133·9 2.4 2.5.6 6.06 4,660 .532,000 49,800
o o
be 19 2.4 16.1 6.06 662 29,700 4,440
o 3,.500
ed 30 2.4 - 8.4 )O.) .5,230 64,000 -18,300

''
l ..
o 68,000
r.
1
de 16 -.5.6 -2).4 )O.) 1.5,26) 266,000 6),4oO
10,337 o
r -
e! 7 -17.1 -2).4 6.06 12,327 2) ,000 16,7.50
17J o
!g **18.2 -20.6 -2).4 6.06 47,000 60,800 .53,700
o o
Iz = 9.5 ,6.52
Iy = 1,047,000
~ = +169,790
* 10) X 1.) = 1)).9

** 14 X 1e) = 18.2
98
PROBLEM 11
Sum of r.-
Sum of I. - 75,180 + 712.000 - 787.180
1.550,450 + 1.047,000 - 2,597.450
Sum of [, • 1,652.500 + 95.652 - 1, 748,252
In r¡¡ plane
Reactinc couplee at g
+3.160 lb X !S.S.~ ft - 375 lb X 6.2 ft - +57,000 h lb
787,180X- 120.500Y- HO.SOOZ- 1.142 X !01 In xz plane
-120.600X + 2,597.450Y- 169,790Z- 296 X 101 -3,160 lb X 25.4 ft + 1,750 lb X 3.1 ft - -74,700 ft lb
-HO.SOOX- 169,700Y + 1,748,2522 • 650 X 10' In~· plane
X - 3.160 lb Y - 375 lb Z - 1,750 lb -375 lb X 23.4 ft + 1,750 lb X 20.6 ft - +27,300 ft lb
MOMENTS
Point :ty plane xz plane

J yz plane
-3,160lb X 4.15ft + 375lb +3,160 lb X 23.6 ft- 1,750lbl +375 lb X 25.6 ft- 1,750 lb
X 82.8 ft • X 85.9 ft X 2.4 ft
a
+17,900 -75,400 +5,400
BM • 77,500
-- T-+5.400
-3,160lb X 4.15ft- 375lb 1+3,160lb X 23.6ft + 1,750lb Same as for a
1
X20.2ít• X17.1ft Point of maximum

b stress for plain
-20,670 +104,500 +5,400
pipe
BM- 105,000 T- 20,670 1 BM • 106,500 T • 5,400
Same as for b +3,160lb X 4.6ft + 1,750lbl +375lb X 6.6ft -1,750lb
X 17.1 ft X 2.4 ft
e -20,670 +44,420 1 -1,725 1
BM - 44,500 T .. 20,670 1
Same as for b ¡-3,160 lb X 25.4 + 1,750 lb¡-375 lb X 23.4. ft- 1,750 lb

X 17.1 ft 1 x 2.4 ft Point of rnaxirnum
d -20,670 1 -50,400 -12,970 stress for corru
gated p1pe
BM - 52,000 T - 20,670 1 BM • 24,400 T • 50,400
+3,160lb X 11.85ft- 375lbl Same as for d ~-375 lb X 23.4 ft + 1,750 lb
X 20.2 ft J X 13.6 ft
e
+29,830 1 -50,400 1 +15,030
BM • 33,200 T • 50,400
- +3,160lb X 18.85ft- 375lbl Sarne as for d l-375 lb X 23.4 ft + 1,750 lb
X 20.2 ft 1 X 20.6 ft
1 +51,900 -50,400 1 +27,300
BM • 58,700. T- 50,400 1 BM,. 72,400 T • 27,300
+3,160lb X 18.85- 375lb ¡-3,160lb X 25.4 + 1,750lb Same as for f
X 6.2 ft X 3.1 ft
g Resisting moments
+57,000 1 -74,700 +27,300
BM • 94,000 T • 27,300
·--
99
1-,
\
1
TABLES OF KLASI'IC CONSI'ANTS

.....
o
o
TA/JlE X
TNEKNAL EXPA~ION .lWTA.
A • MLAN COL,ICI~NT 01' TNilltii!IAL IJU..~ON a ID •rlllljiNjlllti.l!')}

IJ • I.INEAit THCNMAL LXPAN-'ION (IN.jiiNifl) IN HINII I'IHM 10-lf TO ININCATID TIM,IItATIIIt~.
MATERIAL.
TE/IIIPEIMTUitE lt'AN6~ - To•F. ro
OlEH.
?o· 2()()• .Joo• -too• SOO" 6oo• 700• dOO' 3oo· 1000• 1/0tr llO(f /.JO()- 11oo·
CA~IJIJN .STIII.
CAHIJON-NOL';' .37"11L ~~-~- - 6.38 6.60 G& 7.~ -~ 7.M 7.H 7.~ 7.61 7.S7 d./.1. ~~ _(l_.J~,
tJ./3
J.OW-CHitOME .37"111.S f)'Jwv.l,(CA.
INTrltMEDJATE AÚO"t STIELS
8 o 0,,, 1.& 2..70 .3.61. ~.60 5.6!1 6.'KJ 7.81 ~.M IO.M -11.10 ll.U 13 ..34-,
S CH. MO THifU .. A - 6.0-1 6.19 6 ..34- 6.50 6.66 6.80 6.96 7.10 7.U 7..U 1.-11 1.4.9 7SSi
.9 Cit. MO.
~---
/J o O.!# 1.71 1. ..50 3 ..!J.S ,,2-l- 5.1-1- 6.10 7.07 8.0~ -s.o.s ~----
10.00 11.06 ¡¿{)5
Aii~TJWITIC ~TAINLE-'$ .STECLS
,__ A - 3.34- 3.-#7 ~-.5' ~.it) ~.(Jl. !J.!Jl. IO.t» /O. M IO.LS 10..39 1(),-l{j 10.54 /0.60
/J o 1.4-6 l.GI 38Q 5.01 6.24 ?.50 8.lJO 10./L 11.-18 IL-.81- /-1- ..ta IS.S6 ~.92
.:STA'AI6HT CH,tt'0/111/LIItl -'TAIN-
i.ES$ STEEL.S
A - .S.SO S.81 S.!J6 6.J.J ti.L6 6.!19
.5.66 t------ 6..S¿ ~ ~7.e 6.78 ~6.M §,!!Q
I~CR 17CH. AND .t7CA'. /J o 0.& /.56 2.90 .3.08 ..!1.90 4.7.!J .S.6tJ 6.-1-9 7.40 8.31 !J.ZO 10./1 J/.01
2SC.Il-.tONI.
A
f--- - 7.'16 7.~ 808 8.21. 8..~ 8.S.l d&!J 8.81 8.9l. ,9.00 3-0d 9./L S./8
8 o I.ZI z.~ .320 4.24 5.39 6.#- 7.60 8.78 3.95 1/.J~ l.t.31 /..9.-H J#.6S"
MONEL A - 1.64- {J.QZ .5.lo 8.40 --~ 8.~ 8.96 S./6 .9,.3.1- 9..s¿ S.'KJ !J.8.1J JO. ().1.
67NJ. -.Jocu. IJ o 1.22 Z.ZI 3.2S .,.,.33 S.J/~ 6.64 785 Sil. 10.-/rt 11. 7") IJ.lf H.Sl. /6.02.
MONEL A - 7.14 7.68 1.90 lJ.09 8..30 8 ..JrJ 8.~ .5.90 9.10 9.30 3.SO !) .'JO !J.8S
titi IV/. - ,!!1 CU. .AL . 8 o 1.17 Z./.l 3.1.3 -117 .S.ZlJ 6.-1.3 7.6Z 8.86 10.16 II ..SO I.J.OG 1~..32 IS.7t!
ALUMINUM f--A - IZM IJ.ZIJ I.J.60 I.J!JO 1-I.UJ
8 o Z.()() ..1.66 .S.19 7.11 !J.o.J
61t"AY CA.3T lltOH A - S.7S J1J3 610 6.M 6:1-7 6~ 6.~ 7.00 1.1.9
/3 o 0.90 /.61- ¿ .-IZ ..1.1.+ .¡. .11 .5.03 .538 61)7 ~.ac:
A - IO.OJ 10./.l 10~.3 I().!JZ /O.H IOSL KJ.~ 10.7¿ KJ.IJO /O. !JO JJ.OCJ
"lf'ONZt::
fj o 156 l..79 .f-.06 S~.3 GU 71J5 3.30 KJ68 lc.()j 1.3 7'1-7 H.9l
A - ~.76 10.00 /0.23 Ja.f-7 10.6S 7032 11.16 11.40 11.63 11M IZ.~
L!JRA$.$
B o I.SZ 1.76 .f..a5 .S /O 6130 8.26 318 11,35 ¡¿.!J!J U.6S /6.39
~ A - 7..11. 7.-18 7.61 7.7.J 7.tJ8 c'J.O/ 8./J !129 8 ..39
m WA't:JU6HT /RON
o 2.06 3.01 3.99 S.OJ 6.06 7.12 d.l6 .!J..36
r 8 1.14-
fT1 CU.-NI. A - 8..S+ 8.90
"· 71
_{~-~)__ 8 o / ..3.3 l.-10 3S1. -·-~----L ---l____L -- -------
~,,
r--
l
)
TABLE y
MODULI OF ELASTICITY ANO TORSIONAL Rl(ilDITY FOR FERROUS MATERIAL
6
~ • MOOUL.UI OF ELASTICITY- MUL.TIPLY \IALUES BY 10
~ • HOOULU~ OF TORSIONAL RltiiDITY- HULTIPLY VALUI.S 8Y 10•
"':a:a
..1
TEMPERATURE, DE~ F
MATERIAL
f 70 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
CAR80N STE.ELS 1 27.9 27.7 21.+ t1.D 211-4 21.1 2-f.& 23 .• 19-S JS.-f /3.0
WITH CARBON COHTENT
/O.tJ 10.1 IO.t 9., g,, '9.0 1.1 5., 5.0
"
/O.(¡, 10-'f
O.Jo•J. OR LE~$
-
CARBON STitELS
WITH GARBON CONTt:NT
E 2•·• Zf.S u. o 21.3 27--4 2,.7 H-+ 23-8 21-S 18-8 IS.O /l. 2
/l.+ 5.1
,t.80VE O.S0'1• ~
"·' /1. t. lo.' 10.1 lO. S
'·'
l,.,
9.2 8.3 7.2
CA"80N-MOLY STEI!L~,
LOW C"-
HOLY STEitLS
THIItOUC4H .J/. '"·
-·--------------- - - - -
1:
<¡
21.1
"."
U.5
11.-f
29.0
11-2
2tJ. (¡,
11.0
21.0
10.1
t.1. 4
10.' 10.2
26.1
'·'
-- ------ --
Z-f.S
., .. 23.0
&.8
Zo.+
7.8
li.¡
5.,
tNTf:lltHI:OtATE UH10LY 1 21 ... Z1.1 26.1J Z6 . .f. u. o 25... 2+-1 t.f.2 23.5 zz.tJ 21."1 zo.e llf·S' 18.1
SU.&LS{6%- t'j.Git), A U.HUI - '---
lO., .,,l '·1
ITIC ~TAtHLf::U
STRAI<¡HT GHflrOHIUM
STEEL
-------
(i
E
-
2'1. 2
10...
U.1
11.1
21.1
10,1
27.1
'·'
27.0
9.7
z¡.o
9.5
2-f.8 ZJ.I
8."1
21, 1
tJ.(¡,
,._,
3-~
IS.,
1./J
11.2
7.3
STAlNLfSS ST!!L
11.+ ".l. ,.o ... 7
(12 Cflr, 17GR, 27 Cl't
"'
/1.0 IO.tJ 10.5 10.1
'·' '1.0 8.Z 1.2
t'.S' lS.i. 28.2. 27.7 21.0 z,.5 ~5-8 i.J.O ·

WROU~HT IR ON !-·
-i
):lo
"
1/. tJ
"·' 11.5 /1.-f /l.t JO., 10. t.
'·'
.-
CD
E 13.-f ¡J.2 12 ••
-
12-6 12.2
"· 7
11.0 10.2
...."' ~RAY CAST IRON

4•
.:S --
.....
~
-- ··---~---~--------------~·--
e NO OATA AVAILAILI
c3illf ,>"
...,
o
N
TABLE Z
MODULI OF E'LA5TICITY ANO TORSIONAL Rl<iiDITY OF' NON- FERROUS MATERIAL
lt • MODUL.US 01' EL.ASTIGITY - HUL.TIPL.Y VALUES BY 10*'

6
~ • MODULU' OF TOR510NAL Rl(iiDITY- MUL TIPLY VALUES BY 10
!l
... TE'MPERATURI!, OEt¡ F
MATERIAL &
~ 70 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 110011200
MONEL 1 z,.o 2,.0 2,.0 ZS.8 2S.t. Z5• .f Z+.1 2.3./ 21.0 18., · "·o /"f.3 13.0
67NI- 30 CO
tt ,.!i .,.3 8., 8.7 a.s 1.'1
66 NI - 29 GU, AL 'I.S
'·' 8.2
COPPER- NICKEt. E 18.'1 18.8 18.+ 18.0 17., 11.2 11..1 "·2 15.3
eo- 2.0, 70-Jo ,..

ALUMINUM
• ID, t. ID., 10.+ 10.2 1.5 8.!i
1
4 3.1 3.'1 3.e 3.7 3.5 ?1.1 i
E ,,,0 15.8 15'.' 15 . .f 15.1 1'1. 7 /+.2 13.1 1
C.OPPER j
99.98% GU e¡ ,.03 6.00 5. .,0 5.1.5 5.45 5.30 !
1
E 1'1. o 13.'1 U.7 13.5 13. o i 12.7 : 12.. z 1/.8

C0t1t1ERCIAL 8RASS
66 CU, 34 ZN q 5.21 s.zs 5.10 ...."'o 4.12 4.58
----¡--- :
~ !
ID
r LEADED TIN 8RONZ.f. E 13.0 Jt.1 12.1 /l.4- 12. o /1.7 1/.3 IO.'J
ITI
Ñ
88
4.5 Z.N
C:U, 6SN, 1.6 PS,
C'4 4-.6, 4.82 4-.U 4.!U. ....... o 4.7Z 1
--
...... ' - - - - - - - - - ---------- 1 --------- --~
(1 NO OATA AVAILA8Lit
lOJ
Extractad !rom
Code tor Preesure Piping.
(JSA BJl.l-1955)
104
AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING
Table 2 Allowable Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems
AS TIA \linimuml Values of S Psi for Temperatures in Deg Not co Exceed

~latería! Spe ci fi- Ultima ce
Grade Ten sil e -20
cacion 1
Screngch co lOO 200 300 400* 450 500 600 650
Welded material:
Fumace welded
Carbon Sceel
Lap welded A 120 1
1 8,800 8,600 8,200 7,600 7,600
Buce Welded A 120 6,500 6,350 6,100 5,850 5,700
Aucomacically welded
ausceniti e stainle ss 1
sceel
1
18% chromium, 1
8% Ni.- Ti A 312 TP321}
18% chromium, 1 75,000 15,950 15,950 14,450 13,450 12,900 12,650 12,600
8% Ni.- Cb A 312 TP34-7
1
Seamless material: 1
Carbon steel A 120 1

10,800 10,600 10,200 9,800 9,600
5% Chromium, -
Y,% Mo.
A
A
A
335} P5
335 \ P5b
369 FPS
~ 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,500 14,000 13,700
1 1 1
18% chromium, - A 312 1
8% Ni.- Ti A 376 1P321)
75,000 18,750 18,750 17,000 15,800 15,200 14,900 14,850
18% chromium - A 312 TP347J
8% Ni.- Cb A 376
1
Seamless
Red brass B 43 8,000 8,000 7,000 3,000
Copper-
2 in. & smaller B 42 6,000 5,500 4,750 3.000
Copper-
over 2 in. B 42 6,000 5,500 4,750 3,000
Copper cubing 1
B 75 6,000 5,500 4, 750 3,000
Annealed B 88 30,000 6,000 5,500 4,750 3,000
Brighc annea1ed B 68 30,000 6,000 5,500 4, 750 3,000
Copper brazed stee1 A 254 Class 1 42,000 6,000 5,500 4, 750 3,000
OassU 42,000 3,600 3,300 2,850 1,800
Case iron•
Centtifugally FSB Types 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000
case WW-P-421 1 & II
Metal molds ASA A 21.6 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000
Sand-lined molds ASA B 21.8 6,000
Pie case ASA A 21.2 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000
1Pipe in accordance with API Speciflcation SL manbe used u opecifledln Par. lOS (e).
2
The severa! typea and ¡radea o( pipe tabulated above shall not be uaed at temperaturas in exceaa of the ma>timum temperaturas !or wltich the S
valuea are indlcated. (Sea alao ~pecitlc requirementa for service condltiona contempleted.) Allowable S valuea for lntermedlate temperatureamay
be obtained by intarpolation.
1 Caat-iron pipe shall not be uaed for lubricatlnc oil linea for machlnery (Sea Par. 155) and in any case not for oil havlnc a temperatura above
300 F.
• For ateam at 250 pai (406 F) the valuea civen may be uaed.
¡
T able 2a Allowable Streues for Pipe ln Power Piping Systems

Noto: lt'ho1o w-'dod conetru<:llon la uaod, oonalderatlon ahould bo Qlvon to lho poliMibJUty ol IJTaphíte lonuatlon In the lollowlnll •toola:
Carbon atael above 775 F; carbon-molybdetwal ateel abovo IJ75 F; chrome-motybdenum atoel (with chromlwn undor 0.60) abovo 975 F.
Mínimum
ASTM Id en ti- Ultimare
v. ues of s Psi for Temperatures in Deg F not lO Exceed 1
MateriaP Specifi- Gcade fication Ten sil e
-- .. ¡--· -------¡--·---.-----,-------
cation Symbol -20
Stcength to 650 700
--"--
750
-·----
800 850 900 950 1 1,000 1,~~!--~-'- lOO_J_I _._I?~ j__~200
Welded Matecial
Fumace welded:
LG welded
arbon stee1 A 53 45,000 9,000
Wrought icon A 72 40,000 8,000
Buu we1ded
earbon stee1 A 53 45,000 6,750
Wcougbt iron A72 40,000 6,000
Elecuic fusion welded:
earbon steel A 134 A 245 A 48,000 8,000
A 245 B 52,000 9,600
A 245 e 55,000 10,100
A 283 A 45,000 8,300
A 283 B 50,000 9,200
A 283 e 55,000 10,100
A 283 D 60,000 10,100
A 139 A• 48,000 9,600 9,250 8,300
s•. 60,000 12,000 11,350 9,950
A 155¡ A 285 A e45 45,000 10,100 9,800 8,700 7,500 5,950
A 285 B 00 50,000 11,250 10,900 9,900 8,450 6,550
A 285 e 05 55,000 12,400 11,900 10,850 9,200 7,000
Killed carbon steel A 201 A KC55 55,000 12,400 11,900 10,850 9,200 7,000
A 201 B Ke60 60,000 13,500 12,900 11,650 9,700 7,000
A 212 A Ke65 65,000 14,600 13.950 12,450 10,250 7,000
A 212 B KC70 70,000 15,750 14,950 13,250 10,800 7,000
Carbon molybdenum steel A 204 A CM65 65,000 14,600 14,600 14,600 14,100 12.950 11,250
A 204 B CM70 70,000 15,750 15,750 15,750 15,200. 13,500 11,450
A 204 e CM75 75,000 16,850 16,850 16,850 16,200 14,300 11,700
l-S% cbrom •.,\lí% mo1y steel A 301 A \líeR 65,000 14,600 14,600 14,600 14,100 12,950 11,250 9,000 5,600
1% cbrom.,\lí% mo1y steel A 301 B 1 eR 60,000 13,500 n.soo 13,500 13,250 12,750 11,800 9,900 6.750 1 4,500 1 2,500
1~% cbrom., l-S% mo1y stecl A 335 Pll 1~eR 60,000 n.soo 13/íOO 13,500 13,500 12,950 11,800 9,900 5875 !.~50 '21oo
2~% c~rom., 1% mo1y steel A 335 P22 2~eR 60,000 13,500 n,soo 13,500 13,500 12,950 11,800 9,900 7,001) j '),:lOO 1 3,7'>0 1 2,700
E1ectric resistance
welded:
earbon steel A 53 A' 48,000 10,200 9,900 9,100
B' 60,000 12,750 12,200 11,000
A 135 A' 48,000 10,200 9,900 9,100
s• 60,000 12,750 12,200 11,000
Automatically welded
stainless stee1:
18% Cr-8% Ni-Ti A 312 TP321l 75,000 Note 12,550 12,500 12,350 12,150 12,000 1 11,750 111,500 1 11,150 1 8,750 1 6.~50 1 4,250
18% Cr-8% Ni-eb TPH7 6
S..amlcss matecial
eacbon steel A 53 A 48,000 12,000 11,650 10,7')0 9,000 7,100 5,000
A 53 B 60,000 15,000 14,350 12,950 10,800 7,800 5,000
9,000 7,100
A 106
A 106
A
B
48,000
60,000
12,000
15,000
11,650
14,350
10,700
12,950 10,000 7,800
5,000 1
5,000 .....
o
e 11 :liJO /6t,DO 14 1~Í) ¡zeoo 1 1 1 1
}\ 16"
A 83 Type A
7D,000
(47,000) t 11,450 10,550 9,000 7,100 5,000
1
""
A 179 Low carb. -- 11,750
A 192 <~?·~~~)
~
llr fil'l.ft 1 j "tC.l\ I"l 1\C.f\ tn Ul\fl ., 0/\{\ .. 111111

Table 2a All twoble Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems (Continued)
Note: Where wolded conatructlon la uaod, conaldoratlon ahould be IIIV•n lo the poaalblllty ol il<llf>hllo lonnallon In lho lollowiO/i ateela:
Carbon atool abovo 17!J F; 'catóon-molybdetw.Jm aloel abovo 11!J F; ch10m.- molybdenum ataol (wllh ch10mlum under 0.60) above 91!J ·F.
~
- -----
!\linirau•u Values of S Psi for Temperatures in De8 F not to Exceed1
AST••l IJenti- lJitimate
.. h,cecial' S¡.e.:lfl- Grade ficatiou Tensile -20
-- - ,--··
cation Syn.bol Stcen¿;th to650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1,000 1,050 1,100 1,150 1,200
Cw:bon molybJeuu:n
A 335
A 369
PI}
FP 1 1
55,000 13,750 13,750 13,750 13,450 13,150 12,500
Ctuom. molyuJeuum
~7. Ce-~7. Mo A 335
A 369
p 2
FP 2
J 55,000 13,750 13,750 13,750 13,450 13,150 12,500 10,000 6,250
1% Cdí% f,lO A 335 p 12} 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,750 14,200 13,100 11,000 7,500 5,000 2,800
A 369 FP 12
1X% Cr-~17. Mo A 335
A 369
P11
FJ• 11
J 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 ~
c. S So
~ 4:;00(f
4o5~ 3<>oC
2 Y.% Ce- 17. J\lo A 213

A 335 ~-n} 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,400 13, lOO 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000
A 369 Fl'22
37. Ce-17. t\lo

A 213
A 335 T21}
P2l 60,000 15,000 14,800 14,500 13,900 13,200 12,000 9,000 7,000 5,500 4,000 2, 700
A 369 Fl'21
57. Ce-Y¡% Mo A 335 P5 ~ 60,000 Note 6 13,40(1 13, lOO 12,800 12,400 11,500 10,000 7,300 5,200 3,300 2,200 1,500
A 369 FP5
A 335 P5b 60,000 Note 6 13,400 13,100 12,800 12,400 10,900 9,000 5,500 3,500 2,500 1,800 1,200
Stainlcss sceel A 213}
187. Cr-87. t'li-Ti A 312 TP32l 75,000 Note 6 14,800 14,700 14,550 14,300 14,100 13,850 13,500 13,100 10,300 7,600 5,000
A 376
1
18% Cr-8% Ni-Cb

A 213}
A 312 TPH7 Note 6
75,000 14,800 14,700 14,550 14,300 14,100 13,850 13,500 13, lOO 10,300 7,600 5,000
A 376
·-----L--. ··--·-····-
1
Pipe in accordunce with API Spec.ification 5L may be used aa epec.Uled in Par. 105(e).
1
The several types aod KrtHie• of pipe tabulated at;ove &hall not be used at tetuperaturea in excesa of the maximum temperaturea for which the S valuee are indlcated. (See also apecific requlrementa
for aervice conditions contemplated.) Allowuble S valuea for internaediate temperaturea may be obtained by lnterpoJation_ \
3 VALOES •O
The values tabulated are {or Ctass 2 pipe_ For Clasa 1 pipe which la heat treated and radioiraphed, th~ae ~ mny be increased by the ratio of ~ divided by 0.90. ~ .:: \ • \
. \
"'It plate materia& havin~ phy::dctd propertie& other than stated in Secti"n 6 of the AST:1 SpecUication A 139 ia uaed in the manufacture of ordinary electric-fuaion-welded eteel pipe, the allowablt!'
stress shall be lt.tken as 0.20 times the tensile str-ength for tetHperatures o{ 450 F and Lelow
sFor electric-resiatance-welded pipe for appllcotiona where the temper~ture la below 650 F, and where pipe furniahed under thi a claealfication ia aubjected to aupplemental teata and;or heat
treatmenta as i:l~reed to by the supplier and the purchaaer, and whereby such supple•nental tests and/or heat treatments demonatrate the atrength characteriatics of the weld to be equal to the minimum
tensite stren"th specified for the pipe the S vulues equul to the correspondin" seamJesa crades may be uaed.
•see Table 2 Cor value~ hom ~20 lo 650 t•.
107
AlloWGI:Ie S Valuea Psi for Pipe in Oil Pipin; Systems Within Refinery Li~~tits
Valuea of 5-Pai for 1-tetal TemperaNtea ua !.Jea F aoc to Eaceed
Seamleaa ASTN Niaimu111
Specifi· Grade Note a Uhimate
Material or
Welded c:atioa Tnaile .,
·20
200 300 400 sao 1600 650 700
Scret~Ath 100
CA&BON ITEEL PIPE

Burt·Weld AH 50,000 10,000 9,~50 9,100 8,650
(API-~L) Beaaemer 12,150 11,500
(API·5L) Beuemer 1.ap-Weld A 53 50,000 13,300 12,'150
Seamleaa AH A 48,000 16,000 15,300 1-4,500 13,800
Beaaemer 17,250 16,350
8 60,000 20,000 19,100 18,150
(API·5LB)Deoaid. Be u. Seamleaa A 53 8,200 7,800
{API•5LI> O.H.or E. F. Run•Weld AH 45,000 9,000 8,600
-45,000 12,000 11,500 10,900 10,-400 9,900 9,300 9,050 8,800
(API·'SLI) O.H.or E.F. Lap-Weld AH 10,200 9,900
AH A 1,2,3 -48,000 13,600 13,000 12,300 11,750 11,100 10,500
(API·5LA)O. 1-4-or E. F. E·R·W 12,750 12,200
E·R·W A 53 B 1,2,3 60,000 17,000 16,200 15,-400 1-4,650 13,900 13.150
(API·'SLBlO.H.or E.F. 1-4,500 13. !1)0 13,100 12,350 12,000 ll,6'j0
(API·5LA) Seamleaa A 53 A 1,2 -48,000 16,000 15,300
60,000 20,000 19,100 111,150 17,250 16,350 15,500 15,000 14.350
(API·5L8) Se11111leu AH B 1,2
Deoaid. Reaa. Seamleaa API 5L e 75,000 25,000 23,850 22,700 21,550 20,400
Rurr-Weld API 5L u 48,000 9,600 9,200 8,700 11,300
0,11. or E.F. 11,600 11,050 10,500 9,900 9,1>00 9,300
O.H. or F..F. Lap-Weld API 5L 11 -48,000 12,800 12,250
O.H. or E.F. E·R·I' API 5L e 1,2,3 75,000 21,250 20,300 19,300 18,300 17,350 16,400 1M50 15,100
Seamleu API 5L e 1,2 75,000 25,000 23,850 22,700 21,'~50 20,-400 19.300 18,750 11, ~o
O.H. or E.F.
O.H. or E.F. 5j JCilled Seamleaa A 106 A 2 48,000 16,000 15,300 14,500 13,800 13,100 12,350 12,000 ll,f.'IO
O.l-4. or E.F. Si JCilled Seamleu A 106 B 2 60,000 20,000 19,100 18.150 17,250 16,350 15,500 15,000 14,350
E·F·W A 13-4 6 .qi,OOO 10,800 10,350 9,860

A 245 A O. H.
A 245 B O.H. E·F·W A 13-4 6 52,000 11,950 11,450 10,900
E·F·W AIH 6 55,000 12,650 12,100 11,500
A 245 e O.H.
A 283 A O. H. or E. F. E· F·l' A 134 6 45,000 10,350 9,900 9,400
F.·F·I' A 13<4 6 '10,000 11,500 10,950 10,500
A 283 R O,H, or E.F. 11,500
A 283e&D O.H.orE.F. E·F·W A13-4 6 5'5,000 12,650 12,100
E·F·I' A 134 45,000 11,250 10,750 10,200
A 285 A O.H. or E.F. 11,400
A 285 8 O.H.or E.F. F·F·W A 13-4 50,000 12,500 11,900
A 285 e 0.11. or E.F. E·F·W A 13-4 55,000 13,750 13,100 12,500
O.H. or E.F. E·R·I' A 13'5 A 1,2,3 -48,000 13,600 13,000 12.300 11,750 11,100 10,'500 10,200 9,900
O.H. or E.F. E·R·W A 13'5 B 1,2,3 60,000 17,000 16,200 15,400 14,650 13,900 13,150 12,750 12,200
0.11. or E.F. E·F·W A 139 A 48,000 12,000 11,500 10,900
O. H. or E. F. E·F•W A 139 R 60,000 15,000 14,350 13,650
11,650 11,300 11,000
o.H. or E.F. E·F·I' A 155 e4'1 1.2.5,10 45,000 "·000 14,350 13,650 13,000 12,350 12,900 12,500 12,100
O.H. or E.F. E·F·W A 155 e 50 1.2.~.10 50,000 16,(,'50 15,900 15,200 14,450 13,650 13,250
O.H. or E.F. E· F·l' A 155 e 55 1,2,5,10 55,000 18,350 17,500 16,700 15,850 15,000 14,200 13,750
13,250
A201 A 0.11. or E.F. E·F·I' A 155 Ke 55 2. 10 55,000 11,200 16,600 15,950 15,350 1<4, 700 14,0')() 13.750
15,000 14.3'10
2, 10 60,000 18,750 18,100 17,400 16,700 16,000 15,350
A201 B O.H. or E.F. E· F·VI A 155 Ke60 15,500
A212 A O.H. or E.F. E·F·W A 155 Ke65 2, 10 65,000 20,300 19,550 18,850 18,100 17,350 16,600 16,250
17,500 16,600
KC70 2, 10 70,000 21,900 21,050 20,300 19,500 18,700 17,900
A 212 8 O.H. or E.F. E·F·Ti A 155
Spiral W A 211 6 48,000 11,500 11,050 10,500
A 245 A O.H. 12,200 11,600
A 245 B O.H. Spira1 VI A 211 6 52,000 12,800
Spiral Ti A211 6 55,000 13,500 12,900 12,300
A 245 e O.H. 16,700 15,850 15,000 14.200 13, 7'50 13,250
O. H. orE. F. Seamlesa A 333 e: 1,2,8 55,000 18,350 17,500
• S Vlllue ror 843 2.ooo pal rcw metal t•m-•t,... not eac•••llnc 4$0 "·
All S vah... ,,. welded plplnc lnehad• lhe )olnl ertlclency ohown In p •• 3:15 (d) •• , . . . . . d
he .. in.
1
The "•• ol non-elllcon kllled earbon o te el 11 not reeomnended above 900 1'.
1Corbon , ••• a ond c•bon-molyóden\l1'11 u .. t mey be oubjeet to criiPhltlaetlon ....,.,. 900 F .
• S val .... lnelud• • )olnt ertlcl-y oras P• e - •

• S valuel ohown In th.. cehnnn ·20 to 100 " ..,.,. be .... d ror low .... t."""'rat ..•• P">Vided th•
requúe-nta et AJOO • • met.
1 Th• .... or n ..... qv•llty pl•t• (A 215) lo not recommended ror , • ..,... . . . . . . OY ... aso F.
108
Allowable 'S Values Psi far Pipe in Oi 1 Pipíng Systems Within Refinery Limits (ConUn~Uá)
Valuea of S-Pai for Metal Temperarurea iD De& F oot co Ezceed
ASTM
1~ ROO R'O 90fl 9~0 1,000 1.0~0 1,100 1,1~0 1,200 1.2~0 1, ~00 1, 3~0 1,400 1.4~0 l. ~00 Specifi-
cauon
A ~3
A~ 3
A"\ 3
A ~3
A' 3
8,200 A '13
9,100 7,900 (,, 700 '1, '100 3,800 2,1,0 1, , .. o R.,O
A' 3
11,000 9,200 1, 3~0 '1,'100 \,ROO 2,1'10 l. 3'0 R'IO A '13
10,700 9,300 1, 900 (,, ')00 ·UOO 2, '100 1,(.00 1,000 A '3
12,9'10 lO, ROO R.C.~O 6,'100 4,'100 2,'~00 1J•OO 1,000 AB
APIR
API'IL
s.~~o APIR
13,300 10,700 1!,100 "\, '00 3,1!00 2.1~0 1, 3'10 p<,n APIR
1'1,(,~ 12.500 9. '1~0 G, "\00 4,500 2, 500 1,(·00 1,000 API 'IL
10,100 9,300 7,900 6, '00 4,'SOO 2, ~00 1,600 1,000 A 106

12.9'10 10,!100 R,MO (,, ,00 4.~oo 2, ~00 1, MO 1,000 AJO(,
A 134
A 134
A 134
A 134
A 134
A 134
Alli
A 13
A 134
?,lOO 7,900 !l, 700 '1, .. 00 3,1!00 2,1 'O 1, 3~0 ~'SO 1
A 13"\
11.000 9,200 '· 3~0 ..... 00 \,ROO 2,1"\0 1, 3'SO R"\0 1 A n.,
A !;9
A 139
10,2~0 9,000 7, 7'10 (,, '100 4, ')()() 2. '\00 1,(·00 1,000 1 A 1'\'S
11,1'10 ?,{.()() R,0"\0 (., ')00 4.~00 2. ')00 1,(·00 1.0oo A 1-...
12,0'10 10,200 R, 3~0 6,500 4, "100 2,,00 1,(..00 1,000 A l'S'
12,0"\0 1O, 200 R, 3~0 ú,~on 4,'100 2, ~00 1,(.00 1,000 A 1"\'S
12,?~0 10,1<00 R.no r., 'SOO 4, ~00 2, "\00 1,(·00 1,000 A l'S'I
IJ,R'IO 11,400 R, <)<,O r•. 'SOO 4,'100 2, "\00 1,(.00 1,000 A¡-;-;
14. 7'10 12,000 ?,2'10 (,, 'iOO 4, '100 2, 'SOO 1,600 1,000 A I"''S
A 211
A 211
... 211
12. ,()() 10,200 R, 3.,0 (,, 'SOO 1. ~(lf) 2. 'l!l() 1.(.0'1 1,000 A 3'\3
t A quallly r.... tor ol 92 per cenl for •truct..,al plate 1• lncluded.

7
l'or •llow•ble S valuea ,..,., to tfie mateftala Uat•d therein.
1
SveJuea ahown ln the column -20 to 100 F may be uaed for 1ower temp.,.•h••• prnvtdec1 the
req\W'ement a ot thl~ ap~iflcation are met.
1
S vaJu•• at tOSO F' .nd .bove ehouJd be uaed only when •••ur.,ce ta provtd•d that the "teel
ha a • rredominiii'IIC era in ··• •• not flner than AST~, N o. 6.
0
' S va.h.Ma aho.m are for ("'Jaaa 1 piotnc which •• h•at treated and radJ;oc:raphed and are baaef'i
on a joint efftctency factor ot 1.00. Where th4•• operaU.on• .,.. not ciii'Tierl out, the S value• aho"'n
ah&ll be :p¡ultif'tlied by the oroper tnlnt effir-utncy fAC"tnr and re·forerl accot'dtncly.
109
Allowable S Volues Psi far Pipe in Oi 1Piping Svstems Within R&finery Limits (Continued)
1 Values of S-Psi for Metal Temperatures in Oe11 F not to l'xceed
Seamless ASTM M.Lnimutu
Material or Speci fi· Grade Notes Ult.imate ·20
'elded cation Ten si le to 200 300 400 ~00 600 6~ 700
Strength 100
CABBON STEF.L TUBF.S

O.H. or E.F. Lap-1Veld A83 A 12,800 12,2~0 11,600 11,0~0 10,~0 9,900 9,600 9,300
O.H. or E.F. Seam1eu A83 A 1,2 16,000 15,300 14,500 13,800 13, 100 12,3~ 12,000 11,650
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed Seamless A 161 47,009 15,650 15.000 14,200 13.550 12,850 12,150 11,800 11,450
O.H. orE. F. E·R·W A 178 A 1,2,3 13,300 12,750 12,150 11,500 10,900 10,350 10,000 ?,7'SO
O.H. or E.F. E·R·1V A 178 e 1,2,3 60,000 17,000 16,200 15,-400 14.6~0 13,900 13,1 ~o 12,750 12,200
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed Seamless A 192 2 16,000 15,300 14,500 13,800 13,100 12,350 12,000 11,650
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed Seamless A 210 2 60,000 20,000 19,100 18,150 17,250 16-,350 15, ~00 15,000 14,350
O.H. or E.F. Si ICilled E·R·W A226 2,3 13,600 13,000 12,300 11,700 11, lOO 10,500 10,200 9,900
O.H. or E.F. Seamless A334 e 1,2,8 55,000 18,350 17.~00 16,700 15,850 15,000 14,200 13,750 13,250
IRON PIPE
·O. H. or 1Vroupr Welded Butt•Weld AP1·5L 42,000 8,400 7.9~ 7,500 7,100
O.H. or Wrout;bt 1Ve1ded Lap-1Veld API·'iL 42,000 11,200 10,600 10,000 9,450 8,900 8,300 8,000 7,800
O.H. or Wroustu 1Ve1ded E·R·W API·~L 42,000 11,900 11,250 10,600 10,000 9,450 8,800 8,500 11,300
O. H. Seamleu API·'5L 42,000 14,000 13,250 12,500 11,800 11,100 10,3'i0 10,000 ~.7'50
IRON TUBES
O.H. !roa Lap-1Ve1d A83 11,200 10,600 10;000 9,450 8,900 8,300 8,000 7,800
O.H. !roa E·R·W A 178 B 11,350 10,800 10,300 9,1!00 9,300 8,800 8,500 8,300
CABBON MOL Y PIPE

A 204 A O.H. or E. F. E·F·1V A l'í'í eM65 2,10 65,000 21,650 20,800 19,950 19,150 18,300 17,500 17,100 16,700
A 204 8 O.H. or E.F. E·F·1V A 15~ eM70 2,10 70,000 23.350 22,400 21,500 20,600 19,7'50 18,8'50 18,400 17,950
A20.o4 e o.H. orE. F. E·F·1V A 155 C.\175 2,10 75,000 2'5,000 24,000 23,000 22,0~ 21,100 20,1'50 19,700 19,200
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed Seamleu AB'5 PI 2 55,000 18,350 17,650 16,9'50 16,300 15,600 14,900 14,'550 14,200
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed Se ara le u A 33'5 Pl'.i 2 60,000 18,7'50 18,150 17,600 17,000 16,450 15,8'50 1'5,600 15,300
CABBON MOLY TUBES
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed Seam1eu A 209 Tlb 2 B,OOO 17,500 16,850 16,2'50 15,600 15,000 14,400 14,050 13.750
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed Searn1e •• A209 TI 2 55,000 18,350 17,6~ 16,9~0 16,300 1'5,600 1<4,900 1<4,'~'50 14,200
O.H. Ot E.F. Si Killed Sesmlus A 209 Tia 2 60,000 20,000 19,2~ 18,4~ 17,700 16,900 16, 150 1'5,800 1'5,400
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed E·R·1V A 2'50 T1b 2 53,000 14,8~0 14,300 13,800 13,2'50 12, 7'50 12,2'50 11,950 11,700
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed E·R·1V A 250 TI 2 55,000 1'5,600 1'5,000 14,400 13,8'50 13,2'50 12,650 12,350 12,050
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed E·R·W A250 Tia 2 60,000 17,000 16,350 15.700 15,050 14.3'50 13,7'50 13,400 13, lOO
CAJlDON STEEL PLATE

O.H. or E.F. A 283 A 6 4'5.000 13,800 13,200 12,550 11,9'50 11,350 10,700 10,3'50 10,150
O. H. orE. F. A 283 B 6 50,000 15.300 14.600 14,000 13,300 12,5'50 11,8'50 11,500 11,1 'SO
O.H. or F..F. A 283 e &e O 6 55,000 16,900 16,100 15,3'50 14,600 13,800 13,0'50 12,650 12,200
O.H. or E.F. A28'5 A 1,2,5 45,000 1'5,000 14,350 13,650 13,000 12,3~ 11,610 11,300 11,000
O.H. or E.F. A 28'5 B 1,2, 5 50,000 16,6'50 15,900 15,200 14,4'50 13,650 12.900 12,500 12,100
O.H. or E.F. A28'5 e 1,2.5 55,000 18,350 17,500 16,700 15,8'50 15,000 1<4.200 B,750 13.250
O. H. or F.. F. Si Killed A 201 A 2,4 '5'5,000 17,200 16,600 15,9~ 15,350 1<4,700 14,0'50 13,7'50 13, 2'50
o.~. orE. F. Si Killed A201 2,4 60,000 18,750 18,100 17,400 16,700 16,000 1'5,000 14,350
O.H. or F.F. Si KiUed A 212 } 2,4 65,000 20,300 19,550 18,8~ 18,100 17,3'50
1'5,3'50
16,600 16,2'50 1'5, 500
O.H. Ot E.F. Si ICilled A 212 8 2,4 70,000 21.900 21,0'50 20,300 19,500 18,700 17,900 17,500 16,600
•S Value fOl' 84J %,000 poi for metal te-atwe Mil oacee4U,. 4$0 P.
".......
All S ....... lor -lcle4 plplnc lnci\ICie 11\e )olnt .tflcleftCy eho- la Pw. 325 (d) ao revleed
1
Th• " " of ...,,...lllcon lo.Uhd cwbon otee! lo not roco-ndttd above 900 P.
1
Cert>on ot . . l end .,......,.,moi,We,_ otael may be oultject to I"IIPhlti-tlon abo•• 900 p,
1
5 ...... lnclude a )oiat efflclency of 15 ~· cent.
'S valueo aho- In U.e col.-n ·20 to 100 P me y be ., . . d for lower , • .._, ...... pro•ld..S the
ro~ment o of AJOO - met.
1
T'Iwt "oo of " - • '!'lailly piOile (A 215) la not reco.....,.nded for t•-••w•o o••• 150 P.
llO
Allowable S Volues Psi for Pipe in Oil Piping Systems Within Refinery Limits(Continued)
Values of S-Psi for Metal Temperatures in De}lt F not to Exceed
/1.0~0 1.1~00
AST\!
7~0 1 ROO 1 8~0 1 900 1 9~0 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,2'\0 1,300 1, Wl 1,400 1,4~0 1, ~00 Spe~ifi·
cauon
A R~
~.~'lO
2, '100 1 ,(,00 1,000 AA~
10,700 9, ,00 7,900 6, ~00 4,500
7,R'IO 6,500 4, 500 2. ~00 l,f.OO 1,000 A 1(>1
10.~'10 9,200
850 A 17R
8, 9'10 7,800 f>, 6 '10 '1, 500 3,800 2,1'50 1,350
A 17R
11,000 9,200 7,3'10 '1.~00 3,800 2,1 '10 1.3~0 8'10
7,900 6,~00 4, ~00 2,500 1,600 1,000 A 192

10,700 9,300
6,'100 4, 500 2, 500 1,600 1,000 A 210
12,9'10 10,800 8,650
6, 700 5,500 3,ROO 2,1'10 1,350 8~0
A 22(,
9,100 7,900
6,'100 4, '100 2, '100 1,600 1,000 A 334
12,0~ 10,200 8,350
A PI-~ 1
AP1-~ l
7, 300
7,7'10 APHI
API-~ J
9,100
A R3
7,~0
A 17R
7,7~
A 1~~
16,2'10 15.(·~ 14,400 12, '100 10,000 (>,2'50 4,000 2,400
A 1~'>
17, '100 1(,,900 l\000 12, 7'10 10,000 (,, 2'10 4,000 2,400
A 1'>'\
IR, 7'10 18,000 1'1, 900. 13,000 10,000 (,, 2'10 4,000 2,400
13,8'10 13,'100 B.I'IO 12.~00 10,000 6,2'10 4,000 2,400

1'1,000 14,400 13, 7'10 12, '100 10,000 6.2~0 4,000 2,400
A 209
13.4'10 n,l'IO 12,8'10 12, '100 10,000 6,2'50 4,000 2,400
6,2'10 4,000 2,400 A 209
13,8'10 13,'100 13.1~0 12, '100 10,000
A 209
1'5,000 14,400 1 '· 7'10 12, '100 10,000 <l,250 4,000 2,400 A 2'10
11,400 11,200 10,900 10,(.'10 A, '100 '1. 300 3,400 2,0'10
A 2'>0
11, 7'10 11,500 11,200 10,6'10 A, 500 '1,300 3,400 2,0'10
A 2~0
12, 7"\0 12,2~0 11,700 10,(,'\0 A, 'lOO 5,300 3,400 2,0'50
A 28~
9,4'10 A 21H
10,2'10 A 2R~
11,100 A 28'1
10, 2'10 9,000 7, 7'10 (,, '100 4,'100 2, '500 1,(.00 1,000 A 2R5
11,1'10 9,ó00 8,0'10 6, 500 4, 500 2,'100 1,600 1,000 A 2R~
12,0'10 10,200 8,3'10 6,'100 4, '500 2. ~00 1,600 1,000
A 201
12,0~0 10,200 R, 3'10 (,, ~00 ... 500 2, '100 1,600 1,000 A 20 l
12,9~0 10,800 8,(.'10 6, ~00 4, '100 2, '100 1,600 1,000 A 212
13,!1'10 11,400 8,9'10 6,m 4,'100 2, ~00 1,600 1,000 A 212
14, 7~ 12,000 9.2'0 6, 500 4,'500 2, '100 1,600 1,000
•A q-llty fact« of 9l poo• cent fo• atNChanl plate •• lnchodad.

''o' alloweble S valuee refer to the macwtaJa Ueted theretn.
•s vah.a.ee llhown 1n the column ·lOto 100 P may b4 uaed for lower 1emp•r•UI"e• provlded the
r•qulrementa of lh.ta apectfic81ton _. rnet.
'S vel-a at 1050 1' .,.d _ , . ohou.ld be ., . .d only .,)\en aaautanc• la poovldad that tha ateal
haa a predomla.d w;ra.lft alae not fin•• th.,. ASTM !'lo. 6.
10 S vel-• . . . . , _ - f« Claaa ¡ plplnc whlch la haat trw•tad and radlow;raph<td and • • beaed
on a jolnt •fficlenc,. facto• ol' 1.00. W'h•••

lh••• op. . ellona .,.. not c-1•4 out, tha S vel.,.a aho-
ahell be ""alu.,ued by the PI'09"• jo&nt afflc:lancy fect« ....S ,..ducad acc«dlncly.
lll
Allowable S Voluea Psi f« Pipe in Oi 1 Piping Syatema Within Refinery Limita(Continueoa')
IAiaimum VaJuea of S-Psi for Metal Temperatutea in De¡ F nor co Esceed

se-lesa ASTM
Macerial or S4>eci fi- Grade Notes Ultimare -20
l'eldeJ cacion Tenaile
Stri!GSth
to
lOO
200 300 -400 ~o o (~ 1 MO 1 700
CUBON MOL YBODUM PLATE

O.H. or E.F. Si Killed A 20-4 A 2 6~.000 21,6~0 20,800 19,9~0 19,1 ~o 18,300 17,~0 17,100 16,700
O.lt. or E.F. Si Killed A 204 B 2 70,000 23,3~ 22,-400 21.~00 20,600 19, 7~0 18,8W 18,-400 17,9~0
O. H. or E. F. Si JC illed 1 A 204 e 2 7~,000 25,000 24,000 23,000 22,0'50 21,100 20,150 19,700 19,200
CHROMIUM MOL YBDENUM PLATE
<'íer 'I¡Mo)
O.IL or F..F. Si Kili ed A }01 A 65,000 21,650 20,1!00 19,950 19,1~0 18,300 17,500 17,100 16,700
( 1 er 'í Mo)
O.H. or E.F. Si JCilled A 301 B 60,000 20,000 19,2~0 18,500 17. 7~0 17.000 16,250 1~.900 15,500
NIC'KEL STEEL PLATF.
O. H. or F.. F. Si Killed .\ 20} A&: O 4 65,000 21,650 20,6'>0 19,700 IR, 7n0 17. 7~0 16,7')0 1(,,2'50 15,'500
O.H. or F..F. Si Ki11ed A 20} B&: F. 4 70,000 23,3~ 22,250 21,1~0 20,150 ~9.100 18,050 17,500 16,600
0.11. or E. F. Si Killed A 203 e 4 7~.000 2'1,000 2},fi~O 22,700 21,5'10 20,400 19,300 IR, 750 17,700
PLATE FOR LOW TEMP. SERVICF
1 A 300 1,2, 3 7
1
CHROMIUM ANI'l CHRO!MIUM NICXEL PLATE
Type }04 IR er R Ni A 240
Type
Type
316
321
IR er R Ni Mo
IR er R 1\:i Tí
A 240
A 240
"
\f
75,000
7'1,000
IR, 750 16,650 15,000 13,6~
IR, 750 111,750 17,900 17,500
12,500
17,200
11,600
17,100
11,200
11 .o~o
10,ROO
17,000
T '~.ooo IR, 7'10 18,750 17,000 15, ROO 1~. 20014,900 14,850 14,800
Type 347 IR er R Nieb A 240 e ".000 IR,7~0 18,7~0 17,000 1~.800 15,200 14,900 14,850 14,800
Type 405 12 erAl A 240 o 60,000 1~.6~ 1'1,200 14,ROO 14.400 n.~o 13,400 13,000 12,450
Type 410 12 er A 240 A ll'I,OOO 18,750 17,900 17,000 16,150 1~.300 14,400 13,950 13,550
Type 430 1 7 er A 240 n 70,000 21,900 20,650 19,400 18,150 16,900 1 '5,650 15,000 14,400
CHROMIU"lt MOLYRDENllM PIPE
A 301 'íCr 1 í'll otlorEF F·F•l' A 1~5 A 10 (;~.000 21,6~ 20,ROO 19.9~0 19.1 ~o IR,300 17,500 17,100 16,700
A ~01 1 er' j'.b OHor F.F E· f·1' A 1~5 H 10 (.(),000 20,000 19.2'\(1 11!, '\00 17, "~0 17,000 16.250 15,900 15,'100
A 33~ 11 ,C..r', \bSiotlort:F F-F-11' A 15'1 1' 11 10 (,0,000 IR, 7~0 1!',250 !7,(,'10 11.1 ~o l(.,t;OO 16,0'10 15,1100 1'1. s~o
AH~ 2'4Cz 1 ~-bOllar FF E'·F·'I' A 1~'1 P22 10 (,0,000 1!\7'10 IR, 2'11) 17,6~0 17,1 ~o 16,600 16,050 1'I,ROO 15,550
A H'l '1 Cr 1 1 ~ Ollor F.F F.·F·I\' A 15~ P'la 10 (,0,000 lll, 7'\0 17,900 17,0'10 lú, 200 1~.350 14,500 14,100 13.650
1
('íCr íMo) Seamfess ... H~ P2 ~ 5,000 IR,3~0 1~,6~ 1(,,')'\0 16. 300 15. (,{)() 14, 9<JI)
14,550 14,200
( 1 C r ''.lo) 5eamless A 335 P12 (,0,000 1R, ~"SO IR,l"iO 17,(·00 1:' ,fl'\0 16,450 15.900 1'1,(.~0 1"i, ~50
( 1 1 , e r 1 , \lo Si) Seamless A 33~ P11 r,o,ooo IR. i''\0 IR. 250 17,(,50 17,150 1(,,600 16,050 15,ROO 15. ~50
<1 '. ( r ' 1 \lo) Seamless A 335 P3a 60,000 1!!,7~0 18,2~0 17,6'\0 17,150 16,600 16,050 15,ROO 15,550
( 2 Cr 1 1 Mol Seamless AB'I P3b 60,000 IR, 7'\0 IR,l ~O 17,600 17,000 16.450 15,R~O 15,600 15,300
12 '• er 1 Mol Seamless A 33~ P22 (.(),000 1R, 7'10 18,250 J7,MO 17 ,!50 16,600 16,050 15,800 15,500
( 3Cr 1 \lo) Seamless A B5 P21 r.o.ooo IR, 750 IR,100 17,400 16, 7~0 16,100 15,450 15,1~0 14,.800
("ier 1 1 ~lo) Seamless AB'I P~a (.(),000 IR,7"i0 17,900 17,0'\0 16,200 15.3'\0 14,500 14,!00 13.6~
("iCr' 1 '~oSi) Seamless A 33~ P~b (.Q ,000 l'l, 7')0 17,900 17,050 16,200 1'\,350 14,500 14,100 13,6'\0
( 5 C r ' , ~lo e!:> or Ti l Seamless A 33~ P"ic (>0,1)00 IR, 750 17,900 17,0')0 16,200 15. 350 14.500 14,100 13,6~
(7 er 1 1 \tu) Seamless A 33~ pi(, 60,000 IR, 7"i0 17 .R~O 17,000 16,1 ~o 15,300 14,450 14,000 13, S50
,')Cr 1 '.lo) Seamless A 33~ p¡: 60,000 IR, 7~0 17,900 17,100 16,250 15,450 14,600 14,200 13,800
•S Valu• for 843 2.000 pa1 for n••t•J temreratW'e not exce•din.c 450 F.
AlJ S valuea for welded pip•nc lftCluderlt.he JOint effictency sho-.n '" ? w. 325 (d) •• revt•ed
1
The uae of non- •di con kHled carbon 1teet ta not recommendett abo ve 900 F.
1
C •bon 1teel end carbon-molybden\.ftl ateel may be tub)ect to crephttizatíon above 900 F.
1
.S Valuea incJude a JOint •fficlency of 85 per cent.
".") va.l\¡ea ahown in the column .. 20 to 100 F m•y be uaed for lower ttomreratw•• provtded the
r•quír•m4fnta of AJOO • • met.
ll2
Allowoble S Valu.a Pai for Pipe in Oil Pipine Syae.ma Within Refinery Li•ita(CouiaMJ)
Valuu of S-Pai fot Necal Teaperatuzea ia Dea F aot ID EacH<I
ASTW
no 800 8~0 900 950 ,1,000 1,0~ 1,100 ¡1,150 11,200 1.2~ 1,300 1,3~ 11,.00 ,1,4~0 ¡1. ~ Speci6·
CaGO.
2,400 A204
16,250 1 ~.650 14,400 12, ~00 10,000 6,250 4,000 A 2o.4
17, ~00 16,900 15,000 12, 7~0 10,000 6,250 -4,000 2,400 A 2o.4
18,750 18,000 15,900 13,000 10,000 6,250 4,000 2,400
4,000 2,400 A 301

16,250 15,650 14,400 12,500 10,000 ~.2~0
5,000 2,800 A 301

15,150 14,750 14,200 13,100 11,000 7,500
A 203
13,850 11,400 8,950 6,500 4, 500 2,500 A 203
14,7~ 12,000 9.2~0 6, 500 4,500 2Y>O A 203
1';,650 12,600 9,550 6,500 4,500 2, 500
A 300
10,400 10,000 9, 700 9,400 9,100 fi,ROO fl, 500 7,500 5, 750 4, 500 U 50 2,450 1,800 1.400 1,000 7~0 A 240
16,900 16,750 16,500 16,000 15,100 14,000 12,200 10,400 fl, 500 6,ROO uoo 4,000 3,000 2,350
1, 550
1,850
1,200
1,500 A 240
1,000 A240
14,700 14,550 14,300 14,100 13,R50 13,500 13,100 12,500 fi,OOO 5,000 3,600 2, 700 2,000
14,700 14,550 14,300 14,100 13,fiC.O 13,500 13,100 12,500 8,000 5,000 3,600 2,700 2,000 1,550 1,200 1,000 A 240
9,100 8,000 4,000 A 240
11,800 11,000 10,100 A 240
13, 100 12,750 12,100 11,000 fl.800 6,400 .~ 240
13,800 13,150 12,500 11,700 9,200 6, 500
1f., 250 15,(·50 14,400 17, ~00 10,000 (., 250 4,000 2,400 A 15~
1'\,150 14,750 14.200 13,100 11,000 7, 500 5,ooo· 2,800 A 1'\5
15,300 1~.000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,ROO 5, 500 4,000 2,500 1,200 A 1~5
15,300 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000 2,000 A 155
13,250 12,800 12,400 11, c,oo 10,000 7,300 5,200 3.300 2,200 1,500 A 155
13,500 13.150 12,500 10,000 6,250 4,000 2,400 AH5

13,850
15,050 14,750 14,200 13,100 11,000 7,')00 5,000 2,ROO AH5
1<;,300 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,500 4,000 2,')00 1,200 A 335
7,ROO 5, 500 4,000 2,500 1,200 AH~
15,300 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000
1'},000 14,700 14.000 12,500 10,000 6,200 4,200 2,7')0 l. 750 1,200 A B~
1'5,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000 2,000 A 335
15, 300
14,500 13,900 13,200 12,000 9,000 7,000 '>,'500 4,000 2, 700 l. ')00 A335
13,250 12,800 12,400 11,500 10,000 7, 300 5,200 3,300 2, 200 1,500 AB5
13,2'>0 12,800 12,400 10,900 9,000 ~.'>00 3, 500 2,')00 !,ROO 1,200 AH5
13,250 12,800 12,400 11,500 10,000 7, 300 4,800 2,800 1,800 1,200 A B5
12,'500 11, ')00 9,500 7,000 5,000 uoo 2, ')00 !,ROO 1,200 AB5
13,100 A nc,
13,3'>0 12,9'>0 12,500 12,000 10,800 8,')00 5, c,oo 3, 300 2,200 1, ')00 1
1
A qu..Jity factor ot 92 per cant (or atructuraJ p!ate te included.
"For allowabJe S vah»a rafer to tha material a liat•d theretn.
•S veJuae ahown 1n the coiumn ·20 to 100 Ji" m ay be uaed for lo..,.r te"'1)4'raturea pt'Ovtdad tha
raqWramente of thia IIIJ)ec:iflc:ation • • met.
'S valuea at 1050 F and abov• ahoWd be uaed only when aaa\W.,C• 11 provid.ct that the ateel
haa • predominent 1rain aiae not flner than ASTM No. 6.
0
t 5 valuee ahown ..,.. (or Ctaae 1 pipinc which la heat treated and rediocrfiiPh•d and • • baaed
on • joint efflciency f.ctor of 1.00. Where th••• operatlona ar• not cwried out. the S val u•• ahoWft
ohall be multiplled by the proper jolnl efrlclency lktor and reduc:ed eccordlncly.
ll)
Allowoble S Volues Psi for Pipe in Oi 1 Pi ping Systems Within Refinery L imits 1 Continued)
Yalues of S-Psi for 'dC'tal TempC'ratures in OC'j F not to EliCC'C'd
Seamless AST\f. '!inirnum
MatC'rial or
'elded
Spectfi· Grade
cation
Note.s l!ltimate
Ten si le
-20
10
-r 200 300 400 ~00 ' (.,00 (,\O 700
StrC'n gth 100 1
CHROMitJM AND ClfROMIUM ~LY 11JBING

(1Cd) Mo, SC'amiC'ss A 213 Tl2 60,000 1~,6~ 1~. 5~0 15,4~0 15,3~0 15,250 15,150 15, lOO 15,0~0
(lCrVa) SC'amless A 213 Tl7 60,000 15,6~015.5 50 1~.400 1~.300 15,200 1~.050 1~.000 14,350
(lY.CrY:Mo) SC'amless A 200 1 60,000 15,650 15,550 15,450 15,400 1~.300 15,200 15,150 15,100
OY.Cr '1 Mo Si) SC'amless A 213 Tll (,0,000 15,650 15,550 15,4~ 15,400 15,300 15,200 15,150 1~.100
(A200Gr3XI'~Cr Y.Mol SC'amle~s A 213 T3 60,000 15,650 15,550 15,450 15,400 15,300 15,200 15,1~ 15,100
(A 200 Gr 4)(2 Cr Y¡ Mol Seamless A 213 Tl4 60,000 15,650 1~.5~
1~.450 1~.350 15,2~0 1 ~. 150 1~,100 15,0~
(A 200 Gr 6X2Y. Cr 1 Mo) SC'smless A 213 T22 60,000 15,650 15,5~
15,450 15,400 15,300 1~.200 15,150 15, lOO
(2Y¡Cr Y¡Mo) SeamiC'ss A 200 2 60,000 15,650 1~.~50
15,4~0 15,350 15,250 1~,150 15,100 15,050
\A 200Gr 5X3 Cr 1 Mo) Seam1ess A 213 T21 60,000 1~,650 15,550 15,400 15,300 1~.200 15,050 15,000 14,800
(A200Gr8X5Cr !/:Mo) Seamless A 213 T~ 60,000 15,650 15,4~ 15,200 15,000 14,500 14,000 13,700 13,400
(A200Gr7X7Cr !/:Mol Seam1ess A 213 T7 60,000 15,650 15,450 15,200 15,000 14,500 14,000 13,700 13,400
( A200 Gr 9)(9 Cr 1 Mo) Sesmless A 213 T9 60,000 1~.650 15,450 15,200 15,000 14,500 14,000 13,700 13,400
(12Ct +Al) SeamlC'ss A268 TP 405 60,000 18,750 17,700 16,650 15,600 14,600 13,550 13,000 12,4~0
02Cr) SC'amless A 268 TP410 60,000 18,750 17,900 17,000 16,150 15,300 14,400 13,950 13, ~50
( 16Ct) Seamless A268 TP430 60,000 20,000 19,000 18,000 17,000 16,000 1~.000 14,500 14,000
CRROMIUM NJ(l(EL PIPE
(18 Cr 8 Ni) E·R·W A 312 TP 304 75,000 16,000 14,150 12,750 11,600 10,600 9,850 9,500 9,200
(18 Cr 8 Ni) Seamless A 312 TP304 75,000 18, 7~ 16,650 15,000 13,650 12,500 11,600 11,200 10,800
(25Crl2Ni) E·R·W A 312 TP 309 75,000 16,000 16,000 14,700 14,200 14,100 14,050 14,000 13.950
(25 Cr12 Ni) Seamless A 312 TP 309 75,000 18,750 18,750 17,300 16,700 16,600 16,500 16,450 16,400
(25 Cr 20Ni) E·R·W A 312 TP 310 75,000 16,000 16,000 15,750 1~.500 15,050 14,600 14,400 14,100
(25Cr20Ni) E·R·W A312 TP310 9 75,000 16,000 16,000 15,750 15,500 15,050 14,600 14,400 14,100
(25Cr20Ni} Seamless A 312 TP310 75,000 18,750 18,750 18,~0 18,200 17,700 17,200 16,900 16,600
(25Cr20Ni) Seamless A 312 TP310 9 75,000 18,750 18,750 18,500 18,200 17,700 17,200 16,900 16,600
(18Cr R Ni 2!/: Mo) E·R·9 A 312 TP316 75,000 16,000 16,000 15,200 14,900 14,600 14,550 14,500 14,450
(lRCr 8Ni 2YzMo) Seamless A 312 TP 316 75,000 18,750 18,750 17,900 17,500 17,200 17 ,lOO 17,050 17,000
(18 Cr 8 Ni 3Yz Mo) E·R·9 A 312 TP 317 75,000 16,000 16,000 15,200 14,900 14,600 14,550 14,500 14,450
(18 Cr 8 Ni 3~ Mo) Seamless A 312 TP 317 75,000 18,750 18,750 17,900 17,500 17,200 17,100 17,050 17,000
(18Cr 8 Ni i) E·R·W A 312 TP 321 75,000 16,000 16,000 14,450 13,400 12,900 12,700 12,650 12,600
(18Cr 8 Ni Ti) Seamless A 312 TP 321 75,000 18,750 18,7~ 17,000 15,800 15,200 14,900 14,8~ 14,800
(18Cr 8NiCb) E·R·W A 312 TP 347 75,000 16,000 16,000 14,450 13,400 12,900 12,700 12,650 12,600
(18Cr 8 Ni Cb\ Seaaaless A 312 TP 347 75,000 18,750 18,750 17,000 15,800 15,200 14,900 14,850 14,800
~UII NICXEL 11J.NG
(18Cr8Ni) E· R·1' A249 TP 304 75,000 16,000 14,150 12,750 11,600 10,600 9,850 9.~0 9,200
(A 271 TP 304)18Cr8 Ni) Seam1ess A 213 TP304 75,000 18,750 16,650 15,000 13,650 12,500 11,600 11,200 10,800
18Cr BNi 2Y:Mo E·R·9 A 249 TPH6 75,000 16,000 16,000 15,200 14.900 14,600 14, 5~0 14,500 14,450
18Cr 8 Ni 2Yz Mo Seamleu A 213 TP 316 75,000 18,750 18,750 17.900 17,500 17,200 17,100 17,050 17,000
18 Cr 8 Ni 3\) Mo E·R-9 A249 TP317 75,000 16,000 16,000 1:5,200 14,900 1<4,600 14, ~~o 14.~00 14,450
•S Vlllua for 843 l,OOO plll for metlll t • - • u r e not ••c•..Unc 450 F.
AliS ....... for -lded plptnc Jnclude U.. joh\t efflclency ....,..,.. In p.,, 325 (cf) •• revlaed
haretn.
'n.o 11aa of ftD""IIÜicon !rUlad cert»oft Ueal le not racOIIWftended libo•• 900 F.
1
Cwboft ataal end cut>on-molybden..,. ataal ,_,.1M aubjee1 lo crlll)hlllaatlon llbove 900 F.
1
5 •Oll-a lncludlt a joiM elflcieecy of 15 p• e-t.
•s ,.,.¡ .... ...., ..... in 11\a eo.l- •JO to 100 F may 1M uaed 1M lo-• tamperat......,• pro•tdltd tha
raql&iremanta of AlOO _.. - • ·
1
Tba uee of n..... qua.Uty plata (A 215) la not raco,_anc:lad fM temp.,.al......,a o•• 150 F.
114
Allowable S Valuea Psi for Pipe in Oil Pi ping Systema With in Refinery li111ita ICor&~Uu.~J)
Vai\Wa of S-Psi for N.ul TftaPCratwu •• Dea F _, • Eac... cl
SeiUIII~•• ASn. ,..iaianaml
Maceri al or Sp«ift- Gradfl Note a Ultimac~ ·20
1re1d~d cacion T~aail~ eo 200 ~ .40() 500 600 610 100
1 100
Scrett~th
ai.,_VII NIOKD. 'nJtUIG tODII&.)

18Cr8 Ni 3 1/2MD s~aca1eaa A269 TP317 7'5,000 18,7~ 111,7~ 17,900 17,500 17,200 17,100 17,0~ 17,000
18Cr8 Ni Ti E·R•W A 2<49 TP 321 75,000 16,000 16,000 1-4,<450 U,-400 12,900 12,700 12,6~ 12,600
(A271 TP \21;
18Cr8 Ni Ti) Seaml~u A 213 TP 321 75,000 18, 7SO 18,7~ 17,000 15,800 15,200 1-4,900 1-4,8~ 1-4,800
18Cr 8 Ni Cb E•R·W AH9 TPH7 75,000 16,000 16,000 1<4,<450 13,-400 12,900 12,700 12,650 12,600
(A 271 TP '47;
18Cr8 Ni Cb) s~-~~·· A2B TP347 75,000 18,750 18,750 17,000 15,800 IS,200 1-4,900 1-4,850 1-4,800
VCr20 Ni E·R·1V A 249 TP 310 75,000 16,000 16,000 1~.7~ 15,500 15,050 14,600 1-4,-400 1-4,100
2'5 Cr 20 Ni E·R•W AH9 TP 310 9 75,000 16,000 16,000 15,750 15,500 15,050 1-4,600 1-4,-400 1-4,100
2SCr20Ni Seamleu A213 TPHO 75,000 18,7~ 18,7~ 18,500 18,200 17,700 17,200 16,900 16,600
2SCr 20 Ni Seamleu A2B TP 310 9 75,000 18,7~ 18,750 18,500 18,200 17,700 17,200 16,900 16,600
-~00
co 200 300 -400 wo 600 6SO 700
JI)()
.U.tMNVII PIPie
( 3S) Allaeal ed s~amleaa B 2<41 '-CA 1-6,000 3,350 2,900 2,400 1,800
COPPEII AND COPPEII ALLOY PIPE
Copper ADD~aled 1Seamleul B <42 30,000 6, 700 6,500 5,000 2, soo
Red Braaa A1111eal~ Seamleaa B 43 -60,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 3,000 2,000"
NICXEL AND NICXO.. .U.LOY PIPF.
Mooel Aaoealed 1Sc-amleaa¡B 16~ 70,000 17,200 16,500 15.500 1<4,800 1<4,700 1<4,700 1-4,700
Nickel Aanealed Seamleaa B 161 55,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
•.<; Value for rt43 2,000 pal fo. metal ta-ereh•• not eaceedlftC 450 r.
,All 5' v&luea for -l<ied plplnc lnclude the jolnt efflclency oho- ln Per. 325 (d) •• •••leed
henln.
1
Th• uM of no,..alllcon kllled cerbon ateel la not recommended abo•• 900 r.
1
Carbon ..... •nd carbon-molybdltnum ......... ,be aubjec:t to .,.,lllaetlon abo••
900 r.
'S •alu•• lnc:lud• • Jolnt efrtcl•ncJ of as per e-t.
•s vah.aee ahown in the colwnn ·20 to 100 ~ may be ueed for lower tefi'WP4r•h••• provtc1•d the
requtrementa of AJOO .,. met.
1
The uae of f1•nc• quaHty plate (A ll5) 1a not :•co~nded (or te,erat!lee o ver 150 f'.
115
Allowoble S Volues Psi for Pi pe in Oi 1 Piping Systems Within Refinery Limítt.fr:'nntinued)

values of S-Psi for Metal Temperatures in Deg F not co F.xceed
1 1 1 ASTM
7~ 1 ROO R~O 900 9~('l 1,000 1,050 1,!00 1.1 ~o 1,200 1,2~0 1,300 1.3~0 1, 400 1,450 1, ~00 Specifi-
cacion
15,000 14,7~0 1<4,200 13,100 11,000 7,~00 ~.ooo 2,800 1.~~0 1,000 A 213
12, 9'}() 10,800 8,650 6,~00 -4,500 2,500 1,600 1,000 A 213
1~.050 15,000 1-4,-400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,500 4,000 2,500 1,200 A 200
15,050 15,000 1-4,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,500 4,000 2, 500 1,200 A 213
15,050 15,000 1-4,400 13,100 11,000 7,~0 5, 500 4,000 2,500 1,200 A213
15,000 1-4,700 1-4,000 12,500 10,000 6,200 4,200 2, 750 1, 750 1,200 A 213
15,050 15,000 1-4,-400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000 2,000 A 213
15,000 1-4,700 14,000 12,500 10,000 6,200 -4,200 2, 750 1, 750 1,200 A200
13,200 12,000 9,000 7,000 5,500 4,000 2, 700 1,500 A 213
1~ 500 13,900
13,100 12,800 12,-400 11,500 10,000 7,300 5,200 3,300 2,200 1, 500 A 213
13,100 12,500 11,500 9,500 7,000 5,000 3, 500 2,500 1,800 1,200 A 213
13,100 12,800 12,500 12,000 10,800 8,500 5,500 3,300 2,200 1,500 A 213
11,800 11,000 10,100 ~.100 8,000 4,000 A268
12,750 12,100 11,000 8,800 6,400 A268
13,100 A 268
13,500 13,100 12,500 11,700 9,200 6,500
1 1
8,500 8,250 8,000 7, 750 7, ~00 7,200 6,400 4,900 3,800 2, 750 2,100 1,5'}() 1,200 850 650 A 312
8,850 750 A 312
10,400 10,000 9,700 9,400 9,100 8,800 8,500 7,500 5, 750 -4,500 3,250 2,-450 1,800 1,400 1,000
13,750 13,3'}() 12,650 11,700 10,600 8,900 7,200 5,500 4,250 3,2'}() 2,450 1,950 1,500 1,100 750 650 A 312
16,200 15,700 14,900 13,800 12,500 10,500 8,500 6,500 5,000 3,800 2,900 2,300 1, 750 1,300 900 750 A 312
13,800 13,350 12,700 11,700 10,600 9,350 n,ooo 4.250 3,050 2,100 1,250 650 400 300 200 150 A 312
13,800 13.350 12,700 11,700 10,600 9,350 8,300 7,200 6,150 5,100 4.050 3,000 2,000 1,350 950 650 A 312
15,700 14,'900 13,800 12,500 11,000 7,100 5,000 3,600 2,500 1,450 750 -450 350 250 200 A 312
16,250 A 312
16,250 15,700 14,900 13,800 12,500 11,000 9, 750 8,500 7,250 6,000 4, 750 3,500 2,350 1,600 1,100 750
14,250 1-4,000 13,600 12,800 11,900 10,400 8,850 7,200 5,800 4,500 3,-400 2,5'}0 2,000 1,550 1,300 A 312
14,350 A 312
16,900 16, 7'}() 16,500 16,000 15,100 14,000 12,200 10,400 8,500 6,800 5,300 4,000 3,000 2,3'}() 1,850 1,500
14,250 14,000 13,600 12,800 11,900 10,-400 8,850 7,200 5,800 -4,500 3,-400 2,550 2,000 1, 550 1,300 A 312
14,350 A 312
16,900 16, 7'}() 16,500 16,000 15,100 1-4,000 12,200 10,-400 8,500 6,800 5,300 4,000 3,000 2,350 1,850 1,500
11,500 11,100 10,600 6,800 4,250 3,0'}() 2,300 1, 700 1.300 1,000 8'}() A 312
12,500 12,350 12,150 12,000 11,800
14,700 14,550 14,300 14,100 13,850 13,500 13,100 12,500 8,000 5,000 3,600 2,700 2, 000 1, 550 1,200 1,000 AH2
12,500 12,350 12,150 12,000 11,800 11,500 11,100 10,600 6,800 -4,250 3,050 2,300 1,700 1,300 1,000 850 A 312
14,100 14,550 14,300 14,100 13,850 13,500 13,100 12,500 8,000 5,000 3,600 2,700 2,000 1,550 1,200 1,000 A 312
8,500 8,250 8,000 7, 750 7,500 7,200 6,400 -4,900 3,800 2, 750 2,100 1, 550 1,200 850 6'}() A249
8,850
10,000 9,700 9,-400 9,100 8,800 8,500 7,500 5,750 4,500 3,250 2,450 1,800 1,400 1.000 750 A 213
10,-400 A249
14,350 14,250 14,000 13.600 12.800 11,900 10,-400 8,850 7,200 5,800 -4,500 3,-400 2,550 2,ooe 1, 550 1,300
8,500 6,800 5,300 4,000 3,000 2,350 1,850 1,500 A213
16,900 16, 7'}() 16,500 16,000 1';,100 14,000 12,200 10,400 A 249
14,350 14, 2'}0 14,000 13,600 12,800 11,900 10,400 8,850 7,200 5,800 4,500 3, 400 2, 550 2,000 1, 550 1,300
1
A q,..llty· lector ol 92 par ce,. for atructwal pl•t• le lncl\lllled.
1 For allowabl•S valuae reler to the rn•t-•1• liatttu tt; . . . in.
1 S """-• .,.._In th• coh•n ·lOto 100 F may be 11eed ror lo-• •·--•ur•• P"'•Id•d the
"'""'"'"'""'• ol thie tpecillcellon - mee.
•s ••lu•• .. 1050 F ..... - - ehou.ld be .... d oft.ly wheft . . . ._ . le prOYidotd tluot the ••••1
ha• a _do....,..,t .,...,. •'-• not '"'"' than Al\ITM No. 6.
10
S .......... eloown •• for CIHe 1 pipinl wtUch le h•at tNeted •nd rlldioll'~d .,d - ba . . d
oftajolnt el0ci811Cyler:torol 1.00 . ..,.r• th••• operellon• - ftOt c.nad out, '-"• S val-• .,.._
ahal1 be ..,..¡upll•d vy the !Jft'P'Ir jol,. eft&cl•ncy hoc:tor ...S r.dllced acc......SintiY.
ll6
Allowable S Val u es Psi for Pipe in Oi 1Pipinq Systems Within Refinet"y Limita (Concludeá)
Valurs of S-Pai for lo4~ral T~mp~raa.u~•
.
ío De¡ F oot to Eac~~d
ASTM
7')0 1 1!()1') fi'IO ')()() ?'10 ¡1,000 li.O'lO 11.100 1,1 ~o 1,200 1.2~0 1,}00 1, 3'10 1,400 11.4'10 1, '100 Sp~ci fi·
l i caaoo
! 1
16,900,16,7'10 116,'100,16,000 1'í,100114,ooo 12,200 10,400 8, ~00 1 6,800 ~.,00 4,000 3,000 2,3'í0 1,1!'10 1,')00 A 269
12, ')00 12, ,')0 12,1')0 12,000 11,1!00 1U00 11,100 10,600 6,800 4, 2'í0 3,0'10 l. ~00 1, 700 1, 300 1,000 /!'lO A 249
~12, 'íUU l l
1 i 1 1 1
14,7oo 14.'í'l0l1uorll.-.1oo 1 },8..0 13, ~00 13, 1t,U 8,000 '1,000 }.(,00 . 2, 70ú 2,000 l,'í'IO 1,200 1,000 A 213
13,AOO 13, 3~0 12.700 11. ~oo 10,600 9, }')0 6,000 4,2'\0 3,0'10 2,100 1,2')0 ó'íO 400 300 200 !'lO A 249
13.800 1 ,,.,'\0 12,700 11,700 10,600 9,3'10 A, }00 7,200 6,1 '\0 '1,100 4,0')0 3,000 2,000 1, 3'10 9'10 1\'\0 AH9
16,2'10 1'1,700 14,900 1\,800 12, 'lOO 11,000 7,100 'í,OOO 3,600 2,'500 1.4~0 7')0 4'\0 3'10 2'í0 200 A2B
16,2')0 1'),700 14,?00 1\,AOO 12, 'lOO 11,000 9, 7~0 A, '\00 7,2')0 1\,000 4, 7'10 3. '\00 2, 3'í0 1,600 1,100 7~0 A 213
7'\0 ROO ~;c.{''! C)()() i ')'\0 1,000 1,0'10 1.100 1,1'10 1.200 1,2'10 1,300 1, 3'i0 1,400 1.4~0 1,')00
1
;
R 241
A 42
Fl .ll
14,'100 8,000 B 16'1

Fl 1(, 1
1
A q'\laUty factor o( 9l per eent for atructW"al plat• ta lncluded.
',or allowabl• S valuea retar to U'\e r.1ateriala liatef"i th«•tn..

1
S Yahaea ahown &n the colwn.n .. lO to 100 F .. may be uaed for Jower temp«.Curea provtded the
reqWrefl'lenta of thia a.,.cUicM.lon • • met.
'S vah.aea al lOSO Ji and abow ahou.ld be uaed onJy when aaa..-.nce i a pi'Ovided that the ata el
haa • prwdonunanl IJ'ain •••• not f1ner than A.STW No. 64
10
5 vah,.a ano_, - lor Cl . . • 1 pipl,. whlch la heac treaced end roodiopaphed and . . baeed
on a joh• etflcieney rectot' of 1.00. Whete th••• op.ratlon• • • not c:.-rled out. the S va!ue• ahown
ohall be mi.IIUpiled by the l>f'op•r jolnt elficlenc:y factor end reduced ecco.-dlnct_y.
117
Allowable S Values Psi fcr Pipe in Oil Pipi~ Systems

Oivision 8
S Value
Material S pe e ii icacioo aclOOF,
Ps1
Seamle sa ate e 1:
Grade A AP15L 25,500
Grade B AP15L 29,750
Grade e API5L 38,250
Grade A ASTM A 106 25,500
Grade B ASfM A 106 29,750
Grade B ASTM A 53 29,750
Grade 42X" AP15LX 35,700
E lectric·fuaioo-•elded
a ce el:
Grade B ASTM A 155 20,650
Grade e ASfM A 155 21,200
All Gradea ASTM A 134 0.68Y
All Gradea ASTM A 139 0.68Y
All Grades APISLX 0.85Y
Electric·resiscaoce·
welded aceel:
Grade A AP15L 21,700
Grade B AP15L 25,300
Grade e API5L 32,500
All Grades AP15LX 0.85Y
Lap-welded aceel: AP15L 15,950
ASTM AH 15,:)50
Bun•welded aceel: AP15L 15,300
ASTM AH 15,300
Lap-welaed -oucht i.roa AP15L 15,300
Bct•welded -oqbc i.roa APISL 10,200
Seaa~le aa braaa pipe ASTN B ·43 10,000
Seamleaa copper pipe ASfM 8 42 7,500
Seaa~leaa copper cubi.aa ASTM B ~ 7,500
AST1oe B 88 7,500
L •!J9eclllcat.lon API St.X pro•ldea fot hlcher yteld atrencth by "CC"t•-
be-
t-en -ducer - cona..wr. S •11.1-•
for u.. .. hictwr cr-Ge• ah.U be O.U u-a
the yteld -..,.m.
HOT1t: "MI•ebo•• •11.1-•ofS- to be ... ed In the 1'19'1 w.U thlclr.neaa P-Illea
9 - 10 •• npla.lned In Par. 325.
HOT1t: Por electrlc-,.alat-ce--lclad pipe ....... pqoe f\IF'IÚehed - tlúa
cJaaa.ltlcaUon la •""'lactad to ,._¡...,enta.l teata ancllor lwet treet81eftla aa _..,.
to by U.. • . _ u a r - tha .,..,.heaer, - wlwNby '""" .._¡-nca.l teata -.,,..
haat traet-• deeonet.fete the atreftClh dl.-.ctwtat.lca of tha wald to be • .,._,
to tha llllaún- ten..Oa atrancth -cl.lled for tha pl9'1, tha S •11.1-• •..,.. to 11M
co,..._...,.. .. _, ••• arade• may ~ _...._
ll8
Allowable S Values for Pipe in District Heating Pipiog System
ASTM Mínimum 1
Ultimace Values ofS -Psi for Temperatures in Oeg F Not to Exceed
Material
1
Specífi-
cauon
Grade Ten si le
Suength -20
to lOO 200 300 400
.
4~0 ~00
earbon Steel A 120 ... ... 10,800 10,600 10,200 9,800 9,600
E lecuic-fusion-
welded steel A 134 A 24~ A 48,000 8,800 8,800 8,800 8,800 11,800
A 245 R ~2.000 9,600 9,600 9,600 9,600 9,600
A 245 e 5~.000 10,100 10,100 10,100 10,100 10,100
A 2113 A 45,000 11,300 8,300 8,300 8,300 8,300
A 283 B 50,000 9,200 9,200 9,200 9,200 9,200
A 283 e 55,000 10,100 10,100 10,100 10,100 10,100
A 283 D 60,000 10,100 10,100 10,100 10,100 10,100
A 139 A' 48,000 9,600 9,600 9,600 9,600 9,600

R' 60,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000
Electric-t'esistance-
welded steel AB A' 48,000 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200
B' 60,000 12, 7'50 12, 7'50 12, 7'50 12,7'50 12,750
1
A 13'5 A' 48,000 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200
B' 60,000 12, 7'50 12, 7'50 12, 7'50 12,7'50 12,7')0
Lap welded
Steel AB 4'5,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9.000 9,000
Steel
'1' rought i ron
A 120
A72
... 8,800 8,()00 8,200 7,800 7,600
40,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000
Rurt welded
Sceel A ~3 45,000 6,7'50 6,750 6, 7')0 6,7')0 6,750
Steel
l'roughc. iron
A 120
A72
... 6,~00 6,3'50 6,100 '),850 5, 700
6,000
40,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000
Seamless
Red brau B 43 8,000 8,000 7,000 3,000
eopper-2 in.
and smaller R 42 6,000 ~.')00 4, 7'50 3,000
eopper -over 2 in. R 42 6,000 5, ~00 4, 750 3,000
eopper tubing B 7'} 6,000 5,500 4, 7'50 3,000

Annealed· B 88 30,000 6,000 ·uoo 4,7'}0 3,000
Bright annealed 668 30,000 6,000 ~.500 4, 7'50 3,000
eopper brazed aceel A 2'>4 elaul 42,000 ú,OOO '),500 4, 7'50 3,000
elau 11 42,000 3,600 3,300 2,8'50 1,800
eaac !ron •
eenuifugally cut FSB Typea
n-P-421 1 and 11 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000
1
Pie case jASA A21.2 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000
•P'or e t • - at l50 pa¡ (406 P') the val.uee el•.,. ••Y be uaacl.
1
The •••••al typea ancl 1•ad•• ol pipe tabu.letecl ab-• ahaU . - be uaecl M t • - • - • Ln ••e••• of the maalnn- , . _..
t..-ea f01t wtUch the S val.uea - lftdlcMecl. (S•• aleo apec:lflc raq\llra,..nu l01t •-Ice conclltlone conte-latacl.) Allowabla S
•al-• l.w lftl..,...dlat• t • - • • . , . • may b<t obtal ... cl by lnt..,...latloft.
1
P'or electrlc ...eatatatK•·.,.Iclecl pipa for appllc•t- ...,.,. lha t • - • . , . la below 650 P', ancl ...,.,. pipa f....Uahecl -...ciar
._u.,
t-
thle claaalflcatlon te aubjectoOd to •-1•-ma.l teeu ancl/or tw• ••••-nt• . . - • • d to by tha • ancl !he p,.c:hae.,.,
ancl - • b y euch •-'•-nta.l teate aftd/or h•M treM-nta d._natrMe tha at""'th ch•actwlatlca ol the -Id to be •q-J
'u plata •anerla.l havlnc pñyalca.l propant•• ot-

to tha au.u ...... t•n•U• atrencth epeclttad '"" th• pipa, tlw S yaJ-• ....... to tha COitt8epoftcltnc ••-'••• erad•• ....,. be .......
atMecl Ln lactlon 6 ol A.ITW lpac:lltcMlon A 139 la uaecl Ln tba -
fac:t..,. ol Oltdln_,. •lecutc-4ualoe--lded atael pipe, tJoe a.llo-1• au.aa aha.ll be tallen •• 0.16
, . _ . , . . ol 450 P' ancl below.
11-•
tlw tenaiJe •U.ncth '"'
•c ..t-lron pipe •hal.l . - be ueed '"" 1\lbricau.nc oJJ IU.• '"" eac:tw.ry
,....,_.. ,.. ab09e lOO P'.
<•- Pw. 155)- 1a _,. c . .• - ,..,. oll haYtnc •
119
Allowoble S Volues for Pipe in Oistrict Heoting Piping System

Mínimum Valu~s of:; - Pst for T~mp~rrcures tn
ASTM ld~qci- Des F Noc to E:~c~ed
Ultimar~
Material' Specifi- Grad~ fic ..uon
T~nsile
cauon Symbol 600 650 700 750
Srr~nsrh
E leccric-fusion-
w~lded 5ted A 134 A 245 A 48,000 8,800 8,ROO
A 245 R 52,000 9,600 9,600
A 245 e ~5.000 10,100 10,100
A 2R3 A 45,000 R,300 8,300
A 2R3 B 50,000 <>,200 9,200
A 2R3 e 5~.000 10,100 10,100
A 283 O 60,000 10,100 10,100
A 139 A 285 A 45,000 9,000 9,000 8, 700 7,!100

A 2R5 B 50,000 10,000 10,000 9,700 R,800
A 285 e 55,000 11,000 11,000 10,600 9,600
eazbon steel A 1~5

1
A 285 A e45 45,000 10,100 10,100 9,800 8, 700
earbon steel A 285 B e 50 50,000 11,2'10 11,250 10,900 9,900
eazbon 5teel A 285 e C')~ 55,000 12,400 12,400 11,900 10,850
Killed ciU'bon 5teel A 201 A Ke 55 ~~.000 12,400 12.400 11,900 10,850
A 201 B Ke6o 60,000 13.~00 13.500 12,900 11,MO
Killed ciU'bon sceel
A 212 A Ke65 6~.000 14,600 14,600 13,950 12,450
Killed ciU'bon sreel
Killed ciU'bon sreel A 212 R Ke70 70,000 1'1, 7'10 1~. 7'10 14,9'10 13,250
E lecuic-resistance
A 53 A 48,000 10,200 10,200 9,900 9,100
we lded stee 1
R 60,000 12,750 12, 7'10 12,200 11,000
A 13'1 A 48,000 10,200 10,200 9,900 9,100

B 60,000 12,750 12,7'10 12,200 11,000
l.ap welded
Sceel A 53 45,000 <l,OOO <),000
"rou~thr íron A 72 40,000 8,000 8,000
Bun •·~lded
Sreel A 53 4'1,000 6, 750 tl, 750
"rou~thr iron A 72 40,000 6,000 6,000
A 4!1,000 12,000 12,000 11,650 10,700

Seamless sced' A ~3
B 60,000 15,000 15,000 14,350 12,950
A JO(, A 48,000 12,000 12,000 11,6'10 10,700

60,000 15,000 15,000 14,350 12,950
B
47,000 11,7'10 11, 7'10 11,450 10, 5'10

A R' Type A
10,550
A ¡~q
Low earb. -- 11, 7'10 11,750 11,450
47,000 11, 7'10 11,750 11,450 1Ó,550

A l<l2 12,950
A 210 60,000 15,000 15,000 14,3'10
1
TM ••verai (ypea and erad•• ol ptp41 tabulated abOYe ahflll noc: be I.Aaed at: temperac,.•• in ••e••• of the maa.&mum
temperat:w-•• for ...n.!ch the S vah,.• are lndtcated .. (S•• a&ao apeciflc requi.r•,.,..,.• tow 14n'Vic:e concUUona contefl'lt)l•·
ted.) "llow•bl• S valuea '"' lnt•mwdl•t• temperon,.•• ,.Y be obt•lned by ;,..,..,,.u-.
1
The v•luea tabulated l01t .\STW" ISS pipe • • l01t Claaa l pipe. For Cl . . • 1 pipe, -lch la heat treated and radlo-
cr•pn•d, th••• ........ may be lncre•••d by the r!ltlo ot 0.95 dlvlded by 0.90.
1 The5 v&luea lor 600 F lor tul>lnc apeclllcatloM referrad lo In T•t>l• Jo4A, bul not la Tabla Jo4, ahaU et>PIY f01t aJI
temperet .. •• up to 600 F.
120
AMERICAN ST ANDA RO
TABLE 1 SPECIFICATIQI4S FOR PIPE WITH ASA OESIGNATIQI4S ANO
TITLES OF ST ANOARO SPEClFICA TIQ.IS
ASA ASnf orAPI
Title
Designation Designation
836.1 ASTM A'3 1'elded and Seamless Sceel Pipe
836.2 ASTM A72 1'elded 1'rought·lron Pipe
Seamless Carbon·Steel Pipe for High•Temperature

836.3 ASTM Al06
Service
Eleccric·Fusion•1'elded Steel Pipe, Sizes 30 in. and

836.4 ASTM Al34 Over
836., ASTM Al3' Electric·Resistance-1'elded Steel Pipe
Electric·Fusion·1'elded Sceel Pi pe, Si zu 4 in. to bur

836.9 ASTM Al39
nor including 30 in.
Electric·Fusion·1'eh~ed Sceel Pipe for High•Tenspera•

836.11 ASTM Al55
rure and High·Pressure Service
G8.7 8laclc and Hoc-Dipped Zinc-<:oated (G.Innized)

ASTM Al20
Welded and Seamless Sceel Pipe for <Xdinary Uses
API 5L Line Pipe
API 5LX High·Test Line Pipe
Seamless Alloy•Steel Pipe for High·Temperature

ASnf Al58 Service
ASnf A206 Seamless Catbon-Molybdenum Alloy-5teel Pipe for

Hi¡th·Temperature Service
836.16 ASTM A211 Spiral·1'eJded Steel or lron Pipe
ASTM A253 1'elded Alloyed Open·Heartb lron Pipe
Seamless Chromium·Molybdenum AJloy.Sceel Pipe for

ASTM A280
Service ac High Temperarures
Seamless Sceel and 1'elded Auscenicic Scainte .. Sceel

ASTM A312
Pipe
Seamless 1 Per Cmt Ouomium, 0.5 Per Cene \4olyb-

ASTM A315 denum Alloy•Sceel Pipe for Ser,;ce ac lfigh Tempera•
cures
121
WROUGHT -STFEL ANO WROUGHT -IRON PIPE

TABLE 2 OIMENSIONS OF WEl.OEO ANO SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE
Nominal Out-
NOMINAL 1'ALL THICKNESS
Pipe si de Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched
' Size Diam 10 20 120 140 160
L. 30 40 60 80 100
1/8 0.405 .......

..... .... ·······
....... .......
..... ........ 0.068 .....
......... 0.0913 ....... .... ... ....... .......
... .. .. .......
1/4 0.540 0.088 0.119 ....... ....... .......
....... 1),187
3/8 0.675 .....
.. .. ... ....... ........ 0.091
..........
0.126 .......
.......
.......
...... .......
........... ........
•• 1 ••••
1/2 0.840 0.109 0.147

3/4 1.050 ....... ....... ....... 0.113 0.154 ....... ....... 0.218
1
1 l/4
1.31'
1.660
.......
....... ..........
......
.....
.............. 0.133
0.1<60
.... .....
.....
0.179
0.191
....... .......
....... .......
....... 0.250
....... 0.250
1 1/2
2
1.900
2.375 ...........
.......... .........
... ..
.......
.......
.......
0.14'
0.1,4
.......
.......
.......
0.200
0.218 .·······
...... .......
.......
.......
.......
.......
0.281
0.343
, ..
1 2 1/2 2.875 0.203 0.276 ... .. .. ....... 0.37S
.....
\
....... ......... ....... ....... ....... .......

.........
L. 3 3.500 0.216 0.300 0.438
....... ...... .......
3 1/2
4
4.000
4.500 .... ... ......... .............
....
.... 0.226
0.237 ....... 0.318
0.337 ..······· .......
...... 0.438
.......
....... 0.5)1
........
....... .... 0.2,8 0.3, ...... ....... 0.(,2'
1
'
6
S.563
6.62S ....... .......
- ······· 0.280 ...... 0.432
0.500
....... O.Sf12 ....... 0.718 1
8
10
8.62S
10.750 ·······
....... 0.250
0.250
0.277
0.307
0.322
0.365
0.406
0.,00
o.soo
0.593
0.593
0.718
0.718
0.843
0.812
1.000
0.90h
1.12'
12
14
12.750
14.000
.......
0.250
0.250
0.312
0.330 0.406 o. 5f12 0.687 0.843 1.000 1.12S
1.250
1.312
1.406
0.375 0.438 0.593 0.750 0.937 1.093
1f1 16.000 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.500 0.656 0.843 1.031 1.218 1.438 1.593
18 18.000 0.2SO 0.312 0.438 0.562 0.750 0;937 1.15() 1.375 1.562 1.781
20 20.000 0.250 0.37S o.soo 0.593 0.812 1.031 1.281 1.500 1.750 1.968
24 24.000 0.250 o.3n 0.562 0.687 0.968 1.218 1.531 1.812 2.062 2.343
30 30.000 0.312 0.500 0.62S ....... ······· ······· ....... ....... ... .... .......
A.ll dimensiona are ¡iven in inches.
The decimal thickneues lisced for che respective pipe aizes repreaent their nominal or aYera¡e wall dimeosiona.
For tOlerancu on wall !hickneuea, aee appropriace macerial apecificationa.
Thicknuaea showo in bold face type for Schedule 40 are identical with thicknesses sho- in baid face rype for
Standard WoU¡ipe in Tab.le 4. Those in bold face type iD Scladules 60 and 80 are idencical wich thicmeues ID bold
face type for J.tro Stron~ WoU pipe in Table 4.
Some of the lar¡;er, heavier wall seccions are beyond the capabilitiea of seamless mili produ'ctioc and muse be ob-
t&ÍDed from t\U'IIed-and-bored billets or ocher sources.
122
AMERICAN STANDARD
TABLE 3 NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELOEO ANO SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE
(Liated by Schedule Numben)
~omina!
Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched Sched
Pipe 10 20 30 40 (.,() 80 100 120 140 160
Size 2 2 2
PE PE PE T&C2,3 PE 2 T~c2,3 PE 2 PE 2 PE 2 PE 2 PE 2 PE 2
1/8 ....... ........ ........ ....... 0.2<4 0.2.. ........ 0.31 ········ ........ ........ ........
l/4 ....... ........ ........ ....... ........ ........ ........
.········
0.42 0.<42
....... ........ ....... ........
0.5<4
........ ········
........ ........ .......
....... ........ .········
3/8 0.57 0.57 0.7<4
1/2 ....... ....... 0.85 0.85 ........ 1.09 ........ ········ ........ 1.3 o
3/4 ....... ........ ........ ....... 1.13 1.13 ........ 1.<47 ........ ........ ........ 1.94
1 ....... ........ ........ ....... 1.68 1.68 ........ 2.17 ........ ........ ........ 2.84
1 1/4 ....... ........ ........ ....... 2.27 2.28 ........ 3.00 ........ ........ ........ 3.7<í
1 l/2 ....... ........ ........ ....... 2.72 2.13 ........ 3.63 ········ ........ ........ 4.8<í
2 ....... ········ ........ ....... ........ ........ ........
.········
3.65 3.68 5.02 7.44
2 1/2 ....... ........ ........ ....... 5.79 5.82 ........ 7.66 ........ ........ ....... 10.01
3 ....... ........ ........ ....... 7.58 7.62 ........ 10.25 ........ ........ ........ 14.32
3 1/2 ....... ........ ........ ....... 9.11 9.20 ........ 12.51 ........ ........ ········ ........
4 ....... ........ ........ ....... ........ ........
.········
10.79 10.89 1<4.98 19.01 22.51
5 ....... ........ ........ ....... 1<4.62 14.81 ........ 20.78 ........ 27.04 ....... 32.9<'
0 ....... ........ ........ ....... 18.97 19.18 ........ 28.57 ........ 30.39 ········ 45.3 o
8 ....... 22.36 24.70 2~.55 28.55 29.35 3~.64 <43.39 50.87 ()0.(,3 (,7,76
74.6 9
10 ....... 28.04 34.24 35.7~ <40.<48 41.85 54.7<4 64.33 76.93 115.()5
89.20 104.13
12 ....... 33.38 43.77 45.4~ ~3.53 ....... 73.10 88.51 107.20 160.27
12~.49 139.68
14 3ó.71 4~.68 54.57 ....... 63.37 ....... 84.91 10ó.13 130.73 189.12
150.07 170.22
1(., 42.0~ 52.3ó r12.58 ....... 82.77 ....... 107.50 136.46 1114.83 245.11
192.29 223.50
18 47.39 59.03 82.()() ....... 104.n ....... 138.17 170.75 207.% 244.14 274.23 308.51
20 52.73 78.00 104.13 ....... 122.91 ....... 166.40 208.87 25ó.10 2%.37 341.10 379.01
24 r13.41 94.62 140.80 ....... 171.17 ....... 238.11 2%.36 367.40 429.39 483.13 541.94
30 98.93 157.53 1%.08 ....... ........ ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
All dimensiooa ate given in íoches.
1
'1'ei,.;trs ahown in bold face rype for Schedule 40 are identical with weighcs shown in bold face cypc for Sl_andard
ll'ail Pip~ in Table ~. Those ahown in bold face rype in Schcdules 60 and 80 are idencical with weishu sho~ 1n bo~d
face rype for E1otro Stron~ Wail pipe in Table ~. 'l'e1ghts are given in pounda per linear foot and are for p1pe w1th_plam
mda escept for sizes wh1ch are commercially available with threads and couplinss for which both weights are hsted.
l'eights are calculated OG the ballis of 1 cu. in. oi steel = 0.2833 Iba.
2
PF. desunes pip4! with plain ends. T&C denotes pipe with threads and couplin8s•
3
The weil!hta of line pipe with couplinss are slighdy 8reater than shown in Schedules 3().and 40 and may be found in
API Speci ií cation ~L.
U)
WROUGHT -STEEL ANO WROUGHT -IRON PIPE

TABLE 4 DIMENSIONS OF WELDED ANO SEAMLESS
STEEL PIPE
(Liatecl oa Stonclorcl Woll, Extra Stron9 Woll,
oncl Double Extro Stron9 Woll)
NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS

Nominal Out·
Pipe si de
Standard E:rtta Strong Double Eztra
Size Diam Wall Wall Sttl')ng Wall
1/8 0.405 0.068 o.~ .......

1/4 0.540 0.088 0.119 .......
3/8
1/2
0.675
0.840
0.091
0.109
0.126
0.147
······.
0.294
3/4 1.050 0.113 0.308
0.1 '"'
1 l. 315 0.133 0.179 0.358
1 1/4 1.660 0.1-40 0.191 0.382
1 l/2 1.900 0.1<6~ 0.200 0.400
2 2.3n 0.1 ~"' 0.218 0.43()
2 1/2 2.875 0.203 0.276 0.552
3 3.500 0.216 0.300 O.MO
3 1/2 4.000 0.226 0.318 .......
4 4.500 0.237 0.337 0.674
5 5.563 0.2,8 0.375 0.750
6 (),625 0.280 0.432 0.864
8 8.625 0.322 0.500 0.875
10 10.750 0.365 0.500 .......
12 12.750 0.375 0.500 .......
14 14.000 0.375 0.500 .......
16 16.000 0.375 0.500 .......
18 18.000 0.375 0.500 .......
20 20.000 0.375 0.500 .......
24 24.000 0.375 0.500 .......
All dinwnsiona ar~ ¡i Yet\ in inchea.
The decimal thicknuaes li ated for da reapecti Yll pipe aí us repre-
aen theu nomiaal or averasl!' wall dimenaaona. For toleraacn on wall
dli c:k.nea sea, aee appropri ate 'material sp ecdi cauoaa.
Thicknnaea aho..n in boid face rype for Slt:ll'lciarci WaJl are identícal
with corre.pondins thickneu aho..n tn bold face !YPe for Sdudule 40
in Tabie 2. Tboae aho- in bold face rype for f:;¡,lra Slitons lfiaJl are
idenlical with correapoadins dlicknuaes ahown in bold face rype in
Schedulea 1'0 and 80 in Table 2.
Doubl.e EJCtra Suo"! f'aJl ha a no corrcapandins achedule numbcr. (Sec
lauoductory Notes, Par. 9.) Dimenaaoaa are idcntical with Do10ble
f;¡,lfa Suo"& fapl!' ahowo •• • Appendix to the 19~9 editionof thia
atmdvd.
124
AMERICAN STANDARD
TABLE S NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELOEO ANO
SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE 1
(Liated u StandOtd Woll, Extra $trong Woll, ond
Doulala Extra Strong Woll)
Nominal Standard Wall Enra Sttong Double Extra

Wall Scrong Wall
Pipe
Size PE 2
PE 2 T&C 2 PE 2
1/8 0.24 0.24 0.31 .......

1/4 0.42 0.42 o.~" .......
.......
3/8 0.~7 0.~7 0.7<6
1/2 0.8~ 0.8~ 1.09 1.71
3/4 1.13 1.13 1.<67 2..44
1 1.68 1.68 2.17 3.66
1 1/4 2.27 2.28 3.00 5.21
1 1/2 2.72 2.73 3.63 6.41
2 3.65 3.68 5.02 9.03
2 1/2 5.79 5.82 7.66 13.70
3 7." 7.62 10.~ 18.58
3 1/2 9.11 9.20 12.51 .......
4 10.79 10.89 14.98 27,54
14.62 14.81 20.78 38.5'
6
8
' 18.97
28.55
19.18
29.35
28.,
43.39
B.l6
72.42
10 40.-48 41.85 54.74 .......
12 49.56 '1.15 1"5.42 .......
14 54.57 ....... 72.09 .......
16 62.58 ....... 82.77 .......
18 70.59 ....... 93.45 .......
20 78.60 ..... .. 104.13 .......
24 94.62 ... ... . 125.49 ........
AJI dimeru.ioaa are &i•ea in inches.
1'1'eisftta a.bOWII ÍD bold face rype for Sl-tÍOTG l'oJl ate idenác&l
with wei¡jlu a.bowa ia bold face rype for Schedule 40 ia Table }.
1hoae ailowt~ ia· bo.ld face rype for é:a.lTa SlTOitS lf'oJl are ideaúc&l
'llith - ¡ snu ahowa ia bo.ld face rype for Schedwea 60 aad 80 ia
Table }. A.ll weisht• ÍD Table 5 abon are ideatic&l widl choae ia
Table 7 for Wrou1Jhc-lron Pipe. Weipua are .-inn ia pO\&Ada per lio-
eat foot aad are for pipe with plaiD onda ezcepc for aizea whic:h are
CIOmnlerá&lly uailable with thread• aad coupliaaa for which both
wei~ta ate liated. 'l'eishta are c&lc:ulated oa the baaia of 1 cu. ia.
of ateel • 0.2833 Iba.
2
PF deaotu pipe with plaio ends. T&C denotn pipe with lhrellda
aad coupliaa•·
,-
'
12.5
( '
WROUGHT -STEEL AND WROUGHT -IRON PIPE

TABLE 6 DIMENSIONS OF WELDED WROUGHT-IRON PIPE
(Listad oa Stondord Woll, Extro Strong Woll, ond
Double Extra Strong Woll)
NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS

Nominal Out·
Pipe si de
Standard Extra Strong Double Extra
Size Di a m Wall Wall Scron~ Wall
1/8 0.405 0.0<'9 0.099 .......

'' 1/4 0.540 0.090 0.122 .......
1
3/8 0.675 0.093 0.129 .......
1/2 0.840 0.111 0.151 0.307
3/4 1.050 0.115 0.157 0.318
¡ 1.315 0.136 0.183 0.369
1 1/4 1.660 0.143 0.195 0.393
1 1/2 1.900 0.148 0.204 0.411
2 2.375 0.15~ 0.223 0.447
2 1/2 2.875 0.20 0.282 0.567
3 3.500 0.221 0.306 0.615
3 1/2 4.000 0.231 0.325 ... ,. ...
4 4.500 0.242 0.344 0.690
5 5.563 0.263 0.383 0.768
6 1).625 0.286 0.441 0.884
8 8.625 0.329 0.510 0.895
lO 10.750 0.372 0.510 .......
12 12.750 0.383 0.510 .......
14 14.000 0.383 0.510 .......
l~ 16.000 0.383 0.510 .......
18
20
18.000
20.000
0.383
0.383
0.510
0.510
·······
.......
24 24.000 0.383 0.510 .......
All d.imenaiooa ve Ji •• io inchn.
The decimal thickneaaea liatad forme reapeCÚYe pipe aizes repre-
- t their DOm1oal or aYera1e -11 dimeasioos. For rolerucea oo wa.il
tb.ickaeaaea, aee appropriace material apecificatioru.
Thicknuaes of sil of me aizes ahowa abcne are ali¡hdy ¡rncer
man those of correapoad.in1 aiua for areei pipe shewa io TaD.lea 2
~nd 4 to compen .. te for the d.iffcreoce in weidlta per cubic loor of
WTOulbt-areel ud wrou1ht-iroa. Sec hurodvctory "'Norca, Pv. 10.
126
AMERICAN ST ANO ARO

T ABLE 7 NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELDEO
WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 1
(Liated aa Standard Wall, Extra Stronv Wall, and
Oouble Extra Stronv Wall)
Extta Stron~ Double Extra

Nominal Standard Wall
Wall Scrong Wall
Pi¡xo
Size PE 2 T&C 2 PF.2 PE 2
1/8 0.2-4 0.2-4 0.31 .......

1/4 0.42 0.-42 0.54 .......
3/8 0.57 0.57 0.74 .......
1/2 0.85 0.85 1.09 l. 71
3/4 1.13 1.13 1.47 2.44
1 1.68 1.68 2.17 3.66
1 1/4 2.27 2.28 3.00 5.21
1 1/2 2.72 2.73 3.63 n.41
2 3.65 3.68 5.02 9.03
2 1/2 5.79 5.82 7.66 13.70
3 7.58 7.62 10.25 18.58
3 1/2 9.11 9.20 12.51 .......
4 10.79 10.89 14.98 27.54
5 14.62 1-4.81 20.78 38.55
(l 18.97 19.18 28.57 53.16
8 28.55 29.35 43.39 72.42
10 40.48 41.85 54.74 .......
12 49.5t. 51.15 65.42 .......
14 54.57 ....... 72.09 .......
16 A1.58 ....... 82.77 .......
18 70.59 ....... 93.45 .......
20 78.no ....... 104.13 .......
24 94.62 ........ 125.49 .......
AJI dimeaaiona are ¡i•n io inchea.
1YeiFta ..Oowa in bold fac:e rype for S141tdat'd WaU are identical
wich wCÍFts s.llowu in bold fac:e rype in Table 3. Thoae shown in
boid fac:e rype lor é:t.lra SU'o11¡ lfoU are idenúcal wich wei¡hca
s.llowa ia bold fac:e type lor S<hedules 60 and 80 ia Table 3. All
weipu in Table 7 abo•e are ideuical wich choae ahowta in Table
~ fot 'l'rou¡hr•Scul Pipe. 1'ei4hra are ¡l•en iD pounda per liaear
Icor and are lor pipe wit:h pla1n nda ucepr lor aizea whic:h are
coromerci ally nallable wit:h chreada and couplin¡a lor which boch
wei¡hu ate &i •n.
2PE deaotu pipe wirh plain enda. TacC deootea pipe wit.b thread•
aad couplins•
127
DERIVATION OF RELATION BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND LINE INERTIA

An elastic structure subjected to externa! forces will deform by bending, con-
tracting, and elongating. Disregarding the ett"'ct of the latter two, which in the
majority of cases is negligible, the work of de~ormation due to bending alone is
expressed by
where W = work performed.

1l1 = bending moments caused by the externa! actions.
( E = modulus of elasticity of the material.
l. I = moment of inertia of the cross-sectional areas.
l = total length of structure.
According to the theorem of Castigliano, the partial derivative of W with respect
to any one of the externa! forces gives the displacement in the direction of that force.
tú
d8 1'
: X ___ _
..., lib.
lB ~
·• X¡....
1 / lf'!·lb
tllb.,
A :;:¡"!
y
1
Fto. 42.
The partial derivative of W with respect to an externa! moment gives the angular
displacement in the direction of that moment.
Thus if X is one of the forces, the displacement ~""" in its direction is
* oW f' ..l! oM d (1)
A..:. = oX = Jo El · oX 8
Figure 42 shows a cantilever structure fi.xed at A and loaded at the free end B with
a force X.
The variable bending moment due to X is
J1 = Xy
and therefore
oM
oX =Y
• The fi.rst subecript for A•• indicates the direction of the force, the aecond the direction of the diaplaeen:umt.
128
P I P I N" G S T R E S S e AL e U L A T I O ~ S S I ~1 P L I F I E D
Substituting in equation (1) the displacement

r~ j\,f
.Ó.u = Jo El y ds
Let m., denote the moments produced by a unit force (1 lb) at B in the x-direction;
then m., = ly, and equation (2) may be written
,\ = fc Afm., d (3)
~rz Jo El S
In this form the equation for the displacement permits a convenient interpretation
which may be expressed as follows:
To find the displacement ata specified point andina specified direction apply on
the unloaded cantilever and at the point in question an amciliary unit force in the
desired direction and compute the moments m for all branches of the line. Compute
the moments 1'}[ due to the external forces on the free cantilever, form the products
ilf m· for identicallimits, and solve the integral of equation (3).
Displacement in Direction of Force. In the case of Fig. 42. M = Xy and
m== m., = y. Therefore
,\ = X fl 2
y ds _ X (
1
m; ds (4)
~rz Jo El - '" Jo El
f y 2 ds = Iris the moment of inertia of the entire line about axis x. The equation for
the displacement may therefore be written
.6.,., = X il = Xón (5)
It is also seen that 1! = Ór:r: is the displacement in the x-direction produced by a

unit load acting in the x-direction.
Displacement Normal to Force. A similar procedure will give the displacement
.6..,., at right angles to X. There the auxiliary unit force is applied in the y-direction,
and the moments mxv due to it are multiplied by the moments . 11 . due to the external
force X.
Sin ce
m,., = lx and 1lf = Xy
fc Mm.,., fe xy
.Ó..,v = Jo -m
= X Jo El ds (6)
!ol xy ds is the product of inertia r... of the line with respect to axes Xand y. Therefore
A.v = X ij = X Ó,11 (7)
The term ~l is the displacement in the y-direction due to a unit load acting in the
x-direction.
129
A unit load in the y-direction will cause a deflection o!P' in the x-direction which
has the same value, namely, ~Í' Therefore
(7a)
(Maxwell's law of reciprocity of deflections). Consequently the displacement which
a force Y causes in the x-direction is
t.ll"' = Y O¡¡x r.!l

~ -- Y El (7b)
Angular Displacement Due to Force. The angular displacement at B caused

by force X is found by applying a unit moment (1ft lb) at B. In this case m = 1ft lb,
and the change of angle at B dueto X is
f 1 1lfm f' y ds (8)
T:em = Jo El ds = X Jo El
Jo y ds =S-:e is the statical moment of the line about the x-axis. Thus the angular
displacement due to X is
S:e
T:z:m = X El
~j = angular displacement due to a unit force in x-direction.

.
\
Angular Displacement Due to Moment. The angular displacement due to an
external moment 1l1 at Bis obtained by combining the moments dueto an auxiliary
unit moment at B with the externa! moment ¡'lf.
r,.,. = L' ~; 1
ds m= 1ft lb
f' ds J.lfl
(10)
r,.,. = .1.l1 Jo El= El
~lis the change in angle dueto a unit moment.

Translatory Displacement Due to Moment. The displacement along tne :t-axis
due to an external moment 1l1 at B is obtained by applying a unit force along the
x-aXlS. For this case m:e = 1y and
f' 1l1m"' f' y ds
t.,.:e = Jo El ds = M Jo El
J: y ds = S:e = statical moment of the line about the x-axis; therefore
(11)
3.- = ~j = displacement in x-direction dueto a unit moment.

.. :·
130
Note the law oí reciprocity between translatory and rotary displacement by comparing
equations (9) and (11). In the former S,JEI signifies the angular displacement of B
due to a unit force in the x-direction, expressed in radians, in the latter the displace-
ment in the x-direction due to a unit moment at B expressed in feet or inches.
Although the meaning and the dimensional quality difi'er, the numerical values are
the same.
Summary:
l. The displacement in the direction of the' force is proportional to the moment oí
inertia of the line about an axis along the force [equation (5)].
2. The displacement at right angles to the force is proportional to the product oí
inertia about two rectilinear axes, one oí which contains the force [equations (7)
and (7b)].
3. The angular displacement caused by the force is proportional to the statical
moment of the line about an axis along the force [equation (9)].
4. The angular displacement due to a moment is proportional to the length of
the line [equation (10)].
5. The translatory displacement due to a moment is proportional to the statical
moment of the line about an axis along the line of displacement [equation (11)].
The factor of proportionality is 1/El.
THEORY OF THE ELASTIC CENTER
A pipeline situated wholly in one plane with its end fully restrained and subjected
to temperature changes constitutes a statically indeterminate system with tlitree
unknown quantities at each of the two terminal points. These unknown quantities
are the horizontal and vertical components of the end reactions and two restraining
moments, one for each end. To solve this problem, there are available
l. The three fundamental equations of equilibrium, namely,
The sum of all horizontal forces equals zero. l:X = O
The sum of all vertical forces equals zero. l: Y = O
The sum of all moments equals zero l:M = O
2. Three more equations, which are obtained by considering the distortion in the
r-----, system caused by the restrictions that prevent the
: free expansion of the pipe.
1 !fr. The pipe line shown in Fig.- 43 is subjected to
1 B i .ay temperature changes. If end B were made free and
1 ~~ end A were securely fixed, the pipeline would be-
Al J come a cantilevel' which, when heated, would
43
Fia. · lengthen horizontally the amount ~ and vertically
the amount t.y. There would be no angular distortion at the free end, and the ulti-
mate shape of the line would be similar to the original shape, the point B merely
being translated to B'.
H two unit forces are now applied at the free end and in directions opposite to the
expansiona~ and tJ.y, part of the translatory displacements will be restored, and the
free end will undergo a rotary motion resulting in an angular displacement. !nas-
131
much as no angular displacement exists in the original, i.e., the fully restraiñ'ed
system, a counteracting moment must be applied at the free end to hold the pipe
element at B in its position, which in the case of Fig. 43 is a vertical position.
If we apply at the free end forces X and Y anda moment M (Fig. 44) which have
such intensities as to move point B' back to B and restore the original position of the
tangent at B, it is evident that these forces and the moment are identical with the
\
i
actual end reactions. This statement is expressed mathematically by equation. (12)
\.
r------¡
1 1
11 1, B'
_ __
le
1
A~- _ _ _ _ _....._ i
FIG. 44.
in which the sum of all horizontal movements produced by X, Y, and Mis made equal
to the expansion ~~ the sum of all vertical movements made equal to ~y, and the
sum of all rotations is made equal to zero.
The movements in the x-directions are given by equations (5), (7b), and (11).
The movements in the y-direction are obtained by changing the subscripts of the first
equation. The angular displacements are given by equations (9) and (10).
X _b_ + y f:zv + 1!l1 S., = ~
El El El
l "11 + y I"
X El + ~Y.Lu El
Sv (12)
El = ~y
X ~j + y ~Í + M i l = O
The left side of equations (12) contains six dissimilar coefficients which express
,.,_
\ the geometrical disposition of the members and are calculable. The expansions ~
i
\
and ~y are known.
Considerable simplification of the problem is obtained if one of the two supports,
sa.y support B, is released and temporarily
connected to a rigid bracket leading to the
center of gravity of the line in Fig. 45.
Loads upon the system or expansions
within the system would cause the centroid y
e, if it were free, to move in the same direc-
tion and with the same magnitude as point B,
+y
if it were free to move. In order to nullify FIG. 45.
the displacements at e due to the loading
on the free cantilever, only translatory forces are needed, as will be shown later.
They have the same intensity and direction as the reacting forces. at B. The final
result, therefore, is obtained by transferring to point B the reactions found for point e
and adding at B the moment caused by the offset of e against B.
1)2
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIOXS SL\IPLIFIED
If the clisplacements are calculated for the centroid, axes x and y in Fig. 45 are
gravity axes. For such axes the statical moments S:: and S11 are zero, and equations
(12) change to
(13)
Thus the problem is reduced to the computation of only three coefficients, namely,
1:, l:v, and !,'" Also note that moment .J.YI-now referring to the centroid-has dis-
appeared. The forces X and Y applied to the center of gravity accomplish the same line
displacements as X, Y, and lYf, at B:
The reactions set up at each end of a fully restrained three-dimensional pipe line
consist of three component forces and three component couples (see Fig. 24). If the
elastic deformation is analyzed in a manner similar to that explained for single-plane
piping, six equations are obtained which require predetermination of 21 dissimilar
coefficients of the same nature, namely, line inertias and statical moments.
If, however, one end is made free and its reactions are transferred to the centroid
of the system by a temporary rigid bracket, the couples disapj}ear, the unknowns
are reduced to three component forces, and the number of equations is reduced to
three, namely, equations (7), page 67,
1))
DEnECTIONS
The deflection at any point is the algebraic ~ of the displace-

~nts caused by the actions at one side Óf that point.
!or exacple, to !ind the deflection at point d apply at d the

!orces and the moment which the right side (dotted portion) exerts
upon the le!t.
,.
~
X 1
i 1
\
~ x• ~
1
~------~• X
~ fl)H
Jig. 46
y
¡
', .
If d is rieidly connected with the centroid e and the actions at

d transferred to e the moment becomes zero and e will go through
the sama displacement as d.
Displacamant due to rotation:

'rhe rotation of the rigid bra.cket about fulcrúm e 1s
r= _l_
El
(X Sx + ! Sy) • . . . . eq. 9 Pace 129
The deflection of d due to thls rota.tion is:

-
in x - direction • • • • • l. Y'
in y - direction ..• • •
Displacement due to !orces:
The displaceoents causad by X are:

134
in x - direction • • • • • X Ix )
Er )
) eq,. 5 & 7 Page J28
in 7 - direction • • • • • ~ )
)
Simi1arly the displacements causad by Y are:
in 7 - direction • • • • • !_!z
11
in x - direction • • • • • ~
l:I
Sx, s7 , Ix, Iy, and Ixy are the line conetants of the branches lo-
cated between the fixed end and the point for which the deflection
is to be calculated.
Procedure:
l. Calculate rotation t times JI •
• • • • • (14)
2. Calcu1ate def1ect ion ~x in x - direetion a.nd

A7 in 7 - direeti on
..O.x :S:I = X Ix + Y Ixy + t :S:I yt • • • • • ( 15)
Lly lli • ! Iy + X I:ey- + 1: l:I x', •••• (16)

3. Add t o ~ x and LJ 7 the re spe ct 1 ve expans i ons from the fi:.ted
end to the point for which the.defleetion is to be computed.
Sign convention:
Clock:w·ise o.oo.ents are positiva.
Clockwise rotation is positive.
X force toward right is positiva.
Y force upward is positive.
The axes of the coordinate system with origin at centroid are

positiva to the right and up.
The constants Ix and Iy are positiva.
The constants Ixy, Sx and S¡- .ma7 have ei ther aip.

¡-
13.5
Yith this s~ convention equations (14) (15) and (16) becoce:

r~x =-X Sx + y S,. ••• •• (17)
ax JI = X Ix - YI%7 + t JI Y' . . •• ( 18)
LJ.,- 11 • y I,- XI%7 t El X' • • • • (19)
(.
:l:r.amp1e:
\
Calculate the de!lection oí point d, Prob1em 6 in the directiot
oí the .,- - axis .
+'!'
___..._ ___;_____..______+
X ~
~--1.1:ff--y~:
tot-----
rMi-
=
z¡..f5---.;
1
J'ig. 47
Statical moment about x - axis from point 1 a" to point ud1
lx = 12 X (-2.55) + 18 X 6.45 + 20 X 15.45 = + 394

Statical moment about 7- axis !rom point 1 a 1 to point "d 1
S¡ = 12 X (-21.55) + 18 X (-15.55) ~ 20 (-5.55) =- 650
5719 + 4355 + 1284 = 11358 • • • • • froc Page 42
I%7 !rom 1 a 1 to 1 d1 with sign reversed because the axes in Fig. 47

are opposite to those in Jig. 17:
+ 661 - 1805 - 1?16 = - 2860
X= - 167+ y= +87+ •• .... (From

to
Page
47.)
Jig.
'+3 vi th signs a.ccording
1:36
~I = 4,725,000
Z"":S:I = - (-167'#) 394 + 87'# (-650) = + 9248 (Jrom eq. 17)
Ay EI = 87 x 11358 - (-167'#) (-2860) - 9248 X 4.45 • + 469,)73

(l'rom eq. 19)
¿)y • 469.37.3 : 4,725,000 = + 0.099 !t • • • • • • + 1.181

Expansion from "a" to "d" = (6.25" x 18') : lOO
-·~
1
'rotal = + 2.3
The same result is obtained by considering that portion of ~e line
which is at the right side o! d.
+J
~
"...
~
~
-•
¡:,...
1
X
+.A'
~
S
'
e 1
/8.~S
J1g. 48
X • + 167# y = -871
• Sx = )O X 0.4.5 + 28 X ( -14.5.5) • - )94
• Sy • 30 X 4.4.5 + 28 X 18.45 • + 6.50
• Note that these values are equal and opposite to the respective
values obtained in the previaus calculation because the statical mo-
ment of the entire line about a gravity axis is zero.
Iy from d to ! = .593 + 11:355 = 11948 • • • • • from Page 42

137
Ixy from d to f : + 59 - 7517 = - 7458 • • • • • from Page ~Z

with signs adjusted.
r:mt = - (+167+) <-J94) + (-87+) . (+65o) = + 9248

Ay El = - 87f X 11948 - (+16'?f)· (-7458) - 9248 X 4.45 =
+ 164,857
) l)Y' = 164,857 : 4,725,000 = 0.0)5 ft • • • • • • + 0.42•

l-
hpa.neion from í to d = (6.25 1 x JO) lOO = +~
Total + 2.) •
r
'¡
\ .
( '
\ -
r ,
\
\
\.
J -
1)8
DEFLECTION FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS
The basic rules are the same as outlined for single plane systems,
narnely
the deflection at any point is the algebraic sum of
the actions at one side of that point plus the expan-
sion from the fixed end to the point for which the
deflection is to be computed.
The equations which follow are extraeted from the General Determinant
published by the M.W. Kellogg Compan;r in "Design of Piping System:s"
but modified for the origin at the centroid which somewhat simplifies
the problem.
The eonvention on which these equations are based differs from that
used heretofore inasmueh as moments and rotations are positive when
eounter-e1ockWise,
The forees are positive in the direetions shown below.
+ z
..)----------..... + X
In a three-dimensional system the aetions at an;r point consist of

three forees and three moments. The mom.ents can be eli.minated by
conneeting the point with the centroid of the sy'tem by means of a
rigid braeket and applying to the centroid the forces only. The
centroid will then go through the same displacements as the point
in question.
1.39
In the following eq'\léltions:
~. z; and rz denote the rotations about the
x, y and z - axes respectively.
A x, Ay and .6. z denote the defleetions in the directions of the

r-
1
coordinate axes.
\
x1, y' and z' are the distances from the centroid to the point
for which the deflection is to be calculated•
RO!ATIONS
In yz - plana: EI Z"x = + y.¡ lz - z.z l:y (l)
In xz - plan e: EI t y =+ Z. I lx - X· .l lz ... . • • • • • • ( 2)
In xy - plane: EI Z:z =+ X· L ly - Y .z lx ...... ...• • • (.3)
DEFLECI'IONS
( ~ x - z'. Z: Y + Y' • z:z) • EI = - Y· I !.yx - Z · Z Izx + X·1. Ix . • (4)

( .A y - x' • z; + z' • Z"x) . EI = - Z · I Izy - X· .Z Ixy + Y· Z Iy • • • • (5)
( ~z - y' . rx + X1 • Z:y) • EI = - X ·I Ixz - Y·.! Iyz + Z · I Iz • • • • ( 6)
The summations in these equations extend from the fixed end to the point
for which the deflection is to be calculated. Note that equation (2) is
obtained from equation (l) and equation (.3) from equation (2) by permuta-
tion of the symbols in sequence x, y and z. Similarl.,v equation ( .5) is
obtained from equation (4) and equation (6) from equation (.5).
The deUections ~ x, ~y a.nd .6 z are due to the forces and moments acting
at the point in question. To obtain its final position add the thermal
expansion between this point and the fixed end.
140
EXAJ1PLE
Ca1culate the disp1acement of point nbn in direction z.
Pipe: 12" Schedule 80 I = 475 in.4

Material Specification:
ASTM A-315 . . . . 1% Chrome, 1/ Zf, Molybdenunt

Temperatura 900 F Expansion ?.81"/100 ft.
E = 24,500,000 psi
The reaction forces have been calculated separately and are

shown in Figure a1 with signs conforming to the convention of
formulas (1) to (6). The reaction moments are now shown as
they are not needed for the deflaction calculation if the or-
igin o! the coordinate axes is placad at the centroid of the
system C.
Y=+416•
X•+.,93o* / 40'
e Y=-416
4
Z=-34+9:11
Figure a.
The disp1acement ~z is obtained from equation (6). This equation

contains the rotations rx and Z'y which are obtained from equa-
tions (1) and (2) and mu.st be calculated first.
141
It will be noted that these three equations contain the following

shape constants: statical moments, products of inertia and mo-
ments of inertia. The moments of inertia Iz from both planes taken
from the stress calculation are:
¡~
¡ for branch ab • • • • • • 9648

'-- for braneh be • • • • • • 2789) 4270
for branch od • • • • • • 1481)
r· The statical moments and the products of inertia are also available
from the stress calculation but, for explanatory purpose wil1 be
calculated again.
Procedure
Cut the s.rstem at point •b•, connect •b• with the centroid and aP-
\. ply at the centroid the forces which one side axerts on the other.
The calculation will be made twice, one as a check of the other.
First Calculation
Consider the effect of branches •bcd" on branch "ab".
í . Figure b.
Calculate rotation z;.

This rotation takes place in the yz - plane in which the projection
of "ab"appears as a point. Its position relativa to the centroid as
obtained from the stress computation is shown in Figure c.
142
ab • 40xi.J:. 52'
í y~ -0.55'
Figure c.
Ilz = 52 x 8,2 = +426.4
I ly = 52 X ( -0 • .55) :r -28.6
EI = 24,500,000 X 475 : 144 • 80,815,972
Solve equation (1)
80,815,972 . rx • . . (-416#) 426,4 - ( +)449#) (-28.6)

7
"x = - 0,000974 radians.
Calculate rotation ry.

This rotation takes place in the xz-plane in which "ab" appears
in full 1ength.
'Z= +.J449*
Figure d.
¿1x = 40 (-10.)6) = -414.4)

)
l"lz = 40 x 10.1 = +404 )
143
So1ve equation (2):
80,81;;,972 . rY = +3449f!: C-414.4) - <-39301) 404

ry = +0.00201 radians
So1ve equation (6):
The .forces are entered in equation (6) l-lith the signs shown in
Figure b namely
r X = -3930# z = +34491r
\-
From the projections Figure e and Figure d:
x• = +9.64 • .••• • • . . . . . Figure d

Y' = -0.55 • .... • . • . • . Figure e
Ixz= 40 ( -10.36) 10.1 = -4185. • • . . . . . • • Figure d
:r,.z= 52 ( -0.5.5) 8.2 = -234.5 • • • • . • • • • • • • Figure e
Iz o! "ab" = 9648 (listed in the text .followi.ng Figure a)
[~z- (-0.55).(-0.000974) +9.64 x 0.00201] 80,815,972 =

- (-393.01)·(-418!))- (-416f=)·(-ZJ4.!)) +3449# X 9648.
[.6 z +O. 019711} 80' 815' 972 = 16,731,350 ..... • • (A)
.AZ = +0.188 .ft. •
E:xpansion .from 11 a 11 to "b" in z - direction = o

Total de.flection in z - direction = +2.25"
144
Second Calculation
Consiier the effect of branch "ab" on branches "bcd". The forces

are now opposite to the directions shown in Figure b.
b
/ Y·+416•
----X=+.J930#
j
el ,
Z= -.3449-#
Figure e.
Calculate rotation ~.
This rotation takes place in the yz-plane.
b-1
r- 0.5"5 +Z
1
-;r- e Y=+41~ 1--+Y

I ~
1
~
.l.__
z ::-3,449.#
1
J
1
- -e 1
~d
r
~4-
Figure f.
145
--
1
11z = 30 ( -6.8) +10 ( -21.8) = -422

• Lly =30 (-0.55) + 10 X 4.45 = +28
So1ve equation (1)
80,815,972 c:x = +416# (-422) - (-3449if) 28
tx • -o.00097 radians (This checks the result of the
first calculation)
Calculate rotation t7:

This rotation takes place in the xz-p1ane .
!.
Figure g.
f •
¡
1 lx • 30 X 9.64 +13 X 9.64 • 414.5
!1z • JO (-4.9) +13 (-19.9) = ~5.7
So1ve equation ( 2):
80,81.5,972 ty =+ (-3449#) 414 • .5 -39301/: (-40.5.7)
t7 • +0.00201 radians (This checks the result of the
first calculation)
146
So1ve equation (6)

The forces are enterad in equation ( 6) with the signs shown in
Figure e namely
X = +3930if y = +416# z = -3449#

From the projections
Ixy = 30 X 9.64 (-4.9) +1J X 9,64 (-19,9) = -3910,8
Iyz = 30 (-0.55) (-6.8) +10 X 4,45 (-21,8) • -856.7
Iz • 4270 ( 1isted in the text fo11owing Figure a)
The term at the 1eft side of equation (6) is the same as in the
first ca1culation, see equation (A).
[,Az +0.019711) · 80,815,972 =

-39301 (-3910.8) -4161 (-856.7) + (-34491) 4270
[ t.l z +O. 019711] . 80. 815.972 • +998. 6ol
.ó z • -o.0074 ft. • -o.o88"

Elcpansion from "d" to "b" in z-ñirection
equals 7.8111 /100 1 x )0 1 • +2,343"
Total deflection in z-direction = +2.255"
147
TABlES OF COMMON SHIJ'ES
The following tables permit determining the reaction !orces and pipe
stresses for the most frequently used common shapes. They were deve1oped
for the Grinnell Company, Inc. of Providence, R.I. by the author who
herewith expresses his appreciation oí their kind permission to reprint
these tab1es from their publication 11 Piping Design and Engineering•.
It will be noted that the formulas for the unknowns are identical for
sb.apes consisting of straight branches. Tbey contain a constant "k•
t~ken frcm the tab1es, the expansion factor •e• which accounts for the
expansion and the modulus of elasticity at operating temperature, the
d.istance 11
L" in feet as indicated in the Figure and the outside diameter
of the pipe •n• in inches.
Prob1em 1 of this book demonstrates the exact so1ution of a 90° turn.

The prG>cedure for tabular so1ution of the s.rune prob1em is as foll.ws:
Frau table of 11 EXPANSION FACI'ORS 11 find for 710<7

e = 836 (by interpolation)
I = 47.5 in4
D = l2.7.5u
L:h = 80:.50 = 1.6
kx =32 •• • • • I =32 X = 198.5#
836 X 47.5:8o2
ky : 14.4 e • • e ! : 14.4 X 836 X 47):802 = 89.5#
kb = 71 • •••• Expansion stress = 71 x 836 x 12.7.5:80 = 94)0 psi

This stress 1.s based on the modulus o:f elasticity in the hot corxiition.
Converting to the co1d modulus the stress is
94)0 x 1.19.5 = 11,290 psi

148
Result from exact calculation:
X = 1990# y = 890{/:
Expansion stress based on cold modulus • • • • • ll,250 psi
The stress obtained from the tabulated stress factors for shapes con-
sisting of straight branches only are those in the straight portion of
the pipe adjacent to e1bows or at the anchorage,depending on where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
In order to find the stress wi thin an e1bow draw the thrust 1ine
through the centroid of the system using the react.ions ~ht.qi..r\ed from the
tabulated coefficients and sca1e the following dimensions: distance "a•
from thrust line to point farthest away from it and distance "b 11 from
thrust 1ine to e1bow. The stress in the elbow is the tabulated stress
multiplied by the ratio b:a and by the stress intensification factor of
the particular elbow. (Short or long radiua elbow.)

EXPANSION FACTORS
Medium Carbon-Moly
and Steels and Intermedia te Straight CTomium
High Low Cr-moly Cr-Holy Austenitie Stainless steel
Temp. Carbon Steels Thru Steels Stainless 12 Cr, -17 Cr,
'7 steels J% Cr 5% to 9% Cr Steel 27 Cr
70 o o o o o
lOO 40 40 36 54 3.5
1.50 108 108 96 14.5 93
\ . 200 176 176 1.5.5 233 12.5
, '" ~
300 )10 310 271 409 218

400 442 447 )82 .580 )68
.500 .574 .586 .504 7.54 481
1-
600 710 729 62) 917 .586
700 827 867 740 1080 679
800 922 996 8,54 12)2 748
900 972 1107 961 1376 792
9.50 971 114.5 1013 1447 798
1000 967 1183 106) 1.51.5 796
10.50 1189 1107 1.572 778
1100 118.5 1147 1627 7.50
11.50 1101 1176 1670 70.5
1200 1002 120) 1709 6.50
Expansion factor • SXpansion in inches oer lOO ft. x E

1728 X lOO
E • modulus of elasticity at operating temperature.

150
HOOKED Z SHAPE
!
r
F,____. ------------------------~---~- J.------'t'------1¡· 1
l_,,¡h
h
Reacting Force
'------'J 1
Fx = kx ·e· L 2 lb
[p
Reacting Force [p
Reacting Force Fy = ky ·e· L 2 Jb
Reacting Force D .
Maximum Bending Stress sB k b · e · - ps1
=
L
D .
:\Iaximum Bending Stress SB = kb · e · - psi I p in inches 4 L in feet D in inches
L
---
l p in inches 4 L in feet D in inches i L 1
1
JI k. 1 k, ko
1
1
L 1
1
0.6 1.18 1
1.31 5.9
h k. kv ko 0.8 2.7 1 2.2 9.4
1
l. o 12.0 12. o 36 1
l. O 4.3 3.3 13.1
1.2 17 2 12.5 -±6 1.2 7.8 4.7 17.3
1.4 23.0 13.4 58
1
1.4 ll 2 1
6.2 22.0
1.6 32.0 14.4 71 1.6 15.2 1 7.7 26.7
1.8 42.0 15.4 85 1.8 ¡y¡ 1 9 2 31.4
2.0 54.0 16.6 102 2.0 24 3 10.9 36.4
2.2 68.3 17.8 120 2.2 30.0 13.0 41.5
2.4 84.4 l\.1.2 140 2.4 37.0 15. 1 46.6
2.6 103 20.6 161 2.6 45.0 17.2 51.7
2.8 125 22.0 184 2.8 54.0 1\J 3 58.0
3.0 150 23.5 2W 3.0 64.8 21.6 64.8
3.2 175 25.0 234 3 2 76.0 24.0 72 o
3.4 207 26.5 25\J 3.4 880 26.5 7Y.5
3.6 237 28.0 287 3.6 100 O· 2\J.O 87 o
3.8 274 29.5 318 3.8 113.5 31.6 \J5.0
-±.0 315 31.5 34\J 4 o 128.7 34.5 103

4.2" 356 33.0 381 4 2 144 37.4 112
4.4 406 34.6 41-t 4 4 160 40.4 121
4.6 456 36.2 450 4 ti 178 43.4 130
4.8 510 37 8 487 4 8 1\J8 46.4 13!)
5.0 570 3\:1.5 .528 5

• ~
?
o 219 49.4 148
5.2 630 41.2 5ü!J ;) 241 52.5 !57
1 5.4 700 43.0 tilO 5 4 263 55.6 lü7
5.6 775 H. 7 ti 52 5 ti 286 58.7 1ilj
5.8 855 46.2 ü\Jü 5 8 310 61.8 185
6.0 !J38 48.2 743 ti.O 334 65.0 1\J5

6 2 1020 49 8 i\JO ti ·) 360 68.4 205
6.4 1
1 1110 51 6 840 ti.4 388 71.8 215
6.6 1 1212 53.4 8\J2 ti.ti 416 75 2 226
6.8 1313 .)5 o !1+-1 ti 8 Hü 78.9 23ti
7.0 1426 56.8 V(J7 7.0 479 82.0 246

7.2 1517 58.6 1050 i 2 508 855 257
: 540 89.1 268
7.4 1655 60.2 1104 i 4
i 7.6 1785 61.8 115Y i 6 579 92.7 278
7.8 1917 63.6 121Y i 8 615· 96.3 289
8.0 2059 65.4 1284 8 o 653 100.0 300
i 1
151
Z SHAPE
F, _j¡.Y___ __.o....____--1•1 ______,.._
h [p
Reacting Force F"' = k:~:·e· L 2 1b
b J
1 [p
L j._"-Fx Reacting Force F 11 = k11 • e · ---;;
t-----=-------fl
L· lb
D .
Fy ::\laximum Bending Stress SB = kb · e · L psi
I p in inches4 L in feet D in inches
lE-:
¡-L-¡ 1 1 1 •
1. 5
t
[
-~----r¡---;---
2 3
---,---,---11-E!.
4
L :
1 h ' k. ~ k. ! kb 1 "· 1 k. 1 4 k, 1 kz . kv 1
ko , k-z k 11 1
ko \ Ji
1
1 o' 8
1
12' 8
1
1 39. o '
'
¡o-;¡-;~143.0"':83.81----s-51381--91-¡ 73
69. o
1
1 11 '8
1
1 35 1 76 lO 5
65!25!---n-
\) 2 ' 23 1
62 1
1
-6-o
8 .5
22155·w
20 : 56 : o' 8 i
11
1
1 ' ' 1
1 1 1 i . 1
1.0 17.2 1 37.9 1 61.9 15 9 1 34 1 69 1-!4 2'J 66 12 6 1 22 ' 52 . 11 8 19 i 50 ' 1 o 1
' 1.2 22 5 37.8 57 8 21 o i 35 1 69 18 2Y 66 16 o 23 53 ' 14 20 . 51 1
1 2 '
1 .4 28 3 37 7 60 '6 1 27 1
36 ' 69 22 30 67 1 20 24 55 19 21 52 1 4
16 ' ~35. 041¡ 42' 1 66 3 1 34 37 71 30 32 6\) 27 25 ' 57 24 21 55 l 6
1.8 ~ 43.2 72.0! 41 39 75 38 33¡ 71 34 26 60 30 22 58 1 8
1
1 2.0 52.8 45.7 79.3 ' 50 41 81 46 3.5 76 42 27 67 40 24 63 i 2 o
' 2 '2 63 o 48 o ' 86 5 ' 60 43 88 57 38 83 51 29 73 48 25 68 2 2
i2 4 76 o 51.0 1 93.8 71 46 96 6S 40 90 61 31 80 58 27 74 2 4 .
1
2 6 89.0 54.5 1 101.2 83 49 ' 102 79 43 97 71 33 86 69 29 80 26
' 2:8 102 58.21109.0 96 53 1 110 91 -to 105 82 35 92 80 30 87 2 8
1
'3.0 116 62.2' 116.1 110 56 1 118 104 49 115 92 37 99 90 32 93 3 o
! 3.2 132 66 o 1 124.5 124 59 1 126 118 51 121 106 39 107 104 34 99 3 2
' 3.4 14\J 70 o 1
133 o 140 63 134 133 ,')..! 128 121 41 114 118 36 105 3 4
3.6 168 74 o 1 1-ll o 168 66 : 143 149 57 135 136 44 120 132 38 111 3 6
3 8 188 78.0 1 149.0 177 70 151
1 165 60 142 151 46 127 147 40 117 1 3 8
1
4.0 ' 210 82.0 1 157 8 197 73 159 " 181 63 150 !56 49 133 163 42 124 4 o
4.2 235 86.4 166 o 219 77 ' 168 201 5n 1 157 l8.'i 51 l-tO 182 44 130 . 4 2
44 260 90 6 174 ,j 241 81 177 221 1)9 164 . 204 53 147 201 46 137 i .¡ 4
4.6 ' 285 94 8 183 o '263 85 ' 186 241 72 173 ' 223 56 !54 220 48 143 ' 4 6
4.8 310 99.0 1 192 o ' 287 88 ! 194 263 75 182 243 58 !61 239 50 150 -t 8
' .) o
5.0 336 103 2 201 4 314 92 i 203 288 78 190 264 61 168 260 52 156
--
1
1
5.2 364 107 6 ' 210 o 1
341 96 212 313 81 198 286 63 175 281 54 163 .)

•)
5.4 3!13 111 8 219 5 370 100 221 339 3.1 206 310 66 182 ' 304 56 !69 ' 5 -t
5 6 425 116 2 228 o 399 104 230 365 88 214 335 68 189 329 58 ' 176 5 6
'.
1
5 8 457 120 5 i 237 5 430 108 239 1, 392 92 223 360 71 197 355 61 ' 182 5 8
1 1 '
1
1 6.0 4\H 1 124 8 1 245 5 . -!61 112 · 248 í -!22 '15 232 386 73 205 381 63 190 6 O
i 6.2 • 526 ! 129 4 1 254 5 ' -!93 116 258 ~.10 q8 240 -!14 76 212 408 65 196 6 2
1 6 4 ' 562 ' 133 8 263 5 ' 526 120 267 478 l02 248 -!43 1 79 219 436 67 203 6 4
1 6.6 1 5\18
1
138 2 273 o 561 1 124 276 ' 506 105 256 472 ' 81 227 ' 465 69 210 6 6
11 6 8 633 ¡' 142 6 282.0 598 1?8 285 ! 535 108 265 502 84 234 4!)5
'¡' 72 217 6 8
1 1 i - !
i 70' 670 145 o 287.0 t 636 132' 294 565 lit 274 .533 86 242 526 74 224 1 o
1 1 2 . 715
152 o 300 o ; 674 136 303 601 115 282 565 89 248 1 557 76 230 7. 2 1
17 4 758 156' 5 309 o ' 714

1 140 312 639 118 290 599 92 256 .588 78 ' 237 7 4
r
f7.6 1 803
~ ¡ 850
161 .o 319 o : 756
165.5 328 o , 798
~-8_9_8__~1_7_o_.o_L_33_7_._o~84
1
143 321
148 1 330
__o__~1_5_2~~--340
680
724
1 122
125
299
308
633
668
94
97
__~~-7_7o_____1_zn__~3_1_7~:_7_o_3__~_99
263
210 , 655
620 81
83
244
250
7 6
1 s
__~1__27_n__L·_69_.4_____ss_·____2_5_7___s__o
152
U SHAPE ~TH EQUAL TANGENTS
[p
Reacting Force F =k ·e·-
"' "' L2
D
Maximum Bending Stress 8B = ko ·e·-
L
L 1p in in ches; L in feet D in inches
-L .....
a
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-- :-
~ k. k, k. kb 1 ~. 1 kb k. k, k. kb k. 1 kb k. kb k. kb k. k, ~
~
l.2
2.40 1.20 2.46
3.70 9.25 4.46
8.2
10.9
2.52
4.65
8.82 2.58
12.0 4.78
9.29 2.64
12.8 4.841
9.69
13.3 5.0
2.67 ~ 1
13.9
2.10
5.2
1o:1l1-1.0
2.73
5.29
10.3
l-1.4
2.75 10.4_l1:o
5.35 14.9 l 1.2
1.4 5.31 11.37 6.46 13.6 6.79 15.2 6.98 16.3 7._! 17.0 7.4 17.9 7.7 18.1 1 7.85 18.6 7.~~ 19.4 1.4
1.6 7.22 13.53 8.46 16.3 8.93 18.4 9.20 19.8 9.o 20.8 9.8 22.0 10.2 22.3 10.41 22.9 lO.ooj 23.9 1.6
1.8 9.45 15.75 10.48 19.0 11.08 21.6 11.42 23.4 11.9 24.7 12.3 26.1 12.7 ·26.7 12.97 27.4 13.15128.5 1.8
2.0 12.00 18.00 12.5 21.8 13.24 24.8 13.87 27.1 14.4 28.8 14.9 30.2 15.3 31.2 15.53 32.3 15.79 33.2 2.0
2.2 14.85 20.25 15.8 24.9 16.6 28.5 16.9 31.0 17.5 33.4 18.0 34.8 18.6 36.2 20.0 i 38.0 21.0 38.6 2.2
2.4 18.00 22.50 19.6 1 28.0 20.4 1 32.2 20.8 35.3 21.3 38.0 22.5 40.0 23.8 4l.i 25.2 43.7 26.3 1 44.4 2.4
2.6 21.52 24.83 23.4 31.1 24.4 1 35.9 25.5 39.7 26.2 42.7 27.5 45.3 29.0 47.3 30.7 49.5 31.7 1 50.5 2.6 í
2.8 25.32 27.10 27.3 34.2 28.9 39.7 30.6 44.0 31.7 47.5 33.0 50.7 34.7 53.0 36.3 55.4 37.2 1 56.9 2.8!
1
3.0 29.45 29.45 31.2 37.4 33.6 43.7 35.8 48.7 37.7 52.7 39.3 56.2 40.7 59.0 41.9 61.5 43.0 63.6 3.0.'
3.2 33.9 31.8 35.6 1 40.6 39.0 47.6 41.2 53.3 43.7 58.0 45.7 61.7 48.0 65.1 50.0 67.8 50.8 70.6 3.:<.
3.-l 38.7 34.1 40.0 43.8 44.5 51.6 1 46.9 .58:0 49.5 63.3 52.2 67.3 55.5 71.3 58.3 74.2 59.2 7i.1 3.4
3.6 43.7 36.5 46.1 1 47.0 50.3 55.6 53.0 62.8 57.5 68.7 59.5 73.0 63.2 77.7 66.7. 80.7 68.0 84.9 3.6
3.8 49.1 38.8 52.3 50.2 57.0 59.8 60.2 67.6 65.5 74.1 138.5 79.4 71.5 84.2 75.2 87.3 77.1 92.2 3.8
4.0 54.9 4111 58.5 53.6 64.0 64.0 69.1 72.5 73.6 79.7 77.5 85.8 80.9 91.0 84.2 94.-J. 86.6 99.5 4.0
4.2. 60.8 43.4 64.7 57.0 71.1 68.2 1 78.1 i7.5 82.0 85.2 87 .o 92.2 90.4 97.3 95.0 102.0 97.0 107.0 4.2
4.4 67.3 1 45.9 71.0 60.4 78.9 72.4 87.2 82 ..) 91.0 11 90.8 1 96.5 98.6 1100.5 104.7 106.2 109.6 108.0 11-U 4.4
4.6 73.9 1 48.2 79.1 63.8 87.0 76.6 96.3 87.5 ¡101.7 96.3 ,106.5 105.0 112.0 111.7 117.8 117.2 120.0 122.8 4.6
4.8 81.0 50.6 87.2 67.3 95.8 80.8 105.4 92.5 112.4 101.9 118.0 111.4 124.2 118.7 129.8 125.0 133.3 131.0 4.8
5.0 88.2 52.9 95.3 70.8 104.6 85.2 114.7 97.8 122.5 107.5 130.0 117.8 136.7 125.9 142.5 133.0 147.9 139.4 5.0
5.2 95.9 55.3 104.4 1 74.3 )14.0 89.5 125.0 103.0 134.0 113.7 142.0 124.5 149.4 133.2 157.5 141.0 163.0 !147.9 5.2
5.4 103.8 57.7 113.5 77.8 1123.6 93.9 136.3 108.3 ,146.0 120.0 155.0 131.3 !162.4 140.6 172.6 149.0 ¡'178.5 11156.5 5.4
5.6 112.1 60.1 122.6 81.3 134.0 1 98.3 1147.6 113.5 1159.0 126.2 ¡169.0 138.1 ;177.0 148.1 187.0 157.1 194.5 165.2 5.6
5.8 120.7 62.4 132.0 84.8 144.6,102.7 159.0 118.8 172.0 132.51183.0 144.9,192.6 155.6,202.7 165.2,211.0 11173.9 5.81
6.0 129.6 64,8 141.6 88.4 155.8 107.0 171.3 124.1 185.2 138.8 197.8 151.8 209.0 163.3 219.2 173.5 228.3 182.6 6.01
6.2 138.8 67.2 152.4 91.9 1167.2 1111.5 184.0 129.5 199.0 145.1 ,213.0 158.8 1225.0 1171.0 ¡236.0 1181.8,245.8 ¡191.4 6.2
6.4 148.4 69.6 ,163.3 i 95.4 179.1 1116.0 1198.0 134.\) 1213.0 151.4 1228.5 165.8 241.8 1178.8 ,253.0 1190.2 263.8 j200.2,6A
6.6 158.2 71.9 Jli·-1.2 1 98.9 191.0 ;120.5 i212.2 140.3 1
228.0 157.7 1
245.0 172.9 259.5 ¡186.6 271.0 198.7 282.8 120\U 6.ti
6.8 168.4 74.31185.2 1102.41'204.0 1125.0 1226.4 145.7 ¡'244.21' 164.0 '1262.5 180.0 '¡279.0 1194.5 1292.0 1207.2 1305 _1218.0 1 6.81
7.0 178.9 76.7 196.31106.0 ,_217.0 !129.4 ¡240.7 151.1 261.8 170.3 ¡280.7 187.1 :298.7 202.5 ,314 216.0 j328 !227.1 7.01
7.2 189.8 79.1
7.4 200.9 1209.1 109.5 :230.5 1133.9 256.0 156.6 :279.8 1176.7 [299.5 1194.3 1319 ¡210.5 !336
1358
i224.í !351 ¡236.6 7.21
81.5 221.9 1113.0 1
244.2 1138.4 1271.5 162.1 1297.81183.1 1319.0 !201.6 339 j218.5 !233.5 !374 2+6.3 7.4
1::: ¡::-O 1:~~:: ¡:~ ¡:::; 1:

7.6 212.4 83.8 234.7 116.5 i259.2 ,142.9 1287.5 167.6 1316 189.5 J33!l.O j208.9 !359 ¡226.5 381 J242.3 1
398 !256.0 7.6
¡274.5,147.411304.3
~:::~ ¡;:; 1::~:~ ::
7.8 224.2 86.2 247.6 120.0
8.0
8.2
236.2
248.7
88.6 260.7
91.0 1275.0
123.5
127 .O
1289.8
1305
152.0
!156.6
.322
1340 184.1 ,372 !208.9 1400 !231.0 +29 !250.9 1451
1
1268.9
1
1475
¡:;::: :::
¡28.5.5 8.2
8.4 261.5 93.4 ¡289.3 1130.5 1320 ¡161.2 !358 189.i '392 1215.4 :422 1238.5 ;455 (259.2 476 1277.8 502 1295.4 8.4
8.6 2í4.6 1
95.81 304 1134.0 1336 1165.8 ¡'377 195.3 1413 1221.9 1445 1246.0 1480 !267.5 ¡502 l286.7 '.530 1305 8.6
8.8 287.9 98.2 318 137.5 i351 1170.4 395 200.9 11434 '1228.4 470 253.51505 1275.81529 295.7 1560 11315 8.8
9.0 302 100.5 332 141.0 !367 1175.0 1416 206.6 456 235.0 495 '261.0 '530 1284.1 ¡559 305 1590 ,325 9.0
9.2 316 102.9 ¡348 1144.5 i384 ¡179.6 ¡437 1212.-l 1479 1241.6 520 1268.6 1556 11292.4 ¡589 314 1620 J335 9.2
9.4 330 105A !365 148.0 1402 ! 184.2 j-t58 218.2 !503 '¡248.2 545 ¡276.2 1584 301 :618 323 651 345 9.4
9.6 345 107.7 381 1151.5 1-+22 1188.8 -+80 224.0 ¡527 1
254.8 ¡s7o l283.s ¡6n 1309 J648 332 ~84 3~ 9.f
9.8 360 110.1 ¡397 155.0 443 193.4 ¡502 22H.8 1551 1261.4 ¡596 291.4 :639 j317 680 342 117 365
1 9.f
10.0 375 112.5 ¡·H4 f158.i j466 198.1 J525 236.1 575 268.2 ,624 1299.0 j666 j326 ,711
1 351 750 1375 10.0
133
( '
U SHAPE WITH TANGENTS f:.!

L2
= 2
,. o
'1 Reacting Force F::: = kx ·e· 12
/p
/p
Fy Reacting Force F¡¡ =k11 · e · -2
r 1
L, L
D
::\Iaximum Bending Stress se = kb ·e·-
,~
Fx- Fx L
L
1p in inches 4 L in feet D in inche,;
1 L 1 : 11 L)
1- .... 2 4 6 8
:a 1 1
1 1
10 ' ...... -
•
1
a 1
1
-L-1 , • : j 1 /.
f"-
¡¡ 1 k, k, ko k, k, 1
ko : k. k, kb k, k, kb 1 k, 1 kv ko , ¡; 1
1
1.0 25 Q5'g¡:-lz¡:-.l.-1-1- ! ) 9 ---z.s 1'"'1.4"~·---¡o¡:- 291~ ---¡o;j'3Q:~i~~~
1 1
\ 1
1
1
1 2 1 4.4 Oi 11 i 53 1 1 6 12 5 5O 1.8 H 6 1 55 2 O 15 5 55 2 1 16 2, 1.2
1.4 6.4 1.0 1 H.ti 8 o; 2.1 15 1 7.6. 2.2¡ 18"81 8.2 2.5 20 1 8.2 2.6 21.0; 1.4.
1.6 8.4 1.2 17"5 10"8 2"6 17 7 10"2 1 2. 7 23 o 10.9 2.9 '. 24 8. 11.0 3.0 25 8 1 1.6
i
1
l. 8 10.4 l. 5 20. 4 13. ti 3. 1 20. 4 12 9 3. 1 27.2 13.6 3. 4 29. 5 ~ H. O 3. 5 1 30.6 j l. 8 ;

2.0 12.4 1.7 23.3 16.5 3.6 23 3 15.6 3.6 31.5 16 5 3.8: 34 2 1 17.2 4.0 1 35.5 1 2.0 1
2.2 16.0 2.0 2ti.6 20"3 3 9 28 3 20 6 4 o 36 6 20.0 4.2. 39 o 1 21.5 4.5 41.8 ' 2.2
2.4 197 2.3 29.9 241 43 334 25ti -!5 41.7 24.0 4.7 HOi 275 4.9 ,!82 2"4'
2.6 23 . 4 2. 7 33 2 28 o 4 . ti 38" 5 30 ti 4 9 46 8 28 . o 5 l ,¡y 1 33 . 5 5 "5 54 rj 2 6 ;
1 2.8 27.1 3.0 36"5 32.0 4.9 ,!3.ti 35.6 5.4 51.9 33"0 5.ti 54.ti 39.5 6.0 tiLO 2 8'
\-
30"9 40" 1 36 1 5.3 -!8.7 407 5 9 57.0 40.8 6.0 59 6 46.5 6.5 67 .O j 3.0 .
30 3 "'3"7 41 o ,!)i .)3 2 48 o t\ 3 62 ·8 47 o 6 5 ti8 o 5-l o 6.9 74.0 ' 3.2
41.7 "'7 3 47 o ¡¡ 2 .57 7 56 o ti 8 t)\) o 55 o 7o 75 o ti2 o 7.4 81 o 3 4
46" 1 50 \) 53 o ti ti ti2 o ti4"0 7 3 74"0 ti5 o 7 4 • 83 o 71 o 7.8 880 3 ti
51.5 54"5 600 7 1 ti7.0 72.0 7"8 80.0 76"0 7 "9 1 91.0 81. o 8.3 95.0 3.8
i
58"0 5 2 58.0 ti9"0 7 5 71.0 80 o 8.2 86.0 87 o 8 .¡ 1 100 92.0 8.8 103 ,¡ o
ti5 o 5"5 ti2.0 77 o 8 o 76 o . \)0 o 8 7 92 o 98"0 8 \) : 107 105 9 3 111 4 2 .
72 o 5 \) ti5 o 86 o 8 4 80 o' lOO 9.1 9\:l.O 109 9 4 1 115 118 9 8 120 4 4
79"0
6"31·
ti9 o 95"0 8 8 85 o 111 9 5 105 120 \) 8 i 122 132 10 3 128 4"6 '
86"0 6.7 72.0 1 104 9 o 89.0 122 9.9 111 133 10.31 130 145 10"8 137 4.8;
1-
94"0 7 o; 76 o¡ 113 9 6 94.0 132 10"4 116 147 10.8 i 138 159 11.3 1 1,!6 5.0
1 103 7 5 1 so o 124 10 o
99 o 1-!5 10 9 122 158 11.3 ¡ 146 172 11.7 . 154 1 5.2
L 112 i \) 84 o
135 lO .) : 104 158 11 3 128 173 11.7 154 188 12" 1 ! 163 ; 5 4
121 8 3 : 88 o
146 10 \) ' 108 172 ll 8 134 18\J 12 2 162 ' 206 12.6 i 171 5 o
131 8.7 92.0 . 157 11 4 113 185 12 3 140 206 12.ti 171 1 223 13. o . 180 5 8
140 9 2 96 o • 168 11 8 118 1\)9 12 7 146 224 13 1 179 1 242 13.5 188 6 o
150 \) 5 \J9 o 180 12 3 123 21ti 13 2 i 153 241 13.ti 186 261 1-!0 198 6 2
ltil \) 9 103 UJ3 12 i 127 232 13 ti lOO :?58 14.1 193 283 14.5 208 ti .¡
l 71 10.3 107 206 13 1 132 248 141 166 275 14 5 201 306 15 o 218 6 ti
182 10 i 110 220 13 ti 137 2ti4 14 5 173 292 15.0 208 329 15.5 ' 228 6 8
192 11.1:114 234 14 o ' 1-!2 280 ' 14 9 180 15 5 215 352 16.0 238 7 o
204 1151117 249 14 4 147 2U\J ' 15.4 186 15 9 222 375 16.4 • 2,1; 'i 2
216 ll \) 121 264 1-l 8 152 15 8 192 16 3 399 16 8 25ti i 4
228
240
12 3
12. i
125
128
279
295 15
-
l ;). ')
ti
157
ll.i2
319
338
357
1
16 2
16 6
198
204
16 7
17. 1
229
236
2,!3
-!25
450
17 2 265
17. i 27 4
i ti
i 8
8"0 252 13 1 132 : 312 16 1 ¡ 167 377 211 17.5 i 251 1

476 18 2 283 8 o
8"2 266 13 5 136 330 16 6 ' 172 3\li'l 17 9 1 259 502 18 6 293 8 2 1
8"4 280 13 \) ' 1~0 348 17 o 176 420 18 4 268 530 19 o 303 8 4 :
8"6 295 14 3 : 143 366 17 5 ' 181 -142 18 \) 277 561 19.5 313 8 6 .
' 465 324 8 8.
L 8.8 309 14" i 1 147 384 ' 18 o1 186 19.3 28ti 592 20.0
1
9.0 323 15" 2 151 9"0.
9.2 339 15 6 156 9. 2 i
9.4 355 16"0 160 9.4
9.6 3íl 16 4 165 9.6
9.8 387 16.8 169 9.8
10.0 403 17"3 175 10.0
U SHAPE WITH TANGENTS ~
L% = 3
a ., - - - Reacting Force F:r =k:r ·c·-

L2
/p
[p
Reacting Force F11 = k11 ·e· L 2
h
D
Fx-fr •-...1--Fx :\laximum Bending Stress ss = kb ·e·
L
r~----------~L~-----------1 1p in inches 4 L in feet D in inches
L
;:¡- 1 2 4 6 8 10 ---¡;¡Li
--¡ . ' !------.,--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------:--- __ ,
L L
~~ _k_.__ ¡_k_._l_k_._¡_k_._¡_:_l_k_··_[_k_._,_:_:_k_._1 k.
1 1 ' 1 1 1 . . • • 1
k. k. _k_·.__ l_k_.- __k_.__li_\
l. o 2. 5 o. 7 9. 3 1 2. 8 l. 4 10.2 ¡' 3_ . 1 2. o 11.4 3. 2 2.1 11.8 3. 3 2. 2 12 l. o \
1.2 4.0 1.1 12.7 4.0 1.9 15 4.0 2.6 15.6 5.8 2.8 16.6 6.0 2.9 17 1.2
1.4 6.0 1.5 16.1 6.0 2.4 20 7.0 3.3 20 8.4 3.5 21.4 9.0 3.6 22 1.4
1.6 8.0 1.8 19.5 9.0 2.9 25 10 3.9 25 11 4.2 26 11 4.3 27 1.6
1.8 10 2.2 23 12 3.5 30 13 4.6 29 H 4.9 31 14 5.0 32 1.8
2.0 13 2.6 26 15 4.0 35 17 5.3 33 18 5.6 36 19 5.8 37 1 2.0
2.2 16 3.1 30 18 4.6 38 21 5.6 39 22 6.3 40 22 6.6 44 22
2.4 20 3.6 34 21 5.2 41 26 5.9 +t 26 7.1 46 28 7.4 50 . 2.4
2.6 24 4.2 39 26 5.8 +t 31 6.2 49 31 7.8 52 34 8.2 57 2.6
2.8 28 4. 7 43 31 6.4 47 37 6.5 54 39 8.6 59 43 9.0 64 28
3.0 33 5.2 47 38 7.0 50 45 7 .o 60 48 9.3 66 52 9.8 71 3

3.2 39 5.8. 51 44 7.6 55 51 7.9 66 57 10. o 72 60 10.5 78 3.
3.4 44 6.3 55 51 8.2 59 59 65 10.7 79 70 ' 11.1 86 3 .¡
9.0 1 72 11.5 8\l 80 11.8 93 3 ti .
3.6 50 6.9 59 59 8.8 64 68 10.0 78 74
3.8 56 7.5 64 67 9.4 69 77 11.2 8.3 84 12.2 93 90 12.4 100 3.8
4.0 62 8.1 68 73 10.0 . 73 87 12.4 89 95 12.8 lOO 101 13.1 109 4.0
4.2 69 8.7 73 82 10.6 78 96 13.1 95 107 13.6 108 115 13.8 117 4.2
4.4 76 9.3 78 92 11.3 8.3 107 13.8 101 119 14.3 1
115 129 14.5 125 4.4
4.6 84 9.9 82 102 11.9 88 118 14.5 108 132 15.1 122 143 15.3 134 4.6
4.8 92 10.6 87 111 12.6 93 130 15.2 115 145 15.8 130 157 16.0 142 4.8
5.0 101 11.2 92 120 13.2 97 144 16.0 122 160 16.5 138 172 16.7 152 5. o
5.2 llO 11.8 96 131 13.9 102 157 16.7 128 174 17.2 145 188 17.4 161 5.2
5.4 119 12.4 lOO 142 14.5 107 170 17.4 134 190 17.9 153 205 18.1 170 1 5.4
5.6 129 13.0 105 154 15.2 112 184 18.1 141 208 18.7 161 222 :1 18.8 178 5. 6
5.8 139 13.6 109 166 15.8 117 199 18.8 148 226 19.4 169 241 19.6 187 5. 8
6.0 148 14.2 114 179 16.·5 121

1 216 19.7 155 244 20.1 178 262 120.3 196 6. o
6.2 159 14.9 119 191 17 1 . 127 231 20.3 161 262 20.7 185 283 1
21.0 205 6.2
o. 4 170 15.7 124 204 17.8 132 2-!9 21.0 167 280 21.4 193 305 21.8 215 6. 4
6.6 181 16.4 129 219 18.5 137 267 21.6 174 300 22.1 201 330 22.6 224 ! 6. 6
! 6.8 1 194 17.1 134 234 19.1 142 285 22.3 181 321 22.9 ! 209 353 1 23.4 233 6.8
7.0 208 17.8 139 250 19.8 147 304 23.0 187 344 23.6 : 219 376 ¡ 24.2 243 7.0
7.2 220 18.5 1-H 266 20.5 152 323 23.7 194 367 24.2 ¡ 227 403 : 24.9 253 7. 2
7.4 232 19.1 149 282 21.2 157 3-H 24.4 201 390 24.8 1 235 430 25.6 263 7.4
7.6 246 19.8 155 299 21.8 162 365 25.1 208 -!13 25.5 i 242 457 26.2 273 7.6
7.8 260 20.4 159 317 22.5 167 387 25.8 215 438 26.1 i 251 485 26.9 283 7.8
8.0 276 21.1 163 335 23.2 172 410 26.5 222 464 26.7 i 260 513 27.6 . 294 8.0
8.2 1 290 21.8 1G8 354 23.9 177 432 27.2 230 490 27.5 ' 268 542 28.3 303 8.2
28.2 1 277 573 29.0 313 8 . .¡
~l~
8. 4 305 22.5 173 373 24.6 182 455 27.9 237
8. 6 321 23.2 178 392 25.2 187 480 28.6 2-!4 i 29.0 286 605 29.7 323 . 8.6
8.8 338 23.9 18.3 411 25.9 1\J2 506 29.3 251 574 29.7 294 637 30.4 333 8.8
9.0 355 24.6 18.8 430 26.6 197 532 30.2 258 604 30.5 303 669 31.1 343 9.0
9.2 372 25.3 192 450 27.3 203 560 31. o 265 634 31.2 312 703 31.7 353 9.2
9.4 389 25.9 197 470 27.9 209 58.8 31.8 1 273 665 32.0 321 738 32.4 363 9 •
9.6 406 26.6 202 491 28.6 214 ti19 . 32.6 ! 281 1 697 32.7 330 774 33.0 373 . ~.
9.8 423 27.2 207 513 2\J.3 219 649 • 33.41289 730 33.4 339 810 33.7 38.3 : 9.
10.0 440 27.9 212 .538 .1 30.0 224 680 34.2 298 765 34.2 348 i 845 34.3 . 395 10.0
1
155
U SHAPE WITH TANGENTS ~

L2
= 4
o
1• ·1 Reacting Force F, =k,· e·-
[p
L2
Fx --•~------...1
l·
Lr
-1
L
bJF, ·1
Reacting Force
Maximurn Bending Stress
[p in inches 4 L in ieet
F 11 =k 11 ·e·-
SB =
L2
D
kb ·e·-
D in inches
[p
~-1
L
2 4 6 8 10
-- L
a
L
¡¡ k. k. ko k. k. ko k. k. kb k, k. ko k, k• ko
ii
----- --
--
1.0
1.2
2.6
4.5
o8
1.3
9.7
11. o
--1-
2.9
5 o¡
1.85
2.5
---
10.8
15
---
3.2 2 3
52
11 8 3.4
3 11 lü 4 6
2.4
3 2
1221-----s5
17 1 ti. 2
1-
2.5
3.4
12 5
17. ti
--
1.0
12
1.4 ti .1~ 1.8 15.0 i 7 3. 3 19 8 39. 209 9 4.0 22.1 9 4.2 22.8 1 4
1.6 8.9 2.3 19.0 105 4.0 23 ll 4 i 25.5 12 4.8 27 1 12 5.0 28.0 1.ti
1.8 11.2 2.7 23 o 13.3 4.7 27 14 5 4 30 15 5 6 32 1() 5.8 33.2 1.8
2.0 13.5 3.2 :.!8 5 lti. 3 5.4 31 18 6.2 35 19 ti 5 37 20 6.7 38.6 2 o
2.2 17.5 3.8 33 o 20 6.3 35 22 7 .O 40 23 7.4 -13 24 7.6 45 2 2.2
2.4 21.5 4 5 37 5 25 7 2 40 ?~
7.9 4ti 29 8 3 49 30 8.4 52 2 4
25.5 5 1 -120 30 8 o 45 ~·
33 8.8 51 36 9.1 56 1
37 9.3 58 2 (j
2.ti
2.8 297 5.8 4ti 5 36 8 9 50 40 \) 6 57 1
43 10. o 62 45 102 65 2 8
3.0 34.2 6 4 .)1 43 ~~ 8 55 48 10.5 ti3 52 lO. 9 ti8 54 11.0 -')
·~
3.0
3.2 404 7 1 .)6 ·t\! 10.ti 5\J 56 11.4 69 tíO 11.8 75 ti3 11.9 80 3 2
3 4 47 7 8 ü1 5ti 11 5 6-i 65 12.3 75 iO 12.7 82 72 12.8 88 3 4
3.ti 52 8.5 ti6 64 12.3 1 ti9 74 13 1 81 80 13.ti 89 82 13.7 \!ti 3 ti
3.8 59 9 2 71 72 13 2 . 74 83 14.0 1 87 90 14.5 96 \H 1~ ti 104 3.8
4.0 66 10.0 76 81 14. 1 79 93 15. o 1
93 102 15.5 104 108 15 7 112 1 4.0
4.2 72 10.8 81 ~l() 15. o 84 104 15 8 99 113 16.4 111 123 16 5 : 121 4.2
4.4 80 ll ti 86 lOO 15 9 8!! 116 16 7 1
106 126 17 2 118 138 17 4 130 1 4.4
4.6 88 12.4 \J1 111 16 8 94 128 17 ti 112 140 18.1 126 153 18 3 ! 138 4.6
4.8 97 13 2 \Jt:i 122 17 i w 141 18 5 118 155 18.9 133 1ti8 19 2 ! 147 4.8
1
5.0 107 14.0 : 102 133 18.5 104 154 l\J4 125 170 19 8 1-12 183 20 1 ' 155 5.0
5.2 117 14 8 107 lH 1\J .f 109 168 20 3 132 1
185 20.7 150 200 21 o lti.f 5.2
5.4 127 15 \) 112 1.')7 20 3 1l.f 183 21 2 139 201 21.6 158 218 21 \.) 173 5 .f
5 ti 137 16 4 117 171 21 1 11\l 200 22.2 146 219 22.4 166 23ü 22.8 l 182 5.6
•)·- ,) 8
5.8 148 17 2 123 185 22 o : 125 217 23.1 153 238 23.3 174 ~a• 23 7 Ul1
ti.O 159 18 o 129 199 22.~) 131 234 24 o 160 2.58 24.2 182 278 24 5 200 ti.O
6.2 170 18 \.) ;
135 215 23.8 . l31i 251 24.9 167 277 25 1 191 2\J9 25 5 ZO'J ti 2
ti 4 181 19.7 1-!0 230 24 7 1-!1 2ti9 25.9 174 Z!l6 26.0 1\J9 321 2ti -! 21!! ti .f
6.li 194 20.6 146 245 25 5 146 288 26.8 181 316 26.9 208 34ti 27 3 22\J li.ti
ti S 208 21 5 152 260 26 .¡ 151 309 27.8 188 340 27.9 216 371 28 2 : 23\.1 ti 8
'
!
7 o 222 22 4 158 276 27 4 156 330 28 i 195 367 28 8 225 399 2!) 2 249 i o
i 2 236 23.2 163 2~)3 28.3 161 351 29 4 202 38\) ~J.ti 233 -!27 300 259 -1
•)
~
7 .. 250 24.2 169 311 292 166 372 302 208 412 30 .. 241 -!55 309 21.)9 7 .¡
7 ti 264 25 1 175 330 30.1 171 393 31 o 215 -!3ti 1 31 2 2·+!1 -!83 31 7 279 7 (j
.fti3 ; 32 o .)11 32 ti 7 8
')·-
7 8 279 26.0 181 3:JO 31 o 177 .U5 31 8 221 wul 289
8.0 296 27.0 187 370 32 o 184 437 32 i 228 4\JO 32 8 2ti5 5-!0 33 .. 299 .s o
8 2 313 27 \) 192 3!10 32.8 189 -!60 33 .. 235 51\J 33 7 27-l 570 3-! 3 JO<cl
194 484 34 3 241 5-!8 34 6 283 ti03 35 2 31\l "8 2-!
8.4 330 28 8 198 HO 33 7
8.o 347 29.7 20-l -!30 34.6 199 510 35 1 248 578 35 5 2\J2 637 3ti.O 330 S li
8.8 364 30.6 210 -151 35"
.o 204 536 36 o 255 ti08 3U.4 301 li73 36 \) 3-!l 8.8
9.0 382 31 4 216 -ti3 36.3 209 562 37.0 262 640 37.4 310 710 3'L 8 352 ~~ o
9.2 400 32 3 222 496 37 2 214 500 37 8 268 672 38.1 318 7-t7 386 3(i2 ~) 2
9.4 41~) 33 2 228 51\) 38 1 219 615 38 7 275 704 38.9 326 784 3\l 5 372 \) 4
9.6 -!38 34. 1 234 542 224 645 39 6 282 . 736 39.7 33-l 821 -+0 3 382 \)ti
\) 8 457 350 240 566 139
40.0o 229 680 288 1 768 40.5 3-t2 858 -11 2 392 !l 8
40 4 1 -!2 o
10.0 -!76 1 3ti. o 246 590 -!l. o 235 710 41.3 . 296 ¡800 -!1 3 'i 351 i
-<!16 403 lO O
156
U SHAPE WITH SINGLE TANGENT
o
[p
Reacting Force F, = kx ·e· L 2
Reacting Force
:\Iaximum Bending Stress

L.
[p·in inches 4 L in feet D in inches
Fy
1
¡a
f-- 1.5 1 2 1
3 4 1~~\
;-- 1 ---¡
1
L 1 L '
1
k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k. k.
i h h
llol
1 i 1
1.0 2.63 0.75 10.5 2.8 l. 41 11.3 3.3 2.3 12.5 3.6 2.7 13.0
1.2 4.0 l. 27 15 o 4.8 2.28 15 6 3 5 18.3 6.0 3.9 18.4 12 1
1.4 6.0 l. 79 19.5 7 3. 15 20 9 -L8 24.1 9.0 5.1 23.8 14

1.6 8.0 2.31 24.0 9 4.0 25 12 6.0 30 12. o 6.3 29.2 1.6
1.8 11.0 2.83 28.5 12 4.9 30 16 7.2 36 16.5 7.5 34.6 1.8
2.0 14.5 3.4 33.6 16 5.8 38 20 8.4 42 21.3 8.8 40 2 o i
2.2 18" 4.2 39 20 7.1 44 25 10.0 49 28 10.5 48 2. 2 ¡
2.4 22 5.0 46 24 8.4 50 30 11.5 56 34 12. 1 55 2 4
2.6 26 5.9 53 30 9.8 58 36 13.0 63 40 13.8 62 2.6
2.8 32 6.8 60 37 11.0 66 44 14.5 70 -!9 15.5 69 2.8
3.0 39 7.7 67 45 12.4 75 53 16 7i 59 17.2 77 3 ('
3.2 45 8.8 74 52 14.1 82 62 18 87 69 19.0 85 3
3.4 51 9.9 81 60 15.8 90 71 20 96 80 21.0 93 3 ..
3.6 59 ll.O 89 70 17 5 99 81 22 105 \H 23.0 101 3.6
1
3.8 1 69 12.0 98 80 19 109 94 24 1
i 114 103 24.6 110 3.8
' 1 1
4.0 79 13.5 108 91 21 120 108 26 124 117 26.5 118 4.0
4.2 89 15 o 1
118 102 23 130 121 28 13-! 131 29 127 4 2 i
4.4 lOO 16.5 128 ll4 25 140 135 30 144 147 31 136 4.4
4.6 111 18.0 138 128 27 151 150 33 154 164 33 145 4 6 1
4.8 124 19.9 148 142 29 162 1ti7 35 104 181 35

'
154 4.8 i
1
5.0 139 21.8 159 156 31 173 185 37 174 1\18 37 163 5.0
5.2 152 23 1 ltiY 171 33 185 203 39 183 218 39 173 5 2
5.4 1 lti5 24 4 179 188 36 197 221 ·H 193 238 41 182 5 4
5.6 1 179 25.7 18\J 206 38 209 240 43 203 259 43 192 5 ti
i 5.8 1 1\J3 27 o 19\l 225 40 221 260 45 213 280 46 201 5 8
ti o '
1
1
6.0 ' 209 28 5 209 244 1 43 233 280 47 223 302 48 211 1
6.2 225 30 2 220 263 1 45 24ti 305- 50 236 324 51 220 6 2 .

ti.4 242 31.9 231 283 48 259 330 53 2-!Y 347 52 229 6 4
ti.6 261 33.6 242 305 50 272 355 i 56 262 371 54 238 6 6 ;
1
6.8 281 35.4 253 329 53 285 380 1 59 1 275 3~17 56 247 6.8
1
7.0 302 37.3 266 355 .j.'j 299 406 62 286 425 58 257 7 o
-1. ?~ 322 39 2 _,'
?--
1
378 58 313 435 65 2\19 -t53 61 267 -1 ?~
7.4 342 41 1 28Y 403 60 327 -!64 67 311 481 63 277 7 4
7.6 364 43 o 301 430 63 341 -t93 70 323 510 65 287 7.6
7.8 387 45 o 313 460 66 335 523 72 335 541 68 297 7 S
8.0 411 4o s 326 491 6!) 370 553 75 347 574 70 308 8 o'
8 2 439 4\) o 340 520 71 383 587 78 1
359 609 73 318 8.2
8 4 468 51 2 355 550 74 396 1)21 80 371 tj44 75 329 8.4
8.6 497 53 370 !
580 409 656 83 383 679 77 341 8.6 !
8.8 526 55 384 610 ''
79 422 691 85 395 714 80 350 8 8
1
! 9.0 555 58 398 640 82 435 726 88 409 750 82 361 9.0
9.2 586 60 412 679 85 451 765 91 421 788 85 371 9.2
9.4 617 63 426 718 88 468 805 94 434 826 87 381 9 4
864 89 391 9 ,·
9.6 649 65 440 757 92 -!85 845 97 i 447 92 401 9¡
! 9.8 681 67 455 797 95 502 885 100 461 002
1 10.0 714 70 470 837 99 522 925 103 476 940 94 411 10. \r
1 1
...
157
U SHAPE-EQUAL LEGS
1
L
! h k. k.
:
0.2 o 03ií 0.6li
0.3 0.1165 1.308
0.4 0.256 2.232
o5 0.469 3.370
0.6 O.í65 4.580
O.í 1.191 6.430
0.8 1.68 8.110 h
0.9 2.38 10.39
1.0 3.00 12.00
1.2 4.88 16.74
F x - - -...
1 4
1.6
1 8
7.37
10.55
14.48
22.26
28.56
35.52 ¡. L .¡
2.0 19 2 43.20
2.2
2.4
2.6
24.6
31.4
39.2
. 52.32
60 72
70.56
2.8 48.0 81.24
r. Reacting Force
3.0 5í.8 92.64
3.2 69.1 104 5
3.4 82 2 1182
3.6 95 6 130.8 D .
3.8 111 o 138.4 l\Iaximum Bending Stress sa = k·b · e · - ps1
L
4.0 128.1 160.0
4.2 147.0 176 1
4.4 166.6 192.0 [p in inches 4 L in feet D in inches
4.6 189 o 208.8
4·.8 213 o 22i.4
5.0 239.0 246.0
5 2 266.0 264.0
U SHAPE-MODIFffiD
r
Reacting Force
Reacting Force
D
:.Iaximum Bending Stress sa kb ·e· -
1
L
F,.......i-.
I p in inche:o' L in feet D in inches
:a ..... 1
uon
i 1 oi F,R !
L k, Force
k. k k, k. k, k, k. k, k. k. k,
h " !
1 :-.
1 2 62 o 51 1
lO -+5 r 2 63 o i.) 10 .10 2 82 l .u 11 2 3 30 2 28 12.6
i
1.2
,_ 3.32 o 69 14 l 3 38 l 01 : 14 45 3 69 l 85 16 5 4 3i 1
1
2.79 17 6
'
1.5 4. 17 1 26 13 8 4. 12 15 13 5 4 12 o 86 13 3 ...j o -+2 145

2 5.46 2 66 17 3 5 50
l
2 GO 17 2 5 30 1 2H 16 1 5 6 ¡-2 14 1i 3
i
3 7.20 4 70 222 lO 4 70 21 5 7 08 ! .. 65 21 3 i 3 4.50 22 o
1
6 9.30 7 tiO 28.i 9' 33 1
7 i5 28 2 940 i 87 28.2 9.4 i i 66 28 2
158
U SHAPE UNEQUAL LEGS
lp
Reacting Force F:r: = kx ·e· L 2
h
!p
Reacting Force F11 =k11 ·e·-
Lz
D
::Vlaximum Bending Stress SB = kb ·e·-
L
I p in inches4 L in feet D in inches

L
Fy
: h 1 1 h i
~ -----;--4_1_3---:--- -----...,...-2--.,-----! ----:--3--,..-----1----...,...---..,-,_ _ ,_-_11_,
1
4
1
~
__:_J ~
1
1
kv k. kv 4 ok•. "3 k·-·l--k1-·1_' ok. 1>9 k. 4

r-i2 ¡--14-~
1 "· il _ _ 1 1! :
i o. 4
i o. 6
0.07
o 60
l. 15
1 0.6
o. 7
o. 8
1.5
3 o
5. 8
0.29
o 75
l. 9
1
1.8
2. o
2. 2
7
8
11
1.4
2. 7
v
l 3.4
3. 5
3. 8
13
15
l. 5
3. 2
V 4.6
4. 8
5. o
1 16
18 1
o. 4
o. 6
1 0.8 2.4 0.9 9.5 3.6 2.5 15 4.8 4.4 20 5.7 5.5 1 23 1 0.8
11 l. o 4. 3 l. 2 16 6. 2 3. o 21 8 4. 9 26 9 6. o 1 29 1 l. o
: 1.2 6 l .4 21 8 3 6 29 10 l.li
5. 7 34 12 7. o 38 1l. 2
1 4 9 l. 6 28 11 4 2 39 15 6. 5 43 18 8. o 1 49 1
l .4
1.6 13 l. 9 36 18 4. 8 50 22 1 7. 3 1 56 26 9. o 1 62 1 1.6
l. 8 19 2.1 45 27 5. 4 62 32 8. 1 1 72 35 10 o 1 76 ! l. 8 .
2.0 27 2.3 58 37 6.0 75 44 9.0 88 i 47 ll.O 1 92 i 2.0 1
2.2 35 2.6 68 48 ¡' 6.6 90 57 10.0 104 60 12 o : 110 2 2 .

2.4 43 2.9 80 60 7 3 106 71 ll.O 121 75 13.0 ,. 129 2.4
2.6 52 3 2 93 75 8.0 123 87 12.5 140 94 14.5 . 150 2 6
2. 8 65 3.5 108 91 9.0 142 105 13.5 162 1 114 16 1 171 2 8
3.0 81 3.8 124 110 10.0 162 128 15 185 135 17 193 3.0
3.2 99 4.1 H2 130 lO 5 183 151 16 209 160 19 219 3.2
3. 4 118 4 4 160 152 11 .5 206 178 17 233 189 20 246 3.4
3.6 138 4 8 180 178 12 230 208 19 1 259 220 22 273 3. 6
3. 8 160 5.2 201 206 13 255 240 2Q 288 254 23 301 3.8
4.0 184 5.7 222 239 14 280 278 21 318 292 24 331 4 .O
362
11
4.2 210 6.1 244 273 15 307 318 23 349 332 26 4.2
4.4 239 6.5 266 310 16 335 361 24 380 378 28 396 4.4
4.6 271 6.9 288 351 17 365 410 25 414 428 29 432 4.6
469 4.8
1~
4.8 303 7.3 311 398 18 396 461 26 450 481
5 o 336 7.i 334 445 19 428 512 28 486 537 506 5.0
:.5'}
TWO PLANE U
\L
¡-
').
!
~. h
1 A
l
¡C"""
[p
'.
1 Reacting Force F.=
~
k"' ·e·-
Lz lb
D .
Bending Stress sB = ko · e · - psi
r. L
1
1 D .
Torsional Stress St = k t ·e·- psi
L
I p in inches! L in feet D in inches
\-
Where no va.lue ior k, is listed the torsional stress is
r- negligible
i
\.....
XoTE: Letters indicate location of maximum combined stress.
..
!
L
¡; 0.25o 50
1
2 3 j 4 L
---,--
1
- ---..,-----
kb /
1
kv k;
¡
l.
'¡ k,
'1
1 k; i k,
11
1 k. 1 kb
1111
k, ! kr i k; i k,
~
h
: !
-----1 ¡--¡----¡------:--¡--¡-
-~
1
e e : .-\ 1 .\ 1 .-\ 1 .\ : ! .\ 1 A ! 1
o. 55 o 195 1 -!2 i O. 70 3 43 o 75 o 651 o 521
2 o 050
• e
o 62 ' o 27 1 75
e 1
1 1 24
•.
3 31
.\
l 73
1 54
4 40 j1
1 7 09
t2 3 -~
1 2. 05
7 65¡
9. 12
18~ 9 t4 1
2 26j
11
9. 8
o i 2·t 8
1
t -1 :
1
2 i
!
1
! i 2~> ~>
B B , B
3 o 055 o 67 1o 31 1 90 i 1 53 4 75 6 36 11> 4 12. 9 6> 11 19. 5 ¡>
1
3 !
o ~21 o 34 ~4
1 1
11 1
B
o 058
B '
2
B
1
j
1 . i2 5 65
B
7 70 ~- 10 5
8
6 5 1 16 6 1 2~~ 2 9" 7 127.7 1 3~-7 12.-\0 1 4 :
5 o 060 : o. 76 1 o 36 2 32 1 1 86 6 34 8 i .¡ ! 15 6 1 20 o 1 22. o 11 12 2 1 34 5 1 37.2 1 16. o ¡ 5 1
6
' B
o 061 o 78 o 37
1
1
2 40
B i
1 1 99 6 95
B 1
955¡, rt'6
1
1 224128 4
8
1 400~448 6 1' 61!
1! B B Í B B i B i B
7 0.063i08Qj038 255 1
208 7 40 10 211 198 3 24.5 í 3280 44.7: 4489 7
:3
1 1,,
i B 1 B 1 B
8 o 06351 o ~1 1 o 39 2 1 2 16 7 80 10 9 21 .0 1 26.5 j 35.4 49.0 j 51 4 8 ,
B 8 1 1 B B
9 o.0641' o 825/ o 396 2 69 1 2 22 8 lO 11
4 i 228 2 . 28. o l 37a 6 :: 4 ,1 568o : 1
B 1 ' B 1 B
10 0.0647 0.84 0.40 J2.741 2.28 8. 40 11 8 1 23. 4 11 29 . 5 1 40 . 6 vv 6 59. 3 1 1 1
1
160
TWO PLANE U-WITH TANGENTS

lp .
Reacting Force F =k ·e·- ps1
"' "' L2
D
Bending Stress ss = kb ·e -
L
D
Torsional Stress se = ke · e · - psi
L
I p in incheé L in feet D in inches
Where no value for k 1 is listed the torsional stress is
negligible
~OTE: Letters indicate location of maximum combíned stress.
L1a = 2
¡---,-----------,-------------,-------------,-------------,-------------,------------~---·
1
a a
:¡; -- o 25 o5
1 1
1 2 3 4 1..... b:
1--¡
k, ko k, k,
!
' ko
1
! k, k, ko k, k, ¡ k. k, k,
1
k.
1
k,
1---,-----,--
k, ko k,
-¡
~
1
--0- ---D-~-0- O O -1~-A------A------A---~

0.64 2~79 0.:1
1 2~96 ~.7
1
1 0.20 \63 1.26 1.:1 1.89 :5 A 1.91 :6
1
A 2.0 11
2 0.28 2.04 1.23 4.81¡0.43 3.77 7.94 1.72 6.95j13.0 1.40 8.45 15.0 1.07 9.3 16.0 2
D DID DID lA A A A A A
3 · 0.32 2.;5 1.53 5~62 o.30 5.70 10~6 . 1.~ 13.3 ¡11;0 3 15 18.2 22¡0 2~76 21.0 2!.5 2~32 3
0
4 o.34 2. 27 1.10 6~oo 7.oo 13~o L·H 19.6119; 1 5 15 28.8 2:4 \.86 35.6 3:.4, \40 4
1 0 0 1
5 0.3512.:2 1.81 6.25 7.86 14.3 24.4 j23.0 4.97 40.0 29.6 7.20 51.0 36.5 6. 76 5
6 0.36 2.:6 1.89 ¡ 6:40 8.50 15:0 28.512~.2 4:77 50.7 3t6 9:58 66.7 ~.0 9:28 6
7 0.37 2.38 1.95 6.50 8.96 15.6 31.6j28.5 4.48 59.0 35.4 9.38 81.8 42.2 11.8 7
D D D D D D D A A
8 0.38 2.40 2.00 6.60, 9.30 15.9 34.2 30.4 4.21 66.6 40.0 9.20 95.5 43.2 14.2 8
D D D D D D D O D
9 0.38 2.42 2.04,. 6.651 9.58 16.0 36.3 31.6 3.94 73.4 43.1 9.00 108 48.1 14.3 9
D D ID ¡D D D D D D
10 0.39,2.43 2.08 6.75¡ 1 9 80,16.3 38 o j32.6 3.70 79.0 45.9 8.70 119 52.5 14.1 10
Lla - 4
¡- 025 1 os 1 , 1 , 1 a • H
. ~ ·i·i f
------.----~ -1-----r~
1
k, 1 ko
ID
¡¡ k, 1 k,
1
ko
A
1¡
iA
k, ~· k, 1 ko
A
1
k,
A
k, k;
e
1 k, ¡ k. ko
e
k, k.
e
ko / k, /
l,i
1
1 0.6713.20 1.22 4.35,0.30 1.67 5.2 0.15 2.0 6.3 2.15 7.0 2.23 7.4 1
' iD O D A e e e
i 2 1.3515.80 4.30 9.96j2.45 6.96 11.0 9.3 15.0 10.5 17.7 ll.O 19.0 2
o o '1 o o e e e
3 l
1.70 7.00 6.23 13.8 2.28 14.0 16.5 6.55 21.2 24.0 24.2 28.5 26.6 31.6 3
24~5 3~.5 ~.0
0
4 1.8817D44 7.84 16°9 2. 09 21.3 7°40 36 2 ¡30c0 44.5 48.5 1' 4
D D D O O ·D D e e
5 I
2.01' 7.75 8.94 18.8 1.89 27.8 31.4 i.i5 52.6; 31.0 17.3 68.4 49.0 76.3 56.0 5
1 6
1
o
2.09¡8. 00
0
o
9.72 20~2
o:
1.69133 3
o
37 0
0
i:o
o 'o o
69.5 40;5 19~2
e
95.5 56;0
0
109
e
6~.0 e 6
1 7 2.15 8.13 10.3 21.1 37.8 41.6 7 70 85.7 49.4 20.3 1 125 63.6 6.75 145 76.6 5.66 7
D D D D D D D e e
2.17 8.14 10.7 41.4 45.0 7 14 100 57. 1 20. 8 155 60 . 2 34. 5 184 85.4 7.42, 8
D D D D D D D e e
1 : 2.23 8.30 11.0 44.4 48.6 6.80 113 64. o 21.3 186 71.0 36.8 226 93.5 9.35 9
D D D D D D D e e
110 2.26 8.36 11.3 ¡46.8 50.6 6.45 127 171.5 21.3 216 82.8 38.8 269 101 11. 7 10
1
TWO PLANE U-WITH TANGENTS
lp
Reacting Force Fr =kr ·e· -lb
LZ
D .
Bending Stress ss = k0 · e · L psi
.D
Torsional Stress s1 = k 1 • e · L psi
1p in inches 4 L in feet D in inches

Where no value for kt is listed t.hP t.orsional stress is
negligible
NOTE: Letters indicate location of maxímuru combmed stress.

- -··
L/a ""6
r.
la a
i b ..... 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 4 +--
b
,_
ir:-
¡- k. k, k, k, k, ~ L
' h -=--1-kb ¡_k.
~ k. ~ k. ~ k, k. 1 k. ~
íi
1- - - - - - - - - - -e1 - - ------ ------ ------
e e
1-
1 A ' e
1 1 1.00 1 3 D34 1.16
D 1.50 4.7 l. 90 6.1 2 2 7.5 2.32\ ~-1 2.38 8 5 1
D D D D e e e
2 2. 79 8 58 1.50 5.86 9.7 4.10 8.65 14.3 10.7 19.5 11.8 22.0 12.35 26.0 2
1
1 D D D D D D e e e
3 4.06,1200 1.39 11.15 18.5 5.12 19.3 16.4 10.7 26.1 32.2 29.3 37.7 30.8 43.0 3
D D D D e e e
4 4.81,14.0 15.95 25.0 5.45 32.6 27.0 13.7 47.4 45.0 54.2 53.7 60.0 60.0 4
. D D D 1 D D e e e
5 5.44115.6 19.9 33.0 5.44 46.7 38.1115.7 t3.9 56.7 85.0 68.6 94.4 i7.5 5,
D D D 1 D e e e
6 5.65 16DO 23.0 1 5.18 60.9 49.3 17.0 104 68.0 125 95.0
35.0 1 84.0 138 61
' D D D D D e 1 e e
7 5.89,16¡/ 25.4 38.3 4.87 74.0 59.5 18.0 137 77.0 174 1100 189 113 71
D D D D D D e
8
6.06116"7
27.3 40.8 4.59 86.0 68.6 18.3 173 72.0 42.50 220 lu~e 248 131 8:
D D D D D D e 1
9 6.22 17.0 28.6 42.5 4.29 96.6 76.5 18.25 209 86.5 128 312 148 91
D D D D D D
45/51274 e e e e
10 6.31¡17.2 29.8 44.2 1 4.02 106 84.0 18.15 244 100.5 48.25 330 137.5 8.9 382 163.5 7.4 10
L!a =- 8
~b ..... !, 0.25 0.5 1 1 2 3 4 -~b

1~
1 1
:~ ' k, j k. 1i k., 1· k, 1' k,

1 k. kb k; : le, k.
1
k; k, k, k. k, k,
i k; k, ¡¡L 1
-1---------~---------------------·-----¡-¡-¡-·
j
1 l. 22
A
4 .2 l. 69
¡e l
5 20 l. 8
e
6. 3 2. 32
¡e
8. 3 2 . 44
le8. 8 2. 5
e9 . o 1
o¡o
1
Do e e .e e
1
1 2 4.10 10.0 2.57 7 2 9 36 5.60 9.9 17.5 11.9 24.5 12.81 28 1 13.3 31.5 2
1 D D D D e e le e
1 3 6. 75 15.8 2. 79 15 1 19.0 1 7.84 23 2 28.4 29.6 40.5 32.6 i 47 34.3 53 3
i j o o olo e e ¡e e
1 4 8.75 20.0 2.62 23.4 29.0 1 9 2 40 9 39.0 55.5 57.0 60.0 i 67 65.9 75
1 D DjD D D e le e
1 5 10.2 '23.0 31.6 ! 38 6 1 9 7 61.8 39 6¡ 23.0 88.8 73.0 101 186 108 96
o Dio o¡D e [e e
6 ll.O 25.0 38.7 46 8 10 1
1 84.0 53.5 26.3 128 89.0 149.5 1107 161 118 6
D D 0
1 D D e je e
7 11.8 26.0 45.0 54.0 10 1 107 67 2 28.9 174 104 206 1129 225 143 7
1 s 12.3 z/o 50.0 5t.6 9°8 130 s~ 1 3t2 225 ¡u8

1
210 !14~ 299 16S 8
!' D D D D e ie e¡
9 12.7 27.8 54.0 64.0 9.4 152 95.5 31.9 279 !1~ 342 1168 390 194 9
1
w 1a.o 28°4 57.3
1
6;5 1 9°05,175 ¡w~5,33°6l335 ¡145 1406 ¡uw 475 218 1 10
162
THREE DIMENSIONAL 90° TURNS
[p
L1 ~ L3 Reacting Force F 11 = k11 • e · L~ lb
Lt
-=m [p
Lo Reacting Force F, = k, · e · L lb
5
[p
Reacting :.roment .1!xy = kxy . e . - ft. lb.
La
D .)
Bending Stress s8 = k
.b· e · -L ps1 j [p
3 1 Reacting :.Ioment JI zz = kxz · e · - ft. lb.
D r La
Torsional Stress sr = k1 • e · - psi 1
La ) [p
Reacting :.roment JI yz = kyz · e · - ft. lb.
[p L3
Reacting Force Fx = k,· e· L~ lb
I p in inches 4 L in feet D in inches
i, rn=l m=2 1
¡_n_¡ __k_~__ _ k_,-1~1~\-k_,_ ~~~~ k., k. • k, • k, 1 k, k, 1 k,. k.. j k•• 1 n :
---,--.--,-.--~.--,-,--,-~--~~----~~--·
1 1
1
0 25¡30~24 o.'"95 8.56 8.561 3.2 0.31 ~141,40 ¡2.09 i~l2.75 ¡~·~ 0.60 1 0.74¡0.251
1 1
1 1
4.9 1
2'2~40 1.36
1 1
o so 5.25 5.25 4.0 3.7 0.45 1.8213o·'54[3.'03 ¡ 6.92 !1.82 ¡1.95 5.0 /1.01 1.01 ¡o.501
1 .\ <k D A <k D 1 .\ A 1 ' 1 1 1
o 75119.62 1.66 3.78 3.7814, .4 2.5 0.55 2.131' 22.14 1 3.33¡ 4.78,1.2912.00 3.5 1.10 '. 1.11 o 751
\<kO A .. D , A 1 .\
1
' 1 l
1
1 19 20 11.68 2.80 2.80 4.8 2.0 0.55 2.53 180.12 1130361 3.70 1 0.98 2.00 2.8 ,1.12 1, 1.14
1 .\. .tr: D .\. o11: D
1
21 26 7 1 1.11 1.20 1.40 6.4 0.9 o 37 4.101 13.50 0.42 1 1.27\0.45 2.06 1.0 0.661 1.30 2
\. & D .\ <k D 1 ; . D D i ' !
3 3~ .. 5 ~ ..6~ o •94 o · 9á ~ 7 •9 o. 8 o. 58 V 66 l 7 34 o 45 ~ o . 85 o 29 2 . 38 o. 70 1 o •66 l. 66 3
0
4 43.4 1.98 0.74 O.i4 1
9.5 O 64 O 65 7.2 21°0 10°391 0.65 0.21 2.72 0.56. 0.68 2.01 4:
1 .\.&0 A.t:D 1 O i D
5 152.2 2.17 0.!)2 O 62\11 O 0.55 O 72 8.6 25 3 1 o 42 O 52 O 17 3.10 0.45 0.63 2.38 5
"11 61.0
V
·'"0 ....
2.31
o
0.53
1
o 53 112.6 0.48 0.77 10.2
o
29.4
1
1
o
0.51 0.44 o 14 3 43 0.39 0.68 2.76 6
_ l _-'-.kD A.JID 1 O : O
1 1 ,o.o 2.43 0.47 0.47 114.1 0.43 0.81 11.6 33.5 1 o 51 o 39 0.12 1 3 791 o 35 0.72 3.13 7
¡ .-\.tr:D .1-.t:D i 1 O i D 1
8 1 79.2 2.70 0.42 0.42 115.7 0.39 0.91 13.2 1370.6 '¡ 0.063 !, 0.35 0.11 4.16! 0.32
¡' o 75 3.50 8
0 1
9 1· 8·'s".2° 2"."-, 6 O. 38 O. 38 .117. 2 O. 35 , O. 93 14.6 '41 4 10.53' 0.31 '
o 09314.501 o 28 0.76 3.84 9
l·••o ·••o' 1
1 ,1 ~ 1 o 1
1 10 97.0 o 35 18 8 2.81
o 33 o 95 16.1 0.35
45.5 1 0.60
1 0.29: 0.085i 4.84 0.27: 0.80; 4.20 i 10 1
m=3 m=4
---.--~~~~~~~-.-~-~~~~-~~~~.-~---,-.-~~,-,---.---e--~
_n_,_k_·•__ l_k_,_I~I___.!5.::.._!~1~J~:~i __k_·•-1_k_,_j_k_,__ ¡_!L,~ ~.~.~ __n_,
1
o 25' 56-~7
1 3.! 1¡12.8 11.7811.041 9.5 11.10: 0.59 72:3 ¡ 15.6 i 1.37 0.84 12.0 1.7 ! 0.-!9 ,0.251 ¡5.~ 1
o .50 40_~3 4._; 8.7 [L12!1 1.40 l, 6.7 11.64 0.84 50~5 ¡o.; ¡10.5 10.85 1.13 8.4 12.3 10.70 .o.501
o 75 28.7 1s.o 16.1 ¡ 0.11, 1.54[4.7 l1.68 o.96, 32.6 ¡o.'7 1
j 6.65[ o 52 1.12 5.4 2.2 i 0.72 751
22:3 1 4.!61 4.5
1
1 0.5411.50 ¡3.6 11.62 0.7-i 124:0 ! 6.~ . 4.80 i o 37 1.10 3.9 2.0 ' 0.61
2 9.3 '¡ 0.15 ¡ 1-i i 0.22 1 1.10 i 1.1 11.00 o 71 1 8.0 1 3.6 1, 1.481 0.13 0.80 1.3 1.2 0.51 2
O O 1 1 D D l
10~4 , 0 02-i o.~6 o.1a¡1 os¡ o.6o 1 o.:4 7~26[ o}o
¡ 1 1
3 0.10, 0.76[ o o:_, o.65

1 o.6 o.88 o.42 3
1
1 4 12.0 0 11 o 02 1 0.095[1.14¡ 0.44 o,o9 0.82 1 7.98' 0.09 l 0.47 o Oo01 0.64 1 0.4 0.66. 0.45 4
0 0
13~7 i
1
5 0.21 0.40 1 O.Oí21. 1.24 1 0.341 0.58 0.95 1 8°58 0. 16 1 0.35 O 0411 0.67 0.3 0.58: 0.50 5
i ' .
6 15~6
o
0 22
o
0
1
'
o.33¡ o.o57jl.33l' o.3o 10.57 1.061
o
9/8 o.p
o
1
'
o.27f o 0321 o.7o o.24 • o.s1 0.54 6 •
7 17.5 0.20 0.28 0.048! 1.45 0.25 11 0.55 1.18 1 11.04 0.010 i' 0.23 1 o 026! 0.74 0.20 0.50 0.59 7
s 19~5 o.!1 o.25 o.o44IL571 o.22 i o.56 1.29 1 12\2 o.15 0.20 1 o.o231 o.80 o.1s 0.48 o.65 s •
9 2<6 o;1 o.2a l o.oa61 1.68[ 0.21 [ 0.59 1.421,: 13:2 0.:10 1 o.1sl o.o19j o.s3 0.11 0.49 0.69 9
10 23.6 0.21 1 0.21 i 0.0321 1.80: 0.19! 0.61 1.55 1-!.3 0.10 0.161 0.0171 0.88 0.15 0.49 0.75 10 ·'
NOTE: Letters indicate location of maximurn combi.oed stress.
163
THREE DIMENSIONAL 90° TURNS
m= 5 m= 6
1 n i k. k, k, ¡,, 1 k, 1 k,, k., 1 1.:,, ~¡_k_,_•_k_,_j_k_·,_¡~ ~~~~~¡_n_
'6:66 ~~~~~~~~~~ 102~3

1
b.25: 88\2 0.-!2 ' 8·'¡9 ·.20.8 1 o 96 \ o.62 j.lí.O 2.1 , 0.38 lo 251.
/o.5~/59> 8._~:11:.1510.67109519:
.\ ,\ . i 1
2.9 ¡0.61 69_,o 10~77 ¡13. 7 0.58 o.82 ¡u.4 3.6 0.53 ¡o 50!
~-4
r
1 2
7o ::.:,
8\1
:·:
-!J5\t.6
1 ; : 1 ~-: ~.:
o 09
1
i o.57 \1.-1
1 :.; ~-~ ! ~-:~
L5 \ o.-10
44.7
31\
9 O
.\.
10.30 i 8.75! 0.35
9·'4
.\.
4 .9
! 6.10
'
[ 0.23
1
l. 70 ! O. Oí
1
j
0.7:
O. 47
1
0.61 1 a.2
i
j l. 5
3.4
3.1
L 6
0.52 0.751
0.47
O. 33 2
r- i o o ' i 1 i O D i 1 i
l.~.¡· 0.31
1
1 3 6 21. o 066\ 0.77 ¡· 0.06 1 0.-!7 0.7 5. 34 oD o. 80 1 o. 04 1 o. 36 1 o. 70 ¡ L 1 o. 25 1 3
5 ~50 io
O 1 D 1 1 1 _
4 6.24 1 o 057 o -!7 0.037 '¡o -!31 0.-! 0.16 i 0.30 1 o . 03 o . -!6 1 o 026 o. 32 1 o . 41 80 o . 23 1 4
D i D ' 1 1
5 6. 69 1 o 05 71 o 33 1 o. 026 o. 42 1 o. 29 o. 63 1 o. 31 6°06 0°03 o.321. o.o19j o.3o 1
o 29 : o 67 0.22 5!
6 ~:u¡ o~:71 0.25\ o 02~ 0.-1~

1 10.22, o ~41 o 3~ 6°241 0°015i 0.2-1 l o.015 i 0.30 1 0.21 f 0.57 0.2141 6'
5~
~ :~ ~ ~ ~;:11 : :; ~ ~ :~ ¡ ~ :~
6°50 1 0:041 0.1811 0.011 10.27 1 0.16 \o o 2071 7
0
f. : D 1 : ::; 1: :; 1 : :: tio 80 1 0.0-!' o 16 0.0105 0.31 1 o 14 i 0.-11 0.241 8
o ! . 1
9 9:50 o ~501 0.15 1 0.012 1 0.-!81 0.14 i 0.45 1 0.41 7 ~ 02 1 O. 0271 O 14 . O. 00861 O. 32 1 O. 12 1 O. H O. 26 1 9
10 lO 08 1 O 0701 O 1-! 1 0.010 1 0.52 1 O 13 j 0.-!5\ 0.44 7.33 1 0°0481 0.12 1 o ood o.33 o 11 1 o -12 0.21 1 10
m=i m=8
j n ¡ ko 1¡ k, , k, ) k, 1 k, 1 k,, ¡ k., \ k,, kb 1
k, k, 1 k. 1 k, k,, k.,
1
kv, \ n
p 25 iu¡'o 9 8; J;:-¡~¡ 0.55 119.5 ¡-;;-¡-;;- 132 'o u'-15 ·~ ~ 1
1 o 50 :;;-;-~--;-;-~~o 25
~ 5oi· 81\ ¡1aa5 !16 o 1 o 53 1 o.i6 ¡13.6 14.5 ·¡ 0.49 ss,'8 15>2 :112 ¡' 0.-!6 j 0.66 ~.14.8 5.1 0.-!3¡o 50!
1 1 \ .\ 1 1 ' 1 • 1
0.75150.6 11206 98 1030 107218.-1/4.0 1'0.-19 560114101107 027 1063•93 4.7 0421075
' 1 ,\ 1 .\ 1 1 1 i \ \ 1 1
35.1 111.07 6.7 1 0.20 1 o tiO 5.8 ·¡3.7 0.41 38 6 11 12 -12 7 3 11 0.17 0.60 6.-! -1.2 o 3811'
>i
i
1
2
1
9\78 ¡ 5.73 1.8 1 0.05 1
o 37 1.6 1.9 1 o 27 11 6\57 2.0 1 o 046! 0.35 1 1.8 2.2 o 26 2 ¡
3 -1°95 ! • o.85 ¡o o3 i o 30 o 75 \1.3 o 22 4.92 i -1~29 1 o.91 1 o.o23\ o.26, o 82 1.4 0.191 3
o 1
1 1 o 1 ' 1 1
-1.90 ;:::¡ 049 0.019!0.26 043j0.9 019 440! ;:::¡ ¡050I0.013\021I0-!5 10 0.16\4
5 -1:10 ~ 0.32 o.014 1 o 23! o 29! o.71 0.11 3:'JO. ::; i o 325\ o oul 0.191 o.29 o.78 0.14! 5 ·
6 4.75 :;¡: 0.23 o 011 0.22 i o 211 o 59 0.16 3 95! ~ o 23510.0089\0.18\0.21 0.63 o 1331 6
7 4:So ~ o.18
1
o 0092¡ 0.22/ o 161 o.51
1
0.1671 4:10 :::3 o.1781 o oo12i 0.11[ o.16 o.55 0.1211 7
1
8 5~00 1 o 15 o 0083\ o 231 o 13 10.47 0.176 4.201 ::§l 0.1401 o 00621 0.171 0.12 0.-17 0.1281 8
9 5.20'
o
z
1
.
1
1
o 13. o 0065\ o 23) o 11 ¡ o.-12
1 1
Ol83J, .."-t5,
o '
f :ousl o 00511 0111' o 10 ~o -13
1 1 i
0.1321
1
9:
10 ; 5 25 ' 1 O 11 O 005.5! O 23 ! O lO 1 O 32 1 O 1861 4 ti2 ¡ 1 O lOO O 00441 O l 7 1 O. 09 O. 39 : O 1341 lO :
1 1 m= lO
\ \
o 50 96.6 LT 1 18.5 o 40 0.5\J
_\ :\ \ \
o 75 61.8 15 9 116 1 o 2-t o 57 : o. 39 67 2 17 7 12.5 • o 21 io 52 11.1 5 9 o 36 lo. 751

,, \ i \ \
41 5 13 9: 7 8 . 0.15 0.54 6.9 0.35 45 ti 15 3 8. 3 o 09 o -t9 i ti 5. 1 o 35
.
11·' ..
\ \ .\
2 7. 17 i 2 1 . o 04 o. 31 l 9 • o 23 12 6 8.25 2.3 0034 028:2.1 2.8 o 211! 2
56 1 o 94 o. o19 1 o 20
.\ \ .\
3 5. 1 4 i o 15 5 -!6 5. 1 LO o 016 : 0.20 0.91 1 T · O 153¡ 3
.. D
3 9
o
! 0.52 o 012. o 16 1 o -tí: 1 1 ! o 11ti. 3°8 o 55 o 012 1 o. 16 o 50 l 2 i o 115¡ 4
5 3 6 i o 3351 o 008.51 o o 88 : o 102'
1-t 1 o 30 3 o,j O 35 : 0.00741 O. 1-1 o 32 O 90 · O 10 i 5 1
o 1
6 3 2
o
~ ¡ o 2~~: o 00~1! o 1-!51 o 21 : 0.69 0.102! 3> . . o 24 ! o 00581 o 13 0.21 o il o . 10 ii 6
3.5 • :::3
o
¡ O 1•" O 00a81 0.1-tül 0.16 O 56 0.110! l 3.12 ! o 18 1
1
0.00481 0.12
'
o 16 o 57. 0.091 7.
8 3.6 : ::§l ¡o 1401 o 00491 o 1381 o. 12 ¡ o. -!9 • o. 104; 3 o26 : o 14 1 o 004011 0.1151' o 12 • 0.51 0.087 8
o "";ñ 1 ; 1 ¡ o
9 3.8 i " ! O 1161 O 00411 O 1371 O 10 1 O.H 1 O 106i 3.3 o 11 o 00341 0.1131 0.10 1 0.-16 o 086¡ 9
lO
o
4.0 !
'
~ 1 o woi o 003oi o 1371 o 09 i 0.41 :o 108: 3°4 , 0.10 1 0.00301 O 112i 0.09 O.H O 0871 10
XOTE: Letters indicate location of maximum combined stress.
DOUBLE OFFSET EXPANSION BEND
General:
Length = 9..!25R
:Modified Length = 9.-±25RK
Lclp
I:¡;
I, \about gravity aXJs X -X) = 12.52R3 K
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106 :
0.728R 2 K
Defl.ection = D/3 inches
976lp
Fx = RD/3 pounds
R in feet D in in ches I p in inches 4

L distance between anch<D.in feet
e ex:pansion factor -
~ .. total ti:J.ermal expaMwn in inches Fx 1
r-·-----2"".""82,._,8'-'R"--------1
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X lO'

Radius of Bend R
Wall
Pipe Sch. Thick- 5D. 6D. 8D. 10D.
Size ~o. ness 1 1
D. t, in. Defiec- Anchor 1 Defiec- 1
Anchor Defiec- Anchor Defiec- Anchor
tion, Force, 1 tion, Force, tion, Force, tion, Force,
in. lb in. lb m. lb in. lb
1
2" 40 o 154 0.36 382 0.45 307 0.68 219 o 99 171 i'
t
80 0.218 0.27 461 0.37 376 0.61 276 0.91 219 !
1
2t" 40 0.203 0.42 566 0.54 457 0.84 328 1.22 257
80 0.276 0.35 667 0.46 545 0.77 400 l. 15 317
a· 40 0.216 0.56 783 O. 72 637 1.07 452 153 350
80 0.300 0.43 944 058 770 0.93 559 141 443
at· 40 0.226 0.70 920 0.90 767 1.32 545 187 422
80 0.318 0.54 1155 0.70 931 1.12 677 l. 69 536
4. 40 o 237 0.83 1069 109 912 l. 59 646 2.24 501
80 0.337 0.65 1390 0.84 1120 1.34 814 1.98 638
5' 40 0.258 1.12 1435 1.45 1223 2.14 897 2.93 686
!
80 0.375 0.88 1978 1.13 1594 l. 76 1145 2.55 897
6" 40 0.280 1.44 1783 1.90 1570 2.83 1192
30 0.432 1.10 2743 1.39 2185 2.13 1569
1 1
1
8' 40 0.322 2.11 2538 2.76 2279 t
! 80 0.500 l. 61 4170 2.03 3360 1
10' 40 0.365 2.73 3400 1
60 0.500 2.33 5190 !

12. Std 0.375 3.47 3780
xs 0.500 3.06 5830
'
1
14" 30 0.375 4.46 1 3880 1

1 XS 0.500 3.89 6020 1
1
1
16" 30 0.375 5.02 3870
40 0.500 4.71 6440
18. 30 0.375 5.82 ·3970
xs 0.500 5.54 6740 1
1
20' 20 0.375 6.49 4020

30 0.500 6.18 5770
1
t
1 ! t
-------~- ~~-~-~- ---
EXPANSION U BEND
General:
Length = 6.283R
:\1odified Length = 6.283RK
Lc!p
I::
1:: (about gravitfy axis X-X) = 3.HR3 K
For Stress of 10,000 pS1.·, E oj 29 X 106 :
0.312R 2 K
Deflection = Di3 inches R in feet D in in ches I p in inches 4
L distance between anchors in feet
F _ 1667/p ds e expansion factor
~- RDf3 poun ilx total thermal expansion in inches
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

Radius of Bend R
Wa.ll
Pipe Se h. Thick-
5D, oD. 8D. 10D.
Size )lo. ness
D. t, in. Defiec- Anchor Defiec- .\nchor Defiec- Anchor Defiec- .\nchor
tion, Force, tion, Force, tion, Force, twn, Force,
in. lb in. lb in. lb in. lb
2' 4{) 0.154 0.15 652 0.19 525 o 29 373 o -!3 292
80 0.218 0.12 787 o 16 6-!2 0.26 472 o 39 373
2!' 40 0.203 0.18 967 0.23 780 0.36 560 o 52 438
80 0.276 0.15 1,139 0.20 930 0.33 683 0.-!9 542
3' 4{) 0.216 0.24 1.337 0.31 1089 0.46 772 0.66 598
1 80 0.300 0.19 1,612 0.25 1315 0.40 955 0.60 757 1
1
!
3t' 1 40 0.226 0.30 1.572 038 1310 0.57 930 1

0.80 720 1
80 0.318 0.23 1.972 0.30 15'JO 0.48 1157 0.72 915 1
1
-!' 40 o 237 o 35 1.825 0.!7 1557 0.68 1104 0.96 855 1

80 o 337 0.28 2,37-! 0.36 1914 0.58 1390 1 085 1000 i
1 1
s· 40 0.258 o 48 2,450 o 62 2089 0.92 1532

1
¡ 1 26 1172
80 0.375 o 38 . 3,380 0.49 2722 0.75 1\!55 1 10\J 1532
6' 40 0280 o 62 3,050 o 81 2682 l. 21 2035 1 63 1555
80 o 432 o 47 -!.ó80 o 60 3730 0.91 2681 1 34 2100
8' 40 o 322 0.90 4.330 l. 18 3890 l 78 3060
80 o 500 o 69 7,130 0.87 5740 l. 32 4120
lO' 40 o 365 1.17 5,810 l. 54 5250 ¡
60 0.500 1.00 8.870 1.28 7560
12' Std. 0.375 l. 49 6,-!60 l. 99 5970
xs 0.500 l. 31 9,950 l. 73 8850 i
i
!
i 1-!' 30 0.375 l. 91 6,620 1
1
1
xs 0.500 l. 67 10,290 ¡ 1
! 1
16' 30 0.375 2.15 6,610

40 0.500 2.02 11,000
18' 30 o 375 2.-!9 6,780
xs 0.500 2.37 11,510
20' 20 0.375 2 78 6,870
30 0.500 2.65 11,570 1
166
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS = 2 FT
Gener·al:
Length = 6.283R + -± ft :::...
::Vlodified Length = 6.283RK + 4 ft +
-~~-=--=- ~--~_t
Lclp
fx
1:. (about gravity axis X-Xl
= 3.1-lRJ K + 8R 2 K + 6.28RK + 1.33
For Stress of 10,000 psi. E of 29 X 10 6 : F x ¡r-•_ _ _4"'"'-'-R_ _ __,~
Deflection """
(0.312R3 + 0.795R 2 + 0.624RlK
(R+ 1JD.d
0.132
+ (R + 1 )D{3 inches R in feet D in inches I p in inches{
L distance bet\Yeen anchors in feet
1667lp e expansion factor
Fx = (R + 1 )D{3 pounds ~:z: total thermal expausíon in ínches

Radius of Bend R
1 1
W&.ll 1
Pipe Se h. 1
Thick- 1
5D. 1 6D~ 8D. lO D.
1
i Size :-<o. 1 ness 1
1
D~
1
1 Detlec- .-\nchor Deflec- .-\nchor 1 Detlec- Anchor Deflec- Anchor
t, in. 1
tion, Force, tion, Force, tion, Force, tion, Force,
1
in. lb in. lb in. 1
lb in. lb
1
2' 40 o 154 1
1 o 52 296 1 0.57 262 O. 70 ' 213 0.89 182
i 80 o 218 O -tO 357 í o -ti 321 0.62 269 0.81 233
1
i
2!' 40 o 203 0.51 494 0.58 433 0.75 350 0.97 297
80 0.276 0.42 581 1 0.50 516 0.69 427 0.91 366
i
3' 40 o 216 O.oO 743 1 O.ti8 653 0.86 514 1.11 428
80 0300 0.-ti 89ti 0.55 789 O. 75 637 l. 02 540
3!' 40 0.226 o.o7 933 0.77 834 0.99 651 1.27 536
80 0.318 0.52 1,170 0.61 1012 0.84 : 810 1.15 682
4' 40 0.237 0.73 1,141 0.88 1038 1.12 803 1.44 658
80 o 337 0.58 1,483 o 68 1275 0.94 1011 1.28 838
1
5' 40 0.258 0.88 1,656 104 1492 1.38 117S l. 75 945

80. 0.375 o o9 2,283 0.82 1945 1.13 1505 l. 53 1236
¡
6'· 40 0.280 l. 04 2,115 1 25 2012 1 l. 71 1628 2 .1ti 1297
80 0.432 o 79 3,350 0.93 2799 1 1.29 2145 1 .11
-- 1751
8' 40 0.322 i
1
l. 35 3,330 l. 67 3110 2.33 2737
80 0.300 1 l. 04 5,480 l. 23 4590 l. 72 3470
i 1
10' 40 0.365 l ti3 4,680 2.04 4370
60 0.500 1 39 7,150 l. 70 6300 1
1
12' Std. 0.375 1 97 5,390 2.52 5110 1
X: S O. 500 1 74 8,290 2 20 7590 !

1
14' 1 30 o 375 2 -t4 5,o50
X.S 1
0500 2 13 8,780
1
16' 30 o 375 2.67 5.740
1
40 0.500 250 9,560
18' 30 o 375 3 03 5.980
1 xs 0500 2.88 10,150
20' 1
20 o 375 6,140
1
1
30 0500 1
3 32
3 16 10,330
l
167
EXPANSION U BEND--TANGENTS = R
General:
Length = 8.283R
= 6.283RK + 2R
~1odified Le~h
[---=-=
e
Lc1p - ---- --....-·x

F,
1,
1, (about gravity axis X-X)
(8.715K + 0.167)_R3 1 ~
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106 : ¡;--lf..•------.::;4!.\.R_____ --i,----¡,x
(0.577 K + 0.011 )R 2
. h
Deflection = D/3 me es R in feet D in in ches l p in in ches~
F, -- llll]p
RD{3 poun
ds e expansion factor
~"' total thermal expansion in inches

1 Radius of Bend R
1
¡ Pipe
Wall 5D,. 6D. 8D. lO D ..
Se h. Thick-
í Size ~o. ness 1
D. t, in. Defiec- l Anchor Defiec- Anchor Deflec-
1
1 Anchor 1 Defiec- Anchor

tion, Force, t~on, Force, tion, Force, tion, Force,
in. lb ID. lb in. lb in. lb
2' 40 0.1.?4 0.29 434 o 37 350 o 55 249 080 194
80 0.218 0.22 524 0.30 428 0.49 314 0.74 249
1
2!' 40 0.203 0.34 644 0.44 520 0.68 373 0.99 292
1
80 0.276 0.28 759 o 37 620 0.62 456 0.93 361
a· 40 0.216 0.45 891 o 58 725 0.86 514 1.23 399
! 80 o 300 0.35 1074 0.47 877 0.75 637 1.14 504
a;· 40 0.226 0.56 1047 O. 72 873 1.07 620 l. 51 480
80 0.318 0.43 1314 o 56 1059 0.91 i71 l. 36 610
4' 40 0.237 0.66 1217 088 1038 l. 28 735 1.80 570
80 0.337 0.52 1582 1
0.68 1275 108 927 1.60 727
5* 40 0.258 0.90 1633 116 1392 172 1021 2.36 781
80 0.375 O. i l 2252 0.91 1814 1.42 1303 2.06 1021
6. 40 0.280 1.15 2030 l. 52 1788 2.27 1357 3.06 1037
80 0.-!32 0.88 3120 112 1
2-!88 l. 72 1786 2.51 1400
8" 40 o 322 1 l. 69 2889 2.21 2594 3.34 2036
80 0.500 l. 30 4750 1.63 1 3830 2.48 2745
10" m o 365 2. 18 3870 2.87 3500
60 0.500 1.86 5910 2.41 5040
12* Std. 0.375 ?.-.11
-- 4310 3.70 3980
xs o 500 2.45 0630 3.24 5900
H• 30 0.375 3.56 4410
xs o 500 3.11 6860
16' 30 o 375 -!.00 -!400
40 0.500 3. 76 7330
18' 30 0.375 4.64 4520
xs 0.500 4.42 7670
20' 20 0.375 5.17 -!580
30 0.500 4.93 7710
1
! l
168
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS = 2R
General:
Length = 10.283R
+ 4R
I=L -·-------
::\1odified Length = 6.283RK
Lclp
l;z
X ~1
!, (about grav1ty axis X-X) 1
1
(17.42K + 1.333)Jl3
6
1 ~
.
D efl ectwn =
(0.865K + 0.0662)R 2 mr
. h
PS
D{3 - - --'---L..
Fx f..I•-----Z.4R~-----l~ Fx
833/p
F:z = RD{3 pounds
R in feet L distance between anchors in feet
D in inches e expansion factor
1p in inches4 ~"' total thermal expanswn in inches
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X lo'

Radius of Bend R 1
1
1 1 Wall
! Pipe ! Se h. Thick- 5D. 6D. 8D,. 1 10D. 1
1
Size 1 i
1
No. ness 1
D. t, in. Defiec- 1
Anchor Defiec- Anchor Deíl.ec- Anchor ! Defiec- Anchor
1
1 in. lb in. lb in. lb 1 in. lb :
i -
1 2* 1 40 0.154 0.45 1 326 0.57 262 0.87 187 1.26 146
1 80 0.218 0.35 393 0.-!i 321 O.ii 236 1.16 187 1
1 1
1
2t" 40 0.203 0.53 483 1

1
0.69 390 1.07 280 1.56 219
80 0.276 0.44 569 0.59 465 0.98 342 1 l. 47 271
3* 40 0.216 O. 70 668 0.90 544 1.36 386 1.94 299
80 0.300 0.55 806 O. i4 657 1.19 477 l. 79 378
1
i
3t" 40 0.226 0.87 786 1.12 655 1.67 465 1
1
2.38 360
80 0.318 0.68 985 0.89 795 l. 43 578 1
2.15 457
i 1
4' 40 0.237 l. 03 912 1.36 778 2.01 551 2.83 427
80 0.337 0.82 1186 1.06 956 l. 70 695 2.52 545
5. 40 0.258 l. 39 1225 l. 81 1044 2.69 766 3.70 586
80 0.375 1.10 1688 l. 43 1360 2.23 g¡¡ 3.25 766
6' 40 0.280 l. 78 1522 2.36 1340 3.54 1017
80 0.432 l. 37 2341 l. 75 1865 2.70 1339
8' 40 0.322 2.59 2166 3.42 1945 1
[ 80 0.500 2.02 3560 2.55 2868

w·
1 1
i 40 0.365 3.34 2901

i
1 60 0500 2.88 -t-!30 i
1
i i
---------
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS = 4R
General:
Length = 14.283R
:\Iodified Length = 6.283RK + 8R
Lc[p
\. [,
, .. I x (about gravity axis X-X) = (44.27 K + 10.66)1?3
1
. (1.465K + 0.353)R 2 . h x------------ x ~
D efl ectwn = D/3 me es
556[p
F" = RD¡3 pounds
R in feet
D in inches
I p in inches 4
e expansion factor
~" total thermal expamúon in inches

Radius of Bend R
Pipe Se h. 5D. 6D. 8D, 10D.
Size )lo.
D. Defiec- Anchor Defiec- Anchor Deflec- Anchor Detlec- .-\nchor
tion, Force. tion, Force, tíon, Force, tion, Force,
2" 40 o 15-1 0.84 217 108 175 166 125 2.4a 97
80 o 218 0.66 262 0.90 214 1 4\J 157 2.26 125
2;" 40 0.203 LOO a22 1 ao 260 2.06 187 a.Ol 146
80 o 276 084 380 1 13 a10 l. 8\J 228 2.86 181
a· 40 0.216 1 a2 H6 1 iO 36a 2 59 257 374 200
80 o 300 1 05 5a8 1 41 439 2 ao a19 347 252
a;· 40 o 226 l. 6a 524 2 12 437 3 10 310 4 56 240
80 o 318 1 29 658 l. iO 530 2.76 386 4 17 305
4' 40 o 237 l. \J1 609 2.56 519 3 82 368
80 o 337 1 55 792 2.03 638 3 28 464
s• 40 0.258 2 57 817 3.37 697
80 o a75 2.08 1127 2.72 908
6. 40 0.280 3.26 1016 4.37 895
80 o ..32 2 59 1562 3.33 1245
170
DOUBLE OFFSET U BEND
General:
Length = 6.283R
:Ylodified Length = 6.283RK
Lclp
r,
l;, (about gravity axis X-X) = 3.61R 3 K
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 10 6 :
0.260R 2 K
Defiection = inches
D¡3
1209[p
Fx = RD¡3 pounds
R in feet L distance between anchors in feet
D in inches e expansion factor·
]p in inches 4 ~x total thermal expansion in inches

Radius of Bend R
Wall
Pipe Se h. Thick- 5D. 6D. 8D. 10D.
Size
.No. ness
D. t, in.
Defl.ec- .\nchor Deflec- Anchor Defl.ec- A.nchor Deflec- Anchor
2' 40 0.154 o 13 4i3 0.16 381 0.24 271 o 35 212
80 0.218 0.10 5il 0.13 465 0.22 342 0.33 2i1
z;· 40 0.203 0.15 iOl 0.19 566 0.30 406 0.44 318
80 0.276 O. 12 826 0.16 675 0.27 496 0.41 393
3' 40 0.216 0.20 970 0.26 789 0.38 560 0.55 434
80 0.300 0.16 1169 o 21 954 0.33 693 0.50 549
3t' 40 0.226 0.25 1140 0.32 950 0.47 6i5 0.67 522
80 0.318 0.19 1430 0.25 1153 0.40 839 0.60 664
4' 40 0.237 0.30 1324 0.39 112\1 0.57 800 0.80 620
80 0.337 0.23 1722 0.30 1388 0.48 1008 0.71 791
5' 40 0.258 0.40 1777 o 52 1515 O. 76 1111 l. 05 850
80 0.375 0.31 2451 0.40 1974 0.63 1418 o 91 1111
6' 40 0.280 0.51 2209 0.68 1945 1.01 1416

80 0.432 0.39 3400 o 50 2707 O. 76 1944
8' 40 0.322 O. 75 3140 0.99 2823
80 o 500 o 58 5170 0.73 H60
lO' 40 0.365 0.97 4210
60 0.500 0.83 6430
12' Std. 0.375 l. 24 4690
xs 0.500 1.09 7220
14' 30 0.375 l. 59 4800
xs o 500 l. 39 7460
16' 30 0.375 l. 79 4790
40 0.500 l. 68 7980
18' 30 0.375 2.08 4910
xs 0.500 l. 98 8350
20' 20 0.375 2 32 4980
30 0.500 2.21 8390
171
,.
!
¡_
r.
í
1
\ .
Propertie8
of
American Standards Association
Pipe
ASA Standard B)6.10

r
1
1
L.-
172
Pipe
Size
&
Out-
side
Diam.
40 stct 2.067 0.154 3.355 1.075 o.6657 0.561
80 XH 1.939 0.218 2.953 1.477 0.8679 0.731

2"
2.375" 160 t.689 o.343 2.24o 2.190 1.1626 o.979
XXH 1.503 0.436 1.774 2.656 1.3110 1.104
40 Std 2.469 0.203 4.788 1.704 1.5300 1.064
80 XH 2.323 0.276 4.238 2.254 1.9240 1.339

2~"
2.875" 160 2.125 0.375 3.547 2.945 2.3530 1.638
XXH 1.771 0.552 2.464 4.028 2.8710 1.997
40 Std ).068 0.216 7.393 2.228 3.0170 1.724
80 XH 2.900 0.300 6.605 3.0~6 3.8920 2.225

J"
3.500"
160 2,626 o.437 5.416 4.205 5.0330 2.876
XY..E 2.3oo c.6oo 4.155 5.466 5.9330 3.424

--- __ ____
" -------
-
173
\ -
,-
Pipe
r- Size Q) J..
lll
11)
c...t
o
& 3¡.. r-f •
~11) ctl.::t
Qi N N ,::::: 11)("\
~§¡
t) ;-1 11) Q) 11) 11) .¡..) ..-4 11) o :::S 11)
,i ' Out- 'O~ ..-4..-4
't)Gl~
.,..¡ E
..:.:
r-fO..C::
Q)
~~1! ~~13 Ct! ..-lr-fl!
;-1 :::S
si de ~E F. 1/) 1/) Cll o r-f;EO ,11): : : f oc Q) ¡.. c
+J Q) C) ~o 8 o,: : : o 'O o,:::::
L Diam. eX~ ~~
,::::: ..-4,:::::
HOH
cÚ
:SE-oH
,:::::
H..C:H :E<H ;¡::HH
Q)
C!j::f::H
Q)
, f
j\ 3t"
\ 40 Std 3.548 o.226 9.89 2.68 4.788 2.39
4.000"
80 XH 3.364 0.318 8.89 3.68 6.280 3.14
r 40 Std 4.026 0.237 12.73 3.17 7.23 3.21

L
80 XH 3~~26 0.337 11.50 4.41 9.61 4.2?
4"
120 3.626 o.4'37 10.,33 5.58 11.65 5.18
4.500"
160 3.438 0.531 9.28 6.62 13.27 5.90
XXR 3.152 o.674 7 .oo 8.10 15.28 6.79
L 40 .Std 5.047 0.258 20.01 4.30 15.16 5.45
l - 80 XH 4.813 o.375 18.19 6.11 20.67 7.43

5"
120 4.563 0.500 1é.35 7.95 25.74 9 .. 25
5.563"
160 4.313 0.625 14.61 9.70 J0.03 10.80
XXH 4.063 0.750 12.9? 11.34 3J.63 12.09

174
Pipe
Size (1) f.. .,
U) ~
o
.-i
! o= :;::1!/)(""\U)
N N ~
& 3 f.. al •
Q)
Q) ~ U)
Q)
U) Q) U)
.-i
U)
Q)
~.,.¡U)
.,..jl"'iQ)
Out- ],8 = 1:10 "' Q)
.,..¡ .,..¡ .,..¡E..C
Q) ..le:
.-iU..C
'O Q)
.,..jai..C al al ..e =t~ ~::l..C
.!id e E Ul U) c¡j u U) Q) () f. ~ (1) () () "' u
~~
r-~;au ~ (.¡
Diam. .g~ S::.,..¡=

HOH
al
~~H
= S:: f.. =
H<H ~<~ :S HH
= S:: Q) o =
U)::E;H
40 Std 6.065 0.280 2~.~ 5.58 28.14 8.;o
80 XH .5.761 o.432 26.07 8.40 40.49 12.22

6"
120 .5 • .501 o.;62 23.77 10.71 49.61 1.5.00
6.62.5"
160 5.189 0.718 21.15 13.36 .58.99 17.81
XXH 4.897 0.864 18.83 1.5.64 66.33 20.02
20 8.12.5 0.250 .51.8 6.58 57.7 13.39

-
JO 25# 8.071 0.277 51.2 7.26 63.3 14.69
40 28# 7.981 0.322 ;o.o 8.40 72.5 16.81

s• ,.
60 7.813 0.406 47.9 10.48 88.8 20 • .58
8.625"
80 XH 7.625 o.;oo 45.6 12.76 105.7 24.51
100 7.439 0.593 43.5 14.96 121.4 28.14

120 7.189 0.718 4o.6 17.84 140.6 32.61
17.5
Pipe
Size (/)
(/)
!t-1
& ~ r-1 ""al Q) N ocu.:t t:: (/)("'\
-+-> (/) t:: (/) 4) (/) (/) +o>..-41n o ;:1 In
~ bÍ
4)
Out- ;:1 ""
],l: ,....¡,....¡ 'O Q)
·rl S ..C
al _:.:: V
r-~o.:::
'O
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140 7.001 0.812 38.5 19.93 153.8 35.65

8"
XXH 6.875 0.875 37.1 41.30 162.0 37.56
8.625"
160 6.813 0.906 36.4 21.97 165.9 38.48
20 10.250 0.250 82.5 8.26 113.6 21.12

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JO 35# 10.136 0.307 80.7 10.07 137.4 25.57
40 Std 10.020 0.365 78.9 11.91 160.7 29.90
10" 60 XH 9.7.50 0.500 74.7 16.10 212.0 39.43
80 9.564 0.593 71.8 18.91 244.9 45.56

10.75"
100 9.314 0.718 68.1 22.62 286.2 53.25
120 9.064 0.843 é4.5 26.23 324.3 60.Jti
140 8.750 1.000 60.1 30.63 367.8 68.43
160 8.500 1.125 56.7 34.01 399.4 74.31

176
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30 4.51 12.090 0.330 114.8 12.88 248.5 39.0
Std 12.000 0.375 113.1 14 • .58 279.3 43.8
40 11.938 o.4o6 111.9 1.5. 74 300.J 47.1
12"
XH 11.750 0.500 108.4 19.24 361 • .5 56.7
12.75"
60 11.626 0.562 106.2 2t.52 4oo • .s 62.8
80 11.376 o.687 101.6 26.03 47 ,5.2 74.6
100 11.064 0.843 96.1 31.53 561.8 88.1
120 10.750 1.000 90.8 36.91 0!1.7 100.7
140 10.500 1.125 86.6 41.08 700.7 109.9
160 10.126 1.312 80 .. 5 47.14 781.3 122.6

177
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20 13.)75 0.312 140.5 13.44 314.9 45.0
30 std 13.250 0.375 137.9 16.05 372.8 53.2
40 13.125 0.4"37 135.3 18.64 429.1 61.3

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XH n.ooo 0.500 132.7 21.21 483.8 69.1
14.00"
60 12.814 0.593 129.0 24.98 562.4 80.3
80 12.500 0.750 122.7 31.22 687.5 98.2
100 12.125 0.937 115.5 38.47 824.5 117.2
120 11.8:1.4 1.093 109.6 44.32 929.8 132.8
140 11.500 1.250 103.9 .50.07 1027 • .5 146.8
160 11.188 1.406 98.' .5.5.63 1116.9 1.59 .é

178
Pipe
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20 15.375 0.312 185.6 15.40 ·474.0 59.2
30 Std 15.250 0.375 182.6 18.41 562.1 70.3
40 XH 15.000 C.500 176.7 24.35 ?J1.9 91.'.)

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60 14.688 0.656 169.4 31.62 932.6
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100 13.938 1.031 152.6 48.49 1366.0 170.7
120 13.564 1.218 144.5 56.56 1555.8 194.5
140 13.126 1.437 135.3 65.75 1760.3 220.0
160 12.814 1. 593 129.0 72.10 1894.0 236.?

179
Pipe
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80 16.126 0.937 204.2 50.23 1833.9 203.8
100 15.688 1.156 193.3 61.18 2182.0 242.3
120 15.250 1.375 182.6 71.81 2498.8 277.6
140 14.876 1.562 173.8 80.66 2749.8 305 • .5
160 14.438 1. 781 163.7 90.74 3020.6 335.6

180
Pipe
Size
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side
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20 Std 19.250 0.375 291.1 23.1 1113 111.3
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40 18.814 0.593 278.0 36.2 1704 170.4
60 18.376 0.812 265.2 49.0 2257 225.7

20"
20.00"
80 17.938 1.031 252.7 61.4 2771 277o1
100 17.438 1.281 238.8 75.3 3316 331.6
!20 17.000 1.500 227.0 87.2 3755 375.5
14o 16.500 1.?50 213.8 100.3 4217 421.7
160 16.064 1.968 202.7 111.5 4586 458.6

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30 22.8'76 0.562 4H.O 41.4 2840 237 .o
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184
APPLICATION OF THE FLEXIBILITY FACTOR

TO OUT OF PLANE BENDING
The Code íor Pressure Piping in Section 6 oí its 1955 edition under
"Basic Assumptions and Requirements" regulates as follows:
"Calculations shall take into account stress intensification

íactors found to exist in components other than plain
straight pipe. Credit may be taken for the extra flexibility
of such components. In the absence of more directly appli-
cable data, the flexibility factors and stress -intensification
factors shown in Figure 2 of the Code, (Page 54 of this book),
may be used."
The Code also permits the application of the flexibility factor to out-
of-plane bending. No additional flexibility, however, is assigned to the
theoretical displacement caused by torsion i. e. in torsion k = l. It is
evident that the foregoing regulation makes the use of flexibility factors
optional and the application of stress -intensification factors mandatory.
A curved bend under the actions of forces and moments normal to its
plane is subjected to bending and torsion. In the case oí a circular quar-
ter bend, analysis shows that these effects are equally divided over the
length of such bend so that in the aggregate one half oí its length is in
bending and the other half in tor sion. Applying the flexibility factor to
one half the length and the torsion conversion factor to the other half
the modified length is
RÍI R1í
1' 2 ~k + ~ 1~
which for k = 1 (i. e. no additional flexibility due to flattening) takes the

form
RTí
1' • --"115
2 .
When the total length of the elbows in a system is but a small portion
oí the total length oí the line, the k- factor can be ignored because its
effect on the result in this case is minimal and the omission on the side
of safety.
185
Conversely, if a system consists primarily of radius bends with short

tangents between them and if the pipe diameter is large and the pipe wall
thin the analysis will give substantially lower reactions if the k- factor is
also applied to bending out of the plane of the bend. In this case one half
of the k- factor is applied to each of the two planes normal to the bend.
The effective length in each of these planes of projection then is
r 1
1
= Ríi
--¿¡:--
k Ríí
2 + -z¡- 1·3
For large k- factors the second term is small in <7omparison to the

first so that the following simplified equations are adequate for all prac-
tical purpose
' .
R:
'
\
1' • (k + 1·3)
Ixy • 1' .mn
I y • 0.074R 3 (k+ lb) + 1' .n 2
where m and n are the coordinates of the centroid of the quarter bend.
A
Allowable expans~on s~ress range 4

Allowable S-values 103
~merican Standard 120
Application of the rules for recording reacti~ns 28
e
Charts for flexibility and stress intensification factors 54
Combining expansion stresses 7
Combining moments 78
Deflections, single plane system 133

Deflections, three-dimensional system 138
Derivation oí relation between deflections and line inertias 127
Elastic center, theory oí 130

Expansion coefficients lOO
Expansion factors 149
Expansion stress 6
Explanation of signs 16
Flexibility factor 51
Flexibility factor for elbows 57
Flexibility factor charts 54-56
Formula for reactions, single plane system 16-17
Formula for reactions, space system 67
Modulus of elasticity 101

Moduli oí elasticity and torsional rigidity, relation oí 67
Mament of inertia of branches 17
Moment of inertia of steel pipe 172
Moving anchors 44
p
~ipe line with varying cross-section 39

Pipe wall thickness calculation 12
~oduct of inertia of circular are 21
of an inclined branch 19
of quarter bend 20
Problem 1, 90° bend, both ends fixed 23
Problem 2, 90° bend, one end hinged 33
Problem J, 90° bend, one end hinged 35
Problem 4, 90° bend, both ends hinged 37
Problem 5, Line with varying cross-section 39
Problem 6, Offset U-bend with tangents 41
Problem 7, Line with inclined branch 45
Problem 8, Line with curved branches 62
Problem 9, !bree-dimensional line, straight branches 69
Problem 10, Three-dimensional line, curved branches 81
Problem 11, Three-dimensional line, varying flexibility 90
Properties of pipe 171
Reactions, credit for cold springing 8

Reactions, single plane, constant cross-séction 16
Reactions, single plane, variable cross-section 17
Reactions, rules for recording and example 28
Relation between deflection and line inertia 127
Schedule numbers 172

Section modulus of steel pipe 172
Sel..f-springing 2
Self-springing, example of acute case 31
Simplified solution of 3 equations 76
Simplified tabulation 25
Single plane piping 14
Stress calculation, typical 27
Stress intensification factor 51
Stress intensification factor for elbows 57
Stress range 3
Stress range reduction factor 4
s,~ry of stress examination ll
T
Ts.b1es of elastic constants lOO

Tab1es of al1owab1e S-values 103
Tables of American Standard 120
Tab1es of common shapes 147
Tab1es of f1exibility and stress intensification factors 54
Tab1es of properties of pipe 171
Tab1es of va1ues 13:12 182
Thrust 1ine 32
Thickness, pipe wa11 172

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The new Code recognizes the concept of "stress-range" as the

edition therefore have been adjusted to conform to this concept as

well as to new stress values, elastic constants and coefficienta

of expansion as published in the Code. The numerical examples take

into account the now mandatory requirement of appl:ying stress in-

tures designed to absorb expansiona by the inherent flexibility of the

Section 6, Chapter J of the "Coda for Preasure Piping• published by the

American Society of Mechanic&l ingineera.

necesaarily oí coastant intensity, that expansion stressea at elevated

temperaturas may not be sustained becauae of relaxation or creep and con-

This phenomenon o! yielding in the elastie range or flov in the plastic

stage presenta a problem different from that encountered in the analysia

of structures or machinery vhich operate at relatively lov temperaturas

limit o! the material.

of stress reversals remains belov certain limita so as to exclude the ef-

ing exactly to previous configurations. Rel.axation to the sustaining

level of the material will tend to establish a condition of permanenqy

stress until a state of equilibrium is reached in which the system is

completely rela:x:ed and capable of maintaining constant stress indefinitely.

The stress of which a material is relieved due to relaxation reappears

witbout tbe application of extraneous work.

This pbenomenon is called "self springing" • It may originate in the

cold as well as in tbe hot condition, that is whenever the contraction -

or expansion stresses are of sufficient intensity to cause yielding. In-

calculated on the basis of predeterminad short-cutting of the pipe and

springing it into position will be alterad by subsequent self springing of

allowance for cold springing as far as stresses are concerned. Reactions,

The phenomenon of self springing is demonstrated by the following ex-

SYSTEM RELAXEO TO SUSTAINING LEVEL

6" FREE EXPANSION

SYSTEM SELF SPRUNG

Sup:;o:.;ing the material at the particular operating temperatura can

sustsin only 18,000 psi or three-quarters of the calculated stress.

Yieldine will take place to this sustaining level. On cooling to room

temperature the s.rstem must contract 6". At 3/4 of this contraction

i.e. 4.)" the system will be stressless. Completing the contraction

s:i te in sign to that caused by an expansion of 1.5". The system which

at t~c start was stressless is now cold sprung.

THE STRESS RANGE

From the fo~egoing it is evident that the true magnitude of the

stresses in either the hot or the cold conctition cannot be determined

by c~Jculation because tha al"\ount of relaxation is unkn<Y.rTn a.nd cannot

be judged reliably. However, service failures are r~]ated to eyclic

rather than sta.tic stress conditions and it is therefore permissible to

assume that a piping system will operate satisfactorily if the sum of

consideration all stress levels to which a system will adjust itself to

support the loading to which it is subjected. The stress intensity at a

specific stage is of academic interest only.

The expansion stress range is set b,y the Code at

SA = allowable expansion stress range in psi

Sh = allcwable stress (S-value) in the hot condition

7,000 and less l. O

The Basis for the Allowable Stress Range SA.

1) 25% of the m.inimum specified tensile strengt.h.

The JJI2Ximum stress range a system could be subjected to without pro-

The sum of the two 1imits therefore is

* Piping Flexibillty A.na.lysis. A.S.M.!!:. paper No. 53-A-51.

The range !or expansion stresses only is

!or which !urther explanation is given in the !oll~ section.

The Expansion Stress S¡

Temperatura changes in restrained piping cause bending stresses in single

plane systems, and bending and torsional stresses in three-dimensional sys-