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BUILDING UTILITIES
 AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
BUILDING UTILITIES

BUILDING UTILITIES I: PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM: INTRODUCTION
TERM DEFINITION
PLUMBING An art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions.
PLUMBARIUS Roman term of Plumbing
PLUMBUM Latin word of Lead
HISTORY
DATE EVENTS
2500 BC Egyptian Pyramid contains toilet
2000 BC Water closets used in India
1770-1440 BC Bathing facilities in royal place in Knossos in Crete, Greece
1055 BC Israelites bury wastes under earth.
800 BC King Minos of crete has flush toilet
144 & 310 BC Romans built the first underground aqueduct
206 BC – 24 AD Han Dynasty king use toilet with running water.
1935 Registration of National Master Plumber Association of the Philipines; NAMPAP initiated Plumbing Code for the City of Manila
1940’s Toilet was considered as luxury
1955 Approval of RA 1378- Plumbing Law of the Philippines approved by President Ramon Magsaysay
1959 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
1966-1969 Curriculum for Plumbing Engineer was introduced at Feati University
1967 Amendment of NPCP which include Asbestos-cement pipe as approved plumbing material
1970’s French Developed public super loos, open automatically after 15 minutes, clean themselves
1972 National Building Code of the Philippines was passed with National Plumbing Code of 1959 as referral code.
1999 Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 was approved by President Joseph Estrada
20th CENTURY Average person spends three years of their life on toilet, women three times longer than man per visit
21st CENTURY Japanese companies are developing toilets that can analyse waste and send results to doctor; suction could replace flushing water
DEFINITION OF TERMS
BACKFLOW The flow of water into a water supply system from any source other than its regular source
BACK PRESSURE Air pressure in drainage pipe greater than atmospheric pressure
BACK VENT PIPE Connects directly with individual trap underneath or behind the fixture
BALL COCK A faucet opened or closed by the fall or rise of ball floating on the surface of the water
BATTERY OF FIXTURE Is any two or more similar adjacent fixture which discharge into common horizontal or soil branch
BELL Portion of a pipe which for a short distance.
BIBB Synonymous with faucet, cock, tap, plug, the word faucet is more preferred
BIDET Plumbing fixture used for washing the part of the body especially the genitals
BLOW OFF A controlled outlet on a pipe line used to discharge water or detritus
BRANCH Any part of the piping system other than the main, riser, or stack
BRANCH INTERVAL A length of soil or waste stack corresponding to a storey height
BRANCH VENT A vent pipe connected from a branch
BUILDING SUBDRAIN A portion of a drainage system which cannot be drain by gravity into the building sewer.
CALKING Plugging an opening with oakum, lead, or other materials
CAP Fitting at the end of the pipe and is screwed for the purpose of closing the end
CATCH BASIN A receptacle which liquids are retained for sufficient period of time and to deposit settle able materials
CESSPOOL A pit used used for the deterioration of sewage.
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CHECK VALVE A valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of water in a reverse direction.
CIRCUIT VENT A group vent extending from a front of the last fixture connection on a horizontal branch to vent stack.
COMMON VENT Unit vent or dual vent
CONDUCTOR LEADER OR DOWNSPOUT A vertical pipe to convey rainwater
CONTINOUS VENT Vertical vent that is continuous to a drain to which vent connect.
CORPORATION COCK Stop valve placed in a service pipe close to the water main
DEAD END The extended portion of a pipe closed at one end and no connection are made
DEVELOPED LENGTH An enclose distribution panel for connection or branching of one or more electric circuits without making permanent splices.
DIAMETER A length along the centreline of the pipe and fittings.
DOUBLE OFFSET Two offset in succession or in series in the same line
DRAIN A sewer of other pipe or conduit used for conveying ground water, surface water, storm water, waste water or sewerage
DRAINAGE SYSTEM A Drainage pipe system that takes the waste water from the plumbing fixture and deliver it to the sewer or some other outlet.
DRY VENT Vent that does not carry water or water borne waste.
FAUCET A valve in a water pipe by means of which water can be drawn or held within the pipes
FIXTURE A receptacle attached to the plumbing systems other than a trap in which water or water waste may be collected
FIXTURE BRANCH A supple pipe between the fixture and the water distributing pipe
FIXTURE DRAIN A drain from a trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain with any other drain
FICTURE UNIT One fixture unit is equivalent to the flow rate of one cubic foot of water or 7.5 gallons of water per minute
FLOOD LEVEL A level in the fixture at which water begins to overflow.
FLUSH VALVE A valve used for flushing a fixture by using water directly from the water supply system or connected to a special flush tank.
GATE VALVE A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a disk, fitting against and sliding on a machine smooth faces, the motion of the disk being at right
angles to the direction of the flow.
GLOBE VALVE A valve in which the flow of water is cut-off by means of a circular disk that fit against the valve seat.
GRADE The slope or the fall of the line of the pipe in reference to the horizontal plane and is usually expressed in percent
GROUND WATER The water that is standing in or passing through the ground
HORIZONTAL BRANCH An inequality of positive and negative electricity in or on body. The charge stored in a capacitor (condenser) corresponds to a deficiency of free
electrons on the positive place, and to an excess of free electrons on the negative plate.
HOUSE DRAIN Part of the lowest piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharge pipe inside of the building and conveys it to the house sewer.
SANITARY SEWER A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewerage with or without industrial waste and without the admixture of surface water etc.
SEAL A vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir
SEPTIC TANK A watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of a plumbing system or part thereof.
SERVICE PIPE A pipe from the water main or source of water supply to the building served
SEWAGE Liquid waste conducted away from the residence, business, buildings etc
SOIL PIPE Any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals and fixtures having similar functions
SOIL STACK PIPE A vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and liquid wastes.
STACK VENT The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to a stack.
STAND PIPE A vertical pipe used for the storage of water frequently under pressure
TRAP A fitting or device as constructed so as to prevent the passage of air, gas and vermin through the pipe without materially affecting the flow of sewerage
or waste water through it.
VENT A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in the plumbing system and for reducing the pressure exerted on trap walls.
WASTE PIPE A pipe, which conveys liquid waste
WET VENT Portion of a pipe through which liquid waste flow
PLUMBING MATERIALS
CAST IRON PIPE (C.I)  AKA Gray Cast Iron

ACID RESISTANT, CAST IRON PIPE (AR)
ASBESTOS PIPE (AP)
BITUMINOUS FIBER SEWER PIPE (BFSP)
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
LEAD PIPE
GALVANIZED STEEL (GS) PIPE
BRASS PIPE
COPPER PIPES
PLASTIC / SYNTHETIC PIPES
AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
BUILDING UTILITIES
 Fabricated from an alloy containing carbon and silicon
 Manufactures in three classifications: Standard (Service) Weight, Extra Heavy Weight, Hubless
 Usually lined with cement or coal tar enamel and is coated externally with a variety of materials to reduce corrosion by soils
 Two types of pipe ends: Bell (Hub) & Spigot and Hubless
 Bell and Spigot – diameter ( 3 – 5 inches)
 Hubless – diameter ( 1 ½ - 10 inches)
 Use for sewage less than 25 storeys.
 Vertical piping shall be supported at every storey or closer while horizontal piping shall be supported at minimum of 1.50 m interval
 AKA High-silicon Iron Pipe
 A gray cast iron alloy containing 14.5 and 15 % silicon
 Used for chemical laboratory
 Characterized by brittleness
 Asbestos fiber and Portland cement
 Twice the thickness of cast iron pipe
 Use for soil, waste, vent, and downspout
 Suited for embedment and cement
 Cheapest of all pipes
 Recommended for sewer and septic tank installation
 Light weight, slightly flexible
 High temperature may soften or damage pipe
 Oldest plumbing material for sewer lining
 From clay at .75 in L
 Resistant to acid
 Suited for underground installation
 Oldest plumbing materials used by Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans
 Used of soil and waste pipe
 Highly resistant to acid and suitable for underground installation
 Vertical piping shall be supported at minimum interval of 1.20 m with rigid vertical back-up
 Horizontal Piping shall be supported with stiff metal or wooden backing
 Mild steel, drawn through a die and welded cast in 6.00m
 Lifespan between 15-25 years
 Can be corroded by Alkaline and acid water
 Vertical Piping shall be supported at not less than every other storey height
 Horizontal piping shall be supported at every 3.00 m for 19 mm diameter and 3.60 m for 25 mm diameter or larger.
 Most expensive of all types of pipes
 Alloy of 15% zinc and 85% copper high resistance to acid
 Fittings are similar to galvanized steel pipes
 Easy to install
 Corrosive resistant
 Vertical piping shall be supported ar every 3.00 m on center
 Horizontal pipng of 38 mm diameter or less should be supported at 1.8 m while 51mm diameter or more shall be supported at every 3m
 Used as drain, vent, heating and cold water supply line
 Three types: K (Heaviest), L (Lighter and Flexible), M (Thinnest and rigid)
 Developed in Germany during 1935
 Introduced in the Philippines during 1970’s
 Lifespan 50 years under normal condition
 Vertical Piping shall be supported at every 1m
 Horizontal Piping Shall be supported by stiff metal or wood backing without sagging
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BUILDING UTILITIES

PIPE MARKING STANDARD

COLOR SCHEME PIPE CONTENTS
WHITE TEXT ON RED Fire quenching fluid
BLACK TEXT ON ORANGE Toxic and Corrosive Fluid
BLACK TEXT ON YELLOW Flammable Fluids
WHITE TEXT ON BROWN Combustible Fluids
WHITE TEXT ON GREEN Portable, cooling, boiler feed and other water
WHITE TEXT ON BLUE Compressed air
WHITE TEXT ON PURPLE User defined
BLACK TEXT ON WHITE
WHITE TEXT ON GRAY
WHITE TEXT ON BLACK

WATER DISTRIBUTION
Cold Water Distibution
LEVEL 1 POINT SOURCE
LEVEL 2 COMMUNAL FAUCET
LEVEL 3: WATER WORKS or INDIVIDUAL
CONNECTION SYSTEM
 Protected dug/ drilled well, a rainwater tank, or a developed spring with outlets but without a distribution system.
 15 to 25 households can be served without an outreach of not more than 250 m from the farthest user.
 For medium density rural housing
 Minimum horizontal distance of 15.2 from sanitary concrete sewer/ building sewer.
 Minimum horizontal distance of 30.5 m from sewage disposal field
 No concrete sewer within 15m radius
 No outdoor privies, cesspool or septic tank drain fields within 45.7 m radius of the well
 All abandoned well should be sealed
 Well should be free from flood
 System composed of a source, transmission pipe, reservoir, piped distribution network and communal faucets located not more than 25 me from
the farthest house
 The system provides one faucet per 4 to 6 households and delivers about 40 to 60 liters per capita per day to an average of 100 households
 This type of system is generally suitable for rural and urban fringe areas
 More reliable but higher construction cost.
 A system with source, transmission pipes, a reservoir, a piped distribution network and household taps.
 This type of system is generally suitable for highly populated areas/ urban areas.

PARTS OF INDIVIDUAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

PARTS FUNCTIONS
WATER MAIN Refers to the public water system lay underground along the street where house is connected.
CORPORATION COCK A stop valve placed un a service pipe close to its connection with the water main.
GOOSE NECK It prevents the pipe from snapping when the soil settles
SERVICE PIPE A Pipe between the water main and the water meter, commonly a GI.
GATE VALVE Consists of a wedge shaped plug, which is used to seat down between two brass rings surrounding the inlet pipe so that a double seal is obtained
WATER METER A Mechanical device used to measure volume of water passing through a pipe or outlet.
CHECK VALVE Is used when it is desired that the flow through a pipe be always in one direction. There is a possibility of a flow-taking place in the opposite direction.
DISTRIBUTION PIPE A pipe between the water meters to the fixtures.
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BUILDING UTILITIES

BUILDING UTILITIES II: MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM: INTRODUCTION
TERM DEFINITION
Electricity is a form of energy generate by friction, induction or chemical change having magnetic, chemical and radiant effect. In short, electricity is
ELECTRICITY
electrons in motion.
WILLIAM GILBERT The title of Father of Electricity was accredited to an English Physicist, after publishing his studies on the Electric Attraction and the Electric Force.
ELECTRON The negative charged particle of an atom which is sometimes referred to as the negative charge of electricity.
PROTON The positively charged particles of an atom which is sometimes referred to as the positive charge of electricity that weights about 1850 times as much as
the electrons.
NEUTON The particles which is not electrically charged and weights slightly more than the proton.
ION The term applied to an atom or molecule which is not electrically balanced.
VOLT OR VOLTAGE Electrical pressure that cause the electrons to move through a conductor. In short, voltage is the electromotive force.
VOLT Was named after Alessandro Volta an Italian scientist who discovered that electrons flow when different metals are connected by wire and
then dipped in a liquid that conduct or carry electrons.
AMPERE The standard unit used in measuring the strength of an electric current named after Andre M Ampere.
WATT The rate or measure of power used or consumed. The term is named after James Watt a Scottish inventor.
RESISTANCE The opposition or friction to the flow of current. The term Resistance for DC electricity and Impedance for AC electricity.
ELECTRIC CURRENT The flow or rate of flow of electric force in a conductor.
DIRECT CURRENT Electricity flow only in one direction. The flow is said to be from negative to positive. The common source of a direct current is the dry cell or
storage battery.
ALTERNATING CURRENT Electricity constantly reverses its direction of flow. This type of electricity is generated by machines called AC generators.
ALTERNATING CURRENT OR A current or voltage that changes in strength according to a sine curve.
VOLTAGE
HERTZ (HZ) Named after H.R. Hertz.
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM The flow of fluid is impeded or resisted by friction caused by the wall of the pipe, fittings and other turns and offsets.
OHMS LAW I= V/R WHERE: I= current
V= voltage
R= resistance for DC electricity
FOR AC ELECTRICITY
I= V/Z WHERE: I= current
V= voltage
Z= impedance
GEORGE SIMON OHM A German scientist, discovered the relationship between the current voltage and resistance
SERIES CONNECTION A single path exist for current flow that is the elements are arranged in a series one after the other with no branches.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT The multiple connections where the loads are placed across the same voltage constituting a separate circuit.
TRANSFORMER a simple static device consisting of a magnetic core wherein a primary and secondary windings are made.
ENERGY In practical terms, energy is synonymous with fuel it is associated with work.
POWER The rate at which energy is used or alternatively, the rate at which work is done.
HISTORY
DATE EVENTS

600 BC It was discovered that by rubbing amber it will became charged.

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1600 AD William Gilbert described the electrification of many substances. Gilbert is called father of modern electricity
1660 AD Otto von Guericke invented a crude machine for producing static electricity.
1729 AD Stephen Gray distinguished between conductors and non-conductors. D.U. du Fay recognized two kinds of electricity.
1752 AD Benjamin Franklin and Ebenezer kinnersley named these two kinds of electricity “positive” and “negative”.
1745 AD Pieter van Musschenbroek invented the Leyden jar which stored static electricity.
1747 AD William Watson discharged a Leyden jar through a circuit, and comprehension of the current and circuit started a new field of experimentation. The invention of the battery
opened an interest in currents.
1827 AD Continuous current from batteries was the basis for the discovery of G.S. Ohm’s law.
1841 AD J.P. Joule’s law of electrical heating Ohm’s law together with G.R. Kirhoff’s rules, which came later, is the basic means of making circuit calculations.
1819 AD Han Christian Oested discovered that a magnetic field surrounds a wire carrying current.
1821 AD Adre-Marie Ampere had established several electromagnetic laws. D.F. Argo and Michael Faraday invented the electromagnet.
1831 ad Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry invented the electric generator. Hippolyte pixie constructed a hand driven model of a generator.
1858 AD First stream driven generator was put into service.
1878 AD C.F. Brush Installed the first arc lights in Wanamakers store in Philadelphia. U.S.A. Joseph W. Swqan invented the carbon filament lamp.
1879 AD Thomas Alva Edison advocated direct Current (DC)
1882 AD The first central electoral electric-light power plant in the world, “Pearl street Plant” was completed by Thomas Edison in New your City, USA.
1888 AD C.A. Parsons introduced the steam turbine to drive an alternator to produce alternating current (AC).
1893 AD Nikola Tesla designed the first hydroelectric power station in the world at Nilagara Falls, producing alternating current.
1900 AD In the late 19th century the major fuel used for the production of electricity was coal.

ELECTRICAL TERM
ACCESS FITTING A fitting that permits access to conductor or enclosed wiring, elsewhere than at an outlet.
ACTIVE ELECTRICAL A network that contains one or more sources of electrical energy.
NETWORK Admittance- it is the reciprocal of impedance.
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER A circuit breaker in which the interruption occurs in air.
AIR SWITCH A switch in which the interruption occurs in air.
AIR-BLAST TRANSFORMER A transformer cooled by force circulation air through its core and coil.
ALIVE Electrically connected to a source of emf, electrically charged with a potential different from that of the earth. Also: Practical synonym for current-
carrying
ALTERNATING CURRENT A periodic current, the average value of which over a period is zero.
ALTERNATOR (Synchronous Generator, a synchronous alternating-current machine, which changes mechanical power into electrical power.
AMMETER An instrument for measuring electrical current.
AMPACITY Current currying capacity.
AMPERE A charge flow one coulomb per second.
ANNUNCIATOR An electromagnetically operated signaling apparatus, which indicated whether a current is flowing or has flowed in one or more circuits.
APPARENT POWER A single phase, two wire circuit, the product of the effective current in one conductor multiplied by the effective voltage between the two points
of entry.
APPLIANCE Current-consuming equipment, fixed or portable such as heating or motor operated equipment.
ARMOR CLAMP A fitting for gripping the armor of a cable at the point where the armor terminates, or where the cable enters junction box or other apparatus.
ARMORED CABLE A cable provided with a wrapping of metal, usually steel wires, primarily for the purpose the mechanical protection.
ARRESTER, LIGHTING A device which reduces the voltage of a surge applied to its terminals and restores itself to its original operating condition.
AUTOTRANSFORMER A transformer in which part of the winding is common to both the primary and secondary circuit.
B X CABLE Trade name armored cable made by General Electric Co. commonly used to refer armored cable.
BACK CONNECTED SWITCH A switch in which the current- carrying conductors are connected to studs in back of the mounting base.
BIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT A current that has both positive and negative values.
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BOND, CABLE An electric connection across a joint in the armor or lead sheath of a cable, or between the armor or sheath to ground, or between the armor or
sheath of adjacent cable.
BOX, CONDUIT A metal box adapted for connection to conduit for connection for installation of wiring making-connections, or mounting devices.
BOX, JUNCTION ( INTERIOR A metal box with blank cover for joining runs of conduit, electrical metallic tubing, wire-way or raceway, and providing space for connection and
WIRING) branching of enclosed conductors.
BOX JUNCTION An enclose distribution panel for connection or branching of one or more electric circuits without making permanent splices.
BRANCH CIRCUIT The portion of a wiring system extending beyond the final automatic overload protective device.
BRANCH CIRCUIT A distribution circuit at which branch circuit are supplied.
DISTRIBUTION CENTER
BRANCH CIRCUIT, A circuit supplying energy either to permanently wired appliances or to attachment –plug receptacles such as appliance or convenience outlets,
APPLIANCE and having no permanently connected lighting fixtures.
BRANCH CIRCUIT, A circuit supplying energy to lighting outlets only.
LIGHTING
BRANCH CONDUCTOR A conductor that branches off at an angle from a continuous run of conductor.
BRANCH JOINT A multiple joint for connection of a branch conductor or cable to a main conductor or cable, wherein the latter continues beyond the branch.
BREAK The break of a circuit opening device is the minimum distance between the stationary and movable contacts when the device is in its open
position.
BREAKDOWN Also termed “puncture”, denoting a disruptive discharge through insulation.
BREAKER, LINE A device that combines the functions of a contractor and a circuit-breaker.
BURIED CABLE A cable installed under the surface of the soil such manner that it cannot be removed without digging up the soil.
BUS A conductor or group of conductor, which serves as a common connection for three or more circuit in a switchgear assembly.
BUSHING Also termed insulating bushing”, a lining for a hole for insulation and/ or protection form abrasion of one or more conductors passing through it.
CABINET An enclosure for either surface or flush mounting provided with a frame, mat, or trim.
CABLE FAULT A partial or total local failure in the insulation continuity of the conductor.
CABLE JOINT Also termed a “splice”, a connection between two or more individual lengths of cable with their conductor individually connected, and with
protecting sheaths over the joints.
CABLE SERVICE Service conductor arranged in the form of a cable.
CABLE, ELECTRIC An inequality of positive and negative electricity in or on body. The charge stored in a capacitor (condenser) corresponds to a deficiency of free
electrons on the positive place, and to an excess of free electrons on the negative plate.
CAPACITOR A device specially designed to exhibit the effect of capacitance.
CHOKE COIL A low conduction path through which electric charge may flow. A DC circuit is a closed path for charge flow, an AG circuit is not necessarily
closed, and ma conducts in part by means of an electric field (displacement current)
CIRCUIT The path taken by an electrical current in flowing through a conductor from one terminal at the source of supply to the other.
CIRCUIT BREAKER A device used to open a circuit automatically.
CIRCULAR MIL The area of circle one-thousands of an inch in diameter, are in circular mils=diameter in mils, squared or multiplied by itself.
CLEAT An assembly a pair of insulating, material member with grooves for holding one or more conductors at a definite distance from mounting surface.
CLIP, FUSE Contact on a fuse support for connecting a fuse holder into a circuit.
CLOSED ELECTRIC CIRCUIT A complete electric circuit through which current will flow. In an AC closed circuit, charge flow may be changed into displacement current
“through” a capacitor (condense).
CLOSED-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE The terminal voltage of a sources of electricity under a specified current demand by electric charge flow.
COIL A conductor arrangement (basically a helix or spiral) that concentrates the magnetic field produced by electric charge flow.
COMPOSITE CONDUCTOR A conductor consisting of two or more strands of different metal, operated in parallel.
CONCEALED To be made inaccessible by the structure or finish of a building, also wires run in concealed raceway.
CONDENSER Also termed “capacitor”, a device that stores electric charge by means of an electric field.
CONDUCTOR A substance that has free electrons or other charge carrier, which permit charge flow when an emf is applied across the substance.
CONDUIT A structure containing one or more duct; commonly formed from iron pipe or electrical metallic tubing.
CONDUIT FITTINGS Accessories used to complete a conduit system, such as boxes, bushings and access fitting.
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CONDUIT RUN A duct bank, an arrangement of conduit with a continuous duct between two points in an electrical installation.
CONDUIT, FLEXIBLE METAL A flexible raceway of circular form for enclosing wires or cables, usually made of steel wound electrically and with interlocking edges, with a
weather-resistant coating.
CONDUIT, RIGID STEEL A raceway made or mild pipe with a weather-resistant coating.
CONTACTOR An electrical power switch not operated manually and designed for frequent operation.
CONTACTS Conducting parts, which employ a junction that is opened or closed to interrupt or complete a circuit.
CONTROL RELAY A relay to initiate or permit predetermined operation in a control circuit.
CONVERTER A machine that changes electric current of one kind into current of another kind by the use of rotating parts.
COULOMB An electric charge of 6.28 x 10 electrons. One coulomb is transferred when a current of 1 ampere continuous past a point for one second.
COUNTER EMF (CEMF), the effective emf within a system, which opposes current in a specified direction.
CURRENT The rate of charge flow. A current of one ampere is equal to a flow rate of one coulomb per second.
CYCLE The complete series of values, which occur during one period of a periodic quantity. The unit of frequency, the hertz is equal to one cycle per
second.
DEAD functionally conducting parts of an electrical system that have no potential difference or charge (voltage of zero with respect to ground)
DEGREE, ELECTRICAL An angle equal 1/360 of the angle between consecutive field poles like polarity in an electrical machine.
DIAGRAM, CONNECTION A drawing showing the connections and interrelations of devices employed in an electrical circuit.
DIELECTRIC A medium or substance in which a potential difference establishes an electric field, which is subsequently recoverable as electric energy.
DIRECT CURRENT A unidirectional current with a constant value. ”Constant Value” is defined in practice as a value that has negligible variation.
DIRECT EMF also termed “direct voltage”; an emf that goes not change in polarity and has a constant value that (one of negligible variation)
DISCHARGE An energy conversion involving electrical energy.
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT The apparent flow of charge “through” a dielectric such as in a capacitor, represented by building by buildup and/or decay of an electrical field.
DISRUPTED DISCHARGE A rapid and large current increase through and insulator due to insulation failure.
DIVIDER, VOLTAGE A tapped resistor or series arrangement of resistor, sometimes with movable contacts providing a desired IR drops. (A voltage divider is not
continuously and manually variable as in a potentiometer).
DROP, VOLTAGE An IR voltage between two specified points in an electrical circuit.
DUET A single enclosed runway for conductors or cables.
EFFICIENCY The ration of output power to input power, usually expressed as a percentage.
ELECTRICAL UNITS In the practical system, electrical units comprise the volt, the ampere the ohm, the watt, the watt hour the coulomb, the mho, the mho, the henry,
the farad and the joule.
ELECTRICITY A physical entity associated with the atomic structure of matter which occurs in polar forms (positive and negative) and which are separable by
expenditure of energy.
ELECTRODE A conducting substance through which electric current or leaves in devices that provide electrical control or energy conversion.
ELECTROLYTE A substance that provide electrical conduction when dissolved (usually in water).
ELECTROLYTIC Flow of electric charges to and from electrodes in an electrolytic solution.
CONDUCTOR
ELECTROMAGNETIC A process of generation of emf by movement of magnetic flux, which cuts an electrical conductor.
INDUCTION
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) and energy-charge relation that results in electric pressure which produces or tends to produce charge flow.
ELECTRON The subatomic unit of negative electricity; it is a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
ELECTRONICS The science treating of charge flow in vacuum, gases, and the crystal lattices.
ELECTROPLATING The electrical deposition of metallic ions as neutral as neutral atoms on an electrode immersed in a electrolyte.
ELECTROSTATICS A branch of electrical science dealing with the laws of electricity at rest.
ENERGY The amount of physical work, which a system is capable of doing. Electrical energy is measured in watt-second, or the product power and time.
EQUIPMENT, SERVICE A circuit-breaker or switches and fuses with their accessories, installed near the point of entry of services conductors to a building.
EXCITER An auxiliary generator for supplying electrical energy to the field of another electrical machine.
FARAD A unit of capacitance that is defined by the production of one volts across the capacitor terminals when a charge of one coulomb is stored.
FAULTS CURRENT An abnormal current flowing between conductors for connections, generating and substation, or a substation and a feeding point.
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FERROMAGNETIC A substance that has a permeability considerably greater than that of air, ferromagnetic substance has a permeability that changes with the
SUBSTANCE value of applied magnetizing force.
FILAMENT A wire or ribbon conduction (resistive) material which develops light and heat energy due to electric charge flow, light radiation is also
accompanied by electron emission.
FIXTURE STUD A fitting for mounting a lighting fixture in an outlet box, and which is secured to the box.
FLASHOVER A fitting for mounting a lighting, fixture in an outlet (but not through) an insulator.
FLOURESCENCE An electrical discharge process involving radiant energy transferred by phosphors into radiant energy that provides increased luminosity.
FLUX Electrical field energy distributed in space, in a magnetic substance, or in a dielectric. Flux is commonly represented diagrammatically by means of
flux lines denoting, magnetic or electric forces.
FORCE The number of periods occurring in unit time of a periodic process such as in the flow of electric charge.
FREQUENCY METER An instrument that measures the frequency f an alternating current.
FUSE A protective device with a fusible element that opens the circuits by melting subjected to excessive current.
FUSE CUTOUT An assembly consisting of a fuse support and holder, which may also include a fuse link.
FUSE ELEMENT Also termed “fuse link” the current-carrying part of a fuse, which opens the circuit when subjected to excessive current.
GALVANOMETER An instrument for indicating or measuring comparatively small electric currents. A galvanometer has zero-center indication.
GAP (Spark Gap); a high-voltage device with electrodes between which a disruptive discharge of electricity may pass, usually through air. A sphere
gap has spherical electrodes, needle gap has sharply pointed electrodes; a rod gap has rods with flat ends.
GENERATOR Machine that produces electricity.
GROUND OUTLET An outlet provided with a polarized receptacle with a ground contract for connection of grounding conductor.
GROUND Also termed “earth”; a conductor connected between a circuit and the soil; a chassis-ground is not necessary at ground potential, but is taken as
a zero volt reference point. An accidental ground occurs due to cable insulator defect, etc.
GROUND LUG A lug of convenient of grounding, conductor to a ground electrode or device to be grounded.
GROUNDED SWITCH A switch for connection or disconnection of grounding conductor
GROUND ELECTRODE A conductor buried in earth, for connection to a circuit. The buried conductor is usually a cold-water pipe, to which connection is made with a
ground clamp
GUY A wire or other mechanical member having one end secured and other end fastened to a pole or structural part maintained under tension
HANGER Also termed “cable rack”, a device usually secured to a wall to provide support for cables have equal and opposite reactance values.
HEAT COIL A protective device for opening usually secured to a wall to provide support for cables have equal and opposite reactance values.
HEATER In the strict sense, a heating element for raising the temperature of an indirectly heated cathode in a vacuum or gas tube. In addition, it applied
to appliances such as space heaters and radiant heaters
HENRY The unit for inductance, it permits current increase at the rate of 1 ampere per second and 1 volt is applied across the inductor terminals
HICKEY A fitting or mounting lighting fixture in an outlet box. In addition, a device used with a pipe handles for bending a conduit
HORN GAP A form of switch provided with arcing horns for automatically increasing the length of the arc and thereby extinguishing the arc
HYDROMETER An instrument for indicating the state of charge in a storage battery.
IMPEDANCE Opposition to AC current by a combination of resistance, impedance is measured in Ohms
IMPEDANCE, CONJUGATE A pair of impedances that have the same resistance values, and that have equal reactance value
IMPULSE an electric surge unidirectional polarity
INDOOR TRANSFORMER A transformer that must be protect from the weather.
INDUCED CURRENT A current that results in a closed conductor due to cutting of lines of magnetic force
INDUCTANCE An electric property of resistance less conductor which may have a coil form, and which exhibits inductive reactance to an AC current. All
inductors have at least a light amount of resistance
INDUCTOR A device such as coil with or without a magnetic core which developed inductance, as distinguished form the inductance of a straight wire
INSTANTANEOUS POWER The product of instantaneous voltages by the associated instantaneous current.
INSTRUMENT An electrical device for measurement of a quantity under observation, or for presenting characteristics of a quantity.
INSULATOR A device used to insulate electrical conductors
INTERCONNECTION TIE A feeder hat interconnects a pair of electric supply systems
INTERCONNECTION SYSTEM A connection of two or more power supply systems
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INTERLOCK An electrical device depending on its operation from another device, for controlling subsequent operations
INTERNAL RESISTANCE A connection of two or more power systems
ION A charge atom, or radial, for example, a hydrogen atom that has lost an electron becomes a hydrogen ion; sulfuric acids produces H+ and SO-4
ions in water solution
IR DROP A potential difference produced by charge flow through a resistance.
ISOLATING SWITCH An auxiliary switch for isolating the electric from its source of power, it is operated only after the circuit, or around an electrical instrument.
JOULE A unit electrical, energy is proportional to the square of the current.
JOULE’S LAW The rate at which the electrical energy is proportional to the square of the current
JUMPER A short length of conductor for making a connection between terminals, around a break in a circuit, or around an electrical instrument.
JUNCTION A point in a parallel or series- parallel circuit where branches of two or more paths.
JUNCTION BOX An enclosed distribution for the connection of branching of one or more electrical circuits, not using permanent splices. In the case of interior
writing, a junction box consists of metal box with a Blank cover; it is inserted in a run of conduit, raceway or tubing.
KIRCHOFF’S LAW The voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the drops around a close circuit is equal to zero. The current law states the algebraic sum of the
sum currents at a junction is equal to zero
KNOCKOUT A scored portion in the wall box od a box or cabinet, which can be removes easily by striking with a hammer, a circular hole is provide thereby for
accommodation of conduit or cable
KVA Kilovolt- amperes, the product of volts and amperes divided b 1000
LAG Denotes that a given sine wave passes through as peak at a later time than reference since wave.
LAMPHOLDER Also termed “socket” or “lamp receptacle”, a device for mechanical support of and electrical connection to a lamp.
LAY The lay of a helical element of a cable is equal to the axial length of a turn.
LEAD Denotes that a given sine wave through its peak at an earlier time than a reference sine wave.
LEAKAGE, SURFACE Passage of current over the boundary of an insulator as distinguished from passage of current through its bulk
LEG OF A CIRCUIT One of the conductors in a supply circuit between which the maximum supply voltage.
LEN’Z LAW States that an induced current in a conductor is in a direction such the applied mechanical d=force is opposed.
LIGHTING ROD A rod that is run from the ground up above the highest point of a building.
LIMIT SWITCH A device that automatically cuts the power off at or near the limit of the mechanical member
LIMIT SWITCH A switch that opens the circuit when a device reached the end of its travel
LOAD The load on an AC machine or apparatus id equal to the product of the rms voltage across its terminal and the rms current demand
LOCKING RELAY A relay that operates to make some other device inoperative under certain conditions
LOOM See tubing, flexible
LUMINOSITY Relative quantity of light
MAGNET A magnet I a body, which is the source of magnetic field
MAGNETIC FIELD A magnetic field is the space containing distributed energy in the vicinity of the magnet, and which magnetic forces are apparent
MAGNETIZING FORCE A number of amperes- turns in a transformer primary
MASS Quantity of matter, physical property, which determines the acceleration of the body as the result of applied force.
MATTER Matter is a physical entity that exhibits mass.
MEGGER An instrument that measures the resistance in megaohms
METER A unit length equal to 3937 inches: an electrical instrument for measurement of voltage, current power, energy, phase angles, synchronism,
resistance, impedance, capacitance, etc.
MHO The unit of conductance defined as the reciprocal of the ohm.
MICA Transparent mineral substance used in insulating commutators
MOTOR A machine that changes electrical energy into mechanical energy
MOUNTING, CIRCUIT Supporting structure of a circuit breaker
BREAKER
MULTIPLE FEEDER Two or more feeder connected in a parallel
MULTIPLE JOINT A joint for connecting a branch of conductor or cable to the main conductor or cable, to provide a branch circuit
MULTIPLIER, INSTRUMENT A series of resistor connected to ammeter mechanism for the purpose of proving a higher voltage- indicating range.
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MUTUAL INDUCTANCE An inductance that is common primary and secondary of a transformer, resulting from primary magnetic flux that cuts secondary winding
NEGATIVE A value less than zero, an electric polarity sign indicating an excess of electrons at one point with respect to another point; current sign indicating
charge flow away from injunctions
NETWORK A system of interconnected paths for charge flow
NETWORK, ACTIVE A network that contains one or more source of electrical energy.
PERMEABILITY The ratio of magnetic flux to magnetizing force
PHASE The time of occurrence of the peak value of an AC waveform with respect to the time of occurrence of the peak value of the reference
waveform. Phase is usually stated as the fractional part of the period.
PHASE ANGLE An angular expression of phase difference it is commonly expressed in degrees, and is equal to the phase multiplies by 360 degrees
PLUG A device that is inserted into a receptacle for connection of a cord to the conductors terminations the receptacle
POLARITY An electrical characteristics of emf, which determines the direction in which determines the direction of the current, tends to flow
POLARIZATION (BATTERY) Polarization is caused by development of gas at the battery electrodes during current demand, and has the effect of increasing the internal
resistance of the battery
POLE The pole of the magnet is an area at which it flux line tend to converge or diverge
POSITIVE A value greater than zero; an electric polarity sign denoting a deficiency of electrons at one point with respect to another point; current sign
indicating charge flow towards a junction
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE A potential difference of one volt is produce when one unit of work is done in separating unit charges through unit distance
POWER CIRCUIT Wires that carry current to electric motors and another devices using electric current
POWER, REAL Real power is develop by circuit’s resistance, or effective resistance
PRIMARY WINDING The input winding a transformer
PRIMARY BATTERY A battery that cannot be recharge after its chemical energy has been depleted
PROTON The subatomic unit of positive charge; a proton has a charge which is equal and opposite t that f an electron
PULL BOX A metal with black cover for insertion into a conduit run, raceway, or metallic tubing, which facilities the drawing conductors.
PULSATING CURRENT A direct current that does not have a steady value
PUNCTURE A descriptive electrical discharge through insulation
QUICK BREAK A switch or circuit- breaker which has high contact- closing speed
RACEWAY A channel holding wires or cables, constructed from metal, wood, or plastics, rigid metal conduit, electrical metal tubing, cast-in-place, under floor
surface wooden types wire ways, subways, bus ways and auxiliary gutters
RACK, CABLE A device secured to the wall to provide support for cable raceway
RATING The rating device, apparatus, or machine states the limits of its operating characteristics. Ratings are commonly stated in volts, amperes, watts,
ohm, degrees, horsepower, etc.
SERVING OF CABLE A wrapping over the core of a cable before it is leaded, or over the lead if it is armored.
SHADED POLE A single heavy conduction loop placed around one-half of a magnetic pole that develops an Ac field, in order to induce an out-of-phase
magnetic field.
SHEATH The outside covering that protects a wire or cable from injury.
SHEATH CABLE A protective covering (usually lead) applied to cable.
SHELL CORE A core for a transformer or reactor consisting of three legs, with the winding located on the center leg.
SHORT-CIRCUIT A fault path for current in a circuit the conducts excessive current; if the fault path has appreciable resistance, it is termed a leakage path.
SHUNT Denotes parallel connection.
SINE WAVE Variation in accordance with simple-harmonic motion.
SINUSOIDAL Having the form of a sine wave.
SLATE A rock that is cut into slabs and used for switchboards it is a fair insulator.
SLEEVE WIRE A circuit conductor connected to the sleeve of plug.
SLIDING CONTRACT An adjustable contract arranged to slide mechanically over a resistive element turn of a reactor, series of taps or around the turns of a relay.
SNAKE A steel wire or flat ribbon with a hook at one end, used to draw wires through conduit etc.
SOLENOID A conducting helix with a comparatively small pitch, also applied to coaxial conduction helices.
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SPARK COIL Also termed “ignition coil” a step up transformer designed to operate from a DC source via an interrupter that alternately makes and breaks the
primary circuit.
SPARKOVER A disruptive electrical discharge between the electrodes of a gap, generally used with reference to measurement of high voltage value with a
gap having specified types and shape of electrodes.
SPLICE Also termed “straight-through joint”, a series connection of a pair of conductors or cables.
STATION AUTOMATIC A generating station or substation that is usually unattended and which performs its intended functions by an automatic sequence.
SURGE A transient variation in current and/ or voltage at a point in a circuit.
SYMBOL A graphical representation of a circuit component also, a letter or letters used to represent a component, electrical property, or circuit
characteristic.
TAP In a wiring installation, a T joint (tee joint), Y joint, and multiple joint. Taps are to resistors, inductors, transformer, etc.
TERMINAL The terminating end(s) of an electrical device source, or circuit, usually supplied with electrical connection such as terminal screws, biding post, up
jacks, snap connectors soldering lugs, etc.
THREE PHASE SYSTEM An AC system in which three sources energize three conductors, each of which provides a voltage that is 120 out of phase with the voltage in the
adjacent conductor.
THREE PHASE A generator or circuit delivering three voltages that are 1/3 of each cycle apart in reaching their maximum value.
THREE PHASE CIRCUIT A circuit delivering three-phase current.
THREE PASTE MOTOR An alternating current motor that is generated form three –phase circuit.
THREE POLE A switch that opens and closes three conductors or circuit at one time.
THREE-WAY SWITCH A switch with three terminals by which the voltage a circuit can be completed through any one of two paths.
THREE-WIRE CIRCUIT A circuit using neutral wire in which the voltage between neutral wires is twice that between neutral and each side.
TIE FEEDER Feeder that is connected at both ends to sources of electrical energy. In an automatic station, load may be connected between the two sources.
TIME DELAY A specified period of time form the actuation of a control device to its operation of another device or circuits.
TIP, PLUG The contracting member at the end of a plug.
TORQUE Mechanical twisting force
TRANSFER BOX Also termed “pull box”, a box without a distribution panel containing branched or otherwise interconnected circuits.
TRANSFORMER A device that operates by electromagnetic induction with a tapped winding, or two or more separate windings, usually on an iron core, for the
purpose of stepping voltage or current up or down, for maximum power transfer, for isolation of the primary circuit form the secondary circuit and
in special designs for automatic regulation of voltage or current.
TRANSIENT A non-repetitive or arbitrary timed electrical surge.
TRANSMISSION (AC) Transfer of electrical energy form a source to a load, or to one or more stations for subsequent distribution.
TROUGH(ING) An open earthenware channel, wood or plastic in which cables are installed under a protective cover.
TUBING, FLEXIBLE Also termed “loom” a mechanical protection for electrical conductors; a flame resistant and moisture-repellent circular tube of fibrous material.
TWIN CABLE A cable consisting of two insulated and stranded conductors arranged in parallel runs and having a common insulating covering.
UNDERGROUND CABLE A cable designed for installation below the surface of the ground, or for installation in an underground duct.
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM Also termed “insulated supply system”, an electrical system that “floats” above ground or one that has only a very high-impedance conduction
path to ground.
UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT A direct current or pulsating direct current.
UNITS Established values of physical properties used in measurement and calculation; for example, the volt unit, the ampere unit, the ampere-turn unit,
the ohms unit, etc.
VALUE The magnitude of a physical property expressed in terms of a reference unit, such as 117 volts, 60Hz, 50 ohms, 3 henry, etc.
VAR Denotes volt-amperes reactive; the unit imaginary power (reactive power).
VOLT The unit of emf; one volt produces a current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm.
VOLT-AMPERE The unit of apparent power; is the product at the pressure times the current.
VOLTAGE In a circuit the greatest effective potential difference between a specified pair of circuit conductor.
VOLTAGE DROP The difference in pressure between two points in a circuit caused by the resistance opposing the flow of current.
VOLTAGE LOSS The voltage drop.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR A device for keeping the constant voltage at a certain point.
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VOLTAMMETER Voltmeter and ammeter combined in on case and using the same movement, but having separate terminates.
VOLTMETER An instrument for measurement of voltage values.
WATT The unit of electrical power, equal to the product of one volt and ampere in DC values, or in rms AC values.
WATT-HOUR METER An instrument that record the power used in watt-hours.
WATT-HOUR A unit of electrical energy, equal to one watt operating for one hour.
WATTMETER An instrument for measurement of electrical power.
WAVE An electrical undulation, basically of sinusoidal form.
WEATHERPROOF A conductor or device designed so that water, wild or usual vapor will not impair its operation.
WIPER An electrical contract arm.
WORK The product of force by the distance through which the force atcs; work is numerically equal to energy.
WORKING VOLTAGE Also term “closed-circuit voltage”; the terminal voltage of a source of electricity under a specified current demand, also, the reacted voltage of
an electrical component such as capacitor.
ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
AWG- AMERICAN WIRE Is preceded by a number which indicates the size of wire
GAUGE
WIRE A single conductor number 14 AWG, 12 AWG, 10AWG and 8 AWG is called wire
CABLE A single conductor number 6 AWGG to 0000 AWG is called cable.
MCM Thousand “M” Circular Mils. Circular mils are artificial measurement used to represent the diameter of the conductor. It begins with 500 mils
CABLE SYSTEM Several Types of cable systems are used in wiring in building
NONMETALLIC-SHEATHED Commonly known as romex. Romex cable type NM are manufactured in two or three wires with conductors varying in sizes.
CABLE
FLEXIBLE ARMORED CABLE Commonly known as BX cable.
BX CABLE TYPE AC- for dry location only
BX CABLE TYPE MC- Cable has additional PVC jacket, can be use for wet location.
UNDERGROUND FEEDER Known as UF, It can be use for direct burial.
CABLE
SERVICE ENTRANCE CABLE For service entrance cable, type SE may be used.
MINERAL INSULATED METAL- Those cable id type MI. It is manufactured with one or more conductors.
SHEATHED CABLE
RACEWAY AND WIREWAYS Any channels, pipes, or conduits and ducts which are designed especially to house wires or cable.
UNDERGROUN RACEWAYS Have resistance to corrosion because it is directly buried.
A) Insulated impregnated fiber
B) Insulated cement-asbestos
EXPOSED AND An entire classification of raceways, covers those which are generally non circular in cross section & may only be utilized by attaching it to surface.
CONNECTED RACEWAYS A) PIPE OR CONDUIT- Most common type of raceways.
B) WIREWAY- metal channel with a removable cover.
C) CEILING RACEWAYS- Type of wiring system is less costly and more practical than floor raceways.
D) FLOOR RACEWAYS
1) UNDER-FLOOR RACEWAYS- the distribution ducts are used under-floor to provide wiring system for spaces above the floor.
2) CELLULAR FLOOR RACEWAYS- A metal or pre-cast concrete cellular flooring system used as floor structure.
PIPE OR CONDUIT There are four types of pipes/conduit raceways:
RACEWAYS 1) METALLIC CONDUIT- All rigid metallic conduits and their fittings are required to be corrosion resistant.
2) ALUMINUM CONDUIT- Can be used in placed of steel conduits in all locations.
3) FLEXIBLE METALLIC CONDUIT- A flexible metal conduit is a halo spirally wound interlocked armor or raceway called Greenfield.
4) NORMETALLIC CONDUIT- Can be use without restriction in any non-hazardous structures and both inside and outside the building.
SWITCHES AND OUTLETS 1) SWITCHES- Device used for opening or closing or changing the connection of circuit.
2) OUTLETS (SOCKETS)- Used in wiring system at which electric current id diverted to supply an electric load to devices, appliances, and equipment.
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ALARM TYPES: (INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SECURITY SYSTEMS)

1. SECURITY ALARM The system is design to detect intrusion, authorized entry into a building or within the parameter. It is used in residential, commercial, industrial and military.
HISTORY OF ALARM SYSTEMS
Early 1700s English inventor Tidelsey, credited to the first creation of an intrusion, door alarm by using a set of chimes mechanically linked to the door lock.
June 21, 1853 Augustus Russel Pope, an inventor from Sommerville in Boston, patented the first electro- magnetic system
1970s Engineers integrated the first motion detectors in their system
1980s and 1990s alarm systems become a standard feature of building security
DOOR SECURITY ALARM SYSTEMS specifically build with sensors that triggered by minimal stimuli
Passive Infrared Detector PIR sensors are more complicated than many of the other sensor
The sensor that transmits ultrasonic sound waves and takes a maximum of three seconds to detect a newly present object. It has stable
Ultrasonic Detector
performance and high ranging accuracy.
Microwave detector It uses microwave beams where by a transmitter.
Disadvantages: The sensitivity affected by adverse weather conditions such as heavy fog, rain and snow.
Photo Electric Beam It can detect the presence of an intruder by transmitting visible or infrared light beams across an area
Glass break detector It is sensor used in electronic burglar alarms that detects if a pane of glass is shattered or broken.
OUTDOOR SECURITY ALARM SYSTEMS These types of sensor can find in mounted or fences or installed on the perimeter of the protected area
Are devices placed on the window or doorframe, which detect vibration.
Inertia sensors (Vibration or shaker) These devices vary and can be sensitive to different level of vibration

Passive Magnetic Field Detection
E- Field (Electromagnetic Field)
Microphone System
Taut Wire Fence System
Fiber Optic Cable
This type of system is particularly efficient in detecting actual intruders.
Uses electromagnetic field on one or more wire in the system.
Has high false alarm rate because the system can’t tell the difference between human intruders and stray animals.
Generally utilized by locations that wish to monitor fenced in area.
The benefit of this is that it could preset with a certain setting of condition.
Is the alarm system that built in to a perimeter fence that can detect any attempt to break through the fence barrier via detectors that are located along
the perimeter of the fence.
Generally installed on a fence or in a barbed tape.

H- Field Works by implementing an electro- magnetic field high false alarm rate.

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

Fire Chemical reaction called combustion
Firefighting Systems A system for extinguishing fire; water from network of overhead pipes is released through nozzles that open automatically
Fire Protection Is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive fires
Alarm Notification Fire alarm system component such as a bell, horn, speaker light or text display that provides audible, tactile or visible outpts, or any combination thereof
Alarm Signal A signal indicating an emergency requiring immediate action such as a signal indicative of fire.
A feature of automatic fire detection and alarm systems to reduce unwanted alarm wherein smoke detectors report alarm conditions for a minimum period
Alarm Verification Feature
of time, or confirm alarm condition within a given period of time, after being automatically reset, in order to be accepted as valid alarm-initiation signal.
A unit containing one or more indicator lamps, alphanumeric displays or other equivalent means in which each indication provides status information about
Annunciator
a circuit, condition or location
Audible Alarm Notification
A notification appliances that alerts by sense of hearing
Appliances
A applied to fire protection devices, a device or system providing an emergency function without the necessity for human intervention and activated as a
Automatic
result of a predetermined temperature rise, rate of temperature rise or combustion products.

Automatic Fire extinguishing system
Automatic smoke detection system
Automatic Sprinkler system
Average Ambient Sound Level
Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing
System
Clean agent
Deluge System
Detector, heat
Dry Chemical Extinguishing Agent
Elevator Group
Emergency Alarm System
Emergency voice/ alarm
communications
Fire alarm control unit
Fire Alarm Signal
Fire Alarm System
Fire Area
Fire Protection System
Fire Safery Functions
Halogenated Extinguishing System
Impairment Coordinator
Initiating Device
Manual Fire Alarm Box
Multiple-Station Alarm Device
Nuisance Alarm
Record Drawings
Single-Station Smoke Alarm
Sleeping Unit
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BUILDING UTILITIES
An approved system of devices and equipment which automatically detects a fire and discharges an approved fire extinguishing agent onto or in the area
of the fire
A fire alarm system that has initiation devices that utilize smoke detectors for protection of an area such as room or space within detectors to provide early
warning of fire.
An automatic system, for fire protection purposes, is an integrated system of underground and overhead piping designing in accordance with fire
protection engineering standards. The portion of the system above ground is a network of specially sized or hydraulically designed piping installed in a
structure or area, generally overhead , and with automatic sprinkler are connected in a systematic pattern. The system is usually activate by heat from a fire
and discharges water over the fire area.
The root mean square, a weighted sound pressure level measures over a 24 hours period, or the time any person is present, whichever time period is less.
A system supplying carbon dioxide from pressurized vessel through fixed pipes and nozzles. The system includes a manual-automatic-actuating mechanism
Electrically non-conducting, volatile or gaseous fire extinguishing that does not leave a residue upon evaporation
A sprinkler system employing open sprinklers attached to a piping system connected to a water supply through a valve that I opened by the operation of a
detection system installed in the same area as sprinkler. When this valve opens, water flows into the piping system and discharges from all sprinklers attached
thereto.
A fire detector that senses heat, either abnormally high temperature or rate f rise, or both.
A powder composed of small particles, usually of sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, urea-potassium-based bicarbonate, potassium chloride or
monoammonium phosphate, with added particulate material supplemented by special treatment to provide resistance to packing, resistance to moisture
absorption (caking) and the proper flow capabilities.
A grouping of elevators in a building locates adjacent or directly across from one another that respond to common hall call button.
A system to provide indication and warning of emergency situations involving hazardous materials.
Dedicated manual or automatic facilities for originating and distributing voice instructions, as well as alert and evacuation signals pertaining to a fire
emergency, to the occupants of a building.
A system component that receives inputs from automatic and manual fire alarm devices and may be capable of supplying power to detection devices
and transponder(s) or off- premises transmitter(s). The control unit may be capable of providing transfer of power to the notification appliances and transfer
condition to relays or devices.
A signal initiated by a fire alarm-initiating device such as a manual fire alarm box, automatic fire detector, water flow switch or a fire or fire signature.
A system consisting of components and circuits arranged to monitor and annunciate the status of fire alarm or supervisory signal-initiating devices and to
initiate the appropriate response to those signals.
The aggregate floor area enclosed and bounded by fire barriers, exterior walls or horizontal assemblies of a building.
Approved devices, equipment and systems or combinations and systems used to detect a fire, activate an alarm, extinguish or control a fire, control or
manage smoke and products of a fire or any combination thereof.
Building and fire control functions that are intended to increase the level of life safety for occupants or to control the spread of the harmful effects of fire
A fire extinguishing system using one or more atoms of an element from the halogen chemical series: fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine
The person responsible for the maintenance of a particular fire protection system
The system component that originates the transmission of a change-of –state condition, such as in a smoke detector, manual fire alarm box, or supervisory
switch
A manually operated devise used to initiate an alarm signal
Two or more signal station alarm devices that can interconnect such as actuation of one cause all integral or separate audible alarm to operate. It is also
can consist of one single-station alarm device having connections to the other detector or to manual fire alarm box.
An alarm caused by mechanical failure, malfunction, improper installation or lack of proper maintenance, or an alarm activated by a cause/ that cannot
be determined.
Drawings “as built” that document the location of all the devices, appliances, wirings, sequences, wiring methods and connections of the components of a
fire alarm system as installed.
An assembly incorporating the detector, the control equipment and the alarm-sounding device in one unit, operated from a power either supply in the unit
or obtained at point of installation.
A room or space in which people sleep, which can also include permanent provisions for living, eating and either sanitation facilities but not both. Such
rooms and spaces that are also part of a dwelling unit are not sleeping units.
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Smoke Alarm A single- or multiple unit station alarm responsive to smoke.

Smoke Detector A listed device that senses visible or invisible particles of combustion.
For the purpose of section 903.2.8.1 is any alteration where the total cost of all alterations for a building or a facility within any 12 months period amounts to
Substantial Alteration
25 percent or more of assessed value of a structure before the alterations occurred.
For the purpose of section 903.2.8.1 is any damage of any origin to a structure whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its original condition would be
Substantial Damage
equal to or exceed25 percent of the assessed value of the structure before the damage occurred.
Supervising Station A facility that receives signals and which receives signals and at which personnel are in attendance to respond to these signals.
The service requires monitoring performance of guard tours and the operative condition or fixed suppression systems or other systems for the protection of
Supervisory Service
life and property.
A signal indicating the need of action in connection with the supervision of guard tours, the suppression systems or equipment, or the maintenance features
Supervisory Signal
related systems.
An initiating device as a valve supervisory switch, water level indicator, or low air pressure switch on a dry pipe sprinkler system whose change of state signals
Supervisory Signal-Initiating Device of a fire protection or life safety system; or a need for action in connection with guard tours, fire suppression systems or equipment, or maintenance features
of related systems
Tires, Bulk Storage Storage of tires where the area is available for storage exceeds 20,000 cubic feet
Transient Aircraft Aircraft based on another location for not more than 90 days
Trouble Signal A signal initiated by the dire alarm system or device indicative of a fault in a monitored circuit or component
Visible Alarm Notification
A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of sight.
Appliances
Wireless Protection System A system or a part of a system that can transmit and receive signals without the aid of wire.
A defines area within the protected premises. A zone can define as an area from which a signal can receive an area in which a form of control can
Zone
execute.
ELEVATOR
Elevator A type of vertical transport equipment that is efficiently moves people or good between floors of building, vessel or other structure
Vitruvius First reference to an elevator is based on his works
Henry Waterman Invented the “standing rope control of an elevator”
Elisha Otis Introduced the first safety elevator, prevented to fall of the cab if the cable broke.
1880 Werner von Seimens built the first elevator. Frank Sprague enhanced the safety and speed of electric elevator.
Elevator Car (Part of the elevator) is the vehicle that travels between the different elevators stops carrying passengers and/ or good.
Cables (Part of the elevator) raise and lower the car.
Elevator Machine Turns the sheave and lifts of lowers the car
Control Equipment Is the combination of push buttons, contacts, electronic equipment, relays, solid-state switching, cans and device
Counter Weights Are rectangular blocks of an cast iron cut steel plates stacked in a frame
Shaft Or Hoistways Is the vertical passageway for the car and counterweights
Main Break (Safety device) -Is mount directly on the shaft of the elevator machine
Centrifugal Governor (safety device)- is the safety designed to stop an elevator car automatically before the car’s speed becomes excessive.
Oil Or Spring Buffers Usually placed in the elevator pit.
Electrical Final (Safety device) limit switches- are located a few feet below and above the safe limits of the elevator car.
Hydraulic Elevators Supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushed the elevator up.
Traction Elevators Are lifted by roped, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft.
Climbing Elevator They hold their own power device on them, mostly, electric or combustion engine.
Pneumatic Elevators Raised and lowered by controlling air pressure in a chamber in which the elevator sits.
Residential/ Domestic Elevators They are usually just on the match smaller scale than industrial or commercial elevators
Industrial Elevators Built to carry huge amount of weight effortlessly
Commercial Passenger Elevator Is designed to move people between a building’s floor
Freight Elevators Is an elevator an elevator designed to carry good, rather than passenger
Commercial Dumbwaiter They are economic solution for moving material from the floor to floor in a multi-level commercial environment
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Handicap Elevators
Grain Elevators
Double Deck Elevators
Limit Use/ Limited Application
Burke Building, Manila
Sky Lobbies
Carry any type of elevator that can assists a handicapped person in going up and don various levels of the building
Is a tower containing a bucket elevator, which scoops up, elevates, and then uses gravity to deposit grain in a silo or other storage facility
Save time and space in high occupancy building by mounting one car upon another
Is the special purpose passenger elevator used infrequently, and which is exempt from any commercial regulations and accommodations
The first elevator in our country built this location
Isn’t elevator, and it is not patented (though a system for multiple sky lobbies)

KEY WORDS DEFINITION

1. Ground Lug A lug of convenient of grounding, conductor to a ground electrode or device to be grounded.

2. Grounded Switch A switch for connection or disconnection of grounding conductor

3. Ground electrode A conductor buried in earth, for connection to a circuit. The buried conductor is usually a cold-water pipe, to which connection is made with a ground clamp
4. Guy A wire or other mechanical member having one end secured and other end fastened to a pole or structural part maintained under tension

5. Hanger Also termed “cable rack”, a device usually secured to a wall to provide support for cables have equal and opposite reactance values.

6. Heat Coil A protective device for opening usually secured to a wall to provide support for cables have equal and opposite reactance values.

7. Heater In the strict sense, a heating element for raising the temperature of an indirectly heated cathode in a vacuum or gas tube. In addition, it applied to
appliances such as space heaters and radiant heaters
8. Henry The unit for inductance, it permits current increase at the rate of 1 ampere per second and 1 volt is applied across the inductor terminals

9. Hickey A fitting or mounting lighting fixture in an outlet box. In addition, a device used with a pipe handles for bending a conduit
10. Horn Gap A form of switch provided with arcing horns for automatically increasing the length of the arc and thereby extinguishing the arc
11. Hydrometer An instrument for indicating the state of charge in a storage battery.

12. Impedance Opposition to AC current by a combination of resistance, impedance is measured in Ohms

13. Impedance, A pair of impedances that have the same resistance values, and that have equal reactance value
Conjugate
14. Impulse an electric surge unidirectional polarity
15. Indoor transformer A transformer that must be protect from the weather.

16. Induced Current A current that results in a closed conductor due to cutting of lines of magnetic force
17. Inductance An electric property of resistance less conductor which may have a coil form, and which exhibits inductive reactance to an AC current. All inductors have at
least a light amount of resistance
18. Inductor A device such as coil with or without a magnetic core which developed inductance, as distinguished form the inductance of a straight wire
19. Instantaneous Power The product of instantaneous voltages by the associated instantaneous current.
20. Instrument An electrical device for measurement of a quantity under observation, or for presenting characteristics of a quantity.
21. Insulator A device used to insulate electrical conductors
22. Interconnection tie A feeder hat interconnects a pair of electric supply systems
23. Interconnection A connection of two or more power supply systems
system
24. Interlock An electrical device depending on its operation from another device, for controlling subsequent operations
25. Internal Resistance A connection of two or more power systems
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26. Ion A charge atom, or radial, for example, a hydrogen atom that has lost an electron becomes a hydrogen ion; sulfuric acids produces H+ and SO-4 ions in water
solution
27. IR Drop A potential difference produced by charge flow through a resistance.
28. Isolating Switch An auxiliary switch for isolating the electric from its source of power, it is operated only after the circuit, or around an electrical instrument.
29. Joule A unit electrical, energy is proportional to the square of the current.
30. Joule’s Law The rate at which the electrical energy is proportional to the square of the current
31. Jumper A short length of conductor for making a connection between terminals, around a break in a circuit, or around an electrical instrument.
32. Junction A point in a parallel or series- parallel circuit where branches of two or more paths.
33. Junction Box An enclosed distribution for the connection of branching of one or more electrical circuits, not using permanent splices. In the case of interior writing, a
junction box consists of metal box with a Blank cover; it is inserted in a run of conduit, raceway or tubing.
34. Kirchoff’s Law The voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the drops around a close circuit is equal to zero. The current law states the algebraic sum of the sum currents
at a junction is equal to zero
35. Knockout A scored portion in the wall box od a box or cabinet, which can be removes easily by striking with a hammer, a circular hole is provide thereby for
accommodation of conduit or cable
36. KVA Kilovolt- amperes, the product of volts and amperes divided b 1000
37. Lag Denotes that a given sine wave passes through as peak at a later time than reference since wave.
38. Lampholder Also termed “socket” or “lamp receptacle”, a device for mechanical support of and electrical connection to a lamp.
39. Lay The lay of a helical element of a cable is equal to the axial length of a turn.
40. Lead Denotes that a given sine wave through its peak at an earlier time than a reference sine wave.
41. Leakage, Surface Passage of current over the boundary of an insulator as distinguished from passage of current through its bulk
42. Leg of a circuit One of the conductors in a supply circuit between which the maximum supply voltage.
43. Len’z law States that an induced current in a conductor is in a direction such the applied mechanical d=force is opposed.
44. Lighting Rod A rod that is run from the ground up above the highest point of a building.
45. Limit Switch A device that automatically cuts the power off at or near the limit of the mechanical member
46. Limit Switch A switch that opens the circuit when a device reached the end of its travel
47. Load The load on an AC machine or apparatus id equal to the product of the rms voltage across its terminal and the rms current demand
48. Locking Relay A relay that operates to make some other device inoperative under certain conditions
49. Loom See tubing, flexible
50. Luminosity Relative quantity of light
51. Magnet A magnet I a body, which is the source of magnetic field
52. Magnetic field A magnetic field is the space containing distributed energy in the vicinity of the magnet, and which magnetic forces are apparent
54. Magnetizing Force A number of amperes- turns in a transformer primary
55. Mass Quantity of matter, physical property, which determines the acceleration of the body as the result of applied force.
56. Matter Matter is a physical entity that exhibits mass.
57. Megger An instrument that measures the resistance in megaohms
58. Meter A unit length equal to 3937 inches: an electrical instrument for measurement of voltage, current power, energy, phase angles, synchronism, resistance,
impedance, capacitance, etc.
59. Mho The unit of conductance defined as the reciprocal of the ohm.
60. Mica Transparent mineral substance used in insulating commutators
61. Motor A machine that changes electrical energy into mechanical energy
62. Mounting, circuit Supporting structure of a circuit breaker
breaker
63. Multiple Feeder Two or more feeder connected in a parallel
64. Multiple Joint A joint for connecting a branch of conductor or cable to the main conductor or cable, to provide a branch circuit
65. Multiplier, Instrument A series of resistor connected to ammeter mechanism for the purpose of proving a higher voltage- indicating range.
66. Mutual Inductance An inductance that is common primary and secondary of a transformer, resulting from primary magnetic flux that cuts secondary winding
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67. Negative A value less than zero, an electric polarity sign indicating an excess of electrons at one point with respect to another point; current sign indicating charge flow
away from injunctions
68. Network A system of interconnected paths for charge flow
69. Network, Active A network that contains one or more source of electrical energy.
70. Permeability The ratio of magnetic flux to magnetizing force
71. Phase The time of occurrence of the peak value of an AC waveform with respect to the time of occurrence of the peak value of the reference waveform. Phase is
usually stated as the fractional part of the period.
72. Phase angle An angular expression of phase difference it is commonly expressed in degrees, and is equal to the phase multiplies by 360 degrees

73. Plug A device that is inserted into a receptacle for connection of a cord to the conductors terminations the receptacle
74. Polarity An electrical characteristics of emf, which determines the direction in which determines the direction of the current, tends to flow
75. Polarization (Battery) Polarization is caused by development of gas at the battery electrodes during current demand, and has the effect of increasing the internal resistance of the
battery
76. Pole The pole of the magnet is an area at which it flux line tend to converge or diverge
77. Positive A value greater than zero; an electric polarity sign denoting a deficiency of electrons at one point with respect to another point; current sign indicating
charge flow towards a junction
78. Potential Difference A potential difference of one volt is produce when one unit of work is done in separating unit charges through unit distance
79. Power circuit Wires that carry current to electric motors and another devices using electric current
80. Power, Real Real power is develop by circuit’s resistance, or effective resistance
81. Primary Winding The input winding a transformer
82. Primary Battery A battery that cannot be recharge after its chemical energy has been depleted
83. Proton The subatomic unit of positive charge; a proton has a charge which is equal and opposite t that f an electron
84. Pull Box A metal with black cover for insertion into a conduit run, raceway, or metallic tubing, which facilities the drawing conductors.
85. Pulsating Current A direct current that does not have a steady value
86. Puncture A descriptive electrical discharge through insulation
87. Quick Break A switch or circuit- breaker which has high contact- closing speed
88. Raceway A channel holding wires or cables, constructed from metal, wood, or plastics, rigid metal conduit, electrical metal tubing, cast-in-place, under floor surface
wooden types wireways, subways, busways and auxiliary gutters
89. Rack, Cable A device secured to the wall to provide support for cable raceway
90. Rating The rating device, apparatus, or machine states the limits of its operating characteristics. Ratings are commonly stated in volts, amperes, watts, ohm, degrees,
horsepower, etc.

BUILDING UTILITIES III: ACOUSTICS, LIGHTING, AND ILLUMINATION

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION
An interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of sound
Acoustics  Greek work ἀκουστικός (akoustikos) meaning “able to be heard”
 Latin “ sonic”
 A mechanical vibration
Sound
 The passage pressure fluctuations through matter as the result of vibrational forces acting on that medium
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 Material science  Music and voice reproduction

 Medicine  Music and voice synthesis
 Dentistry  Animal bioacoustics
 Oceanology  Noise cancellation
Application of Acoustics  Marine navigation  Audiometry
 Communications  Psychoacoustics
 Petroleum and mineral prospecting  Speech analysis
 Industrial processes  Environmental noise control

DIVISION OF ACOUSTICS
PHYSICAL ACOUSTICS BIOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS ACOUSTICAL ENGINEERING
 Acoustic measurement and instrumentation
 Aero acoustics  Bioacoustics  Acoustic signal processing
 General linear acoustics  Musical acoustics  Architectural acoustics
 Nonlinear acoustics  Physiological acoustics  Environmental acoustics
 Structural acoustics and vibration  Psychoacoustics  Transduction
 Underwater acoustics  Speech communication  Ultrasonic
 Room acoustic
Aero acoustics The study of aerodynamic sound, generated when a fluid flow interacts with solid surfaces of with another flow
Architectural acoustics Study of how sound and building interact including the behaviour of sound in concert halls and auditoriums but also in office building, factories, home.
Bioacoustics Study of the use of sound by animals such as bats, dolphins, and whales
Biomedical acoustics Study of use of sound in medicine
Environmental noise Study of sound propagation in human environment
Musical acoustics Study of the physics of musical instruments
Psychological acoustics Study of how people interact to sound, hearing, perception, and localization.
Physiological acoustics Study of the mechanical, electrical, and biochemical function of hearing in living organisms
Physical acoustics Study of the detailed Interaction of sound with materials and fluids
Speech communication Study of how speech is produced, the analysis of speech signals and the properties of speech transmission, storage, recognition, and enhancement
Structural acoustics and vibration Study of sound and mechanical interact
Transduction Study of how sound is generated and measured by loudspeakers, microphones, sonar projections, hydrophones, ultrasonic transducers and sensors
Ultrasonic Study of high frequency sound which is beyond the range of human hearing
Underwater acoustics Study of the propagation of sound in the ocean closely associated with sonar research and development
ACOUSTICS ACCORDING TO RECORDS IN HISTORY
PREHISTORIC
LIN LUN: a minister of the yellow emperor Huangundi, was commissioned to establish a standard pitch for music.
27th century BC
“Huang-zhong pipe: introduced by Lin-Lun
FOHI: a Chinese philosopher that attempted to establish the relationship between the pich of a sound and the five elements: earth, water, air, fire, and
2000BC
wind
Systematized music by subdivide the octave into 22 steps
 Four steps: a large whole tone
Ancient Hindus
 Three steps: a small tone
 Two steps: a half tone
Arabs Octave partition into 17 divisions
CLASSICAL PERIOD: ANCIENT GREEKS
Developed three tonal genders attributed to the gods
 Diatonic
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 Chromatic
 Enharmonic
According to the legend, the way Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations was when one day he
Pythagoras of Samos passed by blacksmiths at works, and thought the sounds emanating from their anvils, being hit were beautiful and harmonious and whatever scientific law
caused this to happen should be applied to music
Aristotle Referred to the nature of sound in “De Anima” and “De Audilibus” had some notion that sound involved motion in air.
Theophrastus of Eresos He classified the relationship between sound, velocity, and frequency.
Chrysippus One of the earliest acousticians
Discussed the classical theatre in his “De Architectura” and in chapter five of his Ten books of Architecture; include interference, echoes, and
Vitruvius
reverberation.
Aristides Quintilianus Demonstrated with small straw segments the resonance of a string in air
DARK AGES
Authoritarian system; experimentation posed as a challenge to the status of the church and state.
Records of theoretical development are absent until the Renaissance.
 Wrote early experiments in acoustics
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius  Five books of “De Institutione Musica”: the acoustical knowledge of antiquity summarized in the first book served as the foundation for
introductory acoustical definitions in numerous treatises
RENAISSANCE
Leonardo da Vinci He knew that “there cannot be any sound when there is no movement or perussion in the air”
Galileo Galilei Introduced the concept of frequency during the 16th century
Marin Mersenne A French theologian, philosopher, mathematician and music theorist, often referred to as the “father of acoustics”
Pierre Gassendi Ray theory
17th CENTURY
Authored the law connecting gas pressure and volume at constant temperature.
Robert Boyle
Pell-Jar experiment
Joseph Sauveur Introduce “acoustics” as the term to define the science of sound
Franciscus Mario Grimalodi Published “Physicomathesis de lumine coloribus et tride”
Sir Isaac Newton Introduced the theoretical derivation of the velocity of sound in air in his “Principia Mathematica”
Gottfried Wilhelm Lelbniz Contemporary of Newton in the field of theoretical physics
Brook Taylor First to prove the formula for frequency expressed in terms of length, tension, and mass of stretched string.
18th CENTURY
 Allowed continuation of the development theory
 Early reports following Newton’s precedents
 Estimations and experiments gave wide variety of values for velocity of sound
Daniel Bernoulli -
Reverend William Derham Reported a detailed study of the values for the velocity of sound
Leonhard Paul Eule His “Dissertation Physica de Sono” was the first theoretical treatise on the subject of sound in Europe.
Joseph-Louse Lagrange Arrives at the conclusion that the form of the curve at any time t is given by the equation y=a sin(mx) – sin (nt)
Jean le Rond d’Alembert -
Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace The first to point out that the speed of sound in air depends on the heat capacity ratio
Felix Savart Worked on the frequency limits of audibility
Michael Faraday Studied the connection of acoustical radiation with the propagation of electromagnetic fields.
Sir George Gabriel Stokes Worked on the effects of fluid viscosity on sound propagation
19th CENTURY
Lord Rayleigh Produced the two-volume theory of sound: an authoritative reference document on the theoretical foundations of acoustics
James P. Joules Introduced ultrasonic with the discovery of magnetostrictive effect
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20th CNETURY
Wallace Clement Ware Sabine Published a significant study in room acoustics in 1900 which discusses law connecting reverberation time
Harvey Fletcher Regarded as the father of psychoacoustics
ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF ACOUSTICS
Egyptian Temple Courts were used as proto-auditoria
Aim was to draw people as near to the stage as possible so that the actors’ movements and facial expressions were discernible and the dialogue
Greek Theater
audible.
Roman Theater Steeper rake of seating set on masonry rather than the hillside with a building behind the acting area
People gathering spaces of their epoch. The spaces were fully enclosed ad, because the volumes were so large, reverberation times were up to 8 sec or
Medieval Cathedral
so.
CLASSIFICATION OF GREEK THEATERS
Pre-Aeschylean Trapezoidal in form with benches set at right angles surrounding the orchestra
Classical/ Athenean theater Circular space for performance and orchestra area with an average of 78 feet
Hellenistic theater Erected mostly outside of Greece but under Greek culture
Greco-Roman -
MODULE II: HUMAN PERCEPTION AND REACTION TO SOUND
The Human Ear Transducer converting sound pressure waves into signals
PARTS OF HUMAN EAR
 Auricle or Pinna: visible part of the ear
Outer ear
 Meatus: tube connecting the outer ear to eardrum
 Eardrum: separates outer ear from middle ear
Middle Ear  Eustachian tube: connects the middle ear to the throat and back of the nose
 Malleus
 Cochlea: coiled tube that looks like a shell of snail
Inner ear
 Vestibule: helps body to maintain balance
HEARING PROBLEMS
Presbyacusis Loss of sensitivity of the ear
Tinnitus Ringing at high frequency
Deafness Hearing loss due to accidents
 Temporary threshold shift
Deafness caused by noise
 Permanent threshold shift
 Conductive deafness: defects in the part of the ear
Deafness not caused by noise  Nerve deafness: loss of sensitivity in the sensory cells
 Cortical deafness: affects old people
MODULE III: FUNDAMENTAL OF ACOUSTICS
Sound A physical wave or mechanical vibration or a series of pressure oscillations in an elastic medium
 Source
Elements of acoustics  Transmission path
 Receiver
 Point source
Sources of sound  Line source
 Area source
Sound waves Compression and rarefactions of a vibrating body
Propagation of sound waves Measurements/ analysis and specification of sound
Oscillation Repeated back and forth motion
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Amplitude and volume Amplitude is the characteristic of sound waves that humans perceive as volume
Infrasonic sound Frequencies at 20 Hz and below, not audible
Resonance Physical phenomenon by which a material object vibrates at an amplified level
Ultrasonic sound Frequencies at 20,000 Hz and above
Frequency Number of complete cycles per second
Cycle A full circuit by displaced particle
Period Time required for one complete cycle
Wavelength The distance over which the wave travels before it begins to repeat itself or one cycle of vibration
Amplitude Maximum displacement during vibrations
Pure tone Vibration produced by a single frequency
MODULE IV: SOUND REFLECTION, DIFFRACTION, DIFFUSION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSMISSION
Sound refraction Sound vibrations meet a change in the density of the medium
Sound ray Direction of propagation of the sound wave
Echoes Caused by limitation of human hearing
Flutter echo Mid-frequency echoes
Sound diffraction Bending or flowing of wave
 can focus sound
Concave Reflector  can cause hot spots and echoes in the audience seating area
 poor distributors of sound energy
 Flat, hard surfaced building elements,
Flat Reflector  if large enough and oriented properly, It can effectively distribute reflected sound

 if large enough, can be most effective sound distributing forms.

Convex Reflector
MODULE V: BUILDING NOISE CONTROL
Noise criteria
Noise reduction
Airborne noise
Noise absorbing materials
Sound absorbing materials
Control of impact noise
Sound transmission loss
Noise reducing components
Vibration
Two types of vibration isolation
 the reflected sound energy in from convex surfaces diverges, enhancing diffusion
 more evenly distributed across a wide range of frequencies
 noise is distracting and annoying
 permanent ear damage
 low work performance simply being
Achieved by using sound insuring walls, floors, and windows.
Attenuated by air absorption and also by intervening enclosures, noise thatuses air as a medium
 surface treatments of walls, floors, and ceiling
 room contents, such as the audience, draperies, upholstered seats, and carpet
 the air in space
 Porous materials
 Panel of Membrane Absorbers
 Cavity (or Helmholtz) resonators
 Cushion the impact
 Float the floor
 Suspend the ceiling and absorber in cavity
 Isolate all piping
Measure of sound insulation
 The central mechanical equipment
 The supply of return ducts
 Supply ad return grilles
Movement of a structure or any solid body caused by some alternating force
 Active isolation
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 Passive isolation
MODULE VI: ROOM ACOUSTICS AND AUDITORIUM ACOUSTICS
Room acoustics Interaction between an enclosing space and the sound generated within it.
Reverberation time Time required for the sound level in the room to decay to inaudibility after the source has been turned off
Use of reflectors Reflectors if correctly placed can provide small but significant reinforcement of direct sound.
 For speech
Types of Auditorium  For music
 Multi-purpose
MODULE VII: OUTDOOR ACOUSTICS
 Traffic and transportation noise
Original types of urban noises  Industrial noise
 Noise created by people
 Reducing the speed of the vehicles
Traffic noise at a given point can be  Reducing the number of stops along the route
reduced by:  Restricting the time during which the vehicle is creating noise
 Reducing the number of vehicles
MODULE VIII: ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING SYSTEM
Light A human sensation similar to how human use the other senses such as sound, taste, smell, and touch/warmth
Electromagnetic radiation Responsible for stimulating the sense of sight
Infrared Low frequency, long wavelength
Ultraviolet High frequency, short wavelength
White light When a light source produces energy over the entire visible spectrum in approximately equal quantities
 Lighting function
Lighting problem
 Architectural function
 Object or task
Three components of the seeing task  Lighting condition
 observer
THE HUMAN EYE
Pupil The size is controlled by iris, thereby controlling the amount of light that enters the eye
Retina Contains some 150 million light sensitive cells which are two types: Rod cells and Cone cells
Fovea -
Cones -
LIGHTING UNITS
Luminous intensity The quality which describes the power of source to emit light in a given direction
Luminous flux The total light emitted by a source or received by a surface
Illuminance Luminous flux density at a point on a surface
Luminance The intensity of light in a given direction per projected area of a luminous or reflecting surface
Visual comfort Describes the subjective response of people to the glare of a lighting system
ILLUMINATION MEASUREMENT
Illumiinance meters Used for field measurement of illuminance levels
Correction of the cells for light incident at oblique angles that does not reach the cell due to reflection from the surface glass and shielding the light
Color correction
sensitive cell by the meter housing
PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Inverse square law Illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source
Light reflectance The ratio of reflected to incident light
SURFACE REFLECTANCE GUIDELINE FOR VARIOUS WORK ENVIRONMENT
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SURFACE SUGGESTER REFLECTANCE MATERIAL

Light woods
Work surfaces 20 to 40% Medium and light laminates
Medium and light ink blotters
Medium to light fabrics
Window treatment 30 to 50% Medium to light blinds
Frit pattern glass
Medium to light carpet
Floors 10 to 20% Medium to light wood
Medium tile
White fabric/ cloth ceiling
Ceilings 70% or Greater White mineral ceiling
Off-white to white dry wall
Light fabric
Walls 30 to 50% Medium to light vinyl wallpaper
Medium to light paint
Medium to light fabric
Open office partitions 20 to 50%
Medium to light laminates
Light remittance The ratio of the total transmitted light to the total incident light
Direct transmission The transmitted light may be less intense than the incident light, but the direction and distribution is relatively unchanged.
Spread transmission This transmitted light is somewhat diffused but still exhibits q significant “punch” in more or less the same direction as the incident light
Diffuse transmission Light is transmitted in all directions equally. The integrity of the incident light is no longer discernable.
 outdoor illumination: sun is the source of the sunlight
Daylighting
 Daylight factor: usually expressed as a percentage
 Incandescent lamp
Artificial lighting
 Fluorescent lamp
 General lighting
Illumination methods  Local and supplementary lighting
 Combined general and local lighting
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
Efficient in getting maximum amount of light from the source to the working surface
Direct lighting  Upward light: 0-10%
 Downward light: 90-100%
Totally indirect reflectors direct all of the light up to the ceiling
Indirect lighting  Upward light: 90-100%
 Downward light: 0-10%
Most of the light is down, some directed to the ceiling
Semi-direct lighting  Upward light: 10-40%
 Downward light: 60-90%
Greater percentage of the light is directed toward the ceiling and upper walls
Semi-indirect lighting  Upward light: 60-90%
 Downward light: 10-40%
Light is equally distributed in all directions
General diffuse lighting  Upward light: 40-60%
 Downward light: 40-60%
 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

`
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
is the manner in which materials are ordered, assembled and united into a whole based on standard
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
construction techniques.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Is a general term including all processes and materials used to assemble a complete building.
1. STRUCTURAL SERVICE ABILITY
2. FIRE SAFETY
FIRE RESISTANCE: capacity of a material or an assembly of materials to withstand fire; also characterized
by the ability of a material to confine fire.
FIRE ENDURANCE: a measure of elapsed time a material is capable to withstand fire
FLAME SPREAD: defends on flammability of the surface of material
FLAME SPREAD RATE/INDEX: measure of how fat fire spread in a material.
SMOKE DEVELOPMENT INDEX/DENSITY: numerical classification based on test method ASTM E84
TOXICITY: testing of materials for amount for level of produced lethal gases.
3. HABITABILITY
Characterized by:
a. THERMAL EFFICIENCY
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTIC OF Thermal expansion: change in size or dimension of a material due to exposure to
MATERIALS temperature change.
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTIC OF
Thermal transmittance or heat transfer: heat flow from the warmer side to the cooler of a
MATERIALS
material or an assembly of various materials; also U or U-value; overall coefficient of heat
transfer; U= 1/R1+R2+R3+…..
Thermal resistance: measure of the impedance of flow of heat through a material or an
assembly of materials; also R or R-value; reciprocal of heat transfers.
Thermal Conductance: time rate at which heat flows through a material with a known thickness
in one hour when the temperature difference as ( heat flow rate) (distance) / (area)
(temperature differences)
BTU: British Thermal Units
Thermal Shock; sudden stress in a material as a result of a abrupt change in
temperature
b. ACCOUSTIC PROPERTIES
Sound absorption – absorption by the wave of sound
Sound transmission – integer rating of how well a building partition attenuate airborne sound.
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Noise reduction coefficient – amount of sound energy absorb.

c. WATER PERMEABILITY
d. HYGINE, COMFORT and SAFETY
4. DURABILITY
5. COMPATIBILITY
LUMBER
YARD LUMBER Used for ordinary light construction and finishing work. Commonly used for flooring, plant siding, trim and
moulding.
SHOP LUMBER It is intended for use in shops or in mills making sash, doors, and cabinets.

Is intended for use in heavy construction for load-bearing purposes and is cut into timbers of larger size;
STRUCTURAL LUMBER
derived from the wood of tree trunks.
WOOD GRAIN
EDGE GRAIN Annual rings run approx. At right angel to the face
FLAT GRAIN When the annual rings run more or less parallel to the surface
ANGLE GRAIN When the annual rings are at about 450 to the face
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLY WOOD
SOFT PLYWOOD the most common for structural use
HARDWOOD PLYWOOD Are used for paneling and finishing where usually on one face is hard finished.
EXTERIOR / MARINE PLYWOOD Is made for external use.
HARDBOARD Is made from wood chips which are exploded into fibers under stream of high pressure.
is manufactures from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes, strands, shaving, slivers etc. bound together and pressed
PARTICLE BOARD
into sheets and other molded shaped.
BUILDING TECHNIQUES
HISTORICAL METHOD Solid timber construction & Half-timber construction
MODERN METHOD Tin ber-framed structures are assembled from standardized softwood components.
STONES
BACKGROUND Are considered as the oldest building material known to man.
BUILDING STONES CLASSIFICATION
CUT STONE/DIMENSION Includes all stones cut or machined to a given size, dimension or shape; produced in accordance with shop
and working drawings.
 FLAGSTONE Usually either thin or split from rock that cleaves by sawing into 1”to 4” thick.
RUBBLE Rough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, use in rough, uncaused work in the construction of walls,
foundations and paving.
CRUSHED STONE
CLAY DEPOSITS
RESIDUAL CLAY formed in place from the deterioration of pre-existing rocks bay various agents
SEDIMENTARY CLAY transported by water and wind: marine clay, shales, lacustrine clay
BASIC BRICK WORK
COURSE A horizontal layer of bricks or other masonry units.
BED JOINT The horizontal mortal in every course.
BUILDING STONES
A rock containing chiefly clay materials derived from claystone, siltstone or shale. Commonly with faint shades
ARGILLITE
of green; used for floor tiles, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base and exterior windows sill.
GRANITE An igneous rock having crystal or grains of visible size, consists mainly or quarts, feldspar, and mica or other
minerals.
LIMESTONE A rock of sedimentary origin composed principally of dolomite or calcite or both.
OOLITIC: a calcite-cemented calcareous stone formed of shell fragments
DOLOMITE: a limestone rich in magnesium carbonate; crystalline in character
RYSTALLINE: a limestone which is predominantly composed of calcium carbonate crystals
TRAVERTINE A variety of limestone deposited by springs; for interior facing and flooring.
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A metamorphic, recrystallized limestone composed predominantly of crystalline grains of calcite or dolomite or

MARBLE
both, mosaic structure.
SERPENTINE Igneous rock with color ranging from olive green to greenish black.
SANDSTONE A sedimentary rock consisting usually of quarts cemented with silica, iron oxide or calcium carbonate.
SLATE ROCK A hard brittle, metamorphic rock consisting of many clay minerals, characterized by good cleavage along
parallel lines.
TERMS DEFENITION
MORTAR Cement, sand and water.
GROUT Cement and water mixture.
TYROLEAN FINISH Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall w/ a hand operated machine.
EFFLORESCENCE An encrustation of soluble salts caused by free alkalies leached from mortar or adjacent concrete as moisture
move through it.
ADIABATIC CURING The curing of concrete or mortar w/o the gain or loss of heat during the curing period.
WHEATHERED Most waterproofed type of mortar joints for walls.
ADOBE BRICK Large roughly moulded sun dried clay bricks of varying sizes.
ASHLAR BRICK A brick whose face has been hacked to resemble roughly hacked stone.
STEAM CURING The curing of concrete of mortar in water vapor at an elevated temperature at either atmospheric or high
pressure.
ZOCALO Low wall around a chalet-type house.
FORTIFICATION Eg.: wall of intramuros
SCRATCH COAT Initial scored layer of plasterwork.
CINDER BLOCK A light weight masonry unit made of cinder concrete.
MORTAR 0.05 x 0.075 x 0.20 = 0.00075 cu.m.
PLASTER Cement + sand + lime + water
GROUT Cement + cement-sand / chemicals + water
CONCRETE Cement + sand + gravel +water
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM) 4500 psi
CONCRETE Resist compression
BARS Resist tension
SILT TEST To test the amount of clay or silt present in the sand
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HARDENING Hardening or final setting is a gradual progress of crystallization which increases the strength of the cement.
READY MIXED CONCRETE Concrete is done in a central mixing plant.
CENTRAL MIXED CONCRETE Concrete completely mixed with water before leaving the plant.
TRANSIT MIXED CONCRETE Mixed dry before starting and water added during transit.
POURING This should be done with care so that aggregates are not separated, and honeycomb are not formed and is
avoided.
GUNNITE The placing of concrete by pneumatic gun. The concrete is place in the forms under air pressure.
Vibrators are machines that vibrates 13,000 vibrations/minute or also known as a high frequency vibrator which
VIBRATORS is applied in the concrete mass or upon the outside of the forms to compact concrete and reduce the amount
of honeycomb and surface irregularities.
Right proportioning, correct mixing and careful placing of concrete can only be successful when proper curing
CURING
has been given due consideration.
FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS

FERROUS Metal in which iron is the principal element

NONFERROUS Containing no, or very little iron

Steel – a malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by melting and refining pig iron and/ or scrap
steel; graded according to the carbon content.
Cold-rolled sheets or galvanized (given a zinc coating). Pig iron is used to make cast iron which is high
in compressive strength but low in tensile strength, and has little use for construction.
Cast iron – is the simplest and cheapest product of iron; made by malting of pig iron.
FERROUS METALS Malleable Iron – is another form of cast iron.
Wrought Iron – is produced when pig iron is melted in such a way as to remove nearly all of the carbon
and other impurities.
Stainless Steels – are made with chromium or a combination of nickel and chromium used in buildings
of exterior walls panels, frames for doors expansion joints, flashing, copings, fascia and gravel stops.
Copper – bearing steel has high resistance to corrosion and is used for making sheet steel and metal
lath.
Aluminum- it’s or, Bauxite, requires 10 kilowatt hours for each pound of metal aluminum extracted.
NON-FERROUS METALS
Aluminum foil- used as a vapor barrier on walls and ceilings and as reflective insulation
Copper- a lustrous reddish metal, highly ductile and malleable; has high tensile strength, is an excellent
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Copper alloys - are brasses and bronzes which contain primary zinc and tin, respectively, and the
alloys containing nickel.
Brasses - are used in architectural and hardware applications
Bronzes - are used in the production of springs.
Lead - a soft malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point and a high coefficient of thermal
expansion; very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces; used for roofing,
flashing and span wall panels.
Tin - a lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point; relatively unaffected by
exposure to air; used for making alloys and solder and in coating sheet metal

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 : WOOD AND MASONRY

WOOD
Strong, adaptable, durable, lightweight and easy to work with.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD Excludes natural beauty and warmth to sight and touch.
Requires sensitive use and conservation measures.
HARDWOOD – wood from decidious or broad leaf flowering tree.
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
SOFTWOOD – wood from conifers or evergreen trees.
Hardness
Flexibility
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
Strength
Durability
STRUCTURE OF WOOD SAPWOOD – portion of a tree/log near the periphery which is generally lighter in color than the central portion.

HEARTWOOD – central core of the tree/log, composed of inactive cell and serves only in mechanical support.

Knots Dry Rot

Check Shakes
DEFFECTS OF WOOD
Warp Pitch-pocket
Wane Split
Wood id stable material if strengthened and made resistible to fungi, decay and insects.
WOOD AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Below 30% moisture content causes wood to expand as it absorbs moisture (swelling) and shrinks
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at it loses (shrinkage).
Reducing the moisture content to 20% makes the wood decay resistant and virtually rot free.
Moisture content is a controlling factor.
NATURAL AIR DRYING – months
METHODS OF DRYING WOOD KILN DRYING – days or weeks.
RADIO-DELECTIC FREQUENCY DRYING - hours
Hardwood is graded according to the amount of usable lumber in piece that may be cut in defining
pieces of certain grade and size.
LUMBER Also the diversity of purposes of its application and use.
Lumber is specified by species, grade and is stress graded by authorized agency.
Lumber is measured in Board-feet which is equal to 12’ square (305 mm) and 1”9 25 mm thick.
YARD LUMBER – softwood intended for general purposes.
FACTORY LUMBER – or shop lumber primarily used in manufacturing doors, windows and millwork.
STRUCTURAL LUMBER – composed of dimension lumber and timbers graded either by visual inspection or
CATEGORIES OF LUMBER mechanically.
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER – or “Glulam” where in a wooden member built up of several layers of wood whose
grain direction
Are all parallel and held together with glue as fastening.
TERMS DEFENITION
SCAB Short piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed or screwed to two butting pieces in order to splice them together
BATTEN Narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel boards in the same plane.
KICKER PLATE A plate use to anchor a stair to concrete.
LEDGER On beam which carries joist flush with edge of beam (or girder).
SOLE PLATE Horizontal timber which serves as the base for studs in a stud partition.
HEADER Short transvers joist that supports the end of a cut-off joist at the stairwell hole.
TRIMMER Supporting joist which carries an end portion of a header.
FLOOR FRAMING Consist of common floor joist, cross bridging, solid bridging and other members.
FLOOR JOIST The building part to which the floor is nailed.
GIRT Heavy beamed framed the load which supports the floor joist.
GIRDER Principal beam of timber used to support load and isolated points along to length.
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MASONRY
MORTAR & GROUT Are the cementitious bonding agent that
Bricks
Stones, such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone
COMMON MATERIAL OF MASONRY
Concrete blocks
CONSTRUCTION
Glass blocks
Tiles
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
GROUT Consist of cementitious materials and aggregate thoroughly mixed with sufficient water to attain the desired
consistency.
MORTAR A binding agent used in construction of clay brick, concrete masonry, and natural stone masonry walls.

1. VENEER MASONRY – Consist of masonry units, usually clay-based bricks, installed on one
or both sides of a structurally
2. independent wall, usually constructed of wood or masonry.
3. SOLID MASONRY – without steel reinforcement, tends to have very limited applications
in modern wall construction.
TYPES OF MSONRY 4. BRICK – is made of two or more layers of bricks with the units running horizontally (called
stretcher bricks)
5. CONCRETE BLOCK – blocks of cinder concrete (breezeblocks), ordinary concrete
(concrete blocks), or hollow tile.
6. STONEWORK – utilizing dressed stones is known as ashlar masonry, where masonry using
irregularly shaped stones is known as rubbed masonry.
EXPANSION JOINTS – used to separate brick masonry into segments to prevent cracking from changes in
temperature.
CONTROL JOINTS – used in concrete or concrete masonry to create a plane of weakness that, used in
conjunction with reinforcement or joint reinforcement, controls the location of cracks caused by
TYPES OF MOVEMENT JOINTS
volume changes resulting shrinkage & creep.
BUILDING EXPANSION (ISOLATION) JOINTS – used to separate a building into discrete sections so that
stresses developed in one section will not affect integrity of the entire structure.
CONSTRUCTION (COLD) JOINTS – used primarily in concrete construction work interrupted.
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FLASHING IN MASONRY JOINTS
TWO TYPES OF FLASHING
Necessary to collect moisture tat enters the wall system and to channel it to the exterior through weep
holes.
ESPOSED FLASHING – can be applied to all masonry construction.
EMBEDDED FLASHING – usually limited to drainage-type walls.

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 3 : CONCRETE AND STEEL

CONSTRUCTION Is the act of building something on site or the manner in which materials are assemble

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Is discovering how to use tools and techniques efficiently to get the best result

WOOD CONSTRUCTION One of the oldest and wisely used of building purposes

MASONRY CONSTRUCTION Made of stone, brick, concrete block and structural clay

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION Develop by romans

STEEL CONSTRUCTION 300 BC-Egyptian-iron too

PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION New trends in construction

1. Trabeated or Post and Lintel –use among the Greeks and Roman
2. Arcuated or Arch and vault
Roman-invented arches
STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT Gothic-skelita
Renaissance
3. Corbel and Cantilever-is a block projecting from the wall supporting a weight
4. Truss- series of triangle - design of series of frame.
STEEL Being considered in some construction it still cannot replace concrete as number one building material
because of its high cost.
An artificial stone as a result of mixing cement ,aggregates and water or other inert materials(when
CONCRETE
needed).This is known as solid mass or plain concrete.
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT TYPE I-standard portland cement/grayish in color
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TYPE II-moderate sulfate resistance

TYPE III-high early strength, 3days
TYPE IV-used for a low heat of hydration is desired
TYPE V-sulfate resisting cement
Defined by size as coarse and fine. Both coarse and fine aggregates are specified by ASTN C33,which set
AGGREGATES
standards for grading, deleterious substances and soundness
WATER-CEMENT-RATIO The proportion of water to cement to control the strength of the concrete
HYDRATION Cause of chemical reaction between cement and water
LAITTANCE Is the adverse effect of excess water
SALAMANDER Oil burling stone used for heating the water when freezing weather
A concrete admixture is defined in ASTM C125 as “material other than water aggregates and Portland cement
ADMIXTURE OR ADDITIVES
used as an ingredient of concrete and added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing”
1. Accelerator –speeds up and hardening and setting of concrete
2. Retarder-slow down the hardening
3. Air-Retaining Agent – substances w/c holds air bubbles in concrete
4. Dispersal Agent-it prevents bleeding of water in the surface of concrete
5. Concrete Hardener- it improves hardness or denseness of concrete
6. Water-Reducing Agent-improves workability of concrete
TYPES OF ADMIXTURE OR ADDITIVES 7. Concrete Waterproof –makes concrete more water type
8. Bonding Agent-improves bonding between old and freshly poured concrete
9. Concrete Coloring Agent-it produce colored surface
10. Set-inhibiting agent –inhibits the set of cement
11. Surface Sealing Agent-it prevents evaporation of water for new concrete
12. Gas Forming Agents-develops potential strength of concrete
13. Pozzolanic Admixture –used for Portland cement pozzolan

The right proportioning of the ingredients of concrete provides workability during construction so that the
CONCRETE MIXES
hardened concrete will have the required properties
SEGREGATION The separation of coarse aggregate particle
SCAFFOLDING Small construction of framework that serve as a guide and support in the same time as a flat form of workers
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FALSE WORK Another term for scaffolding.

STRIPPING Process of removing the form
STAGING More substantial framework progressive as building right-ups
METAL REINFORCEMENT
REINFORCING STEEL Must be free of rust, scale, oil, or any surface material that could affect bonding.
REBARS May be round or square. Smaller sizes are usually round, while over 1’in diameter may be round or square.
1. Deformed Bar--the surface have deformation, rebars manufactured with surface
deformation
KINDS OF REINFORCING BARS
2. Reinforcing Mesh -available size 4’6’8’10’, like fencing and chicken wire
3. Plain Rebars - for decoration and balusters
BUILDING FORMS
Building Forms a temporary boarding, or sheathing or pans used to produce the desired shape and size of concrete.
Parts of the Structures Classification Time required
A. Massive D. 1 day
FOOTING B. Cantilever E. 5 day
C. Footing F. 3 days
A. Up to 2’high 1 day add 1 day
A. Massive(12”thk.or>)
for every 3’ ht.or fraction
Retaining wall, basement
thereof
WALL AND COLUMN elev.
REMOVING OF FORMS B. Up to 6’ high 2 days add 1day
Shaft ,bank vaults
for every 3’ ht.or fraction
B. Thin Wall (<12”thk.)
thereof 3 days
A. 3 days
A. Sides B. B. Up to 14’ 15 days and ½ day
BEAMS AND GIRDER
Bottom for every 1’ or fraction
thereof 3 days
SLABS A. 17 day
STEEL PRINCIPLE
STEEL An alloy of carbon and iron other elements being present in varying amounts depending upon the
properties desired.
IRON The main ingredient in terms of percentages, usually making up roughly 98%of all the components found in
steel.
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CARBON Typically will comprise less than ½% of steel but is very important because it affects the steel’s strength and
hardness
Carbon Steel-more than 90% of steel
Alloy Steel-it used for automobile gears and accel
CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL High-strength low-alloy steel(HSLA) - newest in the five family of steel and contain special alloy steel
Stainless Steel –contains chromium, nickel ,no effect in high and low temperature
Tool Steel – It’s for tools

SHAPES OR SECTION The steel used in a structural framework is made of long pieces
SITE PREPARATION
SITE INVESTIGATION The procedure of determining surface and subsurface and conditions in the area of the proposed
construction
BORING TEST Serves to provide a visual identification of soil strata underlying an area by literally penetrating into the earth.
SITE FACTOR Things about the site are important to those who prepare and clear the site
1. Demolishing- destroying by blasting, use of explosives, or wrecking which can be done using
mechanical devices such as crowbar(a hand tool),crawler tractor(bulldozer with blade),and crane
with wrecking ball.
2. Salvaging –saving things from being demolish
3. Cutting- bringing down trees by using axes, explosives or saws: cutting of pieces metals using torch
WAYS TO CLEAR THE SITE
4. Earthmoving-also a major part of construction process, usually done by excavating (digging) and
transferring (moving)it to another place where it is piled up, spread out, or used as fill materials
(disposing).
5. Disposing-removing from the site materials that are not wanted, maybe done by burying, burning, or
hauling away.
Also called Staking out which means the process of relocating the point of boundaries and property line
LAYOUT
of the site where the building is to be constructed.
STAKE Wooden sticks used as post sharpened at one end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or support
of the batter board.
Wood stick or board nailed horizontally at the stake which serves as horizontal plane where the reference
BATTERED BOARD
point of the building measurements are established.
STRING Either plastic chord or galvanized wire across the batter board used to indicate the outline of the building
wall and foundation.
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Usually done by excavating (digging) and transferring (moving)spoil to another place where it is piled up
EARTH MOVING
,spread out or used as fill materials (moving).
SPOIL Excavated materials, transferred or moved then disposed
TOP DRESSING Spreading of the thin coat over an area sometimes tough or dense material must be loosened before it can
be excavated
1. Power shovels-used primarily to excavate earth and load it into trucks or tractor-pulled wagons or onto
conveyor belts
2. Draglines-used to excavate earth and load it into hauling units ,such as truck or tractor-pulled wagons
or to deposited it in levees ,dams, and spoil banks near pits from which it is excavated
3. Clamshells –are used primarily for handling loose materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, coal,
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS etc, and for removing materials from cofferdams, pier foundations, sewer manholes, sheet-lined
trenches, etc
4. Hoes –applied to excavating machines of the power shovel group referred to by several names such
as hoe, backhoe
,back shovel and pull shovel
5. Scrapers- are open-fronted box whose bottom edge can be sunk below the ground surface.
Minor excavation - are those constructions having independent footing and hollow block wall footing
where the digging of the soil for the footing extend to a depth from 1.0 to 1.50 meter and about half a
CATEGORY OF EXCAVATION FOR
meter depth for the wall footing.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Major excavation - building construction that requires wide excavation or total extraction of the soil are
classified into two categories depending upon the condition or location of the site
TRIMMING Done to make the excavation ready for the foundation
STABILIZING Done to make the walls hold their form and to keep them from falling
1. Compacting – is the compressing or packing down of the earth to make it firm
5 WAYS TO STABILIZE EARTHWORKS 2. Shoring – is the process of providing temporary supports to the structure or ground during
excavation
3. Bracing and sheeting – the brace is placed horizontally between the sheeting panels
4. Piling-driving of large concrete, steel or wooden stake called piles into the ground to give
5. Coffer damming- is popular method used in construction when a structure must be built in
water or waterfilled soil.
SUBSIDENCE Sinking down, or sink to lower level
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The operation of providing permanent foundation in place of inadequate footing, for instance replacing
UNDERPINNING
shallow footing by a new footing at a greater depth.
FOUNDATION SYSTEM
SUBSURFACE The first structural component to be installed on the site.
The study of settlement records from other structures erected over similar soil conditions; loading test ,and
SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
laboratory investigation or soil samples are the principal methods employed
Also, called SUBSTRUCTURE which refer to that portion of the structure below the ground that transmits the load
FOUNDATION
of the building to the underlying soil or rock.
Upright Support-also called foundation wall
Footing – flat part of foundation which directly transmits the column load to the underlying soil or
PARTS OF FOUNDATION
rock
Foundation Bed – refers to the soil or rock beneath the footing
1. Spread Footing
2. Mat (closer)or Raft(loose)Foundation
3. Pile (Pilote) and Pier Foundation
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
4. Caissons
5. Floating Foundation
6. Grillage Footing
TYPES OF RETAINING WALL Gravity Wall - its weight alone resists the thrust of the earth
Cantilever Wall - makes use of the earth in resisting the tendency to overturn at the outer edge
Counter front Wall – vertical wall is tied to the base at regular intervals with triangular shaped
walls (similar to a buttress).
ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM
1. Rafter Type
THREE TYPES OF ROOF FRAME 2. Truss Type
3. Laminated Type
Roof Trusses Are the most economical structure to cover a building having a wide span of supporting columns or wall.
Is a beam placed on top of the rafters or top chord that extends from truss to truss which carry and transfer the
Purlin
roof load to the truss at the panel points.
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Refers to the roof portion that lies between two adjacent joints of the upper chord. In short, roof panel is that
Roof Panel
portion of the roof supported by each purlins.
Sag Rod Refers to the steel bar usually of 16 mm or 19 mm diameter attached at the center or end points of the span
of the purlins.
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VERNACULAR TERMS
FOREIGN TERM LOCAL TERM FOREIGN TERM LOCAL TERM
ANGCHOR Liyabe LEAN-TO ROOF Sibe
ARCHITECT Arkitekto MASON Kantero
ASTRAGAL Batidura MORTAR Paupo
AWNING Medya Agua NEWEL POST Tukod
BALUSTERS Barandillas NUT Truerka
BASEBOARD Rodapis OPEN/STONE PORCH Azotea
BEAM Biga PLANK BOARD Senepa
BRACE Pie de Gallo PLASTER Palitada
BRICK Ladrillo PROJECTION Bolado
CANOPY Medya Agua PURLINS Reostra
CEILING JOIST Kostilyahe PUTTY Masilya
COLLAR Sinturon REINFORCING BARS Kabilya
CONCRETE SLAB Larga Masa RISER Takipsilipan
DIAGONAL BRACE Sinturon RIVETS Rimatse
DOWEL Abang SAND & GRAVEL MIXTURE Latillas
DOWNSPOUT Tubo de Banada SCAFFOLDING Andayo
EARTHFILL Escombro SCRATCH COAT Rebokada
EAVES Alero SKETCH PLAN Krokis
FEET Piye TIE BARS Anilyo
FILLET Batidura TRANSOM Espeho
FINISH COAT Palitada TRELLIS Pergola
FOREMAN Kapatas TRUSS Kilo
FRAMEWORK Balangkas WALL POST Bagad
GIRER Kuling WATER CLOSET Inodoro
GIRT Sepo WOOD GRAIN Haspe
GROOVE Canal
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HANDRAIL Gabay
HEAD Sumbrero
HINDGE Bisagra
JOIST Soleras
KING POST Pendulum
LABORER Piyon
LAYING OF CHB Asinta
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 4 : SPECIFICATION WRITING AND ESTIMATING

According to the dictionary it is define as “A definite and complete statement, as in the contract; the precise
method of construction.”
A specification is a combination of words properly describing the quality of a product, its method of
manufacture, its installation into a project, and in some cases, a description of the final result or appearance.
Information for specifications is obtained from
Specification many sources. Specifications must be clear, definite, comprehensive, and even complex in some cases, but as
understandable to those using them as though they themselves had written them. Specifications have many
forms but all should be correct, so that no misunderstanding is possible.
Construction drawings and construction specification are intended to complement each other in order to
present the full requirement of the project. Drawings indicate quantity and Specifications indicate quality
1. Closed Specification – is one in which only one material or process appears, or in which a description of
a material is so detailed that only one product can qualify.
TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS 2. Open Specification – on the other hand is one that allows the use of a number of products that the
specification deems equal and acceptable for the work. Theoretically, it allows competition to the
supplier or product but within broad limits of equality.
Manufacturer’s Specification – These specs are most often written by professionals, but occasionally
they are done by advertising agency. These specs general purpose is to sell their particular product by
presenting the best qualifications.
Federal Specifications or Governmental Specifications – These are guides and master copies to which
portions are apply to the projects. There are no manufacturer’s names because it is strictly Open Specs.
OTHER TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS
Commercial Specifications – It is either closed or Open specs. Because the project is not government,
the owner has a preference for a particular product.
Performance Specifications – descriptive in nature. They describe the materials to be used and the
methods of acceptable and installations. It allows contractor to select materials but limits the
Architect’s control to accept and reject. Usually used for private projects.
1. Streamlined Specifications – it is more of a style rather type, these Specs are called shorter version of
the actual length of the written specification. It is done by eliminating certain words. It is advisable for
simple projects like small houses were as it helps to reduce materials and work but sometimes may
STYLE OF SPECIFICATIONS mislead intent if wrong words are eliminated.
2. Preliminary Specifications – like streamlined, preliminary specs are also a style. It is exactly what the title
implies, a preliminary listing of materials or methods required by the project. Sometimes it is used only for
guides or owners approval or contractors lists of requirements.
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3. Tabulation Specifications – like the previous two, this is also a style and is more closely related to a
Preliminary Specs except that it is used as a final Specification.
THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OR MASTER FORMAT

1. Specification Outline - These groups related to work under divisions and section.
2. Filing System - Provides a method for filing and retrieval of manufacturers’ literature listed under one (1)
THREE-PART FORMAT (THE UNIFORM
of the sixteen (16) division.
SYSTEM)
3. Cost Accounting Guide - Orderly arrangement of the various cost items of construction that are
directly related to identical or similar items of a specification.
SIXTEEN DIVISIONS (FORMAT)

DIVISION 1 General Requirements (e.g.: barracks)

DIVISION 2 Site Work (e.g.: excavation; foundation; elevation)
DIVISION 3 Concrete (e.g.: concrete fills-all)
DIVISION 4 Masonry (e.g.: laying at CHB; asinta)
DIVISION 5 Metals (e.g.: metal works)
DIVISION 6 Woods and Plastics (e.g.: ceiling – wood and plastic works)
DIVISION 7 Thermal Moisture Protection (e.g.: insulators)
DIVISION 8 Doors, Windows and Glasses (e.g.: schedule)
DIVISION 9 Finishes (e.g.: finishing)
DIVISION 10 Specialties (e.g.: special treatments; plumbing)
DIVISION 11 Equipment (e.g.: special equipments)
DIVISION 12 Furnishings
DIVISION 13 Special Construction
DIVISION 14 Conveying Systems (e.g.: elevators; dumb waiters; escalators)
DIVISION 15 Mechanical (e.g.: air-cons)
DIVISION 16 Electrical
These are usually done by multiplying the square feet or square meter to the cost per meter. Considerable
APPROXIMATE ESTIMATES
experience and judgment are required to obtain a dependable approximate estimate.
DETAILED ESTIMATES It is prepared by determining the costs of the material, labor, equipment, subcontract work, overhead, and
profit.
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FLITCH A thick piece of lumber.

FLITCH Annual rings are small.
COARSE GRAINED Annual rings are large.
STRAIGHT GRAINED Direction of fibers are nearly parallel with the side and edges of the board.
CROOKED / GROSS GRAINED Lumber taken from crooked tree.
ORGANIZATION ESTIMATES A comprehensive and well defined organization of work items. These are CSI and WBS.
FORMWORKS Temporary boarding shearing or molding to produce the desired shape of concrete.
GREASING Use crude oil mixture with No.40 motor oil with ratio 1:3
STAGING Framework that supports the column / beam or any concrete members.
CHB Stretcher hollow are most widely used among partition wall
MORTAR AND PLASTERING Ingredients to produce cement plaster are cement, sand and lime.
LIME Optional. It increases workability of their mixture.
REINFORCEMENT BARS Deformed plugs have lugs on their surfaces to increase bond between concrete and steel to prevent
slippage.
TERMS DEFENITION
WOOD Fibrous substance compose of trunk and branches that lies between pith and bark.
LUMBER Applied to wood after it has been sawed or sliced into boards, planks, etc.
ROUGH LUMBER The term applied to unplanned or undressed lumber.
DRESSED Planned lumber
S2S Two smooth sides
S4S Four smooth sides
TIMBER Lumber %” or larger
PLANK Lumber 4” to 5”
BOARD Lumber less than 4m thick and 10cm wide.
SLAB Rough lumber cut tangent annual rings, running a full length of bar

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 : ADVANCE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

1. ARCHAIC PERIOD- designer or builder is in search for new material
CYCLE OF DEVELOPMENT 2. PERIOD OF MASTERY- the height of development
3. PERIOD OF DECADENCE- when the use of materials is not so much desired
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

i. WOOD CONSTRUCTION- one of the oldest and most widely used .75% is used for building
purposes.
ii. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION- buildings made of stone, brick, concrete block and structural clay
DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION
tile.
METHODS
iii. CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION- one of the most important methods.
iv. STEEL CONSTRUCTION- first used by Egyptians by hammering meteorites into saws and
sickles. WROUGHT IRON-heating iron ore until soft enough to be forged or worked.
Derived from pig iron and while it usually refers to gray iron, it is also identifies a large group of ferrous alloy
CAST IRON
which solidify with eutectic.
WROUGHT IRON An alloy with very low carbon content in comparison to steel, and has fibrous inclusions, known as SLAG.
STEEL An alloy that consists mostly on iron and has a carbon content between 0.2% by 2.1% weight depending on
grade.
CAST –IN-PLACE Transported in an unhardened state, primarily as ready – mix and place in forms
A construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or ‘form’ which is then cured in a
PRECAST CONCRETE
controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Defined as the application of compressive stresses to concrete members.
PRE-TENSIONING The application, before casting, of a tensile force to high tensile steel tendons around which the concrete is to
be cast.
POST-TENSIONING The application of a compressive force to the concrete at some point in time after casting.
BARS – are used in certain types of post tensioning system.
WIRE – mainly used in post tensioning systems for prestressing concrete, is cold drawn and stress relieved
TYPES OF TENDONS with a yield stress of about 1300Mpa.
STRAND – which is used in both pre and post tensioning, is made by winding seven cold drawn wires
together on a stranding machine.
For normal concrete, tensile strength is about one – tenth of compressive strength. However for high strength concrete, it
TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
may only drop to 5% of compressive strength.
Mainly composed of cement, water and air pores with filler without any course aggregates. The typical size of air bubbles
FOAM CONCRETE
is around 0.3 – 0.4mm in diameter.
CEMENT GROUT It mainly consists of cement and water.
STRESS Force that tends to deform the body on which it acts.
STRAIN The ratio of the change in length of a materials to the initial unstressed reference length.
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

COMPRESSIVE STRESS Tends to squeeze a body.

TENSILE STRESS To stretch the body.
TENDON Core member.
DUCTILE A solid materials ability to deform under tensile stress.
HIGH-RISE BUILDING Generally defined as one that is taller than the maximum height which people are willing to walk up.
WILLIS TOWER Commonly referred to as the SEARS TOWER – is a 108 storey skyscraper in Chicago.
PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS Skyscraper and twin towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
TAIPEI 101 A landmarked skyscraper located in Xinyi District, Taipei Taiwan.
BURJ KHALIFA Skyscraper in Dubai, UAE.
WHARVES – level area to which a ship may be moored to load and unload.
IN SITU CONCRETE SLABS – are built on the building site using formwork.
FORMWORK - a type of boxing into which the wet concrete is poured.
FLAT SLAB PONTOON – an air filled structure providing buoyancy for easy transportation.
BERTHING FORCES - are carried directly from the fenders to the raker piles.
PUNCHING SHEAR - is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slab subjected to high
localized force.
RIBBED AND WAFFLE SLABS – provide a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab, reducing
extend of foundations.
RIBBED SLABS – are made up of wide band beams running between columns with equal depth narrow
ribs spanning the orthogonal direction.
RIBBED, WAFFLE, AND LIFT SLABS
WAFFLE SLABS – tend to be deeper than the equivalent ribbed slab.
LIFT SLAB CONSTRUCTION – is a method of constructing concrete buildings by casting the floor or roof
slab on top of the previous slab and then raising the slab up with hydraulic jacks so being cheaper and
faster as not requiring boxing and supports for casting in situ.
1. LIFT SLAB WITH CLAPPER – in this type of blinding one recess of min. 250mm high and 150mm wider per
clapper must have been provided in the wall during the previous stage.
TWO TYPES OF LIFTING SYSTEMS
2. LIFT SLAB WITH SPRING SUPPORT – in this type of lift slab one lead – through with M24 – wire threaded pipe
per spring support must have been provided during the previous stage.
PANELING – a panel or section of panels in a wall or door wall – an architectural partition with a height a
SLIPFORM CONSTRUCTION length greater than its thickness.
PANEL RIB – comes in lengths up to 41’ which can provide a continuous panel from foundation to eave.
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

CURTAIN WALL – are typically designed with extruded aluminum members, although the first curtain walls
were made of steel.
TILT WALL – is a type of building and a construction technique using concrete.
CABLE / TENSILE STRUCTURE
Offers a wide selection of architectural fabric membranes, each ideal for long spanning and large custom
TENSION STRUCTURE
projects in a variety of market sectors.
TENSILE FABRIC STRUCTURES A series of patterned panels welded together and tensioned to form a taut.
FABRIC MEMBRANES Formed in double curvature for rigidity against wind.
CABLE STRUCTURES The first extensive survey of its subject t from the point of view of the practicing engineer.
MEMBRANE STRUCTURES One sort of spatial structures made of tensioned membranes.
SHELL STRUCTURES Which keep their shape and support loads, even without a frame, or solid mass materials inside.
PRE ENGINEERED BUILDING – is designed by a manufacturer to be fabricated using pre-determined
inventory of raw materials and manufacturing methods that can efficiently satisfy a wide range of
structural and aesthetic design requirements.
PRE ENGINEERED BUILDING
PRE ENGINEERED METL BUILDINGS – some geographic industry sectors
ENGINEERED METAL BUILDINGS – reduce amount of pre engineering involved in custom computer aided
designs.
1. GEODESIC DESIGN – can be used to form any curved, enclosed space.
2. ICOSAHEDRON – 20 façade face
3. GEODESIC – is a line joining two points on the surface of the earth.
SCHWEDLER DOME – this has ribs extending down from the crown of the dome, rings extending
horizontally around the dome, and diagonals.
RIBBED DOME – this has ribs extending down from the crown of the dome and rings extending
GEODESIC STRUCTURE horizontally around the dome.
LAMELLA DOME –this has diagonals extending from the crown down towards the equator of the
dome.
DIAMATIC DOME – this has what may be described as pie shaped sectors repeated radially around
the crown.
GREAT CIRCLE DOME –this is a dome not defined by the Space Structures Research Centre.
GEODESIC DOME – this dome is rather different in its origin.
ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
RUTTEN SYSTEM Developed and patented a similar system in the 1930s.
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

TEE JOIST Came in depths of 16 & 20 inches were typically prestressed.

KEYSTONE JOIST Available in 8 and 12 inch depths and could be either conventionally reinforced.
GYPSTEEL FLOOR AND CEILING Consist of 24 inch wide, 2 ½ inch thick molded precast gypsum, reinforced with cold drawn wires that
SLAB projected from the coped or rabbeted bearing ends of the panels.
WAITE’S I BEAM Used in a number of buildings constructed by the Standard Concrete Steel Company of New
York City.
WATSON FLOOR SYSTEM Installed by the Unit Construction Company of St. Louis and included two types of
framing.
The precast units were shipped in three separate segments, which were aligned and supported on
MILLER SYSTEM
temporary shoring at the job site.
It involved a dry mix, lightweight concrete that was placed in an I shaped cross section mold and
LITH I BAR SYSTEM
compacted with cast iron rollers.
PORETE FLOOR SYSTEM Consist of precast hollow formed units of 4 to 6 feet in length.
TEE STONE SYSTEM Precast member could be used as a floor beam, or wall panel.
This cast gypsum system was manufactured for use as a roof slab and was available in both 3 inch
PYROBAR ROOF SYSTEM
deep solid and 4 inch deep hollow core sections for short span application.
`

SPECIFICATIONS AND BUILDING ESTIMATES

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SPECIFICATIONS AND BUILDING ESTIMATES

SPECIFICATIONS
TERM DEFINITION
Written or printed description of the work to be done describing qualities of the materials to be used, the equipment
to be installed, and the mode of construction.
SPECIFICATION
Construction drawings and construction specifications are intended to complement each other in order to present
the full requirement of the project. Drawings indicate quantity and specifications indicate quality.
PURPOSE OF GIVING SPECIFICATIONS
 The cost of a unit quantity of work is governed by its specifications.
 Specification of a work is required to describe the quality and quantity of different materials required for a construction work and is one of the essential
contract documents.
 This also specifies the workmanship and the method of doing the work. Thus specification of a work serves as a guide to a supervising staff of a
contractor as well as to the owner to execute the work to their satisfaction.
 A work is carried out according to its specification and the contractor is paid for the same. Any change in specification changes the tendered rate.
 As the rate of work is based on the specification, a contractor can calculate the rates of various items of works in tender with his procurement rates of
materials and labor. Thus tender rate without specification of works is baseless, incomplete and invalid.
 Specification is necessary to specify the equipment tools and plants to be engaged for a work and thus enables to procure them beforehand.
 The necessity of specification is to verify and check the strength of materials for a work involved in a project.
SOURCES FOR INFORMATION
1. Testing 3. Government Sources
2. Product Catalogs 4. Other sources
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS
Is one in which only one material or process appears, or in which a description of a material is so detailed that only
CLOSED SPECIFICATION
one product can qualify.
On the other hand, is one that allows the use of a number of products that the specification deems equal and
OPEN SPECIFICATION acceptable for the work. Theoretically, it allows competition to the supplier or product but within broad limits of
equality.
TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS
These specs are most often written by professionals, but occasionally they are done by advertising agency. These
MANUFACTURER’S SPECIFICATIONS
specs general purpose is to sell their particular product by presenting the best qualifications.
FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS OR These are guides and master copies to which portions are applied to the projects. There is no manufacturers name
GOVERNMENT SPECIFICATIONS because it is strictly open specs.
COMMERCIAL SPECIFICATIONS It is either closed or open specs. Because the project is not government, the owner has a preference for a particular
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SPECIFICATIONS AND BUILDING ESTIMATES

product.

Descriptive in nature. They describe the materials to be used and the methods of acceptable installations. It allows
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS contractor to select materials but limits the Architect’s control to accept and reject. Usually used for private
projects.

It is more of a style rather type, theses specs are called shorter version of the actual length of the written
STREAMLINED SPECIFICATIONS
specification. It is done by eliminating certain words.
Like streamlined, preliminary specs is also a style. It is exactly what the title implies, a preliminary listing of materials or
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATIONS methods required by the project. Sometimes it is used only for guides or owner’s approval or contractors’ lists or
requirements.
Like the previous two, this also is a style and more closely related to a preliminary spec except that it is used as a
TABULATION SPECIFICATIONS
final Specification.
MATERIAL TAKE OFF Without the unit price.
LUMP-SUM ESTIMATES Using per area method.
UNIT-PRICE ESTIMATES The computation method.
THE UNIFORM SYSTEM OR MASTER FORMAT
The problems of inadequate and unsatisfying communication between Architects and Builders have always been present, and with multitude products
and methods appearing in the market it is quite evident that a more standardized system is required in construction specifications. In past years no
standardized arrangement for specifications was in use and each office developed its own system but most often missed or not coordinated with the actual
construction.
In 1948 the construction specification institute/ CSI were formed. Its goal is to establish a standardized system of arrangement for specification writing.
But not until 1963 that CSI published the CSI Format for Building Specifications or simply The Format. This presentation was reduced to sixteen (16) basic divisions.
In addition to the adaptation of the format as the guiding principle, they also introduce three (3) major parts known as The Uniform System for Construction
Specifications, Data filling, and Cost Accounting, or simply The Uniform system.
THREE-PART FORMAT (THE UNIFORM SYSTEM)
1. Specification Outline 3. Cost Accounting Guide
2. Filling System
SIXTEEN (16) DIVISIONS (FORMAT)
Division 1 – General Requirements Division 9 – Finishes
Division 2 – Site work Division 10 – Specialties
Division 3 – Concrete Division 11 – Equipment
Division 4 – Masonry Division 12 – Furnishing
Division 5 – Metals Division 13 – Special Construction
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SPECIFICATIONS AND BUILDING ESTIMATES

Division 6 – Wood and Plastics Division 14 – Conveying Systems

Division 7 – Thermal and Moisture Protection Division 15 – Mechanical
Division 8 – Doors, Windows, and Glasses Division 16 – Electrical
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
TERM DEFINITION
is a social unit, which has been deliberately designed to achieve some specific goals. It comes from the Greek work
ORGANIZATION
organon meaning tool.
is the formal system of task and reporting relationships that control, coordinates, and motivates employees so that
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
they cooperate to achieve the organization’s goal/s.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART typical depiction of structure
COORDINATION PROCESS
1. Unity of Command
4. Decentralization
2. Span of Control
5. Line and staff relationship
3. Delegation of authority
TYPES OF ORGANIZATION
 Sole Proprietorship
TYPES OF ORGANIZATION ACCORDING
 Partnership
TO OWNERSHIP
 Corporation
 Small Companies
TYPES OF ORGANIZATION ACCORDING
 Medium-size
TO STRUCTURE
 Large Company
CONSTRUCTUON CONTRACTS
is an agreement between two or more people in which one person agrees to perform a specific task or provide
CONTRACT
goods or a service to another in exchange for something in return.
TYPES OF CONTRACTS
The contractor agrees to perform a stipulated job of work in exchange for a fixed sum of money. In other words a
SINGLE FIXED CONTRACT OR LUMPS SUM single tendered price is given for the completion of a specified work to the satisfaction of the client by a certain
date.
UNIT PRICE CONTRACT Construction contract in which the client or owner pays a fixed sum for each completed unit of work.
The owner pays all costs of construction with a fixed sum of money. The fee is fixed and does not fluctuate with the
COST-PLUS FIXED FEE CONTRACT
actual cost of the project.
COST PLUS PERCENTAGE FEE OF COST OF
The contractor is reimbursed for all his costs with a fixed % age of costs to cover his services.
PROJECT
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ADMINISTRATION CONTRACT Constructor will manage the affair while the owner will pay
MANAGEMENT CONTRACT Architect and the owner will hire project manager.
GUARANTEED MAXIMUM PLUS The contractor guarantees that he will construct the project in full accordance with the drawings and specifications
PARTICIPATION ON SAVINGS and that the price to the owner will not exceed some total upset price.
TURNKEY PROJECT Constructor finances without any support to the owner.
THE BIDDING PROCESS
Step One: ADVERTISE AND POST INVITATION TO APPLY FOR ELIGIBILITY AND TO BID (IAEB)
Serves as the notice to the public and all interested parties of the procurement and the bidding opportunities of the
IAEB
Procuring Entity.
Step Two: ACCEPT LOIs; ISSUE ELIGIBILITY DOCUMENTS AND CONDUCT OF ELIGIBILITY CHECK
Step Three: ISSUE THE BIDDING DOCUMENTS
Step Four: PRE-BID CONFERENCE, ISSUANCE OF SUPPLEMENTAL/BID BULLETINS
is the initial forum where the Procuring Entity’s representatives and eligible bidders discuss the different aspects of
PRE-BID CONFERENCE
the procurement at hand.
Step Five: RECEIVE AND OPEN THE TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL ENVELOPES
Bid or Proposal or Tender, referes to a signed offer or proposal to undertake a contract submitted by a bidder in
BID
response to, and in consonance with, the requirements stated in the bidding documents.
Step Six: EVALUATE THE BIDS
Step Seven: POST QUALIFICATION
is the process of verifying, validation, ascertaining all the statements made and documents submitted by the bidder
POST QUALIFICATION with LCB, which includes ascertaining the said bidder’s compliance with the legal, financial and technical
requirements of the bid.
Step Eight: AWARD THE CONTRACT
CONTRACT IMPLEMENTATION
ADVANCE PAYMENT A contractor may request for an advance payment but it should not exceed 15% of the total Contract Price
PROGRESS PAYMENTS The first progress payment may be paid after 20% of the work had been accomplished by the Contractor.
Refers to the amount equal to 10% of the progress payment, before deductions are made, that is withheld by the
RETENTION MONEY
Procuring Entity to cover the uncorrected discovered defects and third party liabilities.
The contractor may request for penultimate payment for the project it is implementing when 90% of the work has
FINAL PAYMENT
been completed.
VARIATION ORDER Refers to any increase or decreases in quantities within the general scope of the project as bid and awarded.
CHANGE ORDER Covers any increase/decrease in qualities of original work items in the contract.
EXTRA WORK ORDER Covers the introduction of new work necessary for the completion/improvement or protection of the project which
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SPECIFICATIONS AND BUILDING ESTIMATES

are not included as items in the original contract.

LIQUIDATED DAMAGES are damages agreed upon by the parties to the contract, to be paid in case of breach thereof.

ESTIMATES
TERM DEFINITION
is to determine the forecast costs required to complete a project in accordance with the contract plans and
PURPOSE OF ESTIMATING
specification.
TWO DISTINCT TASKS IN ESTIMATING
 To determine the probable real cost
 To determine the probable real time to build the project
TYPES OF ESTIMATES IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
1. Detail Estimate
4. Comparison Estimate
2. Unit Based Estimate
5. Parametric Estimate
3. Model Estimate
TERM DEFINITION
This type of estimate includes everything that needs to complete the project as well as overhead and contractor’s
profit. For this type of estimate, an estimator needs complete set of drawing and instruction manual of the project.
This estimate shows required materials, labor, time to complete the project, complete cost details and overhead
DETAIL ESTIMATE
and also contractor profit. It also includes insurance, bond, equipment and other necessary things that need to
complete the project. Estimator for this type of estimating should be experienced person because complete
project budget, time duration and contractor profit depends on his visualization.
This type of estimate is prepared by calculating building area and then multiplying area by predefined unit cost.
And then adjusted the cost by considering building height, length, width and other necessary building components.
UNIT BASED ESTIMATE
Required documents for preparing this type of estimate is a simple floor plan with measurement and key elevation
of the building. This type of estimation is used to check whether the project was designed within owner’s budget.
This type of estimate is prepared based on a model project estimate which is developed before. Preparing this type
of estimate needs answering several key questions depending on model project. Such as length and width of
MODEL ESTIMATE building, number of base, size of base, floor height, number of bath etc. Keep in mind that proposed project should
be similar to model project. this type of estimate may prepare a details estimate of whole project or a part of
project depending on the model project.
In this method, an estimator prepares estimate of proposed project by comparing similar completed project. After
PROJECT COMPARISON ESTIMATE
preparing the comparison estimate, estimator makes adjustment for variation of proposed project with the
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SPECIFICATIONS AND BUILDING ESTIMATES

completed project.
In this type of estimate, an estimator uses equations to prepare the estimate. This equation is the relationship
PARAMETRIC ESTIMATE between “parameters” and “cost” of a building project. This estimate is like unit based estimate but more complex
than unit based estimate. This type of estimate is done for getting concept of proposed project cost.
MASONRY WORKS
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS OR CHB Stretcher hollow are most widely used among partition walls.
4” or 100 mm
5” or 125 mm
CHB SIZES
6” or 150 mm
8” or 200 mm
MODULAR DIMENSIONS
200mm x 400 mm (8” x 16”)
Formula:
* in 1 sqm there are 12.5 pcs.
(Area net of CHB) x 13 = No. Of CHB required
* To allow wastage, use 13 pcs per sqm
Example Using class B mix
Area of wall 2.7 x 5.00 (excluding beam and column)
Area of window = 0.7 x 1.20 128pcs x 0.1124 = 14.39 ~ 15 bags of cement
Net Area = Area of Wall – Area of Window
= 13.5 – 0.84 128pcs x 0.0091 = 1.16 m 3 of sand
= 12.66 sq.m
12.66 x 13 = 164.58 pcs
= 165 number of CHB
THICKNESS OF CHB CLASS A (1:2 MIX) CLASS B (1:3 MIX) ESTIMATED MATERIALS
# of CHB x 0.1505 # of CHB x 0.1124 Bags of cement
8” (200 mm)
# of CHB x 0.0031 # of CHB x 0.0091 m 3 of sand
# of CHB x 0.0982 # of CHB x 0.0734 Bags of cement
6” (150mm)
# of CHB x 0.0053 # of CHB x 0.0059 M 3 of sand
# of CHB x 0.0411 # of CHB x 0.0307 Bags of cement
4” (100mm)
# of CHB x 0.0022 # of CHB x 0.0025 M 3 of sand
`

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
 AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

PROPERTIES OF FORCES
TERM DEFINITION
MAGNITUDE The amount of force, N
Refers to the orientation of its path or line of action. It is usually described by the angle that the line of action
DIRECTION
makes with some reference
SENSE
FORCE SYSTEM
TERM DEFINITION
COPLANAR All acting in a single plane of a vertical wall
PARALLEL All having the same direction
CONCURRENT All having their lines of action intersect at a common point.

force x distance
MOMENT
moment can be about any point called CENTER OF MOMENT
distance from center of moment to force shortest or perpendicular distance from the center of moment to
MOMENT ARM
line of action of force.
KINDS OF LOADS

TERM DEFINITION
CONCENTRATED LOADS example is a beam supporting a column
UNIFORM LOADS A series of uniform concentrated loads, but for 5 or more uniformly spaced concentrated loads.
OTHER LOADS varying load, moment load
TYPES OF SUPPORT
TERM DEFINITION
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

HINGED does not allow linear translation movement and allows angular movement
ROLLER allows linear translation movement and allows rotation
FIXED/ RESTRAINED does not allow linear translation movement and does not allow angular movement
TYPES OF BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
SIMPLY SUPPORTED W/ OVERHANG
CANTILEVER BEAM
PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM
CONTINOUS BEAM
INTERNAL FORCES TYPES
TERM DEFINITION
TENSION pulls away from joint
COMPRESSION pushes towards joint
SHEAR for connections
ASTM American Society For Testing And Materials
American Concrete Institute
ACI According to ACI code, I the strain in concrete reaches 0.003 (Єconc= 0.003), Є=3mm /1000 ;It begins to
crack
American Institute For Steel Construction
AISC
If a grade 60 steel (fy= 60ksi= 414Mpa) reaches a strain 0.0021 it begins to yield of (2.1mm)
FEATURES OF A STRAIN STRESS DIAGRAM
TERM DEFINITION
 AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

a graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the corresponding unit strains for
a specific material
1. PROPORTIONAL LIMIT maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when the
load is released
2. ELASTIC LIMIT maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original length but has
STRESS- STRAIN DIAGRAM
incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent set
3. YIELD POINT the stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load. The material
at some portion shows a decrease in its cross section
4. ULTIMATE STRENGTH the maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or
rupture
RUPTURE STRENGTH Stress at which material specimen breaks
The maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member, usually a fraction of the
ALLOWABLE STRESS material’s elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength. Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING
STRESS.

ELASTIC RANGE the range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation
a temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress less than the elastic limit of
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
the material

The property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident deformation. Since
BRITTLENESS brittle materials lack the plastic behavior of ductile materials, they can give no warning of impending
material

The property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being stressed beyond the
DUCTILITY elastic limit and before rupturing. Ductility is a desirable property of a structural material since plastic
behavior is an indicator of reserve strength and can serve as a visual warning of impending failure.
the property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and to recover its original
ELASTICITY
size and shape upon removal of the force
MALLEABILITY the ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load is released
TOUGHNESS the property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented by the area under
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

the stress- strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material. Ductile materials are tougher than brittle
materials.
a coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit stress and the corresponding unit
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke’s law and represented by the slope of the straight line
portion of the stress- strain line diagram. Also called COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY, ELASTIC MODULUS
PERMANENT SET the inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress producing deformation
the stress necessary to produce a specific limiting permanent set in a material, usually 0.2% of its original
YIELD STRENGTH length when tested in tension. Yield strength is used to determine the limit of usefulness of a material having a
poorly defined yield point. Also called POOR STRESS.
STRAIN- RATE EFFECT the behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material
TEMPERATURE EFFECT the brittle behavior low temperatures can cause in a normally ductile material
STRESS RELAXATION the time- dependent decrease in stress in a constrained material under a constant load
The gradual permanent deformation of a body produced by a continued application of stress or prolonged
CREEP exposure to heat. Creep deflection in a concrete structure continues over time and can be significantly
greater than the initial elastic deflection
the weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected to a repeated series
FATIGUE
of stresses
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF A36 STEEL
TERM DEFINITION
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS IN
Fv, 14.5 ksi
SHEAR
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS
Fb, 24 ksi
FOR BENDING
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY E, 29,000 ksi
WEIGHT water= 1000 kg/ m³, steel= 7850 kg/ m³, concrete= 2400 kg/ m³
 AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

weight= density x volume

pi (diameter)2 x length
volume of cylinder=
4

PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL
TERM DEFINITION
TENSION the act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body
TENSILE FORCE an applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body
a tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member and at the centroid
AXIAL FORCE
of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion or shear also called AXIAL LOAD
The tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist axial force, assumed to be normal to and uniformly
AXIAL STRESS
distributed over the area of the cross section. Also called DIRECT STRESS, NORMAL TRESS
the act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in the reduction in size or volume of an
COMPRESSION
elastic body
COMPRESSIVE FORCE an applied force producing or tending to produce compression in an elastic body
Force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of the cross
ECCENTRIC FORCE
section, producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the section. Also called ECCENTRIC LOAD.
The internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it. Equal to the ratio of
STRESS
force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross- sectional area. Also called UNIT STRESS.
The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear tensile forces
TENSILE STRESS
tending to elongate it.
TENSILE STRAIN the elongation of a unit length of material produces by a tensile stress
a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a test specimen after
ELONGATION
failure in tensile test
a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in cross- sectional area of a test
REDUCTION OF AREA
specimen after rupturing in a tensile test

TENSILE STRENGTH
STRAIN
STRAIN GAUGE
YOUNG’S MODULUS
POISSON’S RATIO
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
SHEAR
SHEAR FORCE
SHEARING FORCE
SHEARING STRESS
SHEARING STRAIN
SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
BENDING
AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
the resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of longitudinal stress
required to rupture the material
The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. Strain is a dimensionless quantity, equal to
the ratio of the change in size and shape to the original size and shape of a stressed element.
An instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test specimen caused by tension, compression, bending
or twisting. Also called EXTENSOMETER
A coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the corresponding
longitudinal strain caused by the strain.
the ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body under longitudinal stress
The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear compressive forces
tending to shorten it.
the shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive stress
The lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of the body to slide
relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact.
an applied force producing or tending to produce shear in the body
an internal force tangential to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in response to shear,
shearing in a vertical plane necessarily involves shearing in a horizontal plane and vise versa
The force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear force. Also called
SHEAR STRESS, TANGENIAL STRESS
the lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses, defined as the tangent of the
skew angle of the deformation.
a coefficient elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between shearing stress and the corresponding
shearing strain produced by the strain. Also called MODULUS OF RIGIDITY, MODULUS OF TORSION
The bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length. Bending is the
structural mechanism that enables a load to be mechanism that enables a load to be channeled in a
direction perpendicular to its application.
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

TRANSVERSE FORCE a force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member, producing bending and shear
TORQUE the moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion
the twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and opposite torques,
TORSION
producing shearing stresses in the body
REINFORCED CONCRETE
TERMS DEFINITION
the depth of concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of the tension
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
reinforcement
the amount of concrete required to protect steel reinforcement from fire and corrosion, measured from the
COVER
surface of the reinforcement to outer surface of the concrete section
the adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete developed
BOND STRESS
at any section of a flexural member
a bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is insufficient room to
HOOK
develop in adequate embedment length
STANDARD HOOK a 90º, 135º, 180º bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standards
any of various means, as embedment length or hooked bars, for developing tension or compression in a
ANCHORAGE
reinforcing bar on each side of critical section in order to prevent bond failure or splitting

the section of a flexural concrete member at a point of maximum stress, a point of inflection, or appoint
CRITICAL SECTION
within the span where tension bars are no longer needed to resist stress
a concrete in which the tension reinforcement theoretically reaches its specified yield strength as the
BALANCED SECTION
concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain
a concrete section in which the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain before the
OVERREINFORCED SECTION tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength. This is a dangerous condition since failure of the
section could occur instantaneously without warning

UNDERREINFORCED SECTION a concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength before the
concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain. This is desirable condition since failure of the
 AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

section would be preceded by large deformations giving prior warning of impending collapse
BEAM
TERMS DEFINITION
BEAM a rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across spaces supporting elements
SPAN the extent of space between two supports of a structure
CLEAR SPAN the distance between inner faces of the support of a span
EFFECTIVE SPAN the center to center distance between the supports of a span
an external moment tending to cause part a structure to rotate or bend, equal to the algebraic sum of the
BENDING MOMENT
moments about the neutral axis of the section under consideration
an internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force couple to maintain
RESISTING MOMENT
equilibrium of the section being considered
the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading,
DEFLECTION increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section of
the modulus of elasticity of the material
an imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam, other member subject to
NEUTRAL AXIS
bending, along which no bending stresses occur
a combination of compressive and tensile stresses developed at a cross section of structural member to
BENDING STRESS
resist transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface furthest from the neutral axis
a slight convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder, or truss to compensate for an anticipated
deflection
CAMBER
How is camber treated in a steel truss 25 meters and longer?
- Camber shall be approximately equal to the dead load deflection
an external shear force at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to bending, equal to the
TRANSVERSE SHEAR
algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the section
VERTICAL SHEARING the shearing stress developed along cross section of a beam to resist transverse shear, having a maximum

HORIZONTAL SHEARING
FLEXURE FORMULA
MOMENT OF INERTIA
SECTION MODULUS
LATERAL BUCKLING
STRESS TRAJECTORIES
SHEAR DIAGRAM
MOMENT DIAGRAM
CONCENTRATED LOADS
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
POSITIVE SHEAR
NEGATIVE SHEAR
POSITIVE MOMENT
AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
value at the neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer faces
The shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along longitudinal planes of a beam under transverse
loading, equal to any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point. Also called LONGITUDINAL SHEARING
STRESS
a formula defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the cross sectional
properties of a beam. Bending stress is directly proportional to bending moment and inversely proportional to
the moment of inertia of a beam section.
the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of
rotation. Moment of inertia is a geometric property that indicates how the cross sectional area of structural
member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic physical properties of a material
a geometric property of a cross section, defined as the moment of inertia of the section divided by the
distance from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.
the buckling of a structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on slender portion insufficiently
rigid in the lateral direction
lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in a beam
a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears present in a structure for a
given set of transverse loads and support conditions concentrated loads produce external shears which are
constant in magnitude between the loads uniformly distributed loads produce linearly varying shears
a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment present in a structure for a
given set of transverse load and support conditions. The overall deflected shape of a structure subject to
bending can often be inferred from the shape of its moment diagram
produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads
produce parabolically varying moments
a net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure being considered
a net resultant of shear forces that act vertically downward on the left part of the structure being considered
a bending moment that produces moment that produces a concave curvature at a section of a structure
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a point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vise versa as it deflects under a
INFLECTION POINT
transverse load: theoretically an internal hinge and therefore a point of zero moment
NEGATIVE MOMENT a bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure
a beam resisting on simple supports at both ends which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance.
SIMPLE BEAM As with any statistically determinate structure, the values of all reactions, shears, and moments for a simple
beam are independent of its cross sectional shape and material
CANTILEVER BEAM a projecting beam supported at only one fixed end
a beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a balancing
CANTILEVER
member or a downward force behind the fulcrum
a simple beam extending beyond one of its supports. The overhanging reduces the positive moment at
OVERHANGING BEAM
midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the cantilever over the support
a beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. The fixed ends transfer bending
FIXED END BEAM
stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam and reduces its maximum deflection
a beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and smaller moments than
a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading. Both fixed end and continuous beams are
CONTINUOUS BEAM
indeterminate structures for which the values of all reactions, shears and moments are dependent not only
on span and loading but also on cross sectional shape and material
the part of a beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance. The efficiency of
HAUNCH a beam can be increased by shaping its length in response to the moment and shear values which typically
vary along its longitudinal axis
a simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining spans with pinned construction joints at points
SUSPENDED SPAN
of zero moment. Also called hung span
the distance between inflection points in the span of a fixed end or continuous beam, equivalent in nature
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
to the actual length of simply supported beam
COLUMNS
TERMS DEFINITIONS
COLUMN a relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive loads, applied at the
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

member ends.
POST a stiff vertical support especially a wooden column in timber framing
the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the action of a
BUCKLING
compressive load. Buckling can occur well before the yield stress of the material is reached
BUCKLING the axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unsuitable.
the maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it to buckle. The
critical buckling load for a column is inversely proportional to the square of its effective length and directly
CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD
proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material and to the moment of inertia of the cross section.
Also called EULER BUCKLING LOAD
the critical point at which a column carrying its critical buckling load, may either buckle or remain
BIFURCATION
undeflected. The column is therefore in a state of neutral equilibrium
CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS the critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section
the ratio of the effective length of a column to its least ratio of gyration The higher the slenderness ratio, the
lower is the critical stress that will cause buckling. A primary objective in the design of a column is to reduce
SLENDERNESS RATIO
its slenderness ratio by minimizing its effective length or maximizing its effective length or maximizing the
radius of gyration of its cross section
The radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without
altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis. For a structural section, the radius of gyration is
equal to the square root of the quotient of the moment of inertia and the area
RADIUS OF GYRATION The higher the radius of gyration of a structural section, the more resistant the section is to buckling. In
determining the cross- sectional shape of a column, the objective is to providethe necessary radius of
gyration about the different axes. For an asymmetrical cross section, buckling will tend to occur about the
weaker axis or in the direction of the least dimension
LONG COLUMN a slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing
a thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Failure occurs when the direct stress
SHORT COLUMN from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the material available in the cross section. An
eccentric load, however, can produce bending and result in uneven stress distribution in the section
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a column having a mode of failure between that a short column and a long column, often party inelastic by
INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
crushing and partly elastic by buckling
An additional moment developed in a structural member as its longitudinal axis deviates from the line of
ECCENTRICITY
action of a compressive force equal to the product of the load and the member deflection at any point.
The proposition that a compressive load should be located within the middle third of a horizontal section of a
MIDDLE THIRD RULE
column or wall to prevent tensile stresses from developing in the section.
The distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling load. When this portion of a column
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
buckles the entire column falls.
A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses at a
COMBINED STRESSES cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal at any point to their algebraic
sum.
The central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant of all compressive
KERN loads must pass if only compressive stresses are to be applied beyond this area will cause tensile stresses to
develop in the section. Also called kern area.
A point on either side of the centroidal axis of a horizontal column or wall section defining the limits of the
KERN POINT
kern area.
the bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective length. Lateral bracing is most
LATERAL BRACING
effective when the bracing pattern occurs in more than one plane.

the distance between the points at which a structural member is braced against buckling in a direction
UNBRACED LENGTH
normal to its length
a coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end conditions in order to
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR determine its effective length. Fixing both ends of a long column reduces its effective length by half and
increases its load-carrying capacity by a factor of 4.
TRUSS
TERMS DEFINITIONS
a method of determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of any portion of the truss
METHOD OF SECTIONS
assembly.
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

a method for determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of the various joints
METHOD OF JOINTS
idealized as points in free body diagrams
DEFINITION OF TERMS
TERMS DEFINITIONS
a soil pressure acting on any structure that will tend to push the structure wherein the structure or a wall tends
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
to move away from the soil

ACCELEROGRAPH is an instrument which measures the velocity and acceleration of an earthquake in the ground
a round, steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry used to hold down machinery, steel columns or beam
ANCHOR BOLTS
casting, shock beam plates and engine heads
is one which both the concrete and the steel are so proportioned as to work to their full working stresses
BALANCED DESIGN
when the member carries its full allowable load
BATTER PILES are piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical. This is also known as brace pile or spur pile
BEARING WALL SYSTEM A structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
is the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces acting on either side of the section of a beam about an
BENDING MOMENT
axis through the center of the gravity of the section
a concrete pile which concreted either with a casing or without a casing at its permanent location. This is a
BORED PILE (bearing pile)
cast in place pile

a watertight, cylindrical or rectangular chamber used to in under water construction to protect workers from
CAISSON
water pressure and soil collapse
CEMENT GUN is an ejector operated by compressed air to force gunite into cavities or cracks in rocks or cement works

CHUTE is an open-top through which bulk materials are conveyed and by gravity
a temporary watertight enclosure around an area of water or water bearing soil, in which construction is to
COFFER DAM take place, bearing on a stable statum at or above the foundation level of new construction. The water is
pumped from within to permit free access to the area
CONSTRUCTION JOINT the vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has been stopped and continued
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later
COLD JOINT formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch o f concrete is placed
The tendency of most material to move or deform over time under a constant load The amount of
CREEP movement varies enormously depending upon the material. The area that is highly stressed will move the
most. The movement causes stresses to be redistributed
a cantilever wall that is reinforced with a masonry structure extending upward from the foundation or from
COUNTER (inner in retaining wall) the inner face of the retaining wall to provide additional resistance to thrust and are placed at regular
intervals. (Buttress if outer)
a horizontal or nearly horizontal system including horizontal bracing system, that act to transmit lateral forces
DIAPHRAGM
to the vertical resisting elements
a structural member of a horizontal bracing system that takes axial tension or compression. It is parallel to the
DIAPHRAGM STRUT applied load that collects and transfers shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributive loads within the
horizontal bracing system
a watertight bell- shaped steel chamber which can be lowered to or raised from a fresh or seawater bed
DIVING BELL crane. It is opened at the bottom and filled with compressed air so that men can prepare foundations and
undertake similar construction work under water.
a short steel bar extending from one concrete element to another as for instance a concrete foundation to
DOWEL
a concrete column. It may or may not transfer direct stress

is a long pin of steel or wood, made with or without the head, driven through the timber and into an
DRIFT BOLT
adjacent timber to hold them together and to transmit stresses
a joint designed to take expansion and contraction
EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION the designed break in a structure to allow for the drying and temperature shrinkage of concrete, brickwork of
similar material, thereby preventing the formation of harmful cracks
is a phenomenon of failure under repeated stresses. A fact, based experience and experiments, is well
FATIGUE known that stresses which are applied to a body a few times without causing apparent structure injury may, if
applied repeatedly or causing a great number of times, causes failure
GUNITE is a rich cement mortar which is applied by spraying under high air pressure
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GRADE BEAM a concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide foundation for the superstructure
GRANOLITHIC FINISH a surface layer or granolithic concrete which maybe laid on a base of either fresh or hardened concrete
is a footing which consist of steel beams arranged to distribute a concentrated load to the supporting
GRILLAGE
masonry or soil
design analysis requirement, considered as the basis for the structural design of structures where the total
DISTRIBUTION OF HORIZONTAL
lateral forces are distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system in proportion
SHEAR
to their rigidities considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm
is a fabricated metal beam composed of flanges with a material of a specified minimum yield strength
HYBRID STEEL GIRDER
different from that of the web plate
INTENSITY the measure of the damage level of an earthquake (subjective to visual assessment)
a point in the moment diagram where it changes from positive to negative moment of vise versa and the
INFLECTION POINT
value of the moment at this point is zero
a method of driving piles or well points into the sand in the situations where a pile hammer might not be
JETTING
suitable owing to the risk of damage by vibration to the piles of adjacent buildings.
LINTEL BEAM a beam especially provided over an opening for a door, window, to carry the wall over the opening
MAGNITUDE the measure of the energy released by an earthquake (measured by instrument)
is the constant which, within the proportional limit, express ratio between the unit stress to the unit strain. It is
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY the measure of the relative abilities of the different materials of construction to resist deformation under stress
within proportional limit
is a measure of the capacity of the material to absorb energy without danger of being permanently
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
deformed
is the internal resisting moment of a beam. It is opposite in sense to the bending moment but of the same
MOMENT OF RESITANCE
magnitude
MORTAR is a mixture, composed of one part of Portland cement and one part of clean sand, used as a filter

MULLION is a vertical member between two portions of window sash usually designed to resist wind load and not
vertical load. It is different from muntin, which is smaller member which separates the panels of glass within
 AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

the whole sash.

NON- BEARING WALL is wall that carries no load other than its own weight
the effect on the structure due to extreme lateral (earthquake) motions acting in directions other than
ORTHOGONAL EFFECT
parallel to the direction to the direction of resistance under consideration
PARTY WALL is a wall used or adopted for joint service between two buildings
a mixture of Portland cement, with water and sand applied to surfaces such as walls ceilings in a plastic
PLASTER CEMENT FINISH
state, later it sets to form a hard surface
POINTING in masonry, the final treatment of joints by the troweling of mortar or putty like filler into joints
method of analyzing indeterminate modular building frames by assuming hinges at the center of beam
PORTAL METHOD
spans and column heights or the interior column carries twice as much shear as the exterior column
is the product obtained by finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcining to incipient fusion an intimate and
PORTLAND CEMENT properly proportioned mixture of argillaceous and calcareous materials with no additions subsequent to
calcinations except water and calcined or uncalcined gypsum

is the highest unit stress for which the deformation of a body is proportional to the stress. Beyond this point,
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
permanent deformation occurs
is any framed structure or truss, is one which maybe omitted in the structure without affect in the possibility of
REDUNDANT MEMBER
analyzing the frame or truss by ordinary static method of computations such as the counter diagonal truss
consist of rough stones of various placed compactly or irregularly to prevent scour by water and protect
RIP-RAP
material which maybe washed out by the water
structural member in the steel truss framing that counteracts forces in compression because of high
SAGROD
probability of the purlins to deflect and bend down during purlin installation.
it is provided to help in the compaction of natural soil which provide channels through which water can
SAND DRAIN
escape much more rapidly then through the clay itself. The weight of the drain itself helps in the compaction.
SHEAR WALL a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of a wall
SOFFIT is the concave surface of an arch
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

SPANDREL BEAM is a beam from column to column, carrying an exterior wall in a skeleton building
in moment distribution method- (as used in analysis of indeterminate structures) is the ratio of moment of
STIFFNESS RATIO (K)
inertia of the cross section of its length
is the cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to change the shape of the
STRESS
body
STRAIN OR DEFORMATION is the change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action force

a deformed bar, embedded in a concrete construction at a joint and designed to hold a butting edges
TIE BAR
together, not designed for direct load transfer
TORSION OR MOMENT OF
is a quality which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line
INERTIA
is one in which the flexural steel is conceived to be replaced by large area of imaginary concrete which can
TRANSFORMED SECTION take tension. This gives a homogeneous section of concrete to which ordinary beam analysis may be
applied
is a watertight pipe 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter with a flared top used in depositing concrete under
TREMIE
water
UNDERPINNING is an art of placing new foundation under old foundation

is an oscillating power operated machine used to agitate fresh concrete so as to eliminate gross voids
VIBRATOR
including entrapped air and to produce intimate contact with form surfaces and embedded materials
VOID- CEMENT RATIO is the ratio of volume of air plus water to the volume cement
a continuous type of spread footing the supports vertical load, the weight of the wall itself and the weight of
WALL FOOTING
the footing
WATER CEMENT RATIO the ration of the amount of water, to the amount of cement in a concrete or mortar mixture
WEB CRIPPLING local failure of a thin web plate of a steel beam or girder in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load
LRFD LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN
SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISION
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TERMS DEFINITIONS
ARTIFICIAL RIGIDITY will cause torsion (twisting)
BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure
BASE SHEAR is the total designed lateral force or shear at the base of the structure
BEARING WALL SYSTEM (shear
is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
type)
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at edges of opening or at the perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm
is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type which is provided to resist lateral
BRACED FRAME
forces
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads
CONCENTRIC BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces
is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to the vertical
COLLECTOR
elements of the lateral force resisting system
is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system (including horizontal bracing system) acting to transmit lateral forces
DIAPHRAGM
to the vertical resisting elements
also known as tie or collector, is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load which collects and
DIAPHRAGM STRUT transfer diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or distribute loads within the diaphragm. Such
members may also take axial tension or compression.
is the boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to
DIAPHRAGM CHORD
the flanges of the beam

is a combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and Shearwalls or Braced
DUAL SYSTEM
Frame
ESSENTIAL FACILITIEs are those structures which are necessary for emergency post- earthquake operations
an element or system is one whose deformation under lateral load significantly larger than adjoining parts of
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT
the system
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

HARMONIC MOTION the coincidence of the natural period of structural with the dominant frequency in the ground
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME is a space frame in which the members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure
is the effect of the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than parallel to the
ORTHOGONAL EFFECT
direction of resistance under consideration
is the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on
P- DELTA EFFECT
the laterally displaced building frame

PROGRAM EVALUATION REVIEW it is a presentation of project plan by a schematic diagram or network that depicts the sequence and
TECHNIQUE- CRITICAL PATH interrelation of all the component parts of the project, and the logically analysis and manipulation of this
METHOD (PERT-CPM) network in determining the best overall program of operation.
PLATFORM is the lower rigid portion of a structure having vertical combination of structural system
mortar applied to a surface with a cement gun in the same manner as gunite, with such mortar has a cube
PNEUMATIC MORTAR
crushing strength of 20.68 Mpa at 28 days with water/ cement ratio of 0.45
is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to or a structural
SHEAR WALL
wall)
SOFT STOREY is a storey whose lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the storey above
SOIL- STRUCTURE RESONANCE is the coincidence of the natural period of structure which dominant frequency in the ground motion
is the usable capacity of a structure or its members to carry loads within the deformation limits prescribed in
STRENGTH
the code
SOIL STABILIZATION is the process of improving the properties of a soil to make it more suitable for a particular purpose
is a three dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of members interconnected so as to
SPACE FRAME function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or bracing
systems
STOREY is the space between levels. Storey x is the storey below level x
STOREY SHEAR is the summation of design lateral forces above the storey under consideration
STOREY DRIFT is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
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STOREY DRIFT RATIO is the storey drift divided by the storey height
is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. They maybe
STRUCTURE
categorized as building or non- building.
it is another term of a downspout. It is a vertical pipe, often of sheet metal, used to conduct water from a
RAINWATER LEADER
roof drain or gutter to the ground.
TORSION RIGIDITY (is used in
refers to the relative stiffness of the structure to resist torsional stress
seismic design)
TOWER is the upper flexible portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural system
VERTICAL LOAD CARRYING
is a space frame designed to carry all vertical (gravity) loads
SPACE FRAME
WEAK STOREY is a storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the storey
SEISMIC REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
1. maximum spacing of hoops shall not exceed 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
2. maximum spacing of hoops shall not be 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bars
3. maximum spacing of hoops shall not be more than d/4
4. the first hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the supporting member
GRADING AND EARTHWORK
TERMS DEFINITIONS

AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading

BEDROCK is in-place solid rock
BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed
BURROW is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use in grading on a site
COMPACTION Is the densification of a fill by mechanical means
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EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination

EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of the wind, water or ice
EXCAVATION Is the mechanical removal of the earth material
FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means
GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface
EXISTING GRADE is the grade prior to the grading
FINISH GRADE is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan
GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof
is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated material beneath the toe of a proposed fill
KEY
slope
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

TERMS DEFINITIONS
a material used as ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its
ADMIXTURE
properties
granular material such as sand gravel stone and iron blast furnace slag used with a cementing medium to
AGGREGATE
form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar
granular material such as sand gravel stone and iron blast furnace slag used with a cementing medium to
AGGREGATE
form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar

AGGREGATE LIGHTWEIGHT aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 100 kg/m or less
in post tensioning, a device used to anchor tendon to concrete member, in pre tensioning, a device used to
ANCHORAGE
anchor a tendon during hardening of concrete
BONDED TENDON pre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting

COLUMN member with a ratio to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support axial compressive load
COMPOSITE CONCRETE concrete flexural members of pre-cast and/or cast in place concrete elements but so interconnected that

FLEXURAL MEMBERS
CONCRETE
SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (f’)
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHT
WEIGHT
CURVATURE FRICTION
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d)
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS
EMBEDMENT LENGTH
JACKING FORCE
DEAD LOAD (DL)
LIVE LOAD (LL)
FACTORED LOAD
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
MODULUS, APARENT (concrete)
AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
all elements respond to loads as a unit
mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water,
with or without admixtures
compressive strength of concrete used in design expressed in megapascals (Mpa). Whenever the quantity
F”c is under a radical sign, square root of numerical value only is intended, and result has units of
megapascals (Mpa).
concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight not exceeding 1900 kg/m3.
lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed all- light weight concrete and lightweight concrete in
which of the fine aggregate consists of normal weight sand is termed sand- lightweight concrete.
friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified pre-stressing tendon profile
deformed reinforcing bars, bar mats, deformed wire fabric and welded deformed fabric.
length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical
section
distance measure from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement
stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses has occurred, excluding effects of dead load and
super imposed load
length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section
in prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted into prestressing tendons
dead weight supported by a member.
Loads of constant magnitude that remains in one position.
loads that may change in magnitude and position
load multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion a members by the strength design method.
ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of
material
also known as long term modulus, is determined by using the stress and strain obtained after the load has

MODULUS, INITIAL (concrete)
MODULUS, SECANT (concrete)
MODULUS, TENGENT (concrete)
PEDESTAL
PLAIN CONCRETE
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT
POST TENSIONING
PRECAST CONCRETE
POSTENSIONING
REINFORCED CONCRETE
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT
STIRRUP
DESIGN STRENGTH
NOMINAL STRENGTH
REQUIRED STRENGTH
TENDON
AC 513 - Architectural Correlation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
been applied for a certain length of time
the slope of the stress strain diagram at the origin of the curve
the slope of the line drawn from the origin to appoint on the curve somewhere between 25% and 50% of its
ultimate compressive strength
the slope of tangent to the curve to some point along the curve
an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimensions of
less than 3
concrete that does not conform to the definition of reinforced concrete
reinforcement that does not conform to the definition of deformed reinforcement
method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened
plain or reinforced concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in the structure
method of prestressing concrete which the tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed
designed on the assumption that two materials act together in resisting forces
continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix
reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member: typically bars, wires or welded
wire fabric (smooth or deformed) either single leg or bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located
perpendicularly to or at angle to longitudinal reinforcement (The term stirrups is usually applied to lateral
reinforcement in flexural members and the term ties to those in compression members.)
nominal strength reduction factor, Ø
strength of a member or cross- section before application of any strength reduction factors
strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and
forces in such combinations
steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rods or strand, or a bundle of such elements used to impart prestress
to concrete
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

TIE loop or reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement

TRANSFER act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning bed to concrete member
WALL member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces
in pre-stressed concrete, friction caused by unintended deviation of prstressing sheath or duct from its
WOBBLE FRICTION
specified profile
YIELD STRENGTH specified minimum yield strength or yield point or reinforcing in Mpa
a design so proportioned that the maximum stress in concrete (with strain of 0.003) and steel (with strain of
BALANCED DESIGN
Fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is reached, causing them to fall simultaneously
a design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for balanced conditioned. Failure
UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of thee structure to decrease the load
OVERREINFORCED DESIGN a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced condition
AGGREGATES
TERMS DEFINITIONS
FINE AGGREGATES- SAND are those that passes through a No.4 sieve (about 6mm in size)
Coarse aggregate shall not be less than:
 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms
COARSE AGGREGATE -GRAVEL
 1/3 the depth of slabs
OR CRUSHED STONE
¾ minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundle of bars or prestressing tendons
or ducts

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

MEASUREMENTS DEFINITIONS
75 mm for concrete cast and permanently exposed to earth such as footings
40-50 mm for concrete members exposed to weather

40 mm concrete cover of pipes, conduits or fittings and exposed to weather

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

40 mm for beams and columns

20 mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, such as slabs, walls and joists
BUNDLED BARS
a. groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact as a unit shall be limited to 4 in any one bundle
b. bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties
c. bars larger than 32mm shall not be bundled in beams
d. individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should terminate at a different points at least 40db stagger
The minimum concrete cover for bundled bars shall be:
 Equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle but not exceeding 50 mm
 75 mm- for concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth
STANDARD HOOKS
A. 180º bend plus 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at free end
B. 180º bend plus 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at free end
C. for stirrups and tie hooks:
 16 mm bar and smaller, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
 20 mm and 25 mm bar, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
 25 mm bar and smaller, 135º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER
The diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar shall not be less than the following:
(a.) 6db for 10 mm to 25 mm bar
(b.) 8db for 10 mm to 28 mm bar
(c.) 10db for 10 mm to 36 mm bar
4db minimum inside diameter of bend of stirrups and ties for 16 mm bar and smaller in diameter
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ONE- WAY SLAB

A one-way slab is considered as wide shallow rectangular beam. The reinforcing steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. The flexural
reinforcement of a one-way slab extends in one direction only.
Maximum flexural reinforcement spacing:
3 times the slab thickness or 450 mm
Minimum thickness of one-way slab:
Solid one-way slab
L/20 - simply supported
L/24 - one end continuous
L/28 - both end continuous
L/10 - cantilever
* Span length L is in millimeter
Ribbed one-way slab
L/16 - simply supported
L/18.5 - one end continuous
L/21 - both end continuous
L/8 - cantilever

LOAD FACTORS
TERMS MEASUREMENTS
DEAD LOAD 1.40
Live load 1.70
WIND LOAD 1.70
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

EARTHQUAKE 1.87
EARTH OR WATER PRESSURE 1.70
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR Ø
TERMS MEASUREMENTS
Flexure w/o axial load 0.9
AXIAL TENSION & AXIAL TENSION
0.9
W/ FLEXURE
SHEAR AND TORSION 0.85

Axial compression & axial A. spiral reinforcement……….0.75

compression w/ flexure B. tie reinforcement…………….0.70
BEARING ON CONCRETE 0.70
REQUIRED STRENGTH, U or Pu
Required strength U to resist dead load DL and live load LL is
U= 1.4DL + 1.7LL
Wind load W are included in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7W)
Earthquake loads or forces are included in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.87E)
Where structural effect T of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage or temperature change are significant in design U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.4T + 1.7LL)
but required strength U shall not be less than
U= 1.4 (DL + T)

SIZE AND SPACING OF MAIN BARS AND TIES

1. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than 1.5 db nor 40 mm
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2. Use 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller and at least 12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled longitudinal bars
3. Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following:
a. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter)
b. 48 x tie diameter
c. least dimension of columns
4. Ties shall be arrange such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with an
included angle of not more than 135º and no bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported
bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of a circle tie is allowed
MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT
1. not less than 12 db
2. not less than 1/16 clear span
3. not less than d whichever is greater
CRITERION FOR CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
a. Conduits and pipes embedded in slab, the wall or beam shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or
beam
b. Reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of cross- section shall be provided normal to piping
c. Conduits and pipes with their fittings, embedded within a column shall not displace more than 4% of the area of the cross section on which
strength is calculated
d. Concrete cover for pipes, conduits and fittings shall not be less than 40 mm for concrete exposed to earth or weather
CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH BOLTED CONNECTION
1. High-strength bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and shall not be separated by gaskets or any other interposed
compressive material.
2. Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench shall be installed with a hardened washer under the nut or bolt head whichever is the
element turned in tightening.
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3. When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the washer, shall be free of scale, except tight mill scales, dirts and burns.
4. Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut head shall have slope of not more than 1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis.