Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
com
Thermodynamics is the science of energy related with The properties of a macroscopic system as a whole are
the conversion of energy from one form to another. The called its bulk properties, example is the system's mass,
word energy itself comes from a Greek root meaning "to do volume, density, temperature and pressure. Macroscopic
work." and thermodynamics is concerned with converting systems are also characterized as being either solid, liquid.
stored energy of various forms, such as the energy in fuels, or gas. These are called the phases of matter, and we will
into useful work. be interested in when and how a system changes from one
Thermodynamics is the systematic study of converting phase to another.
heat energy into mechanical motion and work. Hence the Ultimately we would like to understand the macroscopic
name thermo + dynamics. properties of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of the
Thermodynamics deals with macroscopic systems, the microscopic motions, of their atoms and molecules.
prefix macro (the opposite of micro) meaning large. We will Solids, Liquids and Gases
be concerned with systems that are solids, liquids, or gases,
rather than the "particles". The variables of thermodynamics The ice cube you take out of the freezer soon becomes a
will be temperature, pressure, volume, and moles instead of puddle of. liquid water. Then, more slowly, it evaporates to
position, velocity and force our queries will be of : become water vapour in the air. Water is unique in its
properties. It is the only substance whose three
How do temperature and pressure change during a phases-solid, liquid, and gas, are familiar to us from
certain process? everyday experience.
How does a physical system such as an engine do Each of the elements and most compounds can exist as a
mechanical work? How is the work related to the solid, liquid or gas. The change between liquid and solid
temperature and pressure inside the engine? (freezing or melting) or berween liquid and gas (boiling or
A room full of air, a beaker of water, are condensing) is called a phase change that occur at a
examples of macroscopic systems, systems that are well-defined temperature.
large enough to see or touch.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
~ THERMODYNAMICS 153
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
154
Tables 2.1 Mono-atomic and diatomic gases There are four basic quasi-static processes III
Mono.atomic Diatomic equilibrium thermodynamics. The processes are
characterized by the thermodynamic variable that is kept
He H, constant.
Ne N, (a) Isothermal process: A process is
isothermal when the temperature of the system is kept
0, constant. The word comes from the Greek isos, equal and
therma, heat.
IDEAL.GAS PROCESSES
(b) Isobaric process: A process is isobaric
A process occurs when the system changes from one
when the pressure of the system is constant. The word
state (one set of values of its physical properties) to another
comes from the Greek baros, weighr.
state. The system returns to its original state when all of its
macroscopic physical properties resume their original (e) Isochoric process: A process is isochoric
values. when the volume of the system is constant.
Heat transfer and work are nvo processes that change (d) Adiabatic process: A process is adiabatic
the state of a thermodynamic equilibrium. A quasi-static when no heat is transferred to or from the system. The word
process is one in which the system changes slowly enough comes from the Greek adiabatos, not passable.
so that each succeeding state through which it passes is The P - V Diagram
essentially in equilibrium. All the reversible processes We represent ideal-gas processes on a graph called a
are quasi-static (occur very slowly). An equilibrium state is a p. V diagram. A graph of pressure verstL~ volume. Each point
static state. During a reversible process the system can on the graph represents a single, unique state of the gas, it
deviate from equilibrium by only an infinitesimal directly specifies the values of P and V. But knowing P and V,
amount. and assuming that n is known for a sealed container, we can
In a reversible process equation of state find the temperature by using the ideal-gas law. Thus each
applies at all times. point actually represents a triplet of values CP, V, T)
Imagine a pan of water at temperature To which is put in specifying the state of the gas.
contact with reservoirs at temperature To + dT, To + 2 dT Quasi-Static Processes
and so on until it reaches its final temperarure. Such a
Note thal the ideal-gas law applies only to gases in
process would require infinite contacts with heat reservoirs,
thennal equilibrium. A system is in thermal equilibrium if its
therefore, we can only approximate a reversible process,
state variables are constant and not changing. Consider an
strictly speaking quasi-static processes do not exist: they are
ideal gas proces.s that changes a gas from state 1 to state 2.
idealizations. Notice that if we make an infinitesimal change
The initial and final states are states of thermal equilibrium,
in the temperature T (in reverse direction, change T by
with steady values of P, V and T. During process, some of
-dT ), we reverse the direction of the process, hence the
these state variables change. The gas is not in thermal
process is called reversible process.
equilibrium while the process of changing from state 1 to
state 2 is continuning.
~
.•••• 'T,
!>
T,....e..
I
To use the ideal-gas law throughout, we will assume
that the process occurs slowly that the system is never far
I
Reservoir at
To + 2dT To + dT
<!!T!!!,-!!!d!!!T
Reservoir at
from equilibrium. In other words P, V and T at any point in
the process are essentially the same as the equilibrium
temperature To temperalure T,
values they would assume if we stopped the process at that
point. A process occurs essentially in thermal equilibrium at
Fig. 2.2
all times, is called a quasi-static process. It is an idealization,
A process that proceeds in only one direction is like a frictionless surface, but one that is a vel)' good
approximation in many.real situations.
irreversible. The equation of state does not apply during an
irreversible process. The thermodynamic variables are not
constant throughout the system, the system is not in
equilibrium. All real processes are irreversible.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
IHfRMODYNAMICS
•••
atmosphere
P,
'..'
•• -
Ao ;,oct'O';o
process appears
D
Quasi-static process _- on a PV diagram
, 3 as a vsrticalline
1-)
P,
Membrane
suddenly bursts 1
/ '------,,----V
V
.•• ..
pressure In the cylinder
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
--->lTHEI!'RMOrulillDYNAM!U'2 •• ,;;;cs;'!
P = Pa,mos + Mg = constant ... (3) slowly, then heat energy transfer through the walls of the
A cylinder will keep the gas at the same temperature as the
This pressure is independent of the temperature of the surrounding liquid. This would be an isothermal
gas or the height of the piston, so it stays constant as long as compression. The reverse process, with this piston slowly
M is unchanged. pulled out, would be isothermal expansion.
If the cylinder is warmed, the gas will expand and push We have the P
the piston up. But the pressure, determined by mass M, will relationship
not change. This process is shown on the p. V diagram of
p = nRr An Isothermal process
Fig. 2.5 (b) as the horizontal line 1 ~ 2. We call this an 2
./ appears on a PV
V
isobaric expansion. An isobaric compression occurs if the gas •• diagram as a hyperbola
is cooled, lowering the piston. Any isobaric process appears
constant
=----
V
.:
on a P - V diagram as a horizontal line.
The inverse P,
P
relationship
between P and V
P2 An isobaric process appears on
causes the graph of
.•.
a PV diagram as a horizontal line
an isothermal
process to be a v, v,
v
, • 2 Ibl
hyperbola.
The process
shown as 1 ~ 2 in
F;g. 2.6 (b)
Increasing
v represents the temperature
v, Ibl
v, isothermal
Fig. 2.5 A constant-pressure (isobaric) process compression shown
Isotherms
in Fig. 2.6 (a).
Constant Temperature Process An isothennal
A constant temperature process is called an expansion would
isothermal process. An isothermal process is one for move in the
which Tf = Ti• Because PV = nRT, a constant temperature opposite direction v
along the 1'1
process in a closed system(constant n) is one for which Fig. 2.6 A Constant-temperature
hyperbola. (isothermal) process.
p/V/ =P;Vi .•• (4)
The location of
is an isothermal process.
the hyperbola depends on the value of T. A
One possible isothermal process is illustrated in Fig. 2.6 lower-temperature process is represented by a hyperbola
(a). A piston being pushed down to compress a gas, but the closer to the origin than a higher temperature process. Fig.
gas cylinder is floating in a large container of liquid that is 2.6 (c) shows four hyperbolas representing the temperatures
held at a constant temperature. If the piston is pushed T1 to T4 where T4 > T3 > T2 > r}. These are called
Push isotherms.
•• Work Done in A Thermodynamic Process
• Fig. 2.7 shows a cylinder with a movable piston. By
•• virtue of its pressure the enclosed gas has moved the piston
• through a small displacement dx.
•
••
•
:( ........... ~
•••••••••••••
/
Fig. 2.6 (a)
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
IHERMODYNAMICS
F =PA ..~'.
•
o
,
0
,
1 ", ..•.. ::
Fig. 2.7
.
f
o
'" "~.~~
o
o o
o o
o
The infinitesimal work dW is o
o o
,
o
=p dV
> ~
i o
o
v
The product A dx is change in the volume of the gas.
The work done by a gas when its volume changes from Vi to
Vj is
VI
--~--.
Integration
V2
direction
W=f1pdV
v, .' (.J
For a compressed gi.'ls (V2>Vj)
The gas p~hes on lt1e piston The area is negative because the
p integration direction is 10 the right
with force Fgas outward Thus the environment does positive
To keep the piston in place. work. on the gas.
an external force must be
Pressure P
equal and :OPPOSile 10 Fgas
F,.,
v
, •
o Piston area A Integration direction
(.) (bJ
Fig. 2.9 The work done on a gas is lhe
As the piston moves OX. the negative of Ihe area under the curve.
external force does work Fga.dx
on the gas During a quasi-static process any of the thermodynamic
" variables may be considered to be a function of other, and
the functional relation between them can be depicted as a
\ :o
curve on a two-dimensional graph. A common choice is a
\~'
~:
d,"o
~
F
.~ p - V diagram.
Fig. 2.10 (a) is a graph
'.
, 0 p
,
,
0
0
of P versus V for several
o
: : ,
different T values. The PI
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
~;~'
V3>V2>V1
v, P,P
J" P2 >Pl
W =Pj
v[
!v, dV =Pi (VI - Vi)
v, P,
v, P, = Pi L\V
T, T T
If the gas expands, V, > Vi' so L\ V > 0 and the wor\l'
V done by the gas is positive. When the gas is compressed,
PV = (nRT) P ~(":)T V~(";)T V, < Vi so that L\V < 0, and the work done by the gas is
negative.
(b) (e) ('j
Fig. 2.10
The work done by the gas is represented on the P-v
diagram by the rectangular area under rhe isobaric path OJ)
P=(":)T the diagram. Whether the area is positive or negative,
depends on whether the gas expands or is compressed.
In the PT-plane this relation is linear with slope nRjV. Work Done by a Gas in an Isochoric Process
For smaller V values, the slope of the P versus T line is large. In an isochoric process, volume of the gas remaim
The lines of constant V are called isochores. constant, it is represented by a vertical line on a p. v
Fig. 2.10(c) shows the graph of V versus T when P is held diagram. Since the volume does not change,
constant. From the ideal gas equation, P For an isochoric process
V=(~)T i
,."
••' the area under the PV
curve is zero. No worK
j
; is done.
i:'
.
.,
f
P -_ •.•••••• ~ ••••• ,
: .. ,,
,,
,,
..,
:
,,
AV:
...' Pf - •••
,,
r
,
_ ,
v v
v, v,
Fig. 2.11
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS 159
pv" = p;v;n = PI V/ = constant Work Done by a Gas Taken Around a Cycle
Pyt PjV; Some thermodynamic systems involve taking a gas
P~-~-- around a closed path on a P-V diagram, so that some useful
V" Vn
work is done around the closed path in each repetition of
W~fVI ,, PdV. tycle. A closed curve on a P-V diagram is called a cycle; the
gas returns to initial point on the P-V diagram irrespective of
where the process begins on the cycle.
P Path 1 P
~ ~
,, '' , '
,,, '
'' :
,,
Wz<OJ:
,,
, '
= p;vt (V)-n _ v/-n) ,
,,
'
'' :, '''
, ' , , '
1- n v
v, v, v, v, v
Pfix!
V Vl-n - p.V" V'-"
"xi'
1- n Fig. 2.15
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THWIODYIIAMICS
,
The path dependence p p
P=aV2
of work has an important
implication for multi step
processes such as the one
shown in Fig. 2.17. The
total work done on the gas Work = Area
during the process y
1 -+ 2 -+ 3 must be Vo = 0.10 m3, VI 0.25 m3 =
calculated as Flg.2E.2
Wlto3 = W\to2 + W2to3' In
this case, WJ102 is positive
and W2103 is negative. The Fig. 2.17 The war\( done during the
Y
, 2
w=fv/av dv=a""""3
(V )'! 3
Vi
process1'--lo2--t3 must be
initial and final states are calculated In two steps
the same, but the work is a 3 3
"-(V! -V)
the same because work depends on the path followed 3 '
through the P-V diagram.
"(~J [(0,25)3 - (0.10)3]" 9,75x 10-3 J
Example 3 V-
Fig. 2£.1 shows Q clockwise circular path of a gas on a P-V
diagram. Volumes and pressures are as shown. What is the A thermodynamic system is taken from initial state A to final
total work done by the gas around one cycle? state C via an intermediate state B, as shown in Fig. 2£.4.
P(alm) p Compute the cotal work done by the gas from A to B to C.
P.Pa
----0
Volume radius
5,00
1.00
T
---~-
,,
2.00
'
:
,,
.
8,00
• V (liter)
L
0- p""",, I
radius
.'y
600
300
A
C~B
:,
,,
'
2.00 5.00
Flg.2E.1
Fig.2E.3
Solution: Area of the cycle on the P-V diagram
represents total work done. Since the path is clockwise in Solution: The work performed by the gas is area
P.V the total work is positive. bounded by the curve and V.axis. From A to B total area is
Area = 1t (pressure radius)(volume radius) the area of triangle ABC, and rectangle below CB.
= rt{2.00x 1.013x 105)(3.00x 10-3) wAH • .!c [(5,00x 1O-3)-(2.00x 10-3)][600-300]
2
= 1.91x 103 J + [(5 x 10-3) - (2 x 10-3 )](300)
We have expressed pressure in pascal and volume in
= 1.35 J
cubic metre to get work in joule.
Work done from B to C is negative because the gas is
being compressed, volume is decreasing. Be is isobaric
process. Thus work done is
Pressure and volume of a gQ.';are related by the law P = aV2, Wac =P~V=PB(VC -VB)
where a = 2 N / m2. The gas expands from a volume of 100 to = (300)[(2.00x 10-3) - (5.00x 10-3)]
250 1. How much work is done by the gas during the
expansion? "-0,90J
The negative work shows that work is done on the
Solution: Fig. 2E.2 shows a graph of the expansion. system. Change in volume, ~V, is always Vj - Vi' The net
The work is work done by the system is
WIOta! =WAB +WBC =1.35J+ (-0.90J)
= 0.45 J
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
~HERMODYNAMICS
P,
P,
._...• ____
.2
4
---; 3
,,
,
,,
:5
P,
P, .--:-~r IWAI<IW,I
So the ne[ work done"" +WA + (-WB) ""negative
Work done in a cyclic process represented as a
circle on P-V diagram
v v,
v, v, v, Such a Fig. 2.21 is an ellipse of P
.!. (P2 -
(-)
Fig. 2.18
(b) semi major axis of
2
PI) and
P, .....
0
semi minor axis of.! (V2 VI).
.,,, ,,,
1 -
2 =- x (Vz - VI )(P2 -PI)
WI ....•
2
+ (V1 - VdPI 2 P, -----Q
Thus the work done, ,
1 v
WI ....•2 = - x (P2 + PI )(V2 - VI) W = Area of ellipse. v, v,
2
= jt x (Semi major axis) Fig. 2.21
In the process shown gas expands therefore work done is
positive. x (semi minor axis)
Work done when = _"::(P2 -Pj)(V2 -V1)
4
A process is performed on the system such that
the volumes at initial and final state 1 and 2 are Work-Energy Theorem
the same. In this process, although. Fig. 2.22 shows a cylindrical container fitted with
(V) final - (V) initial = d V = 0 piston. Cylinder contains an ideal gas. Forces acting on
P
piston are contains a gas. An external force Fex1' spring force,
P2 •••••••• --- ;2
,
3
P, System
boundary
V,
v
Fig. 2.19
J
But the net work done PdV in the process is not be zero
the work is given by, Fig. 2.22
Wntr = W1->3 + W3 ....•
2
= - (Area under the curve 1 ~ 3 enclosed with V-axis) force due to atmospheric pressure (Po), force due to gaseous
+ (Area under the curve 3 --l' '2 enclosed with V-axis) pressure (Pg~5 A) etc. act on the piston. In such situations
processes take place slowly. If the piston moves very slowl};
Note that W1-.3 is negative as volume decreases and W3 ....•
2
then by work energy theorem,
is positive as volume increases.
Forces acting on piston
Work done for a Cyclic Process IW =N<
In the cyclic process shown in the Fig. the work done
(W A) in the cycle A is positive as it is clockwise and the work
done (WB) in the cycle B is negative as it is anti-clockwise. Wgas: Work done by the gas
Since the area of cycle A is smaller i.e. Watm; Work done by atmospheric pressure
Wex1 : Work done by external force
W.pri~g: Work done by spring force
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
~62 THIRMOD'fNAMICS
Wgr : Work done by gravitational force THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Note that when the piston moves Durward, expansion of When a thermodynamic system is taken through a
gas takes place so its volume increases, say by 6.V , then the process in which heat Q is added to the system and wotk W is
volume of the air atmosphere will decrease by the same performed by the system, irrespective of the nature of the
amount but with opposite sign, i.e., the change in ,the process, the value of Q - W is same for same initial and final
volume of air is negative.1.V (volume decreases by .1.V). states, which means Q - W depends only on the initial and
final states. This new variable Q - W is the change in
HEAT TRANSFER TO A SYSTEM
internal energy between initial and final states.
Heat CQ)is the thermal energy transferred via particle
t:.U=UJ -Uj=Q-W
collisions, from a region of higher temperature to a region of
lower temperature. A body stores or contains thennal This equation is called first law of thermodynamics.
energy, not heat. Heat is thermal energy in transit and once Heat Q is negative when heat energy leaves the system and
transferred it is no longer called heat. that work is negative when work energy enters the system;
therefore, Q - W represents the net energy entering the
system.
For an infinitesimal changes in the internal energy, heat
transferred and work performed,
(.) (bl
dU =dQ -dW. dQ =dU + dW
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
IHERMODYNAMICS 163
Heat transfer is a process and does not involve any new .\U =Q
form of energy. Heat transfer may increase the internal For a constant volume process,
kinetic energy of a system, for example. Second, we are using
fiU=nC,.(1'j -Ti)=nC,.fiT
"heat" as a description of the tramJer process. Systems do not
contain heat any more than they contQin work .systems fo.U represents change in a srate variable Qnd therefore it is
contain internal energy that may be changed either by heat independent of path from T,. to Tf . Hence llU must always
transfer or by doing work. be equal to nC"IlT irrespective of the process. We
11le first law of themodynamics expresses conservation can calculate the change in internal energy for any process
of energy during any process. between temperature 1',. and Tf by finding the change in
The increase in a system's energy equals the heat energy for an isochoric process between the same two
transferred to the system plus the work done on the system. temperatures.
Equation suggests that the temperature of a system is
related to the internal energy of the system; t:.U is related to
Specific Thermodynamic Processes
temperature change. Writing the equation in differential
In this section we will analyze the changes in internal form,
energy, the amount of heat transferred, and the work
dU = nCt, dT
performed by a system during some specific processes.
The molar specific hear was defined earlier by the c =.!.dU
t' n dT
equation
For an ideal gas, when temperature is constant, internal
Q = nCfiT
energy is constant, i. e., isotherms of an ideal gas are
where 11 is the number of moles and fiT is temperature constant internal energy curves. These statements are
difference. The heat Q transferred into or out of the system is true for real gases only when they behave as ideal gases, at
dependent on the particular process; therefore, the equation low pressures and far from me vicinity of phase transitions.
Q = nCfiT depends on the path. The magnitude of Q may be During phase changes internal energy can depend on the
different for different paths between the same two pressure and volume per mole of the gas, and the relation
temperatures. But n and fiT remains same. So the molar Q =: nC".11' is not applicable.
specific heat C is path dependent.
Isobaric Process
During an isochoric (constant volume) process the
Work performed during an isobaric process is
amount of heat transferred is
Q == nCL.t:.T
where C is the molar specific heat at constant
I'
W == J:
,
P dV =,P(Vf -Vi) =PllV
www.puucho.com
-
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
" The eqn. (5) is the mathematical relation for the curve
In the isothermal process, in P.V plane for an adiabatic process. Relations describing
t.U=nCvl1T=:O adiabatic behaviour of an ideal gas in terms of Y and T, and
So from fjrst law we find Q =W
in terms of P and T can be derived by combining eqn. (5)
with the ideal gas equation PY = nRT, to obtain the
Q =nRT In(~) following results:
PyY = constant
Adiabatic Process
IVy -} = constant
An adiabatic process is performed in a well insulated
container so that no heat flows across the container pO-1)!YT = constant
boundary. When a process is performed suddenly, there is A family of curves representing quasi-static adiabatic
little time for heat transfer. We can approximate it as an process may be plotted on a P-Y diagram by assigning
adiabatic process. different values to the constant in eqn. (5). The slope of any
As Q = 0, the first law becomes adiabatic curve is determined by taking the differential of
eqn. (5).
flU =-W or W =-/1U
W=-nCv6T ...
(1) Pd{YY) + VYdP = 0
In the differential form, or PyyY-1dY+YY dP=O
dU=-dW=-PdV dP P
Then -=-y-
nC1, AT = -P dV ... (2) dv V
We eliminate T from this equation with the help of the Slope of an isothermal curve is
ideal gas equation PV = nRT.
dP P
d(PV) = d(nRT) -=--
dV V
PdV + VdP =nRdT
It follows that an adiabatic curve has a steeper negative
n dT = P dV + V dP ... (3) slope than for an isothermal curve at the same point.
R
Work done by the gas in an adiabatic process can be
Substituting expression for n dT in ego (2), calculated from the first law of thermodynamics. Since
CuCF dV + V dP) =_P dV dQ =0,
R
Rearranging this resu!t, we have
(Cv+R)dV+ dP=O P, Adiabat P'/I '" Constant
C ... (4)
V " P )
ButCv +R =CP' So eqn. (4) can be written as
P, _.•••••••• -flsotherms
C,)dV +dP =0
( Ct. V P
v, V,
v
We integrate this expression and write the integration Fig. 2.25
constant on the right hand side as natural logarithm of
another cons tan(.
dW ==-dU=-nC" dT
(~:) In(V) + In (P) = In (constant) Wadiabafic = J dW = J -nC" dT
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMOOYHAMICS 165
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
mJ~6!!6=:;::;:=:
Graphs: p.v, V.T and poT v
1. Isochorlc process:
P
P,
---
]8
-------- --- v
v,
v, •••... /
8
....
,-'
...
:
A,
.
••
•
.,B
.' . T
Pl __._ •• A
•• ...
•
•
Fig. 2.29 (e)
•
v, v T dV nR
(e) slope=- =-
-----
I') (b) dT Po
Fig. 2.28
3. Isothermal process:
. F F p p
V = constant therefore ..1. = ...l. and Pl < P2
T1 T2 A
dF dV
(a) slope = - = 00 (b) slope=-.0
dV dT
P
~8 f
A
P, ••.... ; ..• ~ 8
v T
P1 .~ i (.) (b)
... ...
," :
.'
Fig. 2.30
1
To = constant; P:x: -
11 T2 T V
FIg. 2.28 (c) To = constant
dF dF
dF nR (a) slope = -; PV = nRT (b) slope =- =00
(c) slope =- =- dV dT
dT V
=> PdV + VelP = a
2. Isobaric process: dF p
p p
;> -=--
dV V
v
A
8 A 8
•
I
Po m •••••• :
•
v 8
(.) Ib)
Fig. 2.29 T
Fig. 2.30 (e)
P = constant,
v V
therefore...!. = -l. and V2 > VI dV
T1 T2 ee) slope = - = 00
dT
dF dF
(a) slope=-=O (b) slope::: - = 0
dV dT
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
P, ~ P
P P ,,
B A
P, ---L------
(.J
,
,A
,,
v A/
(OJ
,,
,
T
c
B
V
....
... c
.Ll T
::::~B
V,
'-.:>11
A
V
v, ,, ," ,;, ....
..
,
T
Tt T2
T
('J
Fig. 2.31 Fig. 2.33
StutcPl,Vl,Tl-P2,V2,T2; Suppose?! <P2 The sense of the cyclic process in P-J" diagram is always
(a) PV"r = K(const.) ~ P = K/VY opposite to the.sense of the cyclic process in V.7' diagram.
slope can be determined as Example II.
(c) nw1 =K
Comparison of an Isotherm and Adiabat
Slope of adiabatic curve =- yP
V
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
168
Example III. Example V.
p p p p
A
1'\,'"
C~" 17"
"
L-----~V T .,,' D
V T
v V
v
C
"A
,c, ,
" ,,
T "
T
Fig. 2.35 Fig. 2.37
Note: On a P-V diagram we have a cui point then poT and V-T Example VI.
diagram we will also have a cut point.
Iv.
'i) '{J'
Example
p , p
A
\A
,:,' T L
v
V
.,,::~: T
V D C
ED"
V
D
.: ••••• A
C
" /.,-
T
A
T Important points
------' Fig. 2.38
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
p . . .. General Conclusions
If the same gas is expanded p
from the same pressure and
volume to the same final volume
,,
then the work-done by the gas in
2 : isotherm
an isothermal process is greater : :
T. than the work-done in an ~
:, :. adiabal
T, ,,
adiabatic process.
T, v
T, If the same sample of gas is V, V2
v expanded from the same initial Fig. 2.43
Fig. 2.39 state to the same final volume by
(2) Work done in adiabatic process 3 ~ 4 = work done three different process then the work done by the gas has
in the adiabatic process 1 -) 2, (In adiabatic process work following inequality
done is equal to the change in internal energy.)
p p
3
di
mono
V1 V2 V
2 Fig. 2.44
QA =6U+W"
QB = 6U
=>
Qc =ilU-W"
QA >Q" >Qc
Im~~ol[I] 1 I H~O
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
~0 --~T"'HE;llRMOIln"IiDYNAM==Ill':CSrl
.-;;:==:;;:-::-:===--\----~R~e~la~t?,o=n:-
t Connecting process \
-dW ~ me ch'lamea power output.
dt
Isothermal PV = constant
For a dT change in temperature
dQ dU dW Isochoric P
-=-+- ,.... (2)
- = constant
dT dT dT T
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS 171
=nRTB(vB)r-1 Po <0
On solving for VB' we have (01 (dJ
nRr,
p. Pa
.".jmfi
On substituting numerical values, we have
VB == 4.55 x 10-3 m 3
Now, the pressure, volume and temperature at each L_-'-__ -'-__ .'V.1o-3m3
2.00 5.00
vertex of the cycle are known. Now we can calculate heat,
work, and internal energy: Fig. 2E.5 (e)
Process W Q \ w
PcVc (3)( 104)(5)( 10-3)
A ~B 150 J 250J 100 J Tc=--~
nR (1)(8.314)
B~C 0 80.9 J 80.9 J = 18.0 K
Total 150 J 331 J 181 J
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
172 THERMODYNAMICS
PVVD (3):: 104)(2)< 10-3) which 57 J of heat is converted to work and the remaining is
To =--
nR (1)(8.314) transferred to the low temperature reservoir.
,7.22 K ',' Ie..
for each segment of cycle. :;!..
Isotherm A --+ B Consider the vaporiuztion oflg o/water at 100'C to steam at
l00"C at one aonosphere pressure. Compute the work done by
WAS=nRTAln(~:) the water system in the vaporization and change in internal
energy:0/ the system.
3 ...
, (1)(8.314)(19.2) In(4.55X 10- J Solution: To change a system of mass m of liquid to
2x 10-3
vapour, heat required is
= 132 J Q =mL,.
Along an isotherm, tJ.UAS = 0, so QAB = W AB = 132 J. The process takes place at constant pressure, and so the
Adiabat B -+ C work done by [he system is the work in an isobaric process.
We know that W =P.1.V
Wac =-liUBC =-nCutJ.T where .1.V = (Vvapour - V1iquid )
, -(1)(12.5)(18.0 - 19.2) This work is positive since V,,,pour > Vliquid
From first law of thermodynamics
,15.0 J
aU'Q - W
and ""Vae =-Wac =-15.0J
= InIll - P(Vvapour - VliqUid)
The work done by the gas in this segment of the cycle
Latent heat of vaporization of water
decreases internal energy; work done is at the expense of
internal energy, as QBC = O. Lv = 22.57 x lOs J/kg
Isobar C -to D Q = (1.00 x 1O-3)(22.57x 105)
WQ) =P6,V= (3.00x 104)[(2.00x 10-3) =2.26x 103 J
tlUVA=QVA =nCvtJ.TVA =(1)(12.5)(19.2-7.2)= 150J Thus the work done by the water system in vaporization
We can summarize our results in the table form is
I Process .U Q \ w I W = P(Vvapour - Vliquid)
A ->8 0 132 J 132 J = (1.013x 105)(1.70)( 10-3 - 1.00x 10-6)
B->C -15 J 0 15 J =172J
C->D 135 J 225 J 90 J The work done by the system is positive since the
D->A 150 J 150 J 0 volume of the system has increased.
Total 0 57 J 57 J From first law,
It is a cyclic process. Therefore, ~U'Q -W
.1.U = (2.26)( 103 - 172) J
AUcyclic =0
and Qcycle = W cycle = 2.09x 103 J
During each complete cycle 132 J + 150 J = 282 J of Note that larger percentage of energy 92% is utilized in
heat is removed from high temperature reservoir, out of changing the internal energy and only 8% went into work
done by the system on surroundings. In vaporization, the
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
='"T~HnERM=ODl:lYNillAMftlI"l(P1S---
energy is required to weaken the intermolecular forces (c) Find the expression for work done in the cycle in terms of
within the liquid. minimum and maximum volumes VI' V3, TH• TL, Pl, VI'
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
rt7
The work done is negative because V4 < V3 (the temperature and TI = T2 = TH and at the minimum
logarithm of a number less than 1 is negative). The first law temperature T3 = T4 = TL.
of thermodynamics, Q = 6U + W becomes WlOtal = WI + W3
V4 Vt
is enclosed in a perfect insulator, the quasi-static
compression continues until the temperature of the system V,
Wlotal = -nR(TH - TL) In- ... (12)
has increased to TH' VI
The process is adiabatic, Q = 0; the first law becomes From ideal gas equation,
.'
OJ=.6.U4 +W4 nR=PtV1
.6.U":-W4 =nCv(TH -TLl ... (6) TH
Since W" is negative (compression work), tJ.U4 is For adiabatic process, 2 -)0 3,
positive, indicating that temperature of the gas increases.
For complete cycle, the gas returns to its initial state; the
T
Vz = --l::....
( TH
)1'('-" V3
total change in internal energy of the gas is zero. i. e.,
L\Utotal =L\Ut +L\U2 +L\U3 +L\U4 By substituting these values in eqn. (12), and doing
some algebraic manipulation, we obtain
=OJ+L\U2+OJ+L\U4
001 ... (7) Wtotal = Pt \'t (1- TL ) (_1_ In !i. + In V 3)
The two internal energy changes L\U 2 and !:tV 4 during l TH lY-l TH VI
two adiabatic processes of the cycle are of equal magnitude
and opposite sign, see expressions (3) and (6). The internal
energy is a function of temperature alone. In one adiabatic
process temperature decreased from TH to TL and in the 'Fig. 2£.9 shows a cyclic process perfonned on one mole of an
other temperature increased from TL to TH• ideal gas. A total of1000) of heat is withdrawn from the gas
in a complete cycle. Find the work done by the gas during the
The first law applied to entire cycle is therefore, process B -)0 C. •
QtOlal = Wtotal + L\V tOlal T
QH +QL =W1 +W2 +W3 +W4 +OJ C
300K
[>.
•• ,' A
to the gas the gas "
" V
(b) For the adiabatic process 2 -)0 3,
Flg.2E.9
THV2y-t =TLV3y-t ... (9)
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
- THERMODYNAMICS 175
.,
WA->B =lx 8.31(400-300)
= 831 J ... (3)
= 2(~R) (600- 300)
•
W A -./l is positive; expansion of gas takes place. = ISOOR
From eqns. 0), (2) and (3), Heat is added to the system.
-1000 = 831 + W/l_.e + a Process B -+ C is isothermaL
Wu ...•c = -1831 J From first law of thermodynamics,
Negative work dO:le implies that compression of the gas QBC =WBC' as I:1U =0
takes place.
Example
.
= nRTe In(~:)
= (2)(R)(600) In(4V2V A)
=2x 300K=600K
(b) Process A -+ B is isobaric. Wne1 = QAB + QBC + QCD + QOA
Qp =nCp(TB -rAJ = ISOOR + 83l.6R - 900R - 831.6R
= 600R.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
176
The pf;fSSures and temperatures at A, B, etc_, are denoted by
PA, TA, PB, TH, etc., respectively. Given TA = 1000 K,
An ideal gas having initial pressure P, voll1~e, V and PB = (2/3)PA and Pc = (lj3)Pk Calculate (a) the work done
temperature T is allowed to expand adiabatically until its by the gas in the process A -) B, (b) the heat lost by the gas in
volume becomes 5.66 V while its temperature/ails to Tj2 (a) the process B -} C, and (c) temperature TD-
How many degrees of freedom do the gas molecules have? (b-'. Gil'en (2/3)(2'5) = 0.850_
Obtain the work done by the gas during expansion as a
function of initial pressure and volume. Solution: (a) For an adiabatic process,
Tr pl- r = constant
Solution: (a) For an adiabatic process, temperature Trp1-r _Trpr-1
and volume are related as AA -BB
Vr-1
r
TV y-1 -T where y = 5/3 for a monatomic gas.
1 1 - 2 2
1Vy-1 =(~)(5.66V)Y-l
T•• TA (~:
t:::J c 2
-(2/3)PA'
.-T•
'-------_v
Flg.2E.12
850
2
.-
A -} B adiabatic expansion = 425 K
3
B -} C cooling at conMant volume Hence Q = 1 x - x 8.31(425 - 850)
2
C -} D adiabatic compression
= -5297.625J
D -} A heating at constant volume
Negative sign implies that the system has lost heat.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
IHfRMODYNAMICS
ee) Process C +4 D is adiabatic. _5x10"xl0
TA - 500x 8.31 120.33 K
H'
rl,'! =T ~ WA--->s ....•c -:=WA ....•B + Wn ....•c
D cPT
[ ]
-:=0+P(V2 - VI)
C A
-:= 0 + 105(20 -10)
T" =(T,2" )[ (1'3)P P
D A
A
x 1000
]"
-:= 106 J
Tv =500K
=(500)(~ R)( 4~0 _1~0)
T= PV
nR
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THE
Example Wcycle ""WA~B + WB~C + WC~A
""2.0BRT - 1.5RT + 0
Three moles of an ideal gas [c p =~ RJ at pressure P and " O.5SRT
W cycle"" Qcytle "" O.58RT
temperature T is isothermally apanded twice to its initial
W cycle and Qcycle are positive, hence heat is added to
volume. It is then compressed at constant pressure to its
system, while net expansion takes place.
original volume. Finally the gas is compressed at constan~
volume to its original pre.ssure P. (a) Sketch p.v ~nd p.T. Example
diagram/or the process. (b) Calculate the net work done by'
the gas and heat supp'lied to the gas during the comp'/ete cx.cle.
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken around the
Solution: (a) The initial state A is characterized by cyclic process ABCA as shown in Fig. 2E.15; calculate:
state variables: pressure P, volume V, temperatureT. Process (a) the work done by the gas,
A --. B is isothermal expansion.
(b) the heat rejected by the gas in the path e -4 A and the heat
PAVA =PaVs absorbed by the gas in the path B -4 e,
F = PA VA = PA (c) the net heat absorbed by the gas in the path B -}o e,
B
VB 2 Cd) the maximum temperature attained by the gas during the
f'Y,c1"e, _
Process B -+ C is isobaric process.
VB c V Solution: (a) Work done in a cyclic process is area
-"-
T T
B c under P-Y diagram of the cycle. Work done is taken positive
Vc T if the cycle is clockwise.
Tc =-Ta =-a
VB 2 Area of triangle ABe ""..!. (Base»( (Height)
2
Process C -+ A is isochoric process.
1
(b) For a cyclic process l:!.U = 0, as the gas returns to its ==- (3Po -Po
2
»( (2Yo - Yo)
initial state at the end of each complete cycle.
P P ""PoYo
P P
LJ(P'TI gas
(b) Process C A is isobaric,
-}o
PI2 C~B
(PI2, V)
V
(P/2, 2V)
2V
V
Flg.2E.15
TI2 T
T
C p "-R
2
TA == PoVo
s
nR •
3::_1~~c ,
,
Vo 2Vo
,,
T == 2PoYo
B Fig. 2E.15 (a)
Qcycle == l:!.U + W cycle nR
Clcrcle == W cycle Qp ""nCpCTA -Te)
Isothermal process:
VB
"n(~ R)(POVO _ ZPoVo)
2 nR fiR
W.''\~B ==nRT Jog~v
A S
=--PoYo
""3RT logt 2 ""2.08RT 2
Isobaric process: Negative sign implies that heat is rejected by the system
to surroundings.
WB....•
C ""P(Vc-VB)=nR(Tc -To)
Process A -}o B is isochoric.
",,3R(~-T ) ""-I.5RT
For an ideal monatomic gas, C v "C -R"-R3
p 2
Isochoric process:
From ideal gas equation.
WC_.A "" 0
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
Temperarure versus T
volume curve is a parabola 3PoVl)
as shown in Fig. 2E.1S(b). P
Q" =/le,,(ra -TA) During expansion,
=n~R(3PoVo _PoVo) temperature will increase
2 nR nR and af::er reaching a
maximum will decrease.
= 3PoVo v
For maximum Vo~V 2Vo
Positive sign implies that heat is added to the system. 4 0
temperature,
Fig. 2E.15 (b)
(e) Out of-the three processes dT = 0
A -) B, B -+ C, C -+ A, we know the heat involved in the dV
two processes A -+ Band C -+ A. We also know the oct work
done in the cycle. Since !'J.U = 0 for a cyclic process, R (4
Po - V
o
V+ 5 ) = 0
Qcycle = W cycle
S
QC ....•A + QA-->B + QB ....•C = W(:rde V =- Vo
4
QB ....•C =W..-yde -QC ....•A -QA ....•1l
Po [ 2 2S 2 2S ]
S
= PoVo + - PoVo - 3PoVo
Hence Tmax =R" - V
o
16 Vo +4 Vo
2
1 25 PoVo
= - PoVo =---
2 8 R
Cd) Along process A .......•
B, temperature increases This is the maximum temperature attained during the
from entire cycle.
PoVo 3PoVo
TA =--toT n =--=3TA• Examp~le 16y--
nR nR
Along process C -+ A, temperature decreases from Two moles of an ideal monatomic ga.~is taken tllrough a cycle
T = ZPoVo to TA = poVo. ABCA as shown in the P-T diagram Fig. 2E.16. During the
c
oR nR process AB, pressure and temperature of the gill vary, such
The process B -) C is a general process whose equation that PT = constant. 1fT) = 300 K, calculate:
is nm known. Since it is a straight Hne with negative slope P
and positive intercept with axis, its equation is 2P,
B c
P =-aV + b
where a and b are slope of straight line and P intercept
respectively.
The straight line passes through points B(3Po, Yo) and
P, ••• •••
.
,A
T
C (Po, 2Vo); so we have T1 2T1
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
=P(V _V,)+(P2V2-PIVI)
In the P-V diagram shown in Fig. 2E.17. ABC is a semicirde. 2 I (,-1)
;Pindthe workdone in the process ABC. 2 P(V - VI)
- =P(V2 -\'t)+-~-~~[':PI =P2 =PJ
-s "
" (y -I)
.3 "L" ,C
Q.. B : liQ = P(V2 - VI )[1 + _1_]
1 •• ~- :A '(-I
-+-'~2~.'V(lit)
Fig. 2E.17 fa)
= P(V, - v,[-y-]
1,-1
Given Ii W = P(V2 - VI) = 25,
Solution: Workdone in the process ABC is divided
into two parts AB, Be. In A -) B compression and B -) C and y =1 + 2/1 = 4/3.1 =6
expansion Upto initial volume. But pressure is changing 4/3
tlQ = 25 x -'- = 100J
continuously and increase at every stage. 1/3
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
181
[HERMODYNAMI(S
1 mole of an ideal gas at initial temperature T was cooled From (1) and (2)
isochorically till the gas pressure decreQ.';edn times. Then by
an isobaric process, the gas was restored to the initial
temperature T. Find the net heat absorbed by the gas in the
whole process.
V3
Tin
T
1
n
6Q = 6W + 6U, f
nCdT = PdV + nCvdT,
n 3 3
V3 = nV C=Cv+--
J PdV
(ndT)
Total change in (U) 6.U = 0
J" J V2 K z 2 -VI)
2
so .1.Q=6.W 6W= pdV=K VdV=-(V
P P VI VI 2
c.Q= hoW=-(V3 -V2) =-(nV-V) 1 , 2
n n = - (KV2 -KV\ )
=PV(l-l/n) 2
p
and PlY] =nRTl• n=l, PV=RT' 6W='!-(PZ xVZZ_ \ 2
XV1 )
2 Vz
~QoR1\l-~J 1
V1
Example
.---.
~\...>
=-(PzVz
2
ndT = n(T2 -
-PIVl)
nR
Tl) = -(Tz
R
- Tt)
----7"
P 1
=-(P2VZ -P1VI)
R
3P ••
C =C •. +B.x (PzVz -ptV\)
p __.0j),: :
2 (P2V2 -PlVt)
,, oC, +Rj203Rj2+Rj2oZR
,
• T C oZR
-.~ampLe
.-...- ...-""""""'
..=.
Solution:General equation for an ideal gas An empty pressure cooker of volume 10 litres contains air at
PV = nRr atmospheric pressure 105 Pa and temperature of 27°C. It
P'= m RT contains a whistle which has area of 0.1 ern 2 and weight of
M V 100 gm. What should be the temperature of air inside so that
p=_x_xT
m R the whistle is just lifted up ?
V M
p=px(~)xT
P =Pox(~ }To ...(1) Flg.2E.22
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THEIMOIllIWIJCS
Solution: When the whistle is just lifted up, then
pressure inside of the cooker Example
P2 = Pi" =(Po +7) One mole of a gas mixture is heated under constant pressure,
and heat required t.Q is plotted against temperature
= 105 + 100x 10-3 x 10 difference acquired. Find the value 011 for mixture.
0.1 X 10-4
= 2x 105 N/mZ
2':O~~
V2 = V = constant, Tz =?
Pi" V =nRT2
T _Pi"V o 100K AT
2 - nR
,-_'.'9••.2E.24
PIV} = 105
n =-- lOx 10-3_
X
Solution: t.Q =nCpt.T
RT} Rx300
"Q
-=nCp
.•. _ 2xlOs x lOx 10-3 xRx 300 "1'
" - 105 x lOx 10-3 x R "Q yR
--=c p =--
T2 "" 600K, or 327°C "Tn (y-1)
2500 yR
Example --=-
100 (y-1)
V.T cu"'e for 2 moles of a gas is straight line as shown in the YR~25(J)
(y-1) K-mol
graph here. Find the pressure of gas at A.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
IHERMODYNAMICS
PV ==RT
C
"
+ PdV
dT
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
Solution:
w = -2tJ.U [ 1+ KKR -1]e" InV+ [KKR -1ell ] InP=constant
PV = nRT
PdV = -2nC~dT [ ~ R +lJlnV+lnPOK
Pdv + VelP = nRdT (K-1)-
y -1
PdV =_2nCv(PdVn~VdP)
PV
[,.,)
2 = K} =C
dT
+RTdV
tt dT
(1)
I' V dT ...
since it varies as, C.= C I' + aT ... (2)
On comparing expressions (1) and (2). we have
In a given process K times the heat given is equal to the
increase in the internal energy K < 1. Find out the equation of. aT=(R:)(:~)
process.
dU = KdQ
(*)dT=~ ... (3)
dW=(';Kyu
or V= Ve-{nT/R) =constant ... (4)
Eqn. (4) is the equation of process.
[,_(l-K)C]f
KR"
dV +(K-1)C
V KR"p
f dP = constant Above equation integration yields
- ..!.. =..@. log T + constant
V R
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
~
w=Q/2 One mole of an ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent is y
Flg.2E.31 undergoes a process given by the equation.
a
P=Po+-
V
Solution: g = t.U = ~nR!lT
2 2 Find out the heat capacity of a gas as a function of volume.
Q = 3nRi>T Also find our increase in the internal energy, work done by the
The amount of heat given to 1 mole such that the gas and amount of energy rransjelTed if the volume changes
temperature increase by 1°C is equal to 3R. from VI to V2.
Solution: dQ=nC"dT+PdV
a -a
p = Po + -; dP = -dV
V V'
An ideal gas, it is given that the molar heat capacity C!! at
constant volume. Find out the molar hear capacity of gas as a PdV - .c: dV = nRdT
function a/V. lfthe process peiformed by the gas is T = ToeClV• V
PV = nRT
Solution: dQ = au + dW To and 0. are constant
dQ = nC,.dT + PdV dV= nR dT
T = Toe
uv
(p -~ J
nRT dT
dQ = nel,dT + ---- PdV + Vdp = nRdT
V Ta
.I ~."' ••• -.
www.puucho.com
, . ."..
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
l86 THERMODYNAMICS •
nPR
dQ = nCudY+--dT
p-!!. Q = J dQ = J:" (c, + :~ )adV
V
dT = adV
Mixing of Gases
Consider mixture of three gasses "1 mole of monatomic,
"2 mole diatomic'"3 mole triatomic, Heat supplied to raise
temperature of gas by tIo T is given by
Heat supplied Volume = constant
': P""Po +~ 3 5
dU =nCudY ..
V
•
ilQ = n1 -R6.T + n2 -R6.T
2
6
+n3-MT.
2
n, -+ Mon
"2 -+ Dia
"3 -+ Tri
T
dU = nC PodV
"nR 2
~Q 3 5 6
= "}-R + n2 -R + n3-R
dU= PoC" J V2
dV =PoCv (V2 -VI)
-
tIoT 2 2 2
R VI R
nRT =: PoV + a .: nRdT = PadV £\Q --). is the heat capacity of the gaseous mixture
~T
dW=PdV=(Po+~}V ~Q,'~T
Molar heat capacity at constant volume =
"l+n2+n3
W = J dw = J (Po + ~ )dV Dissociation
Suppose we have n2 mole of diatomic gas and n1 mole
V,
=Po(V2. -V1)+uln- of monoaromic inside a closed insulated box after some time
VI we find that K fraction of diatomic gas molecule dissociate
Solution: 0) dQ = nC"dT + PdV '; T =To +aV Molar heat capacity = £\Q/£\T
nl+n2+Kn2
dQ =nC dT +PdV ',' dT =u=> dV =..!...; PV=nRT
dT v dT dT dv dT a The molar heat capacity is decreases.
nJ;l(T
= nC" + ••.•
\ V +
o a)"!"a '; P = nR
V (To + aV)
C =..!.. dQ = c + RTo + Ra In the compartment (1) shown in the Fig. 2£.36 a
n dT tt aV a aissociation had not taken place monoatomic gas is present in
RTo the state shown. In the compartment (2). A diatomic gas has
=Cp -R+--+R
aV been enclosed in the state shown. Both the compartment are
C =Cp
RTo
+--
aV
thennally, insulated.
-------
(ii) dQ =CdT
= ( C + RTo)
p aV dT -=a
dT
dV
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
Mixture of Gases
Consider a homogeneous mixture of 'n' inert
mono
T Oi (non-reacting) ideal gases (G1 ,G2 •... Gn). Let their-moles be
Pl' V,. T1 P2,V2.T2
~ll' )..I2')..I3.... Pn respectively.
Molar masses be M},M 2,M3 .... M n.
P1V, P2V2 Molar heat capacities at constant volume be
n1= RT , n2=--
RT, C Y ,C v2 ,C v), .... Cyn.
j
Solution: (a) Let us assume that the final Molar Mass of the Mixture
-temperature of the gas mixture is T . Weight of the mixture
Ma 1ar mass a f mixture = -~-------
Initial internal energy of the mixture total no. of moles
3 5 IlIMl +)..I2M2 +1l3M3+ ....
="1 -RT, +"2 -RTz M mixture "" ~~~~~~~~~--
2 2 ~tl+~t2+P3
Final internal energy of the mixture Internal energy of the mixture
3 5 Internal energy is an extensive property. It is additive in
"'", -RT + n2 -RT
2 2 nature i.e ..
Since the internal energy of the gas mixtures can not Umax, ""UI +U2 +U3+ +Un
-change therefore.
3
nj-RT1 +nz-RTz
5 RT
=-(3n. +5n2)
".m..,.,....RJ" =.'.,.,.RT + f' _,RT + ".3R_T_+ ..... + _f,~"_R_T_
2 2 2 ('(mix -1) (y\-1) (Y2 -1) (1'3-1) (Yn-1)
T=-
2 (nt . ~RTI
2
+ n2 .~RT2)
2
(where T: temperature
)..Irnix. ~ll +
of the mixture).
)..12 + )..13 + .... + )..In
R(3n] +5n2) ('(mix-1) (y\-1) (Y2-1) (13-1) (Yn-1)
The final volume of the gas mixture VI + Vz
Where )Jmix.
p= nRT
VI + V1
SO.
(b) liU =- AU, + .1.uz )JI +)..12 +)J3+ ... )Jn )..11 + )..12
Q1 =(nl +nz)CVtnix.tJ.T (Ymix-1) (y\ -1) (Y2 -1)
=- "IG" mono L1T + T!2C"A_. ul /),T + )..13 +..... + lin
=- rt1CL'mono +n2C"df (Y3-1) (rn-1)
C"mlx --------
n}+n2
with the help of above expression '(nix, can be obtained
Q, is the heat given to 1 mole of the gas mix to increase for a mixture of gases.
its temperature by 1"C at constant volume. Cp and Cv for a mixture
C _ n,C"".ono + n,Cp' ,,' For a mixture
Prm.-
") + "2 + "3 Umix =UI +U2 +U3+ +Un
n} ~ mono, n2 ~ di, "3 ~ tri
(C¥)mi~. _Pl(Cv)l +)..I2(C¥}z +113(Cvh+ .... l-ln(Cv)n
"ICl' +"2C"
j +"3C"
C"mhr. "" 2 3 PI +P2 +~13+ ... +Pn
"I +"2 +"3
As Cp -Cy =R
"" "ICPl + "2Cp2 + "3Cp3
C Pmhr. So, from the above expression,
"1+"2+"3
(CP)mix =R+(C~')mix
'l _
CPmi>.
'ml" --C~-
,~
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
lij188g:::::lZ==
R + PI (CV)1 + }1z(Cv h + 1l3(CV h+"'lln(CV)n A B
,
Vo no
III +112 +fl3+ ... lln
. '.'
PaVo 2PoVo
nR nR
Temperature (T)
Fig. 2E.37 (a)
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS 189
__
~Lt
Vo 2Vo
Volume (V)
Fig. 2.48
•
: . Let n be the number of moles of the gas and the
Vo 2Vo
temperature be To in the state A.
Volume (V) Net work done during the cycle is area under curve,
Fig. 2.47 1 1
= W = - x (2Vo - Vo)(2Po -Po) = -PoVo
2 2
Illustration: Fig. 2.47 shows the pressure' versus For the heat given during the process (6QI) A --+ B, we
volume graph corresponding to n moles of an ideal have
monatomic gas for a cyclic process ABCDA. Find the
efficiency of the cycle. ~Ql =~WAB +~UAB
Network done by the gas during the cyclic process is ~W AB = area under the straight line AB
given by area enclosed by cyclic process 1
=-(Po -2Po)(2Vo -Vol
2
W = (2Po ~Po)(2Vo - Vol
= PaVo ~UAB=nCt,~T = {S:)c4To -To)
For the isochoric process A to B the heat supplied is
given by, ~ lSnRTo _ lSPoVo
~Q=8.U+~W 2 2
3 15
= nC"t.T + 0 ~Ql =-PoVo +-PoVo =9PoVo
= n( 3:) :-Po)
Vo(2P~
2 2
The processes B --+ C and C --+ A involve the rejection of
heat by the gas.
3R
=-PoVo . ( ) Work done per cycle
2 Effi Clency 11 = ------------
Total heat supplied per cycle
Temperature in respective states A,B,C,D is given by
1
T
A
= PaVo TD = 2PaVo T = 4PoVo T = 2PoVo
c i.e.,
2:PoVo 1
nR'u oR' nR' D nR 11 =--- =-
9PoVo 18
for the isobaric process B to C the heat absorbed will be
given by
~Q2 =flCp~T
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
Solution. (a) Since the system is isolated from The process B -+ C is isochoric in volume remains
the surrounding, the work done by the gas will be at the cost constant at 3Vo'
of its own internal energy. Let the final temperature and From equation of state PV = nRT
volume be T and V respectively. Evidently, the final pressure
P oc T
P of the gas will be just enough to hold the piston in
equilibrium against its weight and the atmospheric pressure. Since P changes form Po to 2Po, so accordingly T changes
W from To to 2To'
i.e., P = Po + - ...0)
A Next, the process C -+ D is an isothermal compression,
Change in internal energy of the gas, the temperature remains constant throughout at Zfo state D.
nR8T The process D -+ A is isobaric in nature, the gas getting
-tJ.U=nC tJ.T=--
II (y-l) compressed from a volume 2Vo to Vo-
nR(T -To) SnR(T-To) From equation of state PV = nRT
=
G -1) =
2 VxT
the temperature varies linearly from Zfo to To.
Work done by the gas against a constant external __ 3PoVo
Here, To
pressure Po + W, will be nR
A
EO B C
aW =pav=(po + :}v-Vo)
~
• ---20
:> 2To
------- -- •• ,,D
Using equation of state PV = nRT, we have ~ To
E ,
,
, .:
' ,
'
:
-------A ----:,
,
~
(Po + :)v = nRT ...(ii)
Vo 2Vo 3Vo To 2To
Volume (V) Temperature (T)
since tJ.W +tJ.U = 0 [..."Q : OJ
(.) (b)
=:> (p W}v
0+-
A
- V)0 SnR(T-To)
+----~:O
2
... (iii) Fig. 2.50
7 {Po+:)
Illustration: Fig. 2.49 shows the P-V diagram for the
cyclic process ABCDA performed on n moles of an ideal gas. TO 2To 3To 4To
Here we draw the T.V and P-T diagrams for the process. Temperature (T)
Fig. 2.50 (c)
Initially, if To be the temperature of the gas in state A,
then from equation of state (3Po)(Vo) = nRTo Here we draw P-V and P.T diagrams.
Let Po be the initial pressure of the gas,
Po .: nRTo
Vo
Process A -+ B is isochoric the volume remains constant.
Vo 2Vo 3Vo If V is constant, then P IX T
Volume (V) Since temperature increases from To to zro, the pressure
____ '.19.2.49 also increases linearly from Po to 2Po'
The process B -+ C, is isobaric, because the straight line
0' To = 3PoVo
BC passing through the origin, thus, V :x T.
nR
the process A -+ B is isothermal expansion, so the The pressure remains at 2Po from state B to state C. For
temperature of the gas remains constant at state B it is To. the process C -+ D, the volume remains constant,
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS 191
, ----Z0---~,, ~,, ,
" ---- A
,
' ,
:. Efficiency 'r]' for the process is given by
"W
:, ' ~ Po
: ' .
,---~
, ,D, "=--
oQ in
Vo
Volume (V)
2Vo
To 2T03T04To
Temperature (T) = nRTo(3-1n4)
3nyRTo
=[1_~)(1_1n4J
y 3
("I (.)
Fig. 2.50 (y -I)
Solution: Given; V x T2
V", kT2 where k is constant.
Differentiating both sides, of the above equation, we
have
dV = 2kTdT
Let n be the number of moles of the gas and To its initial
temperature in state A. AJso, from equation of state V = nRT = kT2
. P
Process A ~ B is isobaric expansion, we have
or p '" nR
Tx.V kT
T~ = VB = 4 dW =PdV
fA VA nR
=-2kTdT
Til = 4To kT
dW AB = nR.t..T = nR(4To - To) = 3nRTo '" 2nRdT
and 1'.QAR = nC ph.T = 30G pTo dW =2R
The process B -} C is isochoric and hence, ndT
The molar heat capacity of the gas for the process will be
"'WBC = 0
C",C,,+W'
and 6-Wac =nC,.!'iT
=nC,,(To-41 o) ",~+2R
y-1
=[2y-lY-1)R
-3nC"To
=
1
Finally, the process C -} A is isothermal compression. Method-2: Compare it with PV" '" const. to get n "'-
2
"'WBC = nRYo In(~;)
= nRTo In( :v) = -nRTo In 4 Determine the average molar heat capacity of an ideal gas
undergoing a process shown in Fig. 2£.41.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
19
~B
1-n
Vo 2Vo 3Vo
~ P,V,
I-n
(1- 1 TI
T2
Volume (V)
Flg.2E.41 Since 1V1l-1 = constant and ~ = constant,
pll-1
then
Solution: Let n be the number of moles of the gas,
6W ~ P,V,[1_(V, )""1]
I-n Vt
T =2PoVo
A
and T
B
nR
= 3PoVo ~ P,V,
I-n
[1_(!l)1";]
P2
nR
Now, work done by the gas during the process is given
The above equations can also be expressed in terms of
by area under curve
PI VI' It also evident that,
1
L\W -'" - (Po + 2Po)(3Vo - Vo) = 3PoVo I
2
Work done per mole of the gas per unit rise in
;: =(~~r-l =(::)1-;
temperature.
w,=L\W = 6,W From equation W' =....!!:....- :::: constant,
i.e., a polytropic is
1-n
nliT n(Ta -rAJ one in which the molar work is a constant.
= 3PoVo "" 3R The molar heat capacity of the process will be
n[3~o _ 2P~o] C=C •. +W'
R
=C" +--
Molar heat capacity of the gas for the above process will 1-n
be R =Cp -Ct. =yC" -C" =C,,(y-l)
C=C,,+W""--+3R=
'(-1
,R (31-2)
--
y-1
R C --C, +~---
Cv(y-l)
1-n
Polytropic Process ~c,,[y-n] 1-n
...(i)
A polytropic process is one in which [he equation of the
pressure versus volume curve is of the form PY" = constant; (i) C ~ c, ; for an j'ochoric process;
where n is a constant throughout the process and may adopt since, forTI -+:tco; y-n =1-n
any numerical value.
(ii) C = C p ; for an isobaric process;
for the isochonc process n --+ 1::00;
since, forn =O;C =yev -=Cp
for the isobaric process n = 0 ;
(iii) C -+ co ; for an isothermal process;
for the isothermal process n = I;
since, for n -+ 1, the denominator of eq. (i) = 0
and for the adiabatic process n = y = C P (The adiabatic (iv) C = 0 ; for an adiabatic process;
Cv
since, n = y
index)
The work given by per mole of the gas per unit rise in
temperature, will be
W,::::_R_ An ideal gas is taken through the process P -= k.ff where k is a
I-n' constant. Determine the molar heat capacity of the gas for the
.. "R(T I -T)2 "R(T 2 -T)1 process.
For an adiabatIC process dW = _
l-TI I-n
= where ~ is the number of moles.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THI
i.e., (slope of adiabatic) = n (slope of isotherm) = y 7. For n = -1 or (l = 1, the equation of curve is P = kV
(,-n)
(slope of isotherm) (:. n = y)
In other words, the adiabatic cUn>e is more steeper (y C =Cy --
1-n
being greater than 1) than an isothermal one, Qoth passing
through a common point. Putting n = -1; we have C 1
--CV(Y+2 )
2. For a general polytropic process, we have
Pv" = k where k i.~constant. 1
=-(yCv +CvJ
k 2
or P=_
1
V" =-(Cp +Cv)
2
CP;Cv",c",Cv
Example
J !
c
Fig. 2E.44 shows a cycle performed on an ideal gas, referred to
" as Otto- cycle. Show that its efficiency is given by
~=l-(~:r-l
where VJ!V2 is called compression ratio.
Volume (V)
Fig. 2.52 v
Flg.2E.44
For all positive values of the index n (i.e., 0 < n < 00), the
curves are hyperbola, which touch the coordinate axes at Efficiency of a heat engine is given by
infinity. In particular for an isothermal process n = 1, the
~ = 1- J..g;J
equation reduces to P ox; .!, which represents rectangular. IQH I
V
hyperbola and/or other process (where 0 < n < 'J) or n :f'I), =1_[T.-T,] ... (1)
the curves are unequilateral hyperbolae. T3 - T2
3. For the isobar n = 0 and P = constant, C = C p and is Process 1 ~ 2 is adiabatic.
represented by the horizontal line.
4. For the isochor 11 ~ ::!:(X) and V
is represented by the vertical line.
=- constant, C = C y and T,
T)
=(.".!.)'-'
v2
... (2)
5. For values of n such that y > n > 1, the value C (molar.. Process 3 ~ 4 is adiabatic.
heat capacity is negarive[shown in figure).
6. For values of n which are negative, say n = -a, the
equation of the polyrrope can be rewritten as P = kV<l, which
;: =(~:r-I=(~:r-I
pass through the origin of coordinated (since P = 0 and V = 0, As v4 = v) and V3 = V2 [isochors], therefore,
satisiY. the above equation)". _~ _ T2 T3
-=-
T) T4
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMI(S 195
Process 2 -t 3 is isobaric.
T2 V2 1
- =- =-
T3 V3 r(
2~ :d"''''O r[T -T
3 3. ~]
~IQd 'l==1-!_1- r/ -1
1 V r r;-l r,-l
Flg.2E.45
~(VV,')r-
t
1'1", = rr-1
1 Solution: From first law of thermodynamics,
,
Q ==W + t.U
We can see that
For an isothermal process, Q == W, stope of W-Q graph is
1, hence straight line 3 represents an isothermal process.
Thus, For an isobaric process,
W == Rt.T (for one mole of gas)
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERIIOOYItAMICS
Q=C "T=(f;2)Rl>T
p
corresponds to C p of a monatomic gas and G of a diatomic
L.
Q =nGI!T
I!T =(n~)Q
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THfRMOOYNAMICS
of freedom and that of a carhon dioxide molecule has six. On the log-log scale the pressure dependence of
Therefore, for helium we have y = 5/3 = 1.67 and for carbon compressibility is shown by a straight line. The lines
dioxide we have y = 8/6 == 1.33. The greater value, of y corresponding to isothermal process and adiabatic processes
represents a steeper P-V curve. The upper curve corresponds involving argon and carbon dioxide are shm ..•..
n in Fig. 2£.52.
to carbon dioxide and the lower curve corresponds to
Example 51
helium. • •.'c' ....' .--
.. '.
~ ,,,'"'~,,
P'~"
Isothermal
~(N;2)R ... (2)
Adiabatic process
P logP Hence y=C =(N+2)
p ... (3)
C" N
Fig.2E.50
From egn. (2),
I dV R 2
~~--- -~--
VdP Cp N+2
For an iSOlhermal process, 8.314 2
PV = constant --~--
29 N + 2
PdV+VciP=O which on solving for N, yields
I
Hence, (f\)isOlh"rmaJ = p N =5
(b) The given process is
For an adiabatic process, PT = constant (1)
PV~ = constant From ideal gas equation, PV = oRT (2)
'(PVy-1 dV+VYdP""O Eliminating T from eqns. (1) and (2), we have
I p2V = constant or PVL2 = constant
H~nce, (Il) 3diabatic =-p
y This is a polytropic process, with n = 1/2.
For an isothemtal process,J3P = 1 ""constant For a pOI}1rOpicprocess, molar specific heat is given by
R R
For an adiabatic process, I3P =.!.. "" constant C~----
y y-l /1-1
On all versU.'i P diagram isothermal as well as adiabatic
If N = degree of freedom, " __(NN+ 2)
I
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
N+ 2
With C = 29J/mol-K, R = 8.314J/mol-K, Y = -- and Example
N
I
n =-, we have
2 Consider an ideal gas with density p = 1.3 mglcm3 at
29 I 1 standard pressure and temperature. If velocity of sound
-- + ---
&314 (-1/2)
= ~---~
[(N;2)_I] propagation in this gas is v = 330 mis, calculate the degrees
of fr.eedom of gas molecules.
'.' ,
On solving for N, we get, N = 3. Solution: Speed of sound is given by
v=ff
COTL5idera mass m = 15gm of nitrogen enclosed in a vessel at where p is density, P is pressure, and y is adiabatic
constant for the gas.
temperature T = 300 K. Find the amount of heat required to
double the root mean square velocity of. its molec!;IJes. From the above equation. we can find y.
U =~ nRT
inte~al energy of each molecule is f>< ..!. kT. Therefore,
. 2
2
internal energy of a mole of gas.
Translational kinetic energy of each molecule is
I , 3 V=No><l.kT
"2 maurms = '2 kT 2
1
=-RT
where rna is the mass of the molecule. 2
If rms speed increases a times, v'rms = a v mu' then where No is the number of molecules per mole
temperature has to be raised to T' such that (Avagadro's number). The molar specific heat at constant
volume is
2.Qrms
m v.z =~ kY'
C =dU =l.R
2 2
t' dT 2
or Y' = a.2y 1+2
and Cp =C" +R=--R
The internal energy therefore increases to 2
Cp f+2
U. =~ nRT' Therefore. y=-=-- ... (2)
2 C, 1
Change in internal energy, From eqns. (1) and (2),
W =U' -U =~ nR(T'-T) we get
2 1= (Pv,2
--I
)
5 , P
~-nRT(a -I)
2
On substituting numerical values, p = 1.3 kg/m3,
=~mRT(a2_l)
2M v = 330 mis, and P = 1.013 >< lOs N/m 2, we get
----
resp"ectively).
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
and n2=-
m, Example
M,
Further, let 6Q1 and L'!.Q2 be the heats required for unit Consider one mole of an ideal gas whose pressure changes
rise of temperature, at constant volume. for the two gases
with volume as P = aV, where a is constant. If it is expanded
when they are heated separately. In isochoric heating, all the such thar its volume increases 'l times, find the change in its
heat energy goes in raising the temperature ofthe gas; thus
internal energy, work done by the gas, and heat capacify of
the gas.
6Q1 =nje"l
and 6.Q2 == rtZC"2 Solution: Let the initial volume of the gas is Vand it
where, C til and C"2 are molar specific heats at constant
is expanded to volume 'lV. The work done in the process is
given by
volume of the two gases, respectively.
Now, the gases are mixed and again heated at constant W = v J,V
P dV =
Jv,v aVdV
volume till their temperature rises by one degree. Let tJ.Q be 2
the heat supplied to raise the temperature of both =aV ('l2_1)
components individually by one degree, 2
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
nR(y+l)
=----
2 (y - 1) ,1m
Since n = 1, we have
" k
C=!!:.(Y+l)=C +!!:. m,A
2 (y -1) " 2
g"
Exq;m(;!1
.- .-~- -. ~_.
or p = nRa
P,A = PalmA + Kxl + mg ~K',
Kxl mg
y' P, =Parm + __ +_
A A P,A mg
The work done in the process is
PjV, =nRTI ~TI
P,V,
=-- Fig. 2E.53 (e)
W =fvf PdV=fv/ nRa dV nR
VI Vi V 2
•. Change in internal energy 6.U = ~ nR(Tj - Tj)
2
=nRa(2- __ ! j=nR(T; -TIl •. Increase in G.P.E.of the system = mgxl
Vi VI
••. Increase in elastic P.E. =..! Kxl
Since Tj < Tf ' W is negative which implies that work is 2
done on the gas. Change in internal energy is given by •. Work done on atmosphere = ParmAxI (P.1.V)
nR(TI - T) Using first law of thermodynamics, we get
u= I
y -1 3 'I
Q = -nR(TI -Tj) + mgxl + -Kxl + PatmAxJ
Thus, heat required to raise the temperature by 2 2
6.T=Tf -Tjis mg
Q:U+W P.~
= nR!J.T _ nRtlT
y-l P••• A
Kx
Adx
A
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
Wgra,;ry =: -mgx} One mole of an ideal gas is present inside a vertical cylinder at
1 a temperature T. The piston is ma$sless. Find out the work
Wspring =-k(x} -x1) =-PoA\"}
2 done by an external agent in increasing the volume of tlie gas
Wa1rn = Po[V! - Vi] = -PON!
by K times by slowly lifting the piston. Temperature of the gas
1 , remains constant.
Thus Wga, = mgxl + POAxJ + - kx1
2
Palm
Illustration: n mole of diatomic gas has been enclosed F
in cylinder (1) and (2). Initially the spring is in a relaxed state
A
_and pressure inside cylinder (1) is Pl, find out initial
-----------~~~
------_ .._--------
..~~.~.~----------
-temperature of cylinder (1) and initial temperature, pressure ._---------------_
---------------~.~
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..._ ... -
.---.-
of cylinder (2). Now Q joule of heat is given slowly co cylinder -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-------------~.~ ...._---- .
(I), finally the spring gets compressed by x and the pressure
-------_
--.-------- ....~~~.~--------
-----_
:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:-:.:
P gas :.:.:.:.:.:.:-:.:.:-:.:.:-:-:-
_~~-~~~ -••• -.-.-_. c"_-_"_-_~-_-_-_-_-_-
inside cylinder (2) is P2' Find out final volume, temperature
-----------------~-~~
-------_ .._-"""~"~------- ..--.
and pressure in both the cylinder. Find our the value of Q. .-~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-------_ .....~----------
----_.......
------------ -----------
--~..~..----
2
~
-- - -- Solution: (1) Wga< + WF = Wmm
,,
P,A
P ,V
- - PalmA
PatmA-
-- {
P2,A
V,
work done by the gas + external agent = work done on
the atmosphere
A
(2) If gas is doing work and at the same time its
A
temperature is constant. Then it means that it is getting heat
Fig. 2.54
from the surrounding
PI V} Q = Wgas
Initial Condition: T =--
" nR WF =Walm -Wga• ""Pmm(KV-V)-RTlnK
(By force balance on both)
Initial Condition P; V = RT ; Pi = Palm
Palm V ""RT
Final Condition: V2f =V2 -Ax'; WF =RT(K-l)-RTlnK
Vlf == VI + Ax The heat absorbed from the surrounding,
PitA =P2A+Kx Q = RTinK
Plf Vlf = P2t V2j Illustration: A piston can freely move inside a
Tlf =-_.; T2t
nR nR horizontal cylinder closed from both ends. Initially the
We can also find out the final temperature, pressure and piston separates the inside space of the cylinder into two
equal parts each of volume Yo, in which an ideal gas is
volume.
.•. Net on workdone on the atmosphere is zero because contained under the same pressure Po and at the same
compression on one side = Expansion on another temperature.
side What work has to be performed in order to increase
isothermally the volume of one part of gas n times compared
Wga< + Walm + W<pring = 0
to that of the other by'slowly moving the piston?
Thus Wgas= -Wspri,,~
and from first law of thermodynamics we have
Kx'
Q=t.Ut+t.U2+--
2
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
202
IfQjoules of heat is slowly supplied by a heater to L.H.S.
" :Pl P,
till the final pressure of R.H.S. becomes P2 Find out (i)
P, (Yo +~) ". Pressure, volume and temperature finally (ii) the total heat
,,,
". ""Pc
- 1--,
, supplied by the heater.
, The gas in R.H.5. gets zero heat from the surrounding
TO = constant T(l = constant therefore the process in R.H.S. will be adiabatic
• Fig. 2.55 ••• __ • _. • • ••••• System
: : boundary
Finally F = (Pz - PI)A for (I) chamber
: Po.Vo,To PoVo,To ,:
PoVo =:: PI (Vo + Ax) ,
for (II) chamber
Q
,,
,
.
•,
,,
,
PoVo =P2 eVa -Ax) .._-----
~ __ .._._-'
F ~(PoVo PoVo 1.", FIg. 2.56 (a)
Va-Ax Vo+AxJ'
POV02A1x Povo" = P2 VfY Y = ~ for monoatomic
~ , 3
,,2 A 2X2
[A~,'3)"
" - V - 0 0 •
fR - P ,
W.,cnl =fF'dx=2A2PoVof,,,"1 X dx
Vo 2_A2x2
., www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
!THERMODYNAM CS 203
mechanical energy and thermodynamical energy. Inside the rube gas leaks through the narrow space between
the ball and the tube, gas forms a gas cushion that keeps the
1 t 1
-U2- -2L-~-----..j
A
ball from rouching the wall. Thus the ball can slide with little
friction. A very slow flow of gas into tlie bottle through the
K side arm compensates the leakage of gas. When the ball is
lowered into the tllbe, it would compress the gas to an
o ,T o ,T
equilibrium pressure Po, volume Vo' A small displacement
-L--L- Q
,
Mechanical energy
-
=
2
(L)'
2 x -1 K -
2
Internal energy wiH change only of the
gas present in the R.H.S. KL KLJ2
AL 2"
Pf .-=nRT
, 2
2nRT Fig. 2.57 {bJ
Side arm
AL
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
lHEIIIODYNAMl
mg Cd) Amplitude of oscillation,
Po =- + P"trn
A mg mgVo
X=-=---
The conditions are adiabatic, hence k VPo A2
PVr = constant ... (1)
Differentiating this gives
PCyVr-1) dV + V7dP = 0
:4. glass U-tube of unifonn cross-sectional area A, open at both
dP=_yPdV ends, contains a volume Vo/liquid of densityp. Thw the total
V length of the liquid column from surface to surface is I = VI A.
=_VPo.(Ad.y) ... (2) rrhe tube is jiggled to set liquid into oscillation.
Vo (a) When the liquid surface on the right lies a distance y from
where dy is small vertical displacement of ball. its equilibrium position, show that the liquid experiences a
Hence restoring force is restoring force of the form F = -kyo Find the period of
2 oscillation.
dE =_ yFoA dy
Vo (b) One end of the tube is now closed so that the length of the
entrapped air column is L. Show that for small oscillations of
Acceleration of the ball is thus 'I
the liquid column oscillation is approximately simple
2
a =_ yPoA d'"" ... (3)
harmonic. Find the time period of oscillations assuming
mVo adiabatic and isothermal conditions.
This is equation of simple harmonic motion with (c) Assuming adiabatic conditions determine y for the trapped
angular frequency of oscillation gas.
r-~~
2
YPoCnr
",=,1-"="-'- )2 Solution: (a) When the
from which
mVo
=2nv ... (4)
liquid column is displaced by y, in
left column, the weight of excess
r
D
liquid in left column is the
4v2mV:
y = 0 ... (5) restoring force y
Por4 F =-(pg2y)A
(b) If the process is isothermal, Since F oc(-y), the oscillation
PV = constant ... (6) is simple harmonic.
PdV+VdP=O ... (7) . Therefore, acceleration of the Fig.2E.59
dP =_PdV liquid column,
V a=-2pgAy
PAdy pIA
=---
V
dF =_
Z
PO(rtr Y2
Vo
dy "'=J~Z:=ff=:~
p. (nr2)2 To = 2rr~ ...(1)
a ""_ 0 dy ... (8)
mVo
•. The period of oscillation depends not on p but only on
p. (nr2)2 . I and is mus independent of me panicular liquid used.
00= 0 =2nv ... (9)
mVo This problem was proposed and solved by Newton.
(b) For an adiabatic process
v= l..-jP 2
o(nr )2 ... (10)
dP=-Y(~)dV
2n' mVo
ee) From eqn. (4), yPoA
=----::;Ly
yPo
=--y
L
Force constant, Total force on the liquid column in right arm is due to
gas pressure and weight of excess liquid.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
IHERItIOOYNAMICS 205
poVJ = P(Vo - AxV
Restoring force = -[ y~O+ 2pg] Ay
poVJ
which is proportional to y, hence motion is simple P, - ( ,
harmonic.
Acceleration of liquid column,
VJ1-~:)
(Y~o+4W
Q=_._-----
lAY "Po(l- Ax)-' Vo
pAl .',
= Po ('f1Ax)
+ V
From the expression for Q, o
"("'yP"o-,L""'+c:q,"g:')C7A 2it
"- (as Ax is small quantity)
pAl T Vo
pi Similarly for the left part,
Tadiab.1tic = 27t ... (2)
(ypoiL + :q,g) poVJ ""PLVl =PL(Vo+Ax)T
For an isothermal process, proceed according to.
PdV+VdP=O
dP"-l'.dV
V Fig. 2E.60 (b)
to obmin T
isothemlal -
- 2Jt I
\ (PoiL + 2pg)
pi
.' Net force acting on {he piston,
(c) From eqns. (1) and (2), we can obtain
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
206 !HIUIODYNAMICS •
=-----
(n -1)(, -I)
(Y -1)
Therefore IV 2 = constant
For C to be negative, we must have 1 < n < y.
(b) Equation of the process in terms of pressure
Example and volume of the gas can be obtained by eliminating T with
t~~ help of ideal gas equation PV = nRT.
In a thermodynamic process a gas expands such that the heat Equation of the process is
transferred to the gas (dQ) = decrease in internal energyj
(-dU> PV
(''')
2 = constant
(a) Find the molar heat capacity and the equation of the
process in variables T and V. Th"IS IS a po I'ytroPIC process wit. h n = [,-2-
+ I ) .
(b) Find the work performed by one mole of the gas, when its
volume increases '1 times, if the initial temperature of the gas Work done is W = PIVI - P2 V2
is To. n -I
R(Tl - T2)
Solution: (a) (i) Change in internal energy when = ---- (for one mole of gas)
n -I
temperature changes from T to T + liT, for one mole of gas,
is
r
T+ ••• RTo(I-~)
fj,U= JT C<.dT =----
n -I
(sinceTI =ToandTz =T)
T+AT R
=
J T
--dT
y-l
From equation of the process,
=--
MT T1 = To = (V, )(Y-I}!2 = 11(Y-1),12
,-I T2 T VI
Heat transferred to system for one mole of gas, RTo(l - 11(Y-lJ/2) RTo(l- 11(Y-I)'2)
So, W= -------
Q =C~T = -~U =[__ R_] ~T
(y -I)
(,;1)-1 (';1)
-R
or C =--
,-I
(ii) From first law of thermodynamics, :4 vertical cylinder of volume V has n mole.s of an ideal
dQ=dU+dW monatomic gas. The walls of the cylinder are thermally
insulated, the piston is weightless. When a mass M is placed
But dQ = -dU
on the piston. the piston is displaced by a distance h. What is
Hence 2dQ = dW the final temperature of the gas after the piston has been
or 2CdT=PdV aisplaced. the area of the piston is A and the atmospheric
pressure is Po?
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THIRMODYNAMICS 207
[_B
M Solution: if 6.Q is the heat
thermally insulated, the entire work done supplied (Q the system, it is spent in
on the gas is equal to change in internal the change in internal energy of the
energy. When the piston is displaced by II, system. Since there is no friction and
the volume becomes V - hA. The nct the vessel is thermally insulated, Fig.2E.64
pressure on the piston is Po + (mg/A). AQ = AU
From ideal gas equation before and after
6.Utotal =6.U~as + f,U.pring ... (1)
loading we have
Flg.2E.63 There are two changes in the internal energy, change in
internal energy of gas &Ugas and that of spring t.Uspring'
PoV '" nRT1 ... (I) 3
t.Ugas ='2R(T2 -Tl) .•. (2)
ExamRle
Example
A non-conducting piston divides a thennally insulated vessel
into two parts. The left part of the vessel contains one mole of. A thin heat insulating piston divides a horizontal cylindrical
an ideal monatomic gas and the right part is vacuum. A vessel of length 21inro two equal parts. Each part contains n
spring connects the piston to the right wall of the vessel, the moles of ideal monatomic gas at a temperature T. Two springs
natural length of the spring in the free state is equal to the of spring constant k each are connected to the piston on either
length of the vessel. Neglecting heat capacities of the vessel, side as shown in Fig. 2£.65(a). When heat Q is supplied to the
piston and spring, determine the heat capacity C of the gas in the right part, the piston is displaced to the left by a
system. distance x = 1/2 The left part is in contact with a thermostat
at temperature T all the time. Determine the heat Q' given
awa~ to the thermostat.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
IH
I_ 2/ _I
Example.
r:::s.::rc;:] One mole of an ideal gas is comained under a weightless
~ piston of a vertical cylinder at a temperature T. The space over
Fig. 2E.65 (a) the piston opens into the atmosphere. What work has to be
performed to increase isothennally the gas volume under the
Solution: Net heat added to the system is Q -Q'. piston n times by slowly raising the piston? Friction is
From first Jaw of thermodynamics, negligible.
Q=,1U+W
Solution: As the piston is displaced slowly the
Q-Q'=~U+Us ... (1)
change in kinetic energy is zero. From work energy theorem,
where 6.U is the change in internal energy of the system we have
and Us is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.
The work done by the gas has changed the potential energy
of the spring.
The temperature in the left part has not changed as it is
in contact with a thermostat and piston wall is
non-conducting. Hence the change in the internal energy of "VO dV
the gas is due to the heating of the gas in the right part by
~T.
=RT Jv, -
V
[PV = nRT]
=RTlnn
So, ... (2)
Thus, wex1 =-wann -wga.o;
Gas is monatomic. =-[-PoVo(n -l)+RTlnn]
=RT[(n-I)-lnn]
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
209
THERMODYNAMICS
Solution: We have, for an adiabatic process,
7Vy-1 =-constant
Differentiating with respect to T,
vr-I.1+T.(y_1)vy-2dV =-0
dT
dV v
For the left compartment,
dT
" T(, -1)
P1 _
~_PI P\ = final pressure in the left compartment
But from the graph,
T, T
or P
'
, -_ PI (PIz ++ P2 }Tz
PIT PlYI
IdVI
dT To. Vo
=-tan(;r-O)=-tanO
V
Similarly, p'z can be obtained. o =tan e
To(y -1)
P ,-
' _ Pz(p] + P2)T\
PiT2 + P'}.TI V, --
or y-1=-
(iii) As P2Tj > PIT2, it follows that P'2 > P'l .
To tan e
Therefore the piston moves to the left. Let 6.V be the or y = Vo _ 1
change in volume of any compartment. To tan e
Then on applying the ideal gas equation, we have "lR (Vo -To tan O)R
C ," __ "_~~~--_Totan 0
y-1 ToranO.Vo
Pf(~2- "v)
_____
1'1
=p\v
ZT1
... (I)
=(1-~: tanO)R
P_____
f(V2- + 6.V) =P2V
and C\' =~
Y -}
= RTo tan fl
Vo
and ... (2)
1'[ Zf2
Example
- -.-
On dividing ego. (2) by (1), -'.- .-
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
o THfRMOllYNAMlCS
(b) Speed of sound in an ideal gas is given by
v~(:r
where y and p refer to mixture of two gases,'" "" 19j13for
Example
~vy =Pf(~r
or ~ =(~r But
Thus, we get
l1K ~2.(p,-1)
yPi PI Example 71
=~~(2.
sy
-1)
Y nRT :t\gas takes part in two thermal processes in which it is heated
from the same initial state ro the same final temperature. The
V
=-0.025- processes are shown on the P-Y diagram by straight lines
T 1 -+ 3and 1 -+ 2 Indicate the process in which the amount of
where we put n = 3 and y = 19(13 for the mixture. heat supp'lied to the gas is larger.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
211
JHERMOOYNAMICS
P ,,
, " . Therefore the process A --Jo B is
isobaric. Process B -) C is isochoric
P
P, \2 because density is constant. Process
P,
P,
'" C --) A is isothermal because internal
energy is constant. Now P-V diagram is ~A
v as shown in Fig. 2E.72(b).
VI V2 VJ V
Fig.2E.71 (b) Total heat absorbed by the Fig. 2E.72 (b)
system,
Solution: Since the temperature difference is same.
1'.T=O ~ Cl'.V=O)
1
Now W12 =-(PI +P2)(VZ -Vt)
2 As process B --) C is isochoric
1
Wl3 =-(PI +P3)(V3 -V1)(P2V2 =P3V3) QB-~C =t.U =3Uo
2 As process C --Jo A is isothermal,
1
W12 -W13 =- [PI(V2 -V'l) + (P3 -Pz)Vtl <0 VA
2 " QC ...•A = nRT In-
Vc
W12 > WI3
Q C~A =Rx lOUo In Pc
Q'2 > Q13 3R PA
Example 72~ =lOUu In~ (asp,\ =L.ro;Pc =PR =5po)
3 2
Fig. '2E.72 (a) shows the variation of the internal energy U IOUu
Q = ~2Uo + -- In (2.5)
with the density p of one mole of ideal monatomic gas for a 3
thennodynamic cycle A -) B -) C -) A.
u Rectangular by =(l~ In 2.5 - 2 o )U
:~:~.'..'~.'.~~~i" ,
•,
(c) WA ...•R =t.QA ...•R -L'J.UA_~fj
=-SUo-(-3Uo)
= -2110
2po r .Example
Fig. 2E.72 (a)
Fig. 2E. 73 shows two vertical cylinders with thennally
Assume the process A -) B to be a part of a rectangular insulated walls and pistons of same mass fitted on the top.
hyperbola. The cylinders enclose n moles of a monatomic gas. The initial
pressure is P and it is given that spring I is relaxed. An electric
Draw the P-V diagram of the above process.
heater slowly supplies heat to the system. Finally spring II
Find the total amount of heat absorbed by the system/or the
becomes relaxed.
cyclic process.
Find the work done in the process AB. "
k k
Solution: (a) Process A -) B is part of a rectangular
hyperbola; hence
Up = constant
From ideal gas equation, we have
"f" unction 0 r temperature
_P "_ RT an d"Interna 1energy ISa
r M Fig.2E.73
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
12
THEIlMODYNAMICS
Solution: (i) Let Po be the atmospheric pressure, then
considering the equilibrium of piston I, '
PAl =mg +PoA,
mg
or p = Po + - ... (1)
A,
Now consider the forces acting on piston II. According to
given condition, spring II is relaxed, finally. Before that we .Example
have to determine the state of spring by comparing
downward and upward force. 0.01 mole of an ideal diatomic gas is enclosed in an adiabatic
0'linder of cross-sectional area A = 104 m2• In the
Net upward force acting on piston II
arrangemenrshown in Fig. 2£.74, a block of mass At = 0.8 kg
A,
= PA2 = Po A2 + mg - [from Eqn. (I)] is placed on a horizontal support, and another block of mass
A, m = 1 kg is suspended from a spring of stiffness co1t~tant
Net downward force acting on piston II k = 16N/m. Initially, the sfring is relaxed and the volume of
the gas is V = 1.4_x 104 m ,
=mg +POA2
M
As A2 < AI' so net upward force is less, than net
downward force.
k
Hence to keep the piston in equilibrium, the spring must m
apply an upward force on it, therefore spring is stretched
initially
(ij) When spring II is relaxed, let P , be the pressure. fa) Find the initial pressure of the gas.
Then from the equilibrium condition of piston of area A2 we (b) If the block m is gently pushed down and released, it
have, with the help of eqn. (1) oscillates hannonically; find its angular frequency of
P'= mg +Po =p_ mg + mg oscillation.
A2 A, A2 (c) When the gas in the cylinder is heated up, the piston starts
dP=_ypdV
V
= mg
k
(~-l)A, (1-~)A,
A2
+ mg
k A2
d'x
m-=-
2
dt
[yPA-+kx
dV
V
]
[A'A
mg -, -At +A2 --'
=- A'Al ] =_[yp~2X +kx]
k 2
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
2 2 Solution: As the piston is heat ,, ,,
d x =_[YPA +.!5..] x conducting, the temperature on both , ,
,,
dt2 mV m ,,
the parts is equal at each instant. ,, ,,
2 The system is isolated, so there is no ,, ,,
"fPA k
w=,-;v+-;
/ heat transfer to or from the system. Displaced
From first law of thermodynamics, posilion
(1):= /(l.4)(2x lOs)(lO-4)~'~~ ,1U+W =0 Fig.2E.75
\ lxl.4xlO-4 1 From the condition of the
=6 rad/s problem,
(e) In order to lift the block M, compression in the Vo + V =l](Vo - V)
spring must be where l' is the displaced volume.
x" Mg " (0.8)(10) "0.5 m
k 16
V"(~-l)Vo~+1
... (I)
Work done by the gas is The work done by an external agent in displacing the
W =mgx+- 1 kx' + PoAx' piston slowly increases the internal energy of both the
2 compartments.
or W = (1)(10)(0.5) +..!. (16)(0.5)2 + (105)(10--4 )(0,5) Fe~tdx = 2nC dT -= (PI -P )dV
li ... (2)
2
R
V'=V+Ax ke,. =--, wehave
y-1
= (1.4x 10.-4) + (}0-4 )(0.5)
v
(y-l)f V dV=lnI-
= 1.9 x 10-4 m3 o V 2 _ V2 To
0
or
Q=W+ilU
Q=12+63=7SJ
m T"To[(~:~)'r-l)'
Example ANALYSIS OF THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES
The P- V diagram shows a cycle A, Band C. Process AB is
A heat conducting piston can freely move i1L5ide a closed isothermal expansion, Be is isobaric compression and 0\ is
thennally imulated cylinder with an ideal gas. [n equilibrium adiabatic compression. We are given PA> Vjj and Te. If one
the piston divides the cylinder into t\NO equal parts, the gas mole of monoatomic gas is made to perform the cyclic
temperature being equal to To. The piston is slowly displaced. process. Find out the pressure, volume and temperature at
Find the gas temperature as a junction of the ratio 11 oj the all the points
volumes of the greater and smaller sections. The adiabatic
exponent of the gas is equal to y.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
214
THEIlMODYNAMIG
p p
,B
,, B
,,
c,.
v v
Fig. 2.58 Fig. 2.60
Since we have monoatomic gas therefore y = ~ In a cyclic process from A to A, change in the internal
3 energy is equal to zero.
The additional equation for all the points is PV =: nRT The total work done by the gas on the surroundings is
T = PAVA =< C2given - Qrejened
A
nR Example: Carnot's Cycle
We can calculate the pressure, volume and temperature P A
at all the points.
Work Done in One Cycle
Work done by the gas p
is positive only in the
A
process of expansion
V,
WAB = nRTA 10-
VA
WBe =-PB(VB -Vel
Fig. 2.61
v
WCA = -nC., (TA -Te) B
The total work done B -t C is adiabatic expansion
by the gas in one cycle is and
equal to the area enclosed
v D -)0 A is adiabatic compression
Fig. 2.59
inside the cyclic process C2g;ven ::0 nRT1 In -V,
and this is VA
W=WAB +WBC+WCA. Vc
Q,eje<."led ::o+nRT21n-
When a thermodynamic cycle has clockwise sense the VD
work done by the gas on the surrounding. (0 PAV ••• ::oPBVB
Thermodynamic Efficiency of a Cycle (ii) PaV; ::0 Pc V!
This is defined as the ratio of net work done in one cycle Tt V;-l ::0 T2 Vr1 and T2 Vr1 ::0 T2 VJ-l
to the heat given.
VB V
Qgiven =: nRT A In-
V, (iii) Pc VC =PDVD - =-c
VA VA VD
In the isothermal expansion process heat is given to the (iv) poVJ =p .••VX
gas by the surroundings. In the isobaric compression process Total work done by the gas in one cycle is
heat is rejected by the gas to the surroundings.
W""t =Qg -Qr
W Q
'l=~=l--'
Qg Qg
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
=l_TzlnVc,VD T, Vs = K2
=1--
V, T, V,
T In--- j
2
V, 1 T InK+T 1nK-T 1nK
2 3
~=~--~--~~-
In adiabatic expansion work done = Decrease in T} InK + TzinK
internal energy. _T}+Tz-ZT3
If a sample of gas performs an adiabatic expansion TI + T2
between two given isotherm then work done by the gas will
always same Example
"-,
~ : •••••• ~-. T, Solution: Process 1 -) 2 isothoric heating process and
•••• _- T process 3 ~ 4 is isothoric cooling process
2
Qg =nC,,(T2 -1i)
5 -'--'r3
Qr =nC,,(T3 -T4)
v Qg -Qr
Fig.2E.76 "= Q,
_ nCt, [(T2 - T1) -(T3 -T4 )]
Solution: Process 1 --) 2, 3 -;. 4 and 5 --) 6 are the
nC,,(T2 -TI)
isothermal process. In the expansion process since the gas
volume increases in the same proportion therefore, T3 -T4
11=1- --
(1) V2=V4=K T2 -TI
VI V3
(Equation of adiabatic process)
V, T2VJ-l =T3(nVoF-1
(2) Qg] = oRT! In-
V,
and TI V",-I
0
- T4 (n\(0 ),-1
~
V,
(3) Qg~ = nRT2 In- ::::> (T2-T})Vrl =(T3-T4)(nVO)y-1
V,
V T -T
3 4 1
(4) Q, = nRT3In2 ---=--
V, T2 ~Tl ny-I
Qh + Qg2 ~Qr 1
11=1---
~= n y-)
QXl + QK2
T V'(-} - T Vy-l Example 78
(5) ] 2 - 2 3 '
T Vy~l - T vy~}
24-3S'
Find out the efficiency of cycle consisting fWO isobaric and two
TVY-] -TVr-} adiabatic line. The pressure change n times within the cycle
3 6 ~] 1
V2V4 V6 = V3VSV1
and y ~ given.
_._=-Vs
V2 V4
V3 VI V6
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
16 IH
p PI VI = nRT ...(1)
"po
P, •• ---4
Q Or 3
V
By equation (3)/(2)
V,
P2VI = nR(nT)
P2V2 = nRCn 2T)
PI V2 = nRT3
-=n
V,
... (2)
...(3)
...(4)
Fig.2E.78 VI =-
V, n
Solution: Qg = nC peT2 -T1) Put in (1)
Q, =nCp(TJ -T4) PI' = nRT ~ PIV =- nR(nT)
...!.....1. ... (5)
2
Qg -Q, (T2-T1)-(T -T-4) n
~ = ~-- = -~~-~-~ 3
Qg (T2 -T1) From equation (4) and (5), TJ = nT
T -T Gv (nT -T) -G p(n2T -T) -G~ (n2T -nT) -Gp(nT-T)
'1""1 3 4 "=~----~----------~---
2
T2 -T1 GI, (nT -T) +G p(n T-T)
(nP o )1-1T1 - pi-rTY
2-03 solve it
and (nPo)1-YT1Y = ptTT: ... (1) ExamplE<
(nPo )o-ylfYT - p(l-y)/yy
2-0 3
and (nPo)o-Y)/YT1 =(Po)'-Y/YT4 I\n ideal gas goe.<; through a cycle consisting of isochoric,
... (2)
adiabatic and isothennal lines. The isothennal process is
By equation (1) - (2), perform at minimum temperature. If the absolute
(I-1) temperature varies K times within the cycle then find out its
n y (T2-T1)=T3-T4 efficiency.
73-74 1 P
T2-T1 n(H)/1 2 (KT)
1
~-1---
- nO-1)/1
Example
V, V
rises n times both in isochoric heating and in isobaric V,
extension. If y is given rhenfi.nd out the efficiency of the cycle. Fig.2E.80
P
• 0" Solution: Process 2 3 is adiabatic expansion and
--)0
P .1
Process 3 --)0 1 is isothermal compression.
2 n1 \'.
From process 2 3 ; the internal energy continuously
--)0
T
decrease (i.e., temperature continuously decreases).
P, 4, Point 2 is at highest temperature Qg = nG ~ (KT - T);
,
V I'
Qr = nRT In...1.
V,
V
Process 2 ~ 3 (KT)V/-I = 7V;-1 "::)-2 = (K)\'(y-I)
Solution:Qg, =nCv(nT-T);Qg2 2
=nCp(n Y-T) V,
Q'l =nCv(n2y-nT); Qr2 =nCp(nT-T)
"=~~~~-~-~
+ Q -Q
Q +Q
Qg} g2 r] -Q'2
g2
SI
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THE ODYNAMICS
p
I Example 81!.---'
Q4
2
A cycle is made of three process isobaric. adiabatic and
isothermal. Isothermal process has minimum temperature.
Absolu£e temperature changes by K rimes within the cycle.
Find out the efficiency.
Solution:
' '
1 ..
• Q'
"
,3
v
Qg = nC p(KT-T) v, , Vo KVo
Flg.2E.82
v, v2
(K)1-1
I -=--
Q, =IlRTn- V, Vj
V,
1
K
Solution: Qg =nC,,{T2 -'1'\)
Qr =nCp(T] -'1'1)
, '1'1 '1'3
Process 1 ~ 2 is isobaric, VI '= ~ For process 3--'!o 1 ---'
T KT V3 = K(Kr-1 Vo-KVo'
V,
For process 2 -» 3 T20v:r-1 T
--30 (KV )"(-1
Example 83y--
Q,.
4
Q"
Vo KVo
v
Fig.2E.B3
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
I THEIIIIODYIWIKS
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ," A perfect heat engine has efficiency of unity. Expression
AND HEAT ENGINES for efficiency shows that, it is possible only when QL = O.A
Fig. 2.62 shows schematic High-temperature perfect heat engine converts all the heat transferred I QH I
diagram of a heat engine. This device reservoir into work.
converts internal energy into The second law of thennodynamics states that a perfect
mechanical energy by absorbing heat heat engine is impossible. The first statement of second law
QH from a high temperature heat of thermodynamics is called the Kelvin-planck
reservoir at temperature TH• statement. It states that it is impossible for any cyclic
performing an amount of work W. process duting one cycle to convert imernal energy into
and rejecting heat QL to low work, without any heat rejection.
temperature reservoir. The high
In btief:
temperature heat reservoir is
referred to as source and the low 1. Efficiency of a real heat engine is always less than
temperature heat reservoir as sink. one.
The ideal heat reservoirs are Low-temperature 2. No heat engine can transfonn heat transfer from hot
assumed to be of infinite heat reservoir reservoir QH completely imo work.
capacity so that heat transfer does Fig. 2.62 3. In a cycle the heat engine returns to its initial state of
not change their temperature. pressure, volume and temperature.
From first law of thermodynamics heat transfer to any Carnet Cycle
engine during one cycle is equal to the change in internal
energy plus the work done. We have already studied the carnot cycle in example 9,
so we briefly summarize the results in the table below.
Q~li.u+W
Table 2.3: Carnol cycle
At the end of one cycle the internal energy has returned
to its initial value. So !J.U = 0.
j'rocess \ .U \ Q \ w
For a cyclic process,
Qcyclc = W cy<:lc
l~ 2
(isotherm)
0
nRTH In (~:) nRTH In(~:)
where Qc,'de is the net heat added to the engine system 2~3 nC"UL -TH) 0 -nC,crL -TH)
and WTIC' is the net work done by the system duting the (adiabat)
cycle.
3~ 4 0
The net heat transferred (Q a system is the difference (isotherm) nRTL In (~:) nRTlln (~:)
between the heat transfer (Q the system from the hot
reservoir (I QH D, and the heat transferred from the heat
engine to the cold reservoir (I QL I).
[Alternative
• •
Q,,, =IQHI-IQd forms] -nRTlln (~) -oRT! In (~)
Magnitude has been shown [Q avoid confusion.
According to our sign convention, heat added (Q the system 4~ 1 nC,.er" -Tt) 0 -nC •.tTL - TH)
(adiabat)
is positive and heat rejected from the system is negative.
without absolute signs, TOTAL 0
nRrrH-TL)ln(~) nRcrH-TL)ln(~~)
Qnt"' =QH + QL
As
From first law, with fJ,U eyde = 0.
w =IQ" I-IQLI
The efficiency '1of a heat engine is defined as the ratio of Wnet =Qnet =nR(TH -TL) 1n-VB
the net work done to heat added to the system. VA
Net work done per cycle Efficiency,
"- Heat input per cycle
=
IQHI-IQLI
IQul
=l_IQLI
IQul
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS 219
IQ"I
--=
nRIH In(tz,J
..
Efficiency of a Caroot heat engine is exactly unity when
1~ = a K; such a heat engine cannot be constructed
IQ,I nRTL In
(Vv: J according to Kelvin-Planck statemem of the second law.
Hence absolute zero cannot be attained; this is third law
of thermodynamics.
V2 V3
As shown earlier, -=- For a Caroot engine in a complete cycle,
VI V4
IQIII =!i
and we have to consider magnitude only,
I Q, I T"
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
TH ICl
We can determine an unknown temperature T of any reversible cycle as a family of Caroot cycles. Thus the
reselVoir by operating a Carom engine between it and efficiency of any reversible engine is equal to the Carnot
another reselVoir at reference temperature Tref, with T = TL efficiency. All the reversible engines have same efficiency
and T,ef = Tn when they operate between the same two temperatures.
The Clausius inequality states
T~~T r
IQ,efl re
L:g<O
The absolute temperature scale, that is independent of cycle T
the working substance, is defined by taking T ref as triple The equality hold for a reversible cycle as we have
point of water. shown for a Caroot cycle. If we take large number of cycles,
T,ef = 273.16 K each of which is infinitesimally separated in temperature,
the sum becomes an integral.
T ~ J.9.L (273.16 K)
pdQ$O
IQ~rI T
General Cyclic Processes Equality holds for a reversible process and inequality for
From Camm cycle we can see that an irreversible process.
Q,
TL
~-nR In(V,) V]
Entropy: A State Variable
For a reversible process, Clausius inequality becomes
QH
Til
=nRln(V,) VI
pdQ = 0
T
On adding these two equations, we have Thus the quantity dQ must be a state variable as its
T
QL + QH = 0 sum for a complete cycle is zero.
TL TH
Entropy is defined as
Fig. 2.64 shows that any arbitrary engine cycle can be
dS = dQ
p p T
Adiabat Isotherm
liS = r di
The change in entropy
reversible path
between any two states is
Ti
i:
i-I
Q, =0
dQ =nCv dT
dT
dS =nCv-
N = number of processes in the family ofCamot cycles. T
• For an isochoric process,
Clausius Inequality
No engine can have a greater efficiency than the dQ = nCt. dT
corresponding Carnot engine. This result is called Carnot's dT
dS=nCv-
theorem. Previously we have modelled an arbitrary T
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS 221
dS = nC
I'
elT
T
!is = IIC" r ~: + J/ d:
nR
f T VI
f."S == nC p f -dTT = nC
I
J
f'
T
In...L
Ti
= nC" In--I- nRIn-
1', Vi
.•. For an isothermal process, We have calculated !is without consideration of the path
Q
followed. Since entropy is a state variable, the entropy
f."S =- change will be the same regardless of the process between
T two stares,
•.. For melting or boiling mass In,
•. For an isothermal process, TJ = Ti
mL
f.,,5=-
T In TJ = In (1) = 0
T;
where T is the absolute temperature during phase
Vf
:hange and L is the latent heat involved during' phase L\S = nR In~
:hange . V;
•.. Freezing or condensation of a mass In, •. For an isochoric process, VJ = Vi
f."S=_rnL V
In....£. =In (1) = 0
T V; .
•.. Warming or cooling a solid or liquid of mass nI, T
T/ 65 = nC" ln~
ilS=mCln- T,
T,
where c is the specific heat . Example ~5_~
••.For heat transfer to a reservoir at temperature TL•
Fig. 2E.85 shows a container I,,'itha membrane partition. The
,IS = + LgJ left hand side, volume 11;,is filled with an jdeal gas; the rig/It
TL
hand side is initially vacuum. Total volume of the container is
••. For heat taken from a reservoir at temperature Til' Vj . The membrane is punctured and free expansion of gas
t.S = - LgJ takes place, which is an irreversible process. Find the entropy
change associated with rhis free expansion of an ideal ga.~.
TH
Entire system is thennally insulated from its surroundings,
Example 84~
Vacuum
An ideal gas is taken from initial state (Vi. Ti) to a final state Membrane
(Vj• Tf ) by an unspecified process; find the entropy change.
Fig.2E.85
Solution: From first law of thermodynamics,
dQ =dU+dW Solution: From first law of thermodynamics,
dQ = nC" dT + PdV Q =tJ.U+W
dQ =nC dT + PdV In free expansion, W = 0
... (1)
T l' T T The temperature of an ideal gas is unchanged during
The entropy change is free expansion; internal energy is function of temperature
only; hence !iU = 0,
~s=Ii, dQ
T ... (2)
The system is isolated; there is no heat transfer to or
from the surroundings; Q = O.
=nC,I! dT +1'T1 ~dV ... (3)
t'T As dQ = 0, it seems that 65 = If, dQT is zero, bur this is
not the case,
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
mERMODYNAMICS
From the example 84 The first term is negative and second is positive, but.
T V total entropy change is positive. Let's see it in a special case.
~ =rzC" In...L+ rzRln..l..
Tj V; m] =m2, C1 =C2
-----
T, >T2 temp'erature Te.
Fig.2E.86
Solution: Process of heat transfer is irreversible.
Solution: We first compute the final temperature of Entropy change of hot reservoir
the mixture. dS =fJ dQ =_L9J
Qnel = 0 i T 1H
mlC) (Tj - T)) + m2C2(Tj - T2) "" 0 Entropy change of cold reservoir,
_ m)C1TI +m2C2T2
Tf - dS=fJ dQ =+L9J
mlCI +m2C2 j T Tc
Change in entropy of liquid 1, The total entropy change of both the reservoirs is
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
t..Stmal = --~
IQH 1
T"
Total entropy change is negative, which violates second
Fig. 2E.89 (a)
aw of thermodynamics.
For a perfect refrigerator, area of the piston A = 1m 2
= t..Srefrig. + t..Sculd reservoir + AShOl reservoir
""S rmal
density of the liquid, p = 103 kgl m3
After one cycle of the refrigerator, it returns to its initial g ~ lOm/,'
-;tate; entropy is a state variable. Atmospheric pressure, P"'m = 105 N 1m2
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
Solution:':!J.Q = 6U +!J.W
Liquid p
For isothermal process l'1U = 0 and
!J.W = nRTo In(Vj IV;), where To = 300K
=> !J.QI = nRTo In 5J
For isochoric process !J. W = 0
=> 6Qz =nCy!J.T,6T=-T-To,
PV =Px5V :::>T=1500K
To T
R
=> 6Qz = n -- x 1200J
r-I
Fig. 2E.89 (b) .. 6QI + 6Qz = 83.14J
On solving, we get n = 3
Initial pressure of the gas, Pt = Palm + pgH I
= 10; + (10')(10)(5) Example
= 1.5x lOsPa
P-V diagram of cyclic process is given. The process is
Final pressure of the gas. P2 = Pmm + pr(HI -h + ho) performed on one mole of monoatomic gas. During the
= 105 + (103)(10)(5 - 2 + 5) process ABC, hear is absorbed by the system till poinr Band
= 1.8 x lOs Pa after point B sysrem rejects heat. Then rhe efficiency of the
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
aL--'__
o
'-_'-'v
oV o 2,5V 4V
Fig.2E.91
PoVo
::nR-- x 2 ::PoVo
v, 2nR
Fig.2E.92 Work from b to c (isobaric process)
Po 3
W2 :: Fev, - Vb):: - [Vo -4Vo] :: -- VoPo
Solution: Given Va Vo' P" = Po.y = 1.5
= B 8
Vb =4VO.Pb =? 3 5
Wntl =PoVo --PoVo ::-PoVo
P" V} = Pb V~~ B B
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
226
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMOOYNAMICS 221
Problem
L,~,J~,
A
v
co ACB (ii) ADB (iii) AEB as shown in the P-V
diagram. The heat absorbed by the gas is :
(a) greater in process (ij) than in (i)
(i) (ii) (iii) (b) the least in process (ii)
Ca} Density of gas is increasing in graph (i) (e) the same in CO and (iii)
(b) Density of gas is decreasing in graph (ii) (d) less in (iii) than in (ii)
(c) Density of gas is constant in graph (iii) 7. Sixty per cent of given sample of oxygen gas when
(d) None of the above raised to a higher temperature dissociates into atoms.
4. A gas is expanded to double its volume by two Ration of its initial heat capacity (at constant volume)
different processes. On is isobaric and the OTher is to the final heat capacity (at constant volume) will be :
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
8 (b) 25
(a) - water in a 0.45 kg copper cup from 298 to 373K ? esp.
7 28 heat of copper = 389 J I kg K)
(e) 10 (d) 25
7 27
(a) 95 (b) 31
8. In a cyclic process shown in the
(e) 39 (d) 45
Fig. An ideal gas is adiabatically p
taken from B (0 A, the work 13. Pressure versus density graph of p
done on the gas during the an ideal gas is shown in Fig.
process B -+ A is 30 J, when the
gas is taken from A -+ B the heat
absorbed by the gas is 20 J. The
v
(a) During the process AB work
done by the gas is positive
(b) During the process AB work
~Jl..
.'
I J '
....
change in internal energy of the gas in the process
done by the gas is negative
(c) During the process BC
/"A 6n p
A-+Bis: internal energy of the gas is
(a) 20 J (b) -30 J "
increasing.
(e) 50 J (d) -10 J (d) None of the above
14. Ideal gas is taken through the process shown in the
9. Three moles of an ideal Fig.
monoatomic gas performs a p (a) In process AB, work done by p
cycle 1-+2-+3-+4-+1 system is positive
(b) In process AB, heat is rejected
j:
shown. The gas temperatures
in differem states are (c) In process AB, internal energy
T1 :=: 400K, T2 = 24DOK and increases
T (d) In process AB, internal energy
T41200K. The work done by
decreases and in process BC, T
the gas during the cycle is :
intef!lal energy increases
(a) 1200R (b) 3600R
15. A process I -+ 2 using diatomic p
(e) 2400R (d) 2000R
gas is shown on the P-V diagram
10. Three moles of an ideal monoaromic gas perform a below. --.-;-71 2
cycle shown in Fig. The gas temperatures in different P2 =2P1 =106N/m2, --_.V
:,
:3'
states are Tt = ZOOK, T2 = 400K. T3 = 1600K, and V2=4\)=0.4m3. The molar ,
T4 = BOOK.The work done by the gas during the cycle v
heat capacity of the gas in this
is: (Take R = 25/3 J/mol-K)
process will be :
(a) 35R/12 (b) 25R/13
(c) 35R/ll (d) 22R17
16. Select the correct statement from among the
following:
(a) A monoatomic gas has three degrees of freedom
because it undergoes translational as well as
(a) 5 kJ (b) 25 kJ rotational matiGn
(e) IS kJ (d) 20 kJ (b) A diatomic molecule undergoes both translational
and rotational motion and has six degrees of
11. Unit mass of liquid of volume VI completely turns into freedom
a gas of volume V2 at constant atmospheric pressure (c) A diatomic molecule is capable of rotating
Po and temperature T. The latent heat of vaporization energetically about each of three mutually
is L.Then the change in internal energy of the gas is : perpendicular axes
(a) L (b) L+PO(V2 -VI) (d) The molecule of a polyatomic gas is capable of
(c) L - PO(V2 - VI) (d) zero rotating energetically about each of three
mutually perpendicular axes and undergoes both
12. If all the heat produced were used, how many Iitres of
translational and rotational motion
natural gas at NTP (heat of combustion of the gas
6 3 17. A gas is expanded from volume Vo and 2Vo under three
= 37.3 x 10 MJ 1m ) is needed to heat 4.54 kg of
different processes. Process 1 is isobaric, process 2 is
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
JHERMODYNAMICS
isothermal and process 3 is adiabatic. Let AU1• L'!.U2 21. A cylinder of ideal gas is dosed by an 8 Piston
and AU3 be the change in internal energy of the gas in kg movable piston (area 60cm2) as rz,";;~;;"zz1
these processes. Then: shown in Fig. Atmospheric pressure is Gas
P 100 kPa. When the gas is heated from
30°C, to 100~C the piston rises by
p ,.---- ,
1
2 20cm. The piston is then fixed in its place and the gas
is cooled back to 30°C. Let .6QI be the heat added to
3
the gas in the heating process and I.6Q21 the heat lost
during cooling. Then the value of [.6Q2 -1l'.Q21l will
v, v be:
(a) zero (b) 136 J
(a) AU) > ilUz > t.U3
(e) -136 J (d) -68 J
(b) flU) < AU2 < AV3
(e) D.U2 < AUl < L\U3 22. P-V diagram of an ideal gas is as shovvn in Fig. Work
(d) IlU2 < tJ,U3 < L'!.U} done by the gas in the process ABeD is :
P
18, A cylindrical tube of uniform cross-sectional area A is
fitted with n\'o air tight frictionless pistons. The
pistons are connected to each other by a metallic wire.
Initially the pressure of the gas is Po and temperature
2P,
..._-:r-----: D
www.puucho.com •
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
.:./00
27. Pressure versus temperature graph of an ide'll gas is as
(a) (b)
shown in Fig. Density of the gas at point A is Po'
~A,O
Denshy at B will be :
P ---,---
V v
p
3
3Po
------7
Po •••••• 'A
,
to
"0
B
:
:,
,,
t
Ce)
B~A
v
Cd) 'b: V
(a) -Po
3
(b) "Po 31. The Fig. shows the graph of logarithmic reading of
4
4 pressure and volume for two ideal gases A and B
(c) -Po Cd) 2po
3 undergoing adiabatic process. From Fig. it can be
28. In the p.v diagram shown in Fig. ABC is a semicircle. concluded that:
The work done in the process ABC is :
P(atm)
3 ..•• ~.rc-~.:c ~A
,, '' B
--~ ••• t ••. - :A loV
,
,,
,, (a) gas B is diatomic
V(L)
(b) gas A and B both are diatomic
(c) gas A is monoatomic
IT (d) gas B is monoatomic and gas A is diatomic
(a) zero (b) -atm.L
2 32. A thennodynamic system undergoes cyclic process
(c) -~atm.L (d) 4 atm.L ABCDA as shown in Fig. The work done by the system is :
2 p
29. Pressure P, volume V and temperature T of a cerrain
• www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
mRMODYNAMICS
v
0, H.
Area A
Ca) 1590 J (b) 1620 J
(e) 1540 J Cd) 1570 J
38. A liquid of density 0.85 g I cm 3 flows through a
massless massless calorimeter at the rate of 8.0 em 3/S. Heat is added by
Adiabatic wall piston
means of a 250 W electric heating coil and a
(a) pressure in He chamber will be equal to pressure temperature difference of 15"C is established in
in O2 chamber steady-state conditions benveen the inflow and the
(b) pressure in He chamber will be less than pressure outflow points of the liquid. The specific heat for the
in 02 chamber
liquid will be :
(e) volume of He chamber will be will be equal to
(a) 0.6 kcaVkgK (b) 0.3 kcaVkgK
volume of 0 2 chamber
(d) volume of O2 chamber will be LA I (2)25121 (c) 0.5 kcaVkgK Cd) 0.4 kcallkgK
39. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas udergoes the
35. The ratio of specific heat of a gas at constant pressure
process A --+ B in the given P-V diagram. The specific
to that at constant volume is y. The change in internal
heat for this process is :
energy of a mass of gas when the volume changes from
p
V to 2V at constant pressure P is :
R
Ca)
y -1
(b) PV 6P o •.•.... / .•••
.
•B
•
(e) PV Cd) yPV 3Po :
"".f... '
'f -1 "f -1 •.
••
36. The Fig. shows two paths for the change of state of a v
Vo 5Vo
gas from A to B. The ratio of molar heat capacities in
path 1 and path 2 is : Ca) 3R Cb) 13R
2 6
(e) 5R Cd) 2R
2
www.puucho.com '.
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
40. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle (a) W2 >W} >W3 (b) W2 >W3 >W1
ABCDA as shown in the P-V diagram (Fig). The work (c) WI > W2 > Wt (d) WI > W3 > W2
done during the cycle is : 46. An ideal gas is initially at temperature T and volume V.
p
It~ volume is increased by .6.V due to an increase in
i"o.V 2~.2V temperature liT, pressure remains constant. The
, ,
quantity 8 = .6.V/V.6.T veries with temperature as :
A D
P,V P,2V
v
Cb) /
(a) PV Cb) 2PV
ee) 112 PV Cd) zero T
T T+dT
41. If M1.M2,M3 •••••••• are the molecular weights of
different gases, R1,R2,RJ ••••••••• are the gases
constants respectively then which of the following is
valid?
(a) M1 +M2 +M3 + .•........ =1 (d) ~
R1 +R2 +R3 + " T
(b) M1 = M2 = MJ = =Constant
R1 R2 RJ
47. 1\vo monoatomic ideal gases 1 and 2 of molecular
(e) MIR} =M2R2 =MJRJ =..... =Constant
masses mt and m2 respectively are enclosed in
Cd) none of these
separate containers kept at the same temperature. The
42. 1\vo identical containers A and B with frictionless
ratio of the speed of sound in gas 1 to the gas 2 is given
pistons contain the same ideal gas at the same
r' r'
by:
temperature and the same volume V. The mass of the
gas in A is rnA and that in B is mB" The gas in each Ca) (b)
m2 mt
cylinder is now allowed to expand isothermally to the
same final volume 2V. The changes in the pressure in (c) ~ (d) m2
A and B are found to be /1P and 1.5/1P respectively, m2 ml
then: 48. P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic processes are
(a) 4mA =
9mB (b) 2mA = 3mB shown in the Fig. Plots 1 and 2 should correspond
(c) 3mA = 2mB (d) 9mA = 4mB respectively to :
43. A monoatomic ideal gas initially at temperature Tt, is p
enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston.
The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically to a
temperature T2 by releasing the piston suddenly. If L}
and L2 are the lengths of the gas column bfare and
~, 2
after expansion respectively, then T1 / T2 is given by: v
(a) (LI / L2)2/3 (b) L1 / L2
(a) He and O2 (b) 02 and He
(c) L2 / L} (d) {L2 / L} )2/3
(c) He and Ar (d) 02 and N 2
44. The C p IC v ratio for a gas mixture consisting of 4 gIns 49. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle A -+ B -+ C
helium and 32 gms of oxygen is : -+ A, as shown in the Figure. If the net heat supplied
(a) 1.45 Cb)1.6 to the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the gas
(e) 1.5 Cd)1.66 in the process C -+ A is :
45. Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal gas V(m3)
expands from volume V} to V2 in three different ways,
the work done by the gas is W} if the process is purely
isothermal, W2 if purely isobaric and W3 if purely
2
Cf',t
. .
• A
adiabatic, then:
1
.
•
P(Nlm2)
10
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
TH!RMODYNAMICS 233
50. Which of the following graphs correctly represent the (el RT (d) ~RT
2
variation of P = -dV I dP with P for an ideal gas at
54. In the P-V diagram of Fig. shown, the gas does 5 J of
V
constant temperature: work along isotherm ab and 4 J along adiabatic be.
What is the change in the internal energy of the gas if
p p the gas traverse the straight path form a to c ?
p
(a)
~ p
(b)
\ p
a b
~,
r-
p p
v
J
(a) I (b) 4 J
(el (d)
~ (e) 5 J (d) 9 J
heat imparted to the gas equals Q = 27.7kJ. (c) in which internal energy remains constant
Determine the ratio of molar specific heat capacities. (d) in which no heat enters or leaves the system
T 56. For twO different gases X and Y, having degrees of
/c freedom II and 12 and molar heat capacities at
A,"
constant volume C VI and C V2 respectively, for
273K
.~
.'.
,
.' ,
' B adiabatic process, the In P versus In V graph is plotted
as shown:
v
I,P
(a) IAI (b) 1.63
(e) 1.33 Cd)None of these
52. An air bubble of volume V o is released by a fish at a
depth h in a lake. The bubble rises to the surface.
Assume constant temperature and standard I,V
atmospheric pressure above the lake. The volume of (a) II >12 (b)/2>fl
the bubble just before touching the surface will be (e) CVz >CV1 (d)Cv1 >C"z
(density) of water is p :
57. The V-T diagram of an ideal gas for the process
(a) Vo (b) Vo(pgh/p) A ~ B ~ C is as shown in the Fig. Select the correct
ee) t'o (d) vo( I + P~h) altemative{s) :
(l+P~~) v
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
234
(c) Pressure of the gas remains constant throughout 62. One mole of an ideal gas with heat capacity at
Cd) Nothing can be said about the pressure of the gas
constant pressure Cp undergoes the process
from this graph
T = To + aV where To and a. are constants. If its volume
58. An ideal gas, contained in a cylinder by a frictionless increases from VI to V2 the amount of heat transferred-
piston, is allowed to expand from voltime VI at to the gas is :
pressure PI to volume V2 at pressure P2' Its
temperature is kept constant throughout. The work
done by the gas is :
(a) CpRTo 11~~r
(a) zero, because it obeys Boyles's law and therefore (b) a.CP(V2-Vl)-RToln~1
P2V2-PIVl =0
(b) negative, because the pressure has decreased and
so the force on the pistOn has been diminishing (c) aCp(V2 -VI)+RTo InIV,[
lV1
(c) zero, because it has been kept at constant
temperature
unchanged
and so its internal energy is
(d) RTo lnl~- aC p (V2 - VI)
V-b
(c)RTln--
I2V-b I (d)RTlnl~1
v=bI
61. An ideal gas has temperature T and volume V. The
o T
quantity is = dVjVdT varies with temperature under
isobaric conditions as:
(a) The curve represents an isobaric compression
(b) The internal energy of the gas decreases
, (c) The system absorbs heat during the process
(d) The curve shifts upwards at higher pressures
(al (b)
0
65. fig. shows three isotherms at temperatures 300 K,
T T+AT T T+AT
Temperature K sao K and 700 K respectively on P-V diagram. lWo
Temperature K
thermodynamic process (A and B) are performed on
one mole of monoatomic ideal gas as shown in Fig.
, ,
(e) ~ (d) ~
0 0
T T+t.T T T+AT
Temperature K Temperature K
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS 235
p 68. Liquid oxygen at 50 K is heated to 300 K at constant
pressure of 1 atm. The rate of heating is constant.
Which of the following graphs represents the variation
TL TE-t
of temperature with time?
T, Ca) (b)
T,
T
V
Lt Lt Cd)T
The work done for one mole of monoatomic gas in one 70. During the adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas, the
.
cycle is given by : change in internal energy was found to be equal to
p (-IOOJ). The work done during the process will be
8 C equal to :
U
3T, ST' (a) zero (b) 200 J
(e) -100J Cd)100J
To 2T 71. A container contains n moles of oxygen molecules
:~,0 0
,>- (02), The molecules get dissociated if the temperature
a T T of the gas is greater than some minimum
(a) 1.25RTQ (b) 2RTo temperature Td• The percentage dissociation into
(c) -2RTo Cd) -1.25RT, atomic oxygen is given by (~ - I). The ideal gas
67. A cyclic process ABeD is shown in a V-I' diagram, the equation can be written as (for Td ::::;T ::::;2Td):
2
corresponding P-V diagram is : (a) PV == nRT (b) PV == nRy
Td
V
:[78 72.
Ce) PV = 2nRT Cd) PV = nR(2T -Td)
In a thermodynamic process for an ideal gas, the
... T
system and the surrounding can influence each other
only through work. Which of the following curves best
represents this process?
P P
p
Ca) A'CJ c
Cb)
A~=J c
'V
~I
III (isothermal)
II
v v
+----_v
p p
c (a) I (b) II
(c) III Cd) IV
ee)
.LJ: v
Cd)
8~A v
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
73. PV curve for the process whose vr curve is:
T
adiabatic
.
C7'
-,' b
p~v
V 78. A rigid tank contains 35 kg of nitrogen at 6 atm
Sufficient quantity of oxygen is supplied to increases
the pressure to 9 atm. while the temperature remains
(a) P~y (b) constant. Amount of oxygen supplied to the tank is:
(a) 5 kg (b) 10 kg
(e) 20 kg (d) 40 kg
Is~~vIt="
79. A perfect gas of a given mass is heated first in a small
vessel and then in a large vessel, such that their
(e) (d)
volumes remain unchanged. The P-T CUlVesare:
, (a) parabolic with same curvature
(b) parabolic with different curvature
74. Find the approx. number of molecules contained in a (c) linear with same slopes
vessel of volume 7 litres at O°C at 1.3 x lOs pascal: (d) linear with different slopes
J;
(a) 2Ax 1023 (b) 3.0x 1023 80. At a temperature 11<,the pressure of 4.0 g argon in a
Ce) 6.0x 1023 Cd) 4.8 x 1023 bulb is P. The bulb is put in a bath having temperature
75. One mole of an ideal gas is kept enclosed higher by 50 K than the first one. 0.8 g of argon gas
under a light piston (area : IO-2m2) had to be removed to maintained original pressure.
connected by a compressed spring (spring The temperature T is equal to:
constant IOON/m). The volume of gas is (a) 510 K (b) 200 K
a.83m3 and its temperature is lOOK. The (e) 100 K (d) 73 K
gas is heated so that it compresses the spring further 81. When 2 g of a gas are introduced into an evacuated
by 0.1 m. The work done by the gas in the process is flask kept at 25°C the pressure is found to be one
(Take R = &3J/mole and suppose there is no atmosphere. If 3 g of another gas added to the same
atmosphere) : flask the pressure becomes 1.5 atmospheres. The ratio
(a) 3J (b) 6J of the molecular weights of these gases will be:
(e) 9J (d) 1.5J (,)1:3 (b)3:1
76. An ideal gas mixture filled inside a balloon expands (e) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2
according to the relation PV2l3 = constant. The 82. An ideal gas foHows a process PI' = constant. The
temperature inside the balloon is: correct graph between pressure and volume is:
(a) increasing
(c) constant
(b) decreasing
(d) can't be said
77. An ideal gas undergoes a thermodynamics cycle as
shown in Fig. Which of the following graphs
(a) t2 v
(b) p~
p~ plL
represents the same cycle?
(e) (d)
v~" ••• __ y, v
1~1:."
83. The process AB is shown in the Fig. As the gas is taken
from A to B, its temperature:
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
89. The ratio of average translational kinetic energy to
2P A
rotational kinetic energy of a diatomic molecule at
P .... 0,..
,,
,,
,
temperature Tis:
(n) 3 (b) 7/5
, , (e) 5/3 (d) 3/2
90. One mole of an ideal gas at STP is heated in an
insulated closed container until the average speed of
its molecules is doubled. Its pressure would therefore
increase by factor:
(a) 1.5 ./2
(b) ..
84, (e) 2 (d) 4
91. Three particles have speeds of 2u, 1011 and 11 u. Which
of the following statements is correct?
(a) The r.m.s. speed exceeds the mean speed by about
"
(b) The mean speed exceeds the r.m.s. speed by about
u
(c) The r.m.s. speed equals the mean speed.
85,
(d) The r.m.s. speed exceeds the mean speed by more
than 2u
92. The ratio of specific heats of a gas is ~, then the
7
number of degrees of freedom of the gas molecules for
translational motion is:
86. (a) 7 (b) 3
(c) 6 Cd) none
93. A diatomic gas of molecules weight 30 glmole is filled
in a container at 27°C. It is moving at a velocity 100
mls. If it is suddenly stopped, the rise in temperature
of gas is:
(a) 60 (b) 600
R R
4
(c) 6)( 10 Cd) 6)( lOs
Temperature R R
(n)C (b) A
94. One mole of an ideal diatomic gas is taken through the
cycle as shown in the Fig. ?
(e) B Cd) none
1 2 : isochoric process
---)0
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
238 THEIlMOOYNAMlCS
95. (N < 100) molecules of a gas have velocities 1, 2, 100. In the above thermodynamic process, the correct
3 N/km/s respectively. Then: statement is:
(a) r.m.$. speed and average speed of molecules is P
same
(b) ratio of r.m.s. speed to average speed is
J(2N + I)(N + 1)/6N
3PO--:2]8
2Po ••
ee) ratio of r.m.s. speed to average speed is
, ,C
, , V
JC2N + I)(N + 1)/6 Vo 2Vo
Cd) ratio of r.m.s. speed to average speed of a molecule
(a) Heat given in the complete cycle ABO\ is zero
i, 2/.J6X x JC2N + I/(N + I)
(b) Work done in the complete cycle ABC4. is zero
96. At temperature T, N molecules of gas A each having (e) Work done in the complete cycle ABO\ is (1/2Po Vol
mass m and at the same temperature 2N molecules of (d) None of these
gas B each having mass 2 m are filled in a container. 101. Pressure versus temperature graph of an ideal gas is
The mean square velocity of molecules of gas B is v2 shown in Fig.
and mean square of x component of velocity of
molecules of gas A is w2 the ratio of W2/V2 is :
Ca)1 (b) 2
P :~:
Ce) 1/3 (d) 2/3
97. Five particles have speeds 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mls,the ':--A T
average velocity of the panicles is (in mls) :
Ca) 3 (a) During the process AB work done by the gas in
(b) 0 positive
(e) 2.5 (b) During the process CD work done by the gas in
(d) cannot be calculated negative
(c) During the process BC internal energy of the gas is
98. A given mass of a gas expands from a state A to the increasing
state B by three paths 1, 2 and 3 as shown in T-V (d) None of these
indicator diagram. If WI' W2 and W3 respectively by
102. A reversible adiabatic path on a P-V diagram for an
the work done by the gas along the three paths, then:
ideal gas passes through state A where
T P",0.7x 105 N/m-2 and V ",0,0049 m3. The ratio of
0
..~
I2J" 3
V
specific heat of the gas is 1.4. The slope of path at A is:
(a) 2.ox107Nm-s
(c) -2.0x 107Nm-s
(b) 1.0x107Nm-s
(d) -1.0x 107Nm-s
PO.J~~c
99. An ideal gas undergoes the process 1 2 as shown in
-jo
Vl ....
O~li
7' Vo 2Vo
V
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THIRMODYNAMICS 239
\:::]:
such a process the temperature:
(a) must always increase
(b) will remain the same if the work done equals the
hear added v
(c) must always decrease
(d) will remain the same if change in internal energy (a) - 40 J (b)-20J
equals the heat added (c) +40 J (d) +20 J
11105. One mole of an ideal gas requires 207 J heat to raise 110. When unit mass of water boils to become steam at
the temperature by 10K when heated at constant 100"C, it absorbs Q amount of heat. The densities of
pressure. If the same gas is heated at constant volume water and steam at 100"C are P I and P 2 respectively
to raise the temperature by 5 K,then the heat required and the atmospheric pressure is Po, The increase in
po(~-~l
may be : internal energy of the water is:
(a) 62.lJ (b) 124J (a) Q (b) Q +
(e) 12.4J (d) 6.2J PI P2
106. A thermodynamic cycle takes in heat energy at a high
temperature and rejects energy at a lower
(e)Q+Po(~-~l (d)Q-Po(~+-11
P2 PI PI P2
temperature. If the amount of energy rejected at the
111. A poly-atomic gas with six degrees of freedom does
low temperature is 3 times the amount of work done
25J of work when it is expanded at constant pressure.
by the cycle, the efficiency of the cycle is:
The heat given to the gas is:
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.33 (a) 100J (b) 150J
(e) 0.67 (d) 0.9 (e) 200 J (d) 250 J
107. Monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic gases whose 112. An ideal gas expands from volume VI to V2. This may
initial volume and pressure are same, are compressed be achieved by either of the three processes: isobaric,
till their volume becomes half the initial volume. isothermal and adiabatic. Let AU be the change in
(a) If the compression is adiabatic then monoatomic internal energy of the gas Q, be the quantity of heat
gas will have maximum final pressure added to the system and W be work done by the
(b) If the compression is adiabatic then tri-atomic gas system on the gas. Identify which of the following
will have maximum final pressure
statements is false for AU ?
(c) If the compression is adiabatic then their final
(a) f..U is least under adiabatic process
pressure will be same
(d) If the compression is isothermal then their final (b) t:,.U is greatest under adiabatic process
pressure will be different (c) AU is greatest under the isobaric process
Cd) AU in isothermal process lies in between the
108. If heat is added at constant volume, 6300 J of heat are
values obtained under isobaric and adiabatic
required to raise the temperature of an ideal gas by processes
150 K. If instead, heat is added at constant pressure, 113. In an isobaric expansion of an ideal gas, which of the
8800 joules arc required for the same temperature following is zero?
change. When the temperature of the gas changes by (a) work done (b) AQ
300 K. the internal energy of the gas changes by: (e) ~u (d) d' V/dT'
(a) 5000 J (b) 12600J
114. A perfect gas is found to obey the relation PV3/2 =
(e) 17600J (d) 22600 J
constant, during an adiabatic process. If such a gas,
109. Three processes form a thermodynamic cycle as shown initially at a temperature 1', is compressed
on P-V diagram for an ideal gas. Process 1 -+ 2 takes adiabatically to half its initial volume, then its final
place at constant temperature (300 K). Process 2 -+ 3 temperature will be:
takes place at constant volume. During this process (a) 2T (b) 4T
40J of heat leaves the system. Process 3 -+ 1 is (c) ",Fl.T (d) 2.'/21'
adiabatic and temperature 1'3 is 275 K. Work done by 115. An ideal monoatomic gas is carried around the cycle
the gas during the process 3 -+ 1 is: ABCDA as shown in the Fig. The efficiency of the gas
cycle is:
www.puucho.com
-
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
p
B
0:
120. '!Wo identical vessels A and B contains equal amount
of ideal monoatomic gas. The piston of A is fixed but-
3~:::.. A:,
that of B is free. Same amount of heat is absorbed b}'
A and B. If B' s internal energy increases by 100 J, the
change in internal energy of A is:
V
V, 2V,
Ca) ~ (b) 2 A B
25 21
4
(e) - Cd) 2
31 31
116. A gas takes part in two processes in which. it is -heated ''0
from the same initial state 1 to the. same final
(a) 100 J (b) 500 J
temperature. The processes are shown on the P.V
3
diagram by the straight line 1 -) 2 and 1 -) 3. 2 and 3
(c) 250 J (d) none of these
are the points on the same isothermal curve. Ql and Q2
121. Three processes compose a thermodynamics cycle
are the heat transfer along the two processes. Then:
shown in the P.V diagram. Process 1 -+ 2 takes place
p
at constant temperature. Process 2 -+ 3 takes place at
constant volume, and process 3 -+ 1 is adiabatic
During the complete cycle, the total amount of work
done is 10 J. During process 2 -lo 3, the internal energy
decrease by 20 J and during process 3 -+ 1, 20 J of
(a) Q, =Q, (b) Q, <Q, work is done on the system. How much heat is added
(c) Q1 > Q2 Cd) insufficient data to the system during process 1 -+ 2 ?
117. In thermodynamic process pressure of a flXed mass of p
gas is changed in such a manner that the gas releases
30 joule of heat and 18 joule of work was done on the
gas. If the initial internal energy of the gas was 60
joule, then, the final internal energy will be: V
(a) 32 joule (b) 48 joule (a) 0 (b) 10 J
(c) 72 joule Cd) 96 joule (e) 20 J (d) 30 J
118. A cylinder made of perfectly non-conducting material 122. An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process obeying
dosed at both ends is divided into two equal pans by a the relation pv4/3 ""constant. If its initial temperature
heat proof piston. Both parts of the cylinder contain is 300 K and then its pressure is increased upto four
the same masses of a gas at a temperature to"" 27'lC times its initial value, then the final temperature is (in
and pressure Po "" 1 atm. Now if the gas in one of the kelvin) :
pans is slowly heated to t "" 57°C while the (a) 300-/2 (b) 300 1/2
temperature of first part is maintained at to the (e) 600 (d) 1200
distance moved by the piston from the middle of the 123. The adiabatic Bulk modulus of a diatomic gas at
cylinder will be : (length of the cylinder"" 84 cm) atmospheric pressure is:
(a) 3 cm (b) 5 cm (a) Zero (b) 1 Nm-2
(c) 2 cm (d) 1 em 4
(c) lAx 10 Nm~2 (d) lAx 105 Nm-2
119. 1 gm water at 100 e and 105 Pa pressure converts into
D
124. A closed container is fully insulated from outside. One
1841 emJ of steam at constant temperature and half of it is filled with an ideal gas X separated by a
pressure. If latent heat of vaporization of water is plate P from the mher half Ywhich contains a vacuum
2250 J/gm. The change in internal energy of water in as shown in Fig. When P is removed, X moves into Y.
this process is: Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) zero (b) 2250 J
(c) 2066 J (d) none of these
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
127. Consider the thermodynamics cycle shown on P-V
diagram. The process A -+ B is isobaric, B -jo C is
x y
gas vaccum isochoric and C _ A is a straight line process. The
p
following internal energy and heat are given:
P(Nm-3)
::::1\l:.
(a) No work is done by X
(b) X decreases in temperature
ee) X increases in internal energy
(d) X doubles in pressure ,
125. In Ideal gas undergoes a thermodynamics cycle as
shown in figure .. Which of the following graphs
1.5 v(m3)
represents the same cycle?
V 6.U.•._.H =+400kJ and Q/J-oC =-sOOkJ
e
V
B The heat flow in the process QC-->A is:
(a) - 20 kJ
(b) +25 kJ
.
/'A
(e) - 25 kJ
T Cd) Data are insufficient
p p
128. 1 kg of a gas does 20 kJ of work and receives 16 kJ of
(a)
Af7 B
(b)
...
.A: heat when it is expanded between two states. A second
kind of expansion can be found between the initial and
.
. .' e
T T
final state which requires a heat input of 9 kJ. The
work done by the gas in the second expansion is:
(a) 32 kJ (b) 5 kJ
p p
A\]: A~:
(e) -4 kJ (d) 13kJ
129. A vessel contains an ideal monoatomic gas which
(e) (d) expands at constant pressure, when heat Q is given to
it. Then the work done in expansion is:
T T
(a) Q (b) ~Q
5
126. A cyclic process ABC4. is shown in P-T diagram. When
2 (d) ~Q
presented on P-v, it would: (e) -Q
5 3
p
"VA
... .e
130. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas at temperature
To expands slowly according to the law P/V '" constant.
If the final temperature is 2To• heat supplied to the gas
is:
T 3
(a) 2RTo (b) ~RT,
2
1
(c) RTo (d)~RTo
2
131. A diatomic gas follows equation PV'" '" constant,
during a process. What should be the value of m such
that its molar heat capacity during process'" R ?
(a) 2/3 (b) 1
(e) 1.5 (d) 5/3
132. One mole of an ideal gas at temperature T1 expends
according to the law ~ '" a (constant). The work
V'
done by the gas till temperature of gas becomes T2 is:
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
ICS
1
(a) -R(T, -T,) twice its volume and then compressed at constant
2
1 pressure to CVo/2) and the gas is brought to original
(e) -R(T2 -TI) state by a process in which P IX: V (Pressure is directly
4
proportional to volume): The correct representation of
133.2 mole of a diatomic gas undergoes the process: process is :
PT2 IV =constant. Then, the molar heat capacity of the I
gas during the process will be equal to : P
(a) sR/2 (b) 9R/2
(a)
(e) 3R (d) 4R Po •••• - ••
..
134. A resistance coil connected to an ~
external battery is placed inside an
adiabatic cylinder fitted with a v m
frictionless piston and containing j . R" i
IP,
an ideal gas. A current i flows , P
through the coil which has a resistance R. At what
(b)
speed must the piston move upward in order that the
temperature of the gas remains unchanged? Neglect
.,
atmospheric pressure .
(a) ~ (b) Rmg
Rg i'
(e) mg (d) i'R
i' mg
135. A long glass tube of length L, sealed at both ends,
contains a small column of mercury (density =p) of
length 'o'(a «L) at its middle and air at pressure P on
both sides. The tube is fixed horizontally. If the
mercury column gets a small displacement, the time
.-?
VQ
period of its oscillations would be (assuming that the
air on the sides undergoes isothermal expansion or
compression) : (d) t
(a) n[pLajP]"' (b) 2n[p La/P]>2
v<f2 ;:. :
(e) n[2pLajP]"' (d) n[pLa/ZP]u,
ToT •...•
136. Two pistons having low thermal conductivity divide an
adiabatic container in three equal parts as shown. An 138. Two completely identical samples of the same ideal
ideal gas is present in the three parts A.B & C having gas are in equal volume containers with the same
initial pressures as shown and same temperatures. pressure and temperature in containers labeled A and
Now the pistons are released. Then the final B. The gas in container A performs non.zero positive
equilibrium length of part A after long time will be: work W on the surroundings during an isobaric
(constant. pressure) process before the pressure is
L
• reduced isochorically (constant volume) to 1/2 its
B c initial amount. The gas in container B has its pressure
2P P reduced isochorically (constant volume) to 1/2 its
initial value and then the gas performs same non-zero
(a) L/B
___
-U3
(b) L/4
positive work W on the surroundings during an
isobaric (constant pressure) process. After the
processes are performed on the gases in containers A
and B, which is at the higher temperature?
(e) L/6 (d) L/s
(a) The gas in container A
137. One mole of an ideal gas at pressure Po and
(b) The gas in container B
temperature To volume Vo is expanded isothermally to
(c) The gases have equal temperature.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
Cd) The value of the work W is necessary to answer (a) The number of molecular collisions per second on
~I
this question. the common wall
(b) the average speed of the molecules
(c) The pressure exerted by the helium
139.
~\ _~111
(21
(1~:.'1 (d) The density of the helium
143. Under isobaric condition if the temperature of a room
increases then :
v-
, P-
II
(a) the total kinetic energy of the molecules in the
room will increases
(b) the total kinetic energy of the air molecules
contained in the room will decrease.
(e) the total kinetic energy of the air molecules in the
.'~...'. room will remain the same.
(d} the density of air in the room will increase.
v- 144. A thermod}'namic system is taken through the cycle
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
.._--~ .. •••• B
T T'-'P~,'
2 " •• ' D
.'
(a) 1
(e) 3
(b) 2
(d) 4
.. '
P
147. A same amount of same gas of temperature Tare (aJ 1/2 (b) 1
enclosed in a three identical A, B & C. The temperature (e) 2 (d) 4
of wall of three container is TA,TB &Tc• (TA >Ta >TcJ 150. The P-V diagram shows four different possible
respectively. The pressure on wall of vessel : reversible processes performed on a monatomic ideal
(a) PA >PB >Pc I .'. gas, Process A is isobaric (constant pressure), Process
(b) PA <PH <Pc B is isothermal (constant temperature). Process C is
ee) PA ""ps =Pc adiabatic, Process D is isochoric (constant volume).
Cd) Data's are insufficient to decide For ~hich process(es) does the temperature of the gas
148. The pressure P of a gas is plotted against its absolute decrease?
temperature T for two different constant volumes VI P
A
and Vz, where ~ > V2• P is plotted on the y-axis and T Po
on the x-axis :
(a) The curve for VI has greater slope than the curve ..! Po D~
for V2 2
(b) The curve for V2 has greater slope than the curve V
Vo 2Vo
for V)
(e) The curves must intersect at some point other [han (a) Process A only
T ~O (b) Process Conly
Cd) The curves have the same slope and do not (c) Only Processes C and D
intersect (d) Only Processes B, C and D
149. On a T-P diagram, two moles of ideal gas perform
process AB and CD. If the work done by the gas in the
www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
-
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
245
ANllWERll
(a) 51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (0) 54. (a) 55. (d) 56. (b)
49. (a) 50.
(b) 60. (a) 61. (0) 62. (0) 63. (b) 64. (0)
57. (a) 5B. (d) 59.
67. (a) 6B. (0) 69. {d) 70. (d) 71. (b) 72. (b)
65. (0) 66. (a)
(d) 76. (a) 77. (a) 7B. (0) 79. (d) BO. (b)
73. (a) 74. (a) 75.
(a) B5. (b) 86. (0) B7. (0) BB. (0)
B1. (a) B2. (0) B3. (a) B4.
(a) 92. (b) 93. (a) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (d)
B9. (d) 90. (d) 91.
99. (a) 100. (0) 101. (0) 102. (0) 103. (a) 104. (b)
97. (d) 98. (a)
(a) 108. (b) 109. (a) 110. (b) 111. (al 112. (b)
105. (a) 106. (a) 107.
115. (a) 116. (b) 117. (b) 118. (0) 119. (0) 120. (b)
113. (d) 114. (0)
123. (d) 124. (a) 125. (a) 126. (0) 127. (0) 128. (d)
12l. (d) 122. (a)
131. (d) 132. (b) 133. (d) 134. (d) 135. (a) 136. (b)
129. (0) 130. (a)
139. (d) 140. (b) 141. (a) 142. (b) 143. (0) 144. (b)
137. (0) 138. (b)
147. (a) 148. (b) 149. (0) 150. (0)
145. (0) 146. (d)
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com --
Solution
""Cv +[R + 16.511: rdr] "" 7R During the heating process, the internal energy is
3 ndT 2 changed by AU1 and work liWI• is done.
12. [el Let V be the volume of natural gas needed. Therefore, liQ1 = AUt + liWI = .1U1 + p. dV
Then [37.3 x 106]V =AU\ +(1.13)( lOs)(U20x 60x 10-4)
= [(4.54)(4184) + (145)(389)]75
:= toUl + 136J
Solving we get V "" O.039m2 "" 39L
During the cooling process, no work is done as
15. [dl P2 =2P], V2 =:4V} , n =1 volume is constant, AW = 0.
PdV
C =:Gv +_ Hence, .6.Q2 =dU2" But tJ.U2 is negative as the
dT
temperature decreases, and since the gas returns
dw =: Pdv =: Area to its original temperature, tlU2 := -I1U1"
1
=: -[(PI + P2)(V2 - VI) Hence, [.1Q\ -lliQ21l
2
= (troUI + 136-IlU1) = +136 J
1 9
",-(3PI x3VI)"'-PIVI 23. [d) Suppose there are n1 moles of hydrogen and n2
2 2
moles of helium in the given mix(Ure. Then the
dT ",T2 -TJ '" P2V2 _ PJVI pressure of the mixture will be,
R R
nlRT n2RT RT
_ 2PJ x 4V) p) VJ TPI VI P =--+-- =(nt +n2)-
~~~---=-- V V V
R R R
=> 2xI01.3x103""(n +n )(0.3)(300)""1.62
c =~R+.2x PIV]R ] 2 20xIQ-3
2 2 7P]VI
The mass of the mixture is,
'" ~R + 9R '" 44R '" 22R nj x2+n2x4",S
2 14 14 7 ... (1)
(nJ + 2n2) = 2.5 ...(2)
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
IHERMOD (
H coce, --
mH
~
0.74)( 2 2C ~(IX~+ h
p 2
Z)R
2
~ 6R
mHe 0.88x 4
Cp 6R
= 1.48 """,*2: 5 - ~- ~1.5
3.52
Cv 4R
26. [a] The first law of thermodynamics gives with E as 75. [d] kxo = PA [xo is initial compression]
internal energy, dE = -dE for the adiabatic
process. The energy of monoatomic ideal gas is
100xo =( n~T)x 1O~2
given by x ~~I_xlxa3xl00x_1_=o.l
E ~~NkT o 100 0.83 100
2 0.2 (Total compression)
Xl =
dE ~ ~NkdT 1
Wgas =-xl00x(0.2) 2 1
--xl00x(0.1) z
2 2 2
Moreover using the ideal gas law 100 1
~_x_ [4-1]=1.5
dW ~PdV ~ NkTdV 2 100
V 105. [a] 207=CpxlO
~NkdT ~ _ NkT dV 6.Q=Cyx5
2 V
6.Q '" 207 x.s:.. = 103.5
dT +3:dV =0 2 Cp Y
T 3 V
Minimum value of 6.Q is for maximum
38. [aJ This is a problem of 'Flow calorimeter' used to
measure specific heat of a liquid. y = Ymax ="35 for monoatomlc. gas
Amount of heat supplied to the water per second
by the heating coil", Q.• = 250 joule ~Q ~ 103.5 ~ 61.5
(5/3)
250
~--kcal.
4186 (61.5$ 6.Q< 103.5)
the volume of liquid flowing out per second 135. [a]
= 8.0em:'! = 8x IO-6m3
-,-
(L-a)
-,-
(L-a)
Hence,
4186
S
= mst = 0.85 x 8x 10-3 x sx 15
= -------
=
250x 103
4186>< 0.85)( 8x 15
0.6 kcaVkg K
I
•
P1V1 "'PZV2
•
t www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
~=~L:=2~L: =>
a
-dT=CvdT+-dV
T
RT
V
T =~(L~r2
= ~ =>
I
C = VTy-1e<liRT
PV 141. [a]
136. [bl n=-
RT PV = nRT
Final pressure & temperature is same hence
=> Po+(1-aV2)V=nRT
volume will be in ratio of number of moles.
137. [e] For isothermal process VI = 2Vo T = (Po + (1 - a)V2)V
PI = Po/2 nR
For isobaric process 2
dT = Po + 3V (I-a) ",,0
Vo dV nR nR
VI = Vo/ 2, Tf = ---To.
2x 2Vo Po = 3(a -1)V2
To
=- V2 = PJ
4
3(a-l)
For P oc V process
p
p - V must be straight line P=Po+(l-a) 0
2 3(a -1)
T oc V =;. V - T must be parabolic
=;. Po 2P
p2 ocT P - T must be parabolic =Po--=- o
3 3
138. [bl e.g .•
143. [eJ
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
149. [c:] Let slope of line AG is m} & that of line DB1s'm2', 160. [el PV = nRT
then For isobaric conditions
T PdV =nRdT
A •••
T, "' •• 'B
dV nR
-=-
C ,':
T .... ~O
2 ••
: .'::
;,'.
•••• :
:
:
. dT
dV
P
nRP 1
1
,,'
.... ::
'~' :
p
--=--=-
VdT PnRT T t
.!L!l .!l. 11
m m m2 m2 D=-
1
1 1
T
m2. m2. hence rectangular hyperbola.
nRT}ln- ~ 2nRT2.ln-
m} m}
.- ,.... _ , f'
T1 = 2 , ',' ,
T,
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
250 THlIMllIlilWllCS
Problem ~I
T
(a) Work done on the gas is zero
(b) Density of the gas is constant
v (c) Slope of line AB from the T-axis is inversely
proportional to the number of moles of the gas
(a) .6.QA-->B = negative (b) .6.UB-oC = positive
(d) Slope of line AB from the T-axis is directly
(e) tiUC ...•A = negative Cd) i'1WCA.B ••• negative proportional to the number of moles of the gas
3. A gas undergoes the change in its state from position A 6. Temperature versus pressure p
to position B via three different paths as shown in Fig. graph of an ideal gas is shown in
select the correct alternative (s) : Fig. During the process AB :
(a) Change in internal energy in all the three paths is (a) internal energy of the gas A--0--8
equal remains constant
(b) In all the three paths heat is absorbed by the gas (b) volume of the gas is T
increased
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS 251
(e) work done by the atmosphere on the gas is (c) C I' < 5/2 R for a diatomic gas
positive (d) Cv >R for a diatomic gas
(d) pressure is inversely proportional to volume 11. A barometer is faulty. When the true barometer
7. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken from A reading are 73 and 75 em of Hg, the faulty barometer
to C along the path ABC. The temperature of the gas at reads 69 em and 70 em respectively:
A is To' For the process ABC : (a) The total length of the barometer tube is 74 em
p (b) The true reading when the faulty barometer reads
69.5 em is 73.94 em
(c) The faulty barometer reading when the true
barometer reads 74 em is 69.52 em
(d) The total length of the barometer tube is 69.5 em
12. The density (p) of an ideal gas p
varies with temperature T as
'-----',---'---V
Vo 2V shown in Fig. Then:
B
o
(a) the product of P& Vat A is
Ca) work done by the gas is RTo
equal to the product of
Cb) change in internal energy of the gas is .!2 RTo P& V at B
2 (b) pressure at B is greater than
A
(e) heat absorbed by the gas is .!...! RTo the pressure at A
2 (c) work done by the gas T
(d) heat absorbed by the gas is 13 RYo during the process AB is
2 negative
(R = universal gas constant) (d) the change in internal energy from A to B is zero
8. Select the correct statements about ideal gas: 13. A gas is found to obey the law P2V == constant. The
(a) Molecules of a gas are in random motion colliding initial temperature and volume are To and Vo. If the
against one another and with the walls of the gas expands to a volume 3Vo' then:
container (a) final temperature becomes J3 To
(b) The gas is not isotropic and the constant 0/3) in (b) internal energy of the gas will increase
equation p = .! pu2 r.m.s. is result of this properry C
3 (c) final tempemture becomes ~
V3
(e) The time during which a collision lasts is
negligible compared to the time of free path (d) internal energy of the gas decreases
between collisions 14. For an ideal gas :
(d) There is no force of interaction between molecules (a) The change in internal energy in a constant
among themselves or between molecules and the pressure process from temperature T1 and T2 is
wall except during collision equal to nC ~ (T 2 - 'Ii), where Cv is the molar heat
capacity at constant volume and 11 the number of
9. For two different gases X and InP moles of the gas
Y, having degrees of freedom
(b) The change in internal energy of the gas and the
I, and 12 and molar heat work done by the gas are equal in magnitude in an
capacities at constant adiabatic process
volume Cv and C v2 (c) the internal energy does not change in an
respectively, the In P versus In isothermal process
V graph is plotted for '------~I" V (d) no heat is added or removed in an adiabatic
adiabatic process, as shown: process.
(a) I, > 12 (b) 12 > /, 15. An ideal gas is taken from the state A(Pressure P,
(c) CV2 >CVj (d) CYj >C1'2
volume V) to the state B (pressure PI2, volume 2\1)
along a straight line path in the P~Vdiagram. Select the
10. At ordinary temperature, the molecules of an ideal gas
correct statements from the following:
have only translational and rotational kinetic energies.
(a) The work done by the gas in the process A to B
At high temperatures they may also have vibrational
exceed the work that would be done by it if the
energy. As a result of this at higher temperatures:
system were taken from A to B along an isothermal
(C~, == molar heat capacity at constant volume) (b) In the T-V diagram, the path AB becomes a part of
(a) C v = 312 R for a monoatomic gas a parabola
(b) C Y == 312 R for a diatomic gas
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
252 THERMODYNAMICS i
ee) In the poT diagram, the path ABbecomes a part of (c) change in internal energy of the gas is ..!. kx~
a hyperbola 2
Cd) In going from A to B, the temperature T of the gas (d) temperature of the gas is decreased
first increases to a maximum value and then 20. n moles of an ideal gas p
decreases undergo an isothermal
16. An ideal gas can be expanded from an initial state to process at temperature T.
certain volume through two different processes p-v graph of the process is
(i) PV2 "" constant and (ii) P = KV2 where K is a shown in the Fig. A point
positive constant. Then: A(V"P,) is located on the
(a) final temperature in (i) will be greater than in (ii) P-V curve. Tangent at point
(b) final temperature in (ij) will be greater than in (i) A, cuts the V-axis at point D. 0
D
v
(e) total heat given to the gas in (0 case is greater AD is the line joining the
than in (ii) ,'I \'"1 point A to the origin D of PV diagram. Then :
Cd) total heat given to the gas in eii) case is greater
than in (i)
(a) coordinate of points D is ( 3~1 ,oJ
17. The total kinetic energy of translatory motion of all the (b) coordinate of points D is (2V,,0)
molecules of 5 Htres of nitrogen exening a pressure P (c) area of the triangle ADD is nRT
is 3000 J :
(d) area of the triangle ADD is ~ nRT
(a) the total KE. of 10 litres of N2 at a pressure of 2P 4
is 3000J 2). A gas may expand either adiabatically or isothermally.
(b) the toral KE. of 10 litres of He at a pressure of2P is A number of P-Vcurves are drawn for the two process
3000J over different ranges of pressure and volume. It will be
(c) the total KE. of 10 litres of O2 at a pressure of 2P found that:
is 2000J
(a) two adiabatic curves do not intersect
(d) th~ total KE. of 10 litres of Neat a pressure of 2P is
(b) two isothermal curves do not intersect
1200J
(c) an adiabatic curve and an isothennal curve may
18. Two spheres A and B have same radius but the heat intersect
capacity of A is greater than that of B. The surfaces of (d) the magnitude of the slope of an isothennal curve
both are painted black. They are heated to the same for the same value of pressure and volume is less
temperature and allowed to cool. Then: than that of adiabatic curve
(a) A cools faster than B .
22. During the melting of a slab of ice at 273 K at
(b) both A and B cool at the same rate
atmospheric pressure :
(c) at any temperature the ratio of their rates of
(a) positive work is done by the ice-water system on
cooling is a constant
the atmosphere
(d) B cools faster than A
(b) positive work is done on the ice-water system by
19. A thermally insulated the atmosphere
chamber of volume 2Vo (c) the internal energy of the ice-water increases
B
is divided by a (d) the internal energy of the ice-water system
frictionless piston of decreases
area 5 into two equal
23. A bimetallic strip is fanned out of two identical Strip
parts A and B. Pan A
one of copper and the other of brass. The coefficients
has an ideal gas at pressure Po and temperature To and
of linear expansion of the (\NO metals are ar and UB'
in part B is vacuum. A massless spring of force constant
On heating, the temperature of the strip goes up by fiT
k is connected with piston and the wall of the
and the strip bends to form an arc of radius of
container as shown. Initially spring is unstretched. Gas
curvature R. Then R is :
in chamber A is allowed to expand. Let in equilibrium
(a) proportional to l!.T
spring is compressed by xo' Then:
(b) inversely proportional to fiT
(a) final pressure of the gas is kxo (c) proportional to lOB -ucl
S
1 , (d) inversely proportional to laB -ucl
(b) work done by the gas -kxo 24. The Fig. shows a (lIp) versus T graph for an ideal gas.
2
Select the correct statement(s) :
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMOOYNAMICS 253
(lIp) (b) is infinite for an isothermal process
2
(c) depends only on the nature of the gas for a process
.,//
/1
in which either volume or pressure is constant
(d) is equal to the product of the molecular weight
and specific heat capacity for any process
28. During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to ooey a
o'
T condition p2 = constant [p = density of the gas]. The
p
(a) The graph represents an isobaric expansion
gas is initially at temperature T, pressure P and density
(b) L..,rgethe slope of straight line higher the pressure
p. The gas expands such that density changes to 1'/2 :
ee) Internal energy of the gas increases
(a) the pressure of the gas changes to .J2 P
Cd) Work done during the process is positive
(b) the temperature of the gas changes to ..Pi T
25. The Fig. shmvs PV versus T graph of ideal gas. Choose (c) the graph of the above process on the P.T diagram
the correct alternative(s) : is parabola
PV (d) the graph of the above process on the P-T diagram
is hyperbola .
29. Monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic gases whose
initial volume and pressure are same, each is
compressed till their pressure becomes tvvice the initial
pressure. Then :
(a) if the compression is isothermal, then their final
T
volumes will be same
(b) if the compression is adiabatic, then their final
(a) The slope of the straight line is independent of the
volumes will be different
monoatomic or diatomic nature of the gas (c) if the compression is adiabatic, then triatomic gas
(b) The slope of the straight line depends on the molar
will have maximum final volume
mass of the gas
(d) if the compression is adiabatic, then monoatomic
ee) The straight line denotes a process in which the
gas will have maximum final volume
gas is heated up
Cd) The slope of straight line represents the universal 30. Two gases have the same initial pressure, volume and
temperature. They expand to the same final volume,
constant
one adiabatically and the other isothermal. Then :
26. A rectangular narrow V-tube has equal arm lengths
(a) th~ final temperature is greater for the isothennal
and base length, each equal
process
to I. The venical arms are
(b) the final pressure is greater for the isothermal
filled with mercury up to l!2
process
and then one end is sealed. (c) the work done by the gas is greater for the
By heating the enclosed gas
isothennal process
all the mercury is expelled. If (d) all the above options are incorrect
atmospheric pressure is Po,
the density of mercury is p
1----------.-- 31. Some of the thermodynamic parameters are state
and cross. sectional area is S, 1/2 variables while some are process variables. Some
grouping of the parameters are given. Select the
then: • ••
(a) Work done by the gas correct:
. (a) State variables : Temperature, No. of moles;
agamst t h e atmosp henc. pressure IS. -51 PoS Process variables: Internal energy, work done by
2
the gas
(b) Work done by the gas against the gravity is ~ Spg/2 (b) State variables : Volume, Temperature; Process
variables: Internal energy, work done by the gas
(c) Work done by the gas against the atmospheric
(c) State ••.. ariables : work done by the gas, heat
pressure is Post
rejected by the gas; Process variables
(d) Work done by the gas against the gravity is ~ Spg/2 Temperature, volume
(d) State variables: Internal energy, •...olume; Process
27. The molar heat capacity for an ideal gas: variables: Work done by the gas, heat absorbed by
(a) is lero for an adiabatic process the gas
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
During an experiment, an ideal gas found to obey a
condition vp2 = constant. The gas is initially at a
temperature T, pressure P and volume V. The gas
expands to volume 4V :
(a) The pressure of gas changes to ~
2
(b) The temperature of gas changes to 4T
(c) The graph of above process on the P.T diagram is
parabola
(d) The graph of above process on the PoT diagram is
hyperbola
During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to obey a
". p2
can d ltIon - -= constant [p -= density of the gas]. The
p
gas is initially at temperature T, pressure P and density
p. The gas expands such that density charges to pl2 :
(a) The pressure of the gas changes to .J2 P
(b) The temperature of the gas changes to .j2 T
(c) The graph of above process on the P-T diagram is
parabola
(d) The graph of the above process on the PoT diagram
33. An ideal gas expands in such a way that PV2 = is hyperbola
constant throughout the process: 38. According to kinetic theory of gases,which of the
(a) The graph of the process of T-V diagram is a following statement will be true:
parabola (a) Ideal gases can not be liquified
(b) The graph of the process of T-V diagram is a (b) The molecules of ideal gas do not obey ne'Ntons
straight line laws of motion
(c) Such an expansion is possible only with heating (c) Pressure of gas is always inversely proportional to
(d) Such an expansion is possible only with cooling its volume
34. A gas expands such that its initial and final (d) Molecules of gas never move in straight line
temperature are equal. Also, the process followed by 39. According to kinetic theory of gases:
the gas traces a straight line on the P-V diagram: (a) the velocity of molecules decreases for each
(a) The temperature of the gas remains constant collision
throughout (b) the pressure exerted by a diatomic gas is
(b) The temperature of the gas first increases and then proportional to the mean velocity of the molecule
deceases (c) the K.E. of the gas decreases on expansion at
(c) The temperature of the gas first decreases and constant temperature
then increases (d) the mean translational KE. of a diatomic gas
(d) The straight line has a negative slope increases with increase in absolute temperature
35. Fig. shows the 40. fuo vessel of the same volume contain the same gas at
pressure P versus same temperature. If the pressure in the vessels be in
volume V graphs for the ratio of 1 : 2, then:
two different gas (a) the ratio of the average kinetic energy is 1 : 2
sample at a given (b) the ratio of the root mean square velocity is 1 : 1
temperature. M A and (c) the ratio of the average velocity is 1 : 2
M B are masses of two (d) the ratio of number of molecules is 1 : 2
samples, nA and nB 41. A vertical cylinder with heat-conducting walls is closed
are numbers of at the bottom and is fitted with a smooth light piston.
moles. Which of the It contains one mole of an ideal gas. The temperature
following must be of the gas is always equal to the surrounding's
incorrect. temperature, To. The piston is moved up slowly to
(a) MA >M8 (b)MA <MB increase the volume of the gas to 11 times. \Vhich of the
(c) nA >nB (d)nA<nB following is incorrect?
www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
-
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
255
(a) Work done by the gas is RTo In '1 p
(b) Work done against the atmosphere is RTo(lj-1)
(e) Thre is no change in the internal energy of the gas
Cd)The final pressure of the gas is _1~ times its
(11 ~ 1)
initial pressure (O,O)L
V
42. A dosed vessel contains a mixture of two diatomic
(a) QI/ -Wn >Qc-Wc
gases A and B. Molar mass of A is 16 times that of B
and mass of gas A contained in the vessel is 2 times (b) QA -QD =WA -WI)
that of B. The following statements are given (c) WA <Wn <We <WD
CO Average kinetic energy per molecule of A is equal (d) QA >Qn >Qc >QD
to that of H. 47. A student records tiQ, .o.U and .o.W for a thermody
Oi) Root mC,1n square value of translational velocity of -namic cycle A -Jo B -Jo C -t A. Certain entries are
B is four times that of A. missing. Find correct entry in following options :
(iii) pressure exerted by B is eight times of that exerted
AB BC CA
by A.
(vi) Number of molecules of B in the cylinder is eight 'W 40J 30J
time that of A.
(a) (i), 00 and (iii) are true "u SOJ
(b) (ji), (iii) and (iv) are true
"Q 150J lOJ
ee) (i), (ii) and (jv) are true
(d) None are true (a) Wnc = -70J (b) .o.QO\. = 130J
43. A mixture of ideal gases 7 kg of nitrogen and 11 kg of (e) !'J.U"B =190J (d) !'J.UO\. =-160J
CO2, Then: 48. fuo moles of mono-atomic gas is expanded from
(Take y for nitrogen and CO2 as 1.4 and 1.3 (Po, Vol to (Po, 2Vo) under isobaric condition. Let .o.Q],
respectively) be the heat given to the gas, .o.W] the work done by the
(a) equivalent molecular weight of the mixture is 36 gas and tiU} the change in internal energy. Now the
(b) equivalent molecular weight of the mixture is 18 monoatomic gas is replaced by a diatomic gas. Other
(c) "(for the mixture is 5/2 conditions remaining the same. The corresponding
(d) y for the mixture is 47/35 values in this case are !'J.Q2' !'J.W2, t:l.U2 respectively,
44. A piston is slowly pushed into a metal cylinder then:
containing an ideal gas. Which of the following (a) .o.Q] -.o.Q2 = .o.U] -.o.U2
statements is/are incorrect? (b) !'J.U2 + .o.W2 > .o.U] + !'J.W]
(a) The pressure of the gas increases (c) !'J.U2 > t:l.U]
(b) The number of the molecules per unit volume (d) None of these
increases
49. For an ideal gas:
(c) The average speed of gas molecules increases
(a) the changing in internal energy in a constant
(d) The frequency of collision of the gas molecules
pressure process from temperature Tj to T2 is
with the piston increases
equal to nCv{T2 -T]) where Cv is the molar
45. In case of hydrogen and oxygen at N.T.P., which of the specific heat at constant volume and n is the
following quantities is/are the same? number of the moles of the gas
(a) Average momentum per molecule (b) the change in internal energy of the gas and the
(b) Average kinetic energy per molecule work done by the gas are equal in magnitude in an
(c) Kinetic energy per unit volume adiabatic process
(d) Kinetic energy per unit mass (c) the internal energy does not change in an
46. An ideal gas is taken from state 1 to state 2 through isothermal process
optional path A,B,C and D as shown in P-V diagram. Cd) Cal. (b) and (0)
Let Q, Wand U represent the heat supplied, work done
and internal energy of the gas respectively. Then:
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
- THE CS
50. An enclosed ideal gas is taken 54. A 'cyclic process ABCD is shown in
t~
through a cycle as shown in the the p. V diagram. Which of the
figure. Then: following curves represents the
(a) a long AB, temperature same process if BC and DA are
decreases while along BC isothennal processes :
temperature increases A' V-
'"
Q
(b) along AB, temperature
increases while along BC the temperature
decreases.
(c) along CAwork is done by the gas and the internal
energy remains constant.
(a)
l~ (b) V
t~
A
D8
(d) along CA work is done on the gas and internal T- T-
energy of the gas increases
to
51. In the figure shown. the amount :of hihit' sup~lfed co
one mole of an ideal gas is plotted:or{thitfiorizontal
axis and the amount work performed by the gas is
drawn on the venical axis. One of the straight lines in
(e)
l~ D C
(d)
'''''''''. www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
(b) pressure of the gas cannot be less than that of the (b) Root mean square value of translational velocity of
surrounding if axis of the cylinder is not gas B is four times that of A
horizontal. (c) Pressure exerted by gas B is eight times of that
(e) pressure of the gas may be equal to that of exerted by gas A
surrounding if axis of the cylinder is not (d) Number of molecules of gas B in the cylinder is
horizontal. eight times that of gas A
Cd) pressure of the gas may be less than that of 62. A partition divides a container having insulated walls
surrounding if axis of the cylinder is not into twO compartments I and II. The same gas fills the
horizontaL two compartments whose initial parameters are given.
59. At ordinary temperatures, the molecules of a diatomic The partition is a conducting wall which can move
gas have only translational and rotational kinetic freely without friction. Which of the following
energies. At high temperatures, they may also have statements is/are correct, with reference to the final
vibrational energy. As a result of this, compared to equilibrium position?
lower temperatures, a diatomic gas at higher r;===;===;-,
temperatures will have: ,I P,y,T 1 'Trv.rl
2P
,
Volume
T,
(a) the same in all the processes. T,
(b) the same in processes (i) and (ii) T, V
(c) greater process (i) than in (iii)
(d) less in process (ii) than in (iii) (a) t:.U1 =aUz =t:.U" =ilU3
61. A closed vessel contains a mixture of two diatomic (b) t:.U1+t:.Uz =ilU3 +tl.U"
gases A and B. Molar mass of A is }6 times and that of (c) ilUI > tl.Uz > ilU3 > ilU"
B and mass of gas A, contained in the vessel is 2 times (d) aUI <tl.Uz <L'!.U3<tl.U"
that of B.
(a) Average kinetic energy per molecule of gas A is
equal to that of gas B
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
_cs
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
s [] ria t i [] n
l
51. [a b, c, d]
:::::> pI-YTY =constt.(csay):::>P=c,Ty-1
(a) For isothermal process Q = W.
Curve 3 corresponds to isothermal process, and
,
Curve 1 and 2 corresponds to isobaric processes.
.. slope: dP =.!:.:L Ty-l > a (not constt.)
dt y-1
(b) For isobaric process d'P
W =p.6.V =RliT -->0
Q =Cp6T =
, + 2)
( -2- Rl>T 61,
dT'
[a, b, c, d]
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
Problem
Indicator diagram for 1 mole of a monoatomic ideal gas is =The Fig. shows an insulated cylinder of volume V
shown in Fig. it consist of two isobar and two isotherm. The containing monoatomic gas in both the compartments. The
temperature of isotherms are 300 K and 600 K. The piston is diathermic. Initially the piston is kept fixed and
minimum volume of gas is given VI and maximum volume the' system is allowed to acquire a state of thermal
is 41), heat absorbed is process (1), (2), (3) and (4) are Q"
Q2• Q3 and Q4 respectively and area of cycle is A. Now
answer the following question. --
equilibrium. The initial pressures and temperatures are as
shown in the Fig. Calculate:
,~
P....:Q,V' P,V,
4 2
v ~~-~~ ~~-~~
(c) (PI + P2)TIT2 (d) (PI + P2)T1T2
1. Efficiency of cycle : ~~+~~ ~~-~~
A
Ca) - (b) A 2. The final pressures of each companments :
Q, Q1 +Q2 (a) PI PI (PI +,P2)T2 'P _P_,_CP_,_+_P_,_lT_,
2
Ce) A Cd) Q, +Q2 +Q3 +Q4 PIT2 +P2TI (PIT2 +P2TI)
Q1 +Q2 +QJ +Q4
2. The value of Q1 :
Q,
,
Cb)P Pl(PI+P2)T2
PIT2 +P2TI
.,
P P2(PI-P2)TI
(P1T2 +P2TI)
Ca) 450R (b) 750R
(e) 200R Cd) zero (c) PI PI (PI +P2)T2 'P P2(P1 -P2)TI
2
3. Change in internal energy in process '3' : PIT2 -P2TI (PIT2 +P2TI)
Ca) '-450R Cb) 200R d) P PI(PI +P2)T1 P P2(PI +P )T
Ce) -200R Cd) 750R
C
, P]T2 +P2T2 , 'c PIT2 +P22TI)1
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
261
THERMODYNAMiCS
3. The heat that flows from RHS to LHS, given '1"2> Ti• 1. The initial pressure of the gas is :
(a) IN/m2 (b) l02N/m2.
Ca) ~PIP2V (12 +T1) (b) ~PIP2V tTl -TI} (c) 1.l0N/m 2. (d) L12N/m 2.
4 PITz - PZT} 4 PITz + P2Y}
2. Wo:k done by the gas in t = 5s is :
(e) ~PIP2V {Tl-Tll (d)~P1P2V tTz-Tll 1 Ca) 300 J Cb) 400 J
3 PJTZ +PZT] 4 PJTZ +P2TJ V
(e) 114.3 J Cd) 153.6 J
3. Increase in temperature of gas in 5 s is :
Ca) 6.9 x 1O-3K Cb) 6.9 K
Two mole of a monoatomic ideal gas follows the process (c) 83 X 10-4 K (d) 96 x lO-2.K
PV4/3 "" const.
1. which of the following statement is correct about this
process? The Fig. shmvs tvo/Oidentical cylinders A and B which
(a) It is an adiabatic process contain equal amounts of an ideal gas with adiabatic
(b) It is a process in which t.Q = - ~ ~U exponent g. The piston of cylinder A is frce and that of
5
cylinder B is fixed.
ee) It is a process in which dQ = dU (ahvays) B
A
Cd) It is a process in which dQ = - dU (always)
2. If this process is possible:
(a) its molar heat capacity is negative
(b) its molar heat capacity is positive
(e) its molar heat capacity is zero , Heat , Heat
Cd) molar heat capacity can't be defined until volume
or pressure is constant 1. If the same amount of heat is absorbed by each
3. If initial temperature of system is To and it is cylinder, then in which cylinder the temperature rise is
compressed to '1 times its initiCll volume then work more?
m'"
done by system is : (a) Temperature of A will be more
(bl Information is not sufficient to reach the
Cb) 6R1ol' - J conclusion
(c) The temperature of both A and B will be same
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
262
THERMODYNAMICS
u
.:::KJ.
, ,
,,
, p 1. When the lower piston is moved upwards a distance
h!2, the compression :
1. The P-V diagram of above cycle: (a) leads to cooling
p p (b) takes place isothermally
(c) takes place adiabatically
(d) leads to heating
(a) (b) 2. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Heat given in compression is used to do work
v v against elastic force only
(b) Heat given in compression is used to do work
p
against elastic force and atmospheric force
(c) No work is done during compression
(e) (d) There is no change in internal energy
Cd) none of these
3. The value of h is :
. , (a) 1 m (b) 1.4 m
c....c-==;>- 'V
(c) 1.6 m (d) 2 m
2. The total amount of heat absorbed by the cycle is :
(a) C30!n2S-2)Uo (b) Cs O!nOA-2)Uo
(e) sauo Cd) None of these An horizontal insulated cylindrical vessel of length 21 is
3. The work done in process AB is : separated by a thin insulating piston into two equal pans as
(a) -Va (b) -2Uo
shown in Fig. Each part contains n moles of an ideal
monoatomic gas at temperature T. The piston is connected
ee) -SUo Cd) None of these
to end faces of the cylinder with the help of two springs
4. Efficiency of the cycle is :
each of spring constant k. Initially both the springs are in
(a) 1Oln2.5-6 (b) 5In2.5-6 relaxed state. The temperature of left part of cylinder is
10102.5+9 5102.5+9 kept constant by some external means while heat is
(e) 10102.5-3 (dlNoneofthese supplied to right pan with the help of filament. Based on
5102.5+9 above information, answer the following questions:
•
k k
M ideal gas at NTP is enclosed in an adiabatic vertical
cylinder having an area of cross section A 27 em 2 = o. T o. T
between mo light movable pistons as shown in the Fig.
Spring with force constant k = 3700N/m is in a relaxed
state initially. Now the lower position is moved upwards a
1. If energy (heat) Q is supplied to right part so that the
distance hl2, h being the initial length of gas column. It is
observed that the upper piston moves up by a distance piston moves to the left by i, then the change in
4
'h / 16. Final temperature of gas = 413 x 273 K. Take y for:
the gas to be 3/2. ._ internal energy of right part of cylinder is :
(a) 15 kl2 + nRT
16
(b) 3nR[5kl' +
2 4nR 3
zr]
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYIIAMICS
2. If 100 gm of ice is melted during the cycle ABQ\, how
ee} ~k12 +2nRT much work is done on the gas?
16
Cd) None of the above (a) S kcal (b) 5 kcal
2. The heat given by left part of cylinder to external (e) 2.1 kJ (d) 4.2 kJ
arrangement is (for Q. 1) : 3. If the change in the volume is (VI - Vl) = Vml, the
(a) Q - kl2 - nRT work done (in N/m 2) during the cycle is, with P being
(b) Q - kl2 - 2nRT the atmospheric pressure acting on the piston.
(a) PV J (b) 2PV J
ee) Q_15 kl2 -nRT 2 3
16
(c) PV J (d) None of these
Cd) None of the above
3. The temperature of the gas in right part in final
equilibrium is (for information of Q. 1) :
!P" " " " "I ~i(j1
__ Vo.i_lJ_~ i.I
2 2
(a) Skl + ZT (b) 15k/ + 51' An ideal diatomic gas undergoes a process in which its
BnR 3 16nR 3 internal energy relates to its volume as, U = kJV, where k is
2 ,
(e) 15kl + zr Cd) Ski + 51' a positive constant.
16nR 3 8nR 3 Based on given information, answer the following
questions:
1. The molar heat capacity of gas for this process is :
(a) 2.5R (b) 2R
A cylinder containing an ideal gas (see diagram) and closed
by a movable piston is submerged in an ice-water mixture. (e) 4,5R (d) 3,SR
The piston is quickly pushed down from position (1) tD 2. The amount of heat transferred between system and
position (2) (process AB). The piston is held at position (2) surrounding so that the internal energy of system
until the gas is again at 0" C (process Be). Then the piston is increases by 300 J is :
slowly raised back to position (1) (process CA) : (a) 300 J (b) 240 J
(e) 420 J (d) 540 J
3. If 2 moles of gas is taken in mentioned process, then
o 000 the change in temperature of gas for Q. 12 is :
00
~o o 0 [R o8.314J/mol-k]
:: 2 0 0 (a) 7.2 K (b) 10K
o -----~:..----- 0 (d) 100 K
------------ 0 (c) 72K
o O'oooooe.o 0
o 0 0 o
o 00 0 0 0
o A container of volume 4Vo made of a perfectly
non-conducting material is divided into two equal parts by
1. Which of the following P-V diagrams will correctly a fixed rigid wall whose lower half is non-conducting and
represent the processes AB, BC and CA and the cycle upper half is purely conducting. The right side of the wall is
ABCA ? divided into equal parts (initially) by means of a massless
, non-conducting piston free to move as shown. Section A
ANC
A' : '
contains 2 mol of a gas while the section Band C contain 1
B~
f--2>.lc P
mol each of the same gas (y = 1.5) at pressure Po. The
,, (b) 'B
,, heater in left part is switched on till the final pressure in
(a) ,, ,, section C becomes.125/27 Po, Calculate:
, ,
v, V, V V, V, V
Nc
p p
A s' :
C~A
' ,
(e) : :8 (d)
,, '
'
,, ',
,
v, v, V v, v, v
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
~'j I'
A B V, •.P." Vol_tJ
," \ "',.'1 .•..
{JI ~
~
An ideal gas undergoes a change in its state from 1 to 2
P, through three difference processes, A, Band C. as shown in
~
•
I
P, , Fig.
P
P,
, www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS 265
--tJ:!..
.•.
"" vv
\~ " f'/ ./'f ., ~
•.•.O-~
cycle is :
Cb) 900 R
Cd) 1200Rln2
3. The total work done by the gas during the complete
4JF:t VO
d
The dot in Fig. represents the initial state of a gas. An 1. How much heat is supplied by the elemcnl till it
adiabat divides the P.V diagram into regions 1 and 2 as reaches the spring:
(a) zero (b) 600 J
shown.
p (e) 8000 J Cd) 1000 J
2. How will process look like on a P-V diagmm :
B
(a) P)-'~B , v (b) P -.-/_A_ v
v
L
1. For which
corresponding
positive:
of the following processes,
heat supplied to the system Q is
(e) Pl-'~B .v
Cd)
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
266 THEIlJIIOD'/NAMI •
2P.
P
..~ c
(a) PIl?".
a T
(b) PI;lt'"
JC_ T
p.
"A: o
0
v. 3Vo V
Cd) none of these
(e) P ~c
'
heat inflow and outflow of the system: ~c
P aL~=---.T
t:] a, c
(a) a, ~"
.....," ," -tl
_•.••.• ",:~/;' ~
•...
~
A 0
a. Two cylinder A and B having piston connected by massless
0'--,,-----,;'-;;;,-. v rod (as shown in Fig.). The cross-sectional area of two
cylinders are same and equal to •S' . The cylinder A contains
P
m gm of an ideal gas at pressure Po and temperature To. The
cylinder B contain identical gas at same temperature To but
(b)
0
t:l
a,
A 04 D
a,
V
has different mass. The piston is held at the state in the
position so that volume of gas in cylinder A and cylinder B
are same and is equal to Vo'
'H:'::.1.....i:;~ i(
::::
P
AOa,
:.'.
A B
B
a,
(e) ifhe walls and piston of cylinder A are thermally insulated,
a, whereas cylinder B is maintained at temperature To
o 04 C reservoir. The whole system is in vacuum. Now the piston is
V slowly released and it moves towards left and mechanical
equilibrium is reached at the state when the volume of gas
P
in cylinder A becomes Vo . Then (here y for gas:::: 1.5).
2
Cd)
0
W
a,
o 04 C
a,
V
1. The mass of gas in cylinder B :
(a)
(c)
2./2 m
J2 m
(b) 3./2 m
(d) none of these
, www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
aL-----_'v V
3V,
1. Select the correct statement(s) :
(a) Positive work is done during the isobaric process 1. Net work done by the gas in the process is :
(b) Negative work is done during the adiabatic (a) 2PAVA (b)4PAVA
process (c) 6PAVA (d) 8PAVA
ee) The system cools dovl'D. during the process Be 2. Which of the following graphs best represent the cyclic
Cd) The system reject heat during the process CA process in T-V diagram:
2. If TA,TB and Tc are the temperatures at A,B and C
respectively, then identify the correct statement : I
T T
I
(a) TA <T8 <Tc (b)TA =,Te
(c) TA >Tc (d)TA <TB >Tc (a) (b)
3. Select the diagram showing the correct representation
of the thermodynamic cycle on at P-T diagram:
(a)
~~T
(b) lv".
a T (e)
I
T
(d)
I
T
aLT a'
..
T
3. What is the greatest temperature of the gas during the
cyclic process ?
(a) 600 K
(c) 2400 K
(b) 1200 K
(d) none of these
4. Select the diagram showing the correct representation
of the thermodynamic cycle on at V.T diagram:
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
268 THERMODYNAMICS
Column I Column II
MATCHING TYPE PROBLEMS
(p) Both Wand.6U are
1. An ideal gas (molar specific heat C v = SR/2) is taken positive
along pams acb, adb, and abo P2 = 2PI, V2 = 2V}. Along
ab, P = kV where k is a constant. The various
(a) V ...
0:,....
A B
parameters are shown in the Fig. Match Column I with L ~p
the corresponding options of Column II.
P
(q) Both W andNl are
P negative
b
P,
T, [b)
P, d
L T
T,
[e)
Column I
"- "- Column II I ~B
"-
(a)
W,'" (p) 15RT1/2 I
v
[b) w••• (q) -lSRTll2
(s) W is negative whereas
[e) V •• [.) RT, aU is positive
[d) Voc- (5) 2RT1
(d) V
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMODYNAMICS
be supplied to the gas (aj Heat given to system (i.e. (p) Positive
(,j If temperature increases then ideal gas sample) during iso-
-(d) C=CI'-2R
work done by gas is positive thermal expansion
(b) Work done by gas during adi. (q)
6. X and r are two equal size containers. X contains 5 abatk compression
mol of 1I2 and Y has 10 mol of 02 .It the same
temperature. Assuming that the gases are ideal, match
(c) Change in internal energy of (r)
Columns J and II :
gLlssample during adiabatic
Column I Column II process
(a) 1n the container X (p) Pressure of the gas is more. (d) Change in internal energy of (s) Negative
gas sample from most initial
state to the final state
(b) in the container Y (q) nns speed of gas molecules is
more 10. h kmol of a monochromarir ideal gas is taken
quasistatically from state A to state C along the
(e) Since the number of (r) Average thermal is more energy straight line shown in the Fig. Alternalivcly, the same
molecules of a molecule is the same as that
gas is taken quasistatically from A to C along the path
of a molecule in the other
container ARC, Express all answers in terms of PA and VA'
p
Cd) Since the gas has a (5) Internal energy of the system is
smaller (5) molecu- more than that of the system in P =2P .•. 6 c
the other container. c
lar mass
8. Find the charge in the internal energy of the system in (b) Chang~ in inrernal energy of the (q) 13 P \l
each of situation in talumn 1. gas along the straight line path AC 2 A A
Column I Column II (e) The work done by the gas along (,)
the path ABC
(aj
(d) The heatM/' added to the gas
along the path ABC
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
270 IHERMODYNAM
12. When a sample of a gas is taken from state i to state f 14. An ideal gas undergoes two processes A and B. One 0
along path iaf. heat supplied to the gas is SO cal and these is isothermal and the other is adiabatic.
work done by gas is 20 cal. If it is taken by path ibf,
then heat supplied is 36 cal. Column I Column I[
(aj (p) Heat supplied during curve
~'0f A is positive
'v
p~
~
; b
l~v
in adiabatic process
(el If internal energy of the gas at state i is (r) 40 cal
10 cal, then internal energy at state f
;,
(d) If internal energy at state b is 22 cal (5) 43 cal
and at i is 10 cal then heat supplied to
the gas along path ib is (d) (,) Temperature of gas in pro-
l~v
cess 8 is consamt
13. Respective graphs for adiabatic process taking first
tenn on Y-axis.
(d) Pressure-Internal Energy (,j (e) Heat given to the gas in going from C (t) Zero
to D along circle
(,j can't be said
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THERMOOYNAMICS
16. An ideal gas is taken along the reversible processes as 2. Statement~l: In an adiabatic process, change in
represented by the adjoining diagram. internal energy of a gas is equal to work done on or by
P{Nlm<) the gas in the process.
Statement.2 : Temperature of gas remains constant
c in a adiabatic process.
15
3. Statement-I: Air quickly leaking out of a balloon
becomes cooler.
Statement-2: The leaking air undergoes adiabatic
expa:lsion.
5- -----_ .._ .._----~ 4. Statement-I: In cyclic process, initial and final state
:A
, are same. Therefore net work done is zero.
,
V(m~) .
2 6 Statement-2: Initial and final temperature is equal,
therefore change in internal energy is zero.
"- Column-I "- "- Column-II
5. Statement-I: Systems are in thermal equilibrium,
(a) For processB ---+ C (pJ L\Q .> 0 when their temperature are same or average kinetic
(b) For processA ---+ B (qJ L\W > 0
energy per molecule is same.
Statement-2: Total kinetic energy or internal energy
(e) For cycleA ---+ B --Jo C ---+ A (,J L\U .> 0
or tetal energy does not determine the direcdon of
(dJ ForprocessC -t A (,) L\W = 0 flow of heat.
(0 L\Q <0
6. Statement-I: When a boule of cold carbonated
drink is opened a slight fog forms around the opening.
Statement-2: Adiabatic expansion of the gas causes
lowering of temperature and condensation of ,vater
vapours.
7. Statement-I: A quasi-static process is so called
because it is a sudden and large change of the system.
ASSERTION AND REASON Statement-2: An adiabatic process is no quase-statk
becCluseit is a sudden and large change of the system.
Direction: In the questions that follow rvvostatements 8. Statement-I: The work done on an ideal gas in
are given. Statement.2 is purported to be the explanation for changing its volume from V1 to V2 under any
statement 1. Study both the statements carefully and then polytrophic process is given by the integral "f P. dV
select your answers, according to the codes given below:
(a) If Statement-l is true, Statement-2 is true;
taken along the process.
"
Statement-2 is the correct explanation for
Statement-2: No work is done under an isochoric
Statement. I.
(b) If Statement-l is true, Statement.2 is true, process of the gas.
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for 9. Statement~l: When an ideal gas is taken from a
Statement-I. given thermodynamic state A to another given
(c) If Statement.l is true; Statement-2 is false. thermodynamic state B by any polytrophic process, the
(d) If Statement-l is false; Statement-2 is true. change in the interval energy of the system will be the
1. Statement-l : An ideal gas is enclosed within a same in all processes.
container fitted with a piston. When volume of this Statement-2: Internal energy of the gas depends
enclosed gas is increased at constant temperamre, the only upon its absolute temperature.
pressure exerted by the gas on the piston decreases. 10. Statement-I: Experimental results indicate that the
Statement.2 : In the above situation the rate of molar specific heat of hydrogen gas at constant
molecules striking the piston decreases. If the rate at volume below 50 K is equal to 5/2 R, where R is the
which molecules of a gas having same average speed universal gas constant.
striking a given area of the waU decreases, the Statement-2: A diatomic hydrogen molecule
pressure exerted by gas on the wall decreases. possesses three translational and two rotational
degrees of freedom at all temperatures.
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
272 1M RMOllYJIAMICS
AN9WEIttl
3. (a) -" Cb) -q; (c) or; (d) .q 4. (a)- p, q, r, s; (b)- p, r; (e)- P. q, r. s; (d)- p. s
5. (a) -p, r, s; (b) .q; (e) -p, r, s; (d) -q, r 6. (a)- q. r; (b). p, r. ,; (c). P. ,; (d)- q
7. (a) -r; (b) -s; (e) -p, s; (d) -q. s 8. (a)- q; (b). r; (c). p
9. (a) -p; (b) or.,; (c) -p, q; (d) -poq 10. (a)- r; (b)- ,; (c)- p; (d)-q
11. Ca) -q; (b) -" (c) -p; (d) -r 12. (a)- p; (b)- ,; (c)- r; (d)- q
13. (a) or; (b) -p; (c) -p; (d) .r 14. (a)- p, q ; (b)- r, s; (e). P. q; (d)- r, s
15. (a) -p; (b) .q; Cc) -q 16. (a)-p. q. r; (b).p, r. ,; (c)-p, q; (d)-,
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
IHEAMODYNAMICS
Solution
Passage-4
say Q' is transferred from gas to external
arrangement (which is used to keep its
temperature constant).
As temperature of left pan is constant so change
1. [d] At t = 0,
let p be the in internal energy of left part is zero.
pressure of gas, then free
Body diagram of piston
would be as follows : c¥l====O From first law of thermodynamics
Q _ Q' = Total work done by the gas against
surrounding in both the chambers (W) + change
poA+kxo+rng=pA
in internal energy of right chamber (6U).
kxo mg
P=Po+-+- W = work done against the spring force only
A A 2
= k{l/4)2 x 2= kl
P = 1.12 N/m2 2 16
2. [c] From first law of thermodynamics, t.U= nCvaT= nC,,(T,-T)
dQ=dU+dW Where Tf is the final equilibrium temperature of
dW = dQ-dU fight part.
__ 31/4__ 5//4_
= n(Cp -C,,)dT = nRdT
W = nRxaT = 114.3J
k k
3. [a] Net heat supplied in time tis,
J
Q = (100- 20)dr = BOr. As heat has been P" T
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
274 THIIIMOD\'NAMICS
2
Sk1 5T Passage-12
=--+-
BnR 3
1. [a] It is given that there is decreases of the internal
3R energy while the gas expands absorbing some
t.U=nx-xCTj -T)
2 heat, which numerically equal to the decrease in
internal energy.
= 3nR[Skl' + zr]
28nR3 Hence dQ = -dU
Thus, dQ = dW +dU= -dU
So. Q'=Q-W -flU
2 dW =-2dU
=Q_kI2 _15k1 -nRT
16 16 (remembering that both dW and du are
negative)
=Q_kl2 -nRT.
'.. PdV = 3CdT [dU = -edT]
Passage-10
Where C is the molar specific heat of the gas
1. [el. 2.[dl. 3.[al
Since the gas is ideal, PV = RT
Using U ::::nC II T where n is numb~r of moles of
gas and T is temperature of gas \ . From (2) P =-
RT
V
nCl,T = kV1!2
.
Hence (1) gives RT
-dV = XdT ~ _dV = __
2CdT
1V-I12 = _k_ = constant V V R T
nC,
Using PV=nRTT=_
,
PV
nR
Solving, we get \IT
(-'C) R = constant
PV
nR
X v-1I2 = constant Also since, dQ = -dU:C = (dQ)
dT v
COns!
pv1/2 = constant
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
THIRMODYNAMICS
Tf
32Vo R T v.lIS J J dT -= -2C[TI
Hence,W= f -~dV
2V V,IS
Integrating, W -= dW -= -X
o
- To]
v,
Putting 1'/ -= To C = _ SR
2' 2
SR
W -= --To
2
Passage.16
1. [d] If the gas goes into the region 2 the work done
by the gas increases as the area under curve
increases so mole heat is needed to the supplied.
W = _ 5Rl'o 2. [b] The temperature of the gas decreases as the gas
= 2 does work at the expense of internal energy.
SRT Passage.17
Work done by the gas:::; __ 0
2 1. [d] Since from begining to A process is isobaric hence
Note: In a normal polytropic process, the work 6.Q = nC p6.T
done dW changes the temperature by dT and
volume by av. Here heat dQ entries or levels the 5
6.Q = -nR x ----
[PoV, - PoV,]
system, dQ = dW + dU, and molar specific heat 2 nR
(= C v) is positive. Consider the adiabatic
Vi = 8x 10-3 Vg = (8+ 2x 2)x 10-3
process, in which dQ = 0. The work done dW
goes entirely to change temperature by dT and "'Q: 1000J
volume by dV. Here dW = -dU, and molar
specific heat = 0. 2. [b] Initially Po -= canst. and then P increases linearly
with V.
Consider a polytropic process in which the molar
kx
specific heat, C is negative. The relation 3. [al Pa =Po+-
dQ = dW + dU still holds. But the heat dQ A
entering the system, cools the system, lowers the 1
105 + 2000 x 2 X10- '" 1.2 x lOS
temperature T by dT and volume by dV directly. 2x 10-2
In addition, the work done dW also changes
temperature T and volume V. Thus, in such a upto A WI = lOs x 4x 10-3 = 400J
process, a given change of temperarure dT 3
involves a change of volume dV1 due to the work h At
= 2.Zx lOS x 4x 10- =: 440J
fromA~B 2
done dW and a funher change of volume dV2 2
due to heat dQ (as an effect of the negative W1
-:--:
400 10
specific heat), the total change of volume being W2 440 11
dV -= dV1 + dV2• The work done dW contributes
to only the part dV1 of this change. Passage-19
m ...(1)
In the polytropic process in the given problem PoVo = -RT in A cylinder
M
dQ -= -dU and C -= -e~,and I dV11=I dV21. Thus in
a given change dV of the system, the work done PBVO = rna RT in B cylinder ...(2)
dW contributes to only dV12 of that change, and M
hence dW -= P. dV [instead of p. dV as in a Adiabatic
2
Aliter:
normal process]
Let Tf be final temperature.
PoVJ=PI(~r
T_oo_oO
T. ViiS T VIIS To Pf = zJ2po = Ps
Then, :-
I - vj!s - [32V
o]I/S 2 Divide eqns. (1)/(Z),
PoVo rn
Also, dW : -2dU : -2CdT --:-
PaVs rna
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
(3'2)-1
Sol. [el Area of triangle =.! (Base) x
2
Height
= 2(./2 - I)Po Vo
'. , ,p,'p ",[:>,r,
Frompressive = PI Area = 2F2PS , ,..
3P ••••••••••••••• 9PA
W = (P;Vi -PI VI) = PoVo - 2FzpoCYo/2) TA :
A
y-l (3/2)~~,
PA "'..
" . •
= 2PoVo(l-./2)
= PoVo(2(l-1.414) = Po Vo(-O.B2B) = -O.B2BPoVo
I= Q.B2BPoVo
IW..•..
::;SP..•..
V..•..
T =C = nRTo 1n(V/) = P/V/ In(3Vo) For BC P.V eq. is P = crV + b
~ 2Vo
= 2f2Poe~0 H~)
= 3F2PoVo In(%)
= [min (1.5)PoVol = (4.242 x OAO)PoVo
WB = 1.719PoVo 9PA = crV•.•..+b
www.puucho.com
Study Anurag Mishra with www.puucho.com
!HERM DYNAMICS
By equation (1) 14. (a) Isothennal process, 6,V = 0, W = +ve ~ 8Q = +ve
Since volume is increasing in both processes
3PA 2
nRT = --(2VA) + 12PA(2VA) (b) A is adiabatic with -ve work done => tlU = +ve
VA
B is isothennal
= -l2PA VA + 24PA VA (c) Same as a
nRT=l2PAVA (d) Same as b
nRT = 12nRTA .' > 15. (a) A to C along circle net work done is +ve and tlV is
-ve
T = 12TA
But (tlW - tlV) > 0 SO, 6Q = tlW - tlU
=12x200 tlQ>O
= 2400K (b) B to C along circle there is compression so work
done is(-ve) and tlU is (-ve) So tlQ is -ve
(c) Same as B to C along circle
Matching Type Problem
www.puucho.com