Description Pedon

TERHAD
SOIL CORRELATION TOUR 1/2010

DISTRICT OF KUALA LIPIS
PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR.
15 – 19 MAC 2010
ORGANISED BY
JABATAN PERTANIAN
SOILS SURVEY SECTION

DIVISION OF SOIL MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
ALL RIGHT RESERVED
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means
mechanicals, photocopy, recording or otherwise without the
prior permission of the Department of Agriculture Malaysia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Organising Committee of the soil correlation 1/2010 wishes to convey its gratitude to Director-
General of Agriculture, Malaysia, Dato’ Roseley Bin Hj Khalid and the Director of the Division of Soil
Management and Conservation Resources Tn Hj. Mustafa Kamal bin Baharuddin and Assistant Director
of Soil Survey Section, Choo Seh Bah for their full support to officers of Unit of Soil Management and
Conservation Resources Kuantan, Pahang to organise this soil correlation.
The prompt and efficient support given by the Analytical Section of the Division of Soil
Management and Conservation Resources, Department of Agriculture, in analysing the soil sample is
greatfull acknowledge.
Finally, we extend our sincere thanks to all staff of Unit of Soil Management and Conservation
Resources, Kuantan and Temerloh Pahang who have worked tirelessly and given their contribution and
cooperation in the preparation field trips and tour bulletin.
i
TOUR COMMITTEE OF SOIL CORRELATION 1/2010
Chairman : Zulkifli bin Ahmad

Members :
Profile Preparation : Norhisham Yacob & M. Azemi b. Mahat

Documentation : Norhisham Yacob & M. Azemi b. Mahat
Logistic and Equipment : Norhisham Yacob
Registration and Accommodation: Amiruddin Bin Idris
Refreshment : Mohammad Nazrul Hizam Ab Manaf
PA Equipment : Suhaimi Bin Husin
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Putrajaya
1. Choo Seh Bah Timbalan Pengarah G52
2. Noranizam bin Mohd Sahil Penolong Pengarah G44
3. Ahmad Fairuz Bin Che Omar Penolong Pengarah G41
4. Azman bin Ab. Rahman Penolong Pengarah G41
5. En Rodzi bin Mashor Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G36
6. Ishak bin Alias Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32
7. Abdul Shukor bin Talib Pembantu Pertanian G17
Kuala Lumpur
1. Pegawai Sains C41
2. Shahida Talib Pembantu Makmal
Pulau Gadong, Melaka

1. Mohd Faizal Halmy bin Rosly Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Telok Chengal, Kedah

1. Mohammad Hatta bin Haron Penolong Pengarah G41
2. En. Mohammad Nor Mat Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32
3. Sulaiman Hassan Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Titi Gantong, Perak

1. Muhamad Zikri bin Kamal Penolong Pengarah G41
2. George Katung Anak Barat Penolong Pengarah G41
3. Mohd Zainuddin bin Mohd Jailani Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32
4. Fakharudin bin Abd Hamid Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
5. En Mohd Radzi Othman Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
6. En Akla Mohamad Pembantu Pertanian G17
Shah Alam, Selangor

1. Ahbar bin Ayub Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
2. Ahmad Nazri bin Abdullah Zawawi Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
3. Mohd Yusrizal bin Mat Yusoff Pembantu Pertanian G17
ii
Chembong, Negeri Sembilan
1. Abd Ghani bin Ahmad Pegawai Pertanian G41
2. Ramli bin Abd. Karim Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
3. Shamsudin Aghoose Pembantu Pertanian G17
4. Ahmad Azwan bin Ahmad Anuar Pembantu Pertanian G17
Ayer Hitam, Johor

1. As’ari bin Hassan Kuasa Usaha (K/U) Ayer Hitam G52
2. Mohd Zulkifli bin Abdullah Penolong Pengarah G41
3. Mohammad Khair bin Ramli Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32
4. Wan Abdul Aziz bin Wan Abdullah Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32
5. Mohd Noor bin Abdul Manan Pembantu Pertanian G17
6. Mohd Nor Hakiki bin Husin Pembantu Pertanian G17
Kuantan & Temerloh, Pahang

1. Zulkifli bin Ahmad Kuasa Usaha (K/U) Kuantan (G48)
2. Norhisham bin Yacob Penolong Pengarah G44
3. M.Azemi Mahat Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32
4. Mohd Nazrul Hizam bin Ab. Manaf Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
5. Amiruddin bin Idris Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu

1. Norfazali bin Nordin Penolong Pengarah G44
2. Muhamad Zaihani bin Ramli Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32
3. A. Rahim bin Ibrahim Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Lundang, Kelantan
1. Mohd Rusdi bin Lajid Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
2. Mohd Affandy bin Yaacob Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27
Sarawak
1. Ngab Dollah Bin Salam Q48
2. Jopen ak Abut Q41
Sarawak
1. Jutom Ongkosing Q41
2. Barry Lohok Q41
TOUR PROGRAMME
Date Time Activities

15.03.2010 2.00 p.m Registration at Pejabat Pertanian Daerah Lipis
16.03.2010 8.00 a.m Soil Survey Section meeting at Pejabat Pertanian Daerah
Lipis
17.03.2010 8.00 a.m Depart to examine profile no 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
18.03.2010 8.00 a.m Depart to examine profile no 7, 8, 9, 10
19.03.2010 Disperse
iii
Chairperson, Commentator and Rapporteur of pedon
No Pedon Chairperson Commentator Rapporteur

1 Group 4
2 Group 3
3 Group 2
4 Group 1
5 Group 5
6 Group 5
7 Group 4
8 Group 3
9 Group 2
10 Group 1
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … … … … … … … … i
TOUR COMMITTEE OF SOIL CORRELATION 1/2010 … … … … … ii
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS … … … … … … … … ii
TOUR PROGRAMME … … … … … … … … … iv
1.0 INTRODUCTION … … … … … … … … 1
2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF REGION … … … … … … 3

2.1 Location of Tour Area … … … … … … … … 3
2.2 Topography … … … … … … … … … 4
2.3 Geology … … … … … … … … … 5
2.5 Climate … … … … … … … … … … 6
2.6 Agricultural Rainfall Index (A.R.I) … … … … … … … 8
2.7 Agro-Ecological Regions … … … … … … … … 9
3.0 PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYTICAL DATA
Pedon 1 … … … … … … … … … 10
Pedon 2 … … … … … … … … … 16
Pedon 3 … … … … … … … … … 22
Pedon 4 … … … … … … … … … 28
Pedon 5 … … … … … … … … … 34
Pedon 6 … … … … … … … … … 39
Pedon 7 … … … … … … … … … 44
Pedon 8 … … … … … … … … … 49
Pedon 9 … … … … … … … … … 55
4.0 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Location of Soil profile … … … … … … 2
Figure 2 Location of Kuala Lipis District … … … … … 3
Figure 3 Class of terrain for Lipis District ... ... ... … … 4
Figure 4 Geology of Kuala Lipis District … … … … … 5
Figure 5 The rainfall and evapotranspiration of Merapoh … … … 6
Figure 6 The Monthly temperature of Merapoh … … … … 7
Figure 7 The monthly relative of Merapoh … … … … … 8
Figure 8 Agriculture Rainfall Index (ARI) of Lipis District … … … 8
5.0 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Summary of climatic data for Merapoh area … … … 6
v
Table 2 Main characteristics of agroecological Regions 23 … … … 9
Table 3 Crop suitability - Agroecological Regions … … … 9
6.0 APPENDICES
Guide to the use of the tables to the identification of soils in peninsular Malaysia App-1
Some criteria to determine the soil series in Peninsular Malaysia App-2
Guide to calculate analytical data App-2
Table 1: Identification of soils developed on igneous and high grade metamorphic rocks App-3
Table 2: Identification of soils developed on sedimentary and low grade metamorphic rocks App-4
Table 3a: Soils on older alluvium with no quartz stoneline or a quartz stoneline < 25cm
within 100cm of the soil surface App-5
Table 3b: Soils on older alluvium with a quartz stoneline or a quartz stoneline > 25cm
within 100cm of the soil surface App-6
Table 4: Identification of soil with a reworked lateritic layer App-7
Table 5: Identification of recent(T1) alluvial soils App-8
Table 6 : Identification of sub-recent (T2) alluvial and related reworked soils App-9
Table 7 : Identification of soils developed on Beach Ridges and related deposits App-10
Table 8 : Identification of soils with sulfidic and sulphuric horizons App-11
Table 9 : Identification of non acid sulphate marine alluvial soils App-12
Table 10 : Identification of shallow organic soils App-13
Table11 : Identification of moderately deep and deep organic soils App-14
Table12a: Identification of soils develop on limestone and calcareous material ( no iron or iron/
manganese band) App-15
Table12b: Identification of soils develop on limestone and calcareous material ( with iron or iron/
manganese band) App-16
vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Department of Agriculture is the main agency involved in soil mapping and classification in
Malaysia. One of its main responsibilities is to ensure that there is uniformity in the mapping and
classification of soil among the officers that carry out soil survey work in the country In its efforts to
standardise soil mapping and classification in the country, the Department of Agriculture has embarked
on a programme that will provide soil correlation on a regular basis to soil scientists, agriculturalists,
landuse planners etc. for the purpose of disseminating up-to-date information on soil mapping and
classification, and land utilisation and management.
The soil correlation in the district of Kuala Lipis is a series of soil correlations that organised by
the Department of Agriculture towards fulfilling its role in the soil informations dissemination and
agrotechnology transfer. Soil correlations also act as a forum for soil scientists, agriculturalists, landuse
planners, land users and others to interact and to share their experience on soil classification, utilisation
and management.
The soils to be examined in the district of Kuala Lipis are developed from a wide range of parent
materials that are derived from igneous and sedimentary rocks. However, unlike soils that are developed
on similar materials in other parts of country, those in Kuala Lipis District are influenced by sedimentary
rocks dominated by sandstone, shale, siltstone , conglomerate and limestone.
For the purpose of this soil correlation, a total of 9 profiles (Figure 1) have been prepared, and
hopes to achieve the following objectives:
I. To disseminate information on recent developments on the mapping and classification of soils.

II. To stimulate and encourage a lively exchange of knowledge and experience among soil scientists on
the classification and utilisation of soils.
III. To promote judicious use of land in tandem with a concerted effort to protect and preserve the
environment.
1
Figure 1: Location of Soil Profile
2
2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF REGION
2.1 LOCATION OF TOUR AREA
The District of Kuala Lipis lies to the north of Pahang occupying an area of 536 903.816
o o o
hectares (5369 km square). It is situated within latitudes 3 57’ N to d 4 48" N and longitudes 101 25’ to
o
102 25’E Its northern border lies the State of Kelantan. Meanwhile districts of Jerantut located on the
North. To the south are the districts of Raub . The district of Cameron Highlands and State of Perak
forms its western border (Figure 2).
Accessibility into the area is by the Bentong-Raub-Kuala Lipis road and also accessible by
Jerantut-Kuala Lipis road and by railway from Gemas to Kuala Lipis - Gua Musang. In addition to the
primary means of transport via roads and railway, the rivers also provide an important means of
communication for rural dwellers.
Figure 2: Location Of Kuala Lipis District
3
2 TOPOGRAPHY
The District of Kuala Lipis lies between 60 m.a.s.l (198 ft.) to 1199 m.a.s.l (3956 ft.). The District
of Kuala Lipis occupying an area of 536 903.816 hectares (5369 km square. 170 957.15 hectares of the
area is steepland (31.84 %), especially in the areas to the north and east of the district. Otherwise
78549.10 hectares are Forest Reserves that recorded as 14.63 % of the area. Although between the hills
and the rivers, the relief is largely rolling to hilly with flat to undulating terrain in the valleys.
The major rivers flowing through the district are Lipis and Jelai River. River of Tenggelam,
Telang, Koyan, Tanum and Tui were distribute the water for Jelai River. Meanwhile Sungai Lipis were
continuously drain from Rengai, Dong, Gali, Semantan and Tersang river.
Figure 3: Class of Terain for Lipis District
4
2.3 GEOLOGY
The stratigraphy of Kuala Lipis District is largely dominated by Triassic and Permian period.
Others include Devonian and Silurian –Ordovician the west of the area and carboniferous at middle.
Most of the lithology of the area consist of sedimentary rocks dominated by sandstone, shale, siltstone,
conglomerate and limestone. Some extrusive igneous rock s occur at the boundary of Kelantan (acid to
intermediate) and middle of the area (intermediate to basic). Extrusive igneous rocks are scattered in
north, middle and southern parts of the area.
Figure 4: Geology of Kuala Lipis
5
CLIMATE
Peninsular Malaysia is characterized by uniformly high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year.
0
The climate in the District of Lipis is hot and humid with small temperature variations not exceeding 5 C
throughout the year. The climatic data for Merapoh are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 : Summary of climatic data for Merapoh (1966-1990)

Jan
Feb
Mac
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Month
Rainfall 95 81 105 179 268 205 173 190 298 329 315 302 2540
Temperature (ºC)
Maximum 30.8 32.8 33.0 33.4 33.6 33.3 32.4 33.0 32.2 32.2 31.2 30.0 32.4
Minimum 21.3 21.9 22.4 22.4 22.8 21.1 21.9 21.7 22.0 22.1 25.9 22.1 22.7
Mean 26.1 27.3 27.9 27.9 28.2 27.7 27.4 27.4 27.1 27.5 26.4 25.8 27.0
Relative Humidity 82.0 84.0 81.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 85.0 82.0 84.0
Evapotranspiration 113 112 133 130 129 122 127 131 129 129 115 101 1471
(mm)
a. Rainfall
The average annual rainfall is 2540mm with the lowest mean monthly precipitation in the month of
February (80mm) and the highest mean monthly precipitation in the month of October (329 mm) The
area experiences a dry spell from January to March. The rainfall data of the area shown in the Table 1
and Figure 5.
350
300
250
200
mm
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Ogs Sep Okt Nov Dis
Month
Rainfall (mm) Evapotranspiration
Figure 5: The rainfall and evapotranspiration of Merapoh
6
b. Evapotranspiration
The mean annual evapo-transpiration is 1471 mm with the highest occurring in March (133mm) and the
lowest in December at 101mm (Table 1 and Figure 5) The evapotranspiration in the month in the
months of January to March exceeds the precipitation, indicatings moisture deficit in these months.
c. Temperature
The mean monthly temperature varies from 25.8ºC (December) to 28.2ºC (May) with mean annually
27.0ºC (figure 6) The lowet mean minimum monthly temperature is about 20.2ºC and occurs in the
month of June, while the highest mean maximum monthly is 33.6ºC (May).
40
35
30
Temperature (º C)
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan Feb M ac Apr M ei Jun Jul Ogs Sep Okt Nov Dis
Month
Maximum Minimum Mean
Figure 6: The monthly temperature of Merapoh
d. Relative humidity
The relative humidity of the area is shown in Table 1 and Figure 7, the mean annual relative humidity is
84% . The month of November is has highest relative humidity (85 %), while the lowest relative humidity
occurs in March (81 %).
7
86
Relative humidity (%) 85
84
83
82
81
80
79
Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Ogs Sep Okt Nov Dis
Month
Relative Humidity
Figure 7: The monthly relative humidity of Merapoh
2.6 AGRICULTURAL RAINFALL INDEX (ARI)
Figure 8: Agriculture Rainfall Index of Lipis District
8
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
Based on the Agro-ecological Regions by Nieuwolt et al (1982), the area falls into zone 23.
The main characteristic of this zone are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 : Main characteristics of Agroecological Regions 23

Month
Region
Jan Feb Mac Apr May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
23 dr D D d - - - - - fr fr R
D -dry month (A.R.I below 40 during 20% of years on record)

d -frequent moisture stress days (probability over 40%)
f -flash floods possible (R80 over 200 mm).
F -flash floods likely (R90 over 200 mm).
r -sunshine less than 40% of possible hours.
( ) -only in some parts of region
Table 3: Crop suitability - Agroecological Regions
Region Suitable Crops Marginal Crops
23 Coffee(Rob), Citrus, Durian, Rubber Cocoa, Mango, O/Palm.
9
Pedon 1
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3961

2. RSO Coordinates : 454563 mE, 462056 mN
3. Location : Kg Kuala Lanar, Kuala
Lipis, Pahang
4. Elevation : 76 masl
5. Date : August 20th, 2009
6. Author : M.Azemi Mahat
7. Land use : Shrub/Orchard
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Moderately well drained
10. Parent Material : Recent Alluvium
11. Landform and Topography : Undulating (2o-6o)
B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Horizonation Depth (cm) Description
Ap 0-22 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); silty clay; strong,

coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; few fine
and medium roots; few charcoal; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt1 22-50 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few brownish yellow
(10YR 6/8); silty clay; strong, coarse sub angular
blocky structure; firm; patchy clay skin on ped faces
and along channel; few fine roots; few charcoal;
diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt2 50-97 Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and few brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8); silty clay; strong, coarse sub
angular blocky structure; firm; common clay skin on
ped faces; few fine roots; few pores; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt3 97-150 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few brownish yellow
(10YR 6/8); silty clay; strong, coarse sub angular
blocky structure; firm; continues clay skin on ped
faces; few pores.
10
C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Ganulometric Composition (%)

Gravel
Fine Coarse V.fine Fine Medium Coarse
Depth v/v
Hor. Clay silt silt sand sand sand sand
(cm) 2–
2µm 2- 20 - 50 – 100 - 250 – 500µm
7.5mm
20µm 50µm 100µm 250µm 500µm -2mm
Ap 0 -22 54.8 34.8 6.1 2.0 1.3 0.7 0.4 -
Bt1 22-50 62.8 30.9 4.4 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 -
Bt2 50-97 60.4 32.4 4.9 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 -
Bt3 97-150 58.9 32.9 5.8 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 -
150-200 66.7 25.9 4.5 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 -
1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil Exc.

Exchangeable cation Base Al
Available
Hor. Saturation cmol
CEC TEB P (ppm)
Ca Mg K Na (%) (+)/Kg
soil
Ap 16.8 0.49 0.61 0.30 0.05 1.45 9 2.4 3.8
Bt1 13.0 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.40 3 4.14 1.9
Bt2 18.8 0.20 0.21 0.17 0.03 0.61 3 3.03 n.d
Bt3 12.4 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.11 0.38 3 2.64 n.d
12.5 0.04 0.15 0.07 0.04 0.30 2 3.51 n.d
Elec. Free
O. M C/N Cond. Iron
Hor. Depth C% N% H²O KCL
% ratio dS/m (%)
Ap 0 -22 1.56 0.05 2.69 31.20 5.3 - 0.0266 1.31

Bt1 22-50 1.08 0.03 1.86 36.00 5.3 - 0.0093 1.02
Bt2 50-97 0.53 0.01 0.91 53.00 5.2 - 0.0125 1.34
Bt3 97-150 0.44 0.01 0.76 44.00 5.2 - 0.0089 1.61
150-200 0.30 0.01 0.52 30.00 5.3 - 0.0072 0.55
11
Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction
For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction
Horizon
Clay Silt Sand
Thick- V.fine Fine Medium Coarse
2- 50µm
Symbol Depth ness 2µm Sand Sand Sand Sand
50µm -2mm
(cm)
Ap 0 -22 54.8 40.9 4.4 45.45 29.55 15.91 9.09
Bt1 22-50 62.8 35.3 1.9 52.63 26.32 10.53 10.52
Bt2 50-97 60.4 37.3 2.3 47.83 26.09 13.04 13.04
Bt3 97-150 58.9 38.7 2.5 52.00 28.00 12.00 8.00
150-200 66.7 30.4 2.9 44.83 27.59 17.24 10.34
Weighted Average of Texture

Clay Silt Sand
Depth (cm) Textural Class
2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
12
D. DISCUSSION
1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties
0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour
Matrix colour at 50 cm –
Matrix colour 50 -75cm-

50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.5 Pedological Features
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
13
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.1 Local Classification
a. Field Legend __________________________________________

b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
3.2 FAO/ UNESCO Legend
a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
c. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.3 USDA Soil Taxonomy
3.3.1 Order -
3.3.2 Sub-order-
3.3.3 Sub Group
3.3.4 Classification for Family
i. Control section
ii. Texture Class
iii. Mineralogy
iv. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
14
4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
a. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity
Kind Of Degree of Severity

No
Limitation Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor
b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________
b. Crop Suitability :
Oil
Durian Coconut Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables
Palm
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION
15
Pedon 2

Lipis Pahang
7. Land use : Bushes
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Well drained
10. Parent Material : Sub Recent Alluvium
Ap 0-25 Brown (10YR 5/3); fine sandy loam; moderate,

medium sub angular blocky structure; friable;
common fine roots, few coarse roots; few pores; clear
smooth boundary.
Bt1 25-57 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); fine sand clay loam;
moderate, medium sub angular blocky structure;
friable; patchy clay skin on ped faces; few fine roots;
many pores; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt2 57-85 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam;
slightly firm; patchy clay skin on ped faces; few
insect channel; few charchoal; few pores; diffuse
smooth boundary.
Bt3 85-105 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam;
strong, medium sub angular blocky structure; firm;
few patchy clay skin on ped faces; few medium
roots; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt4 105-121 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); fine sandy clay;

strong, coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm;
16
common patchy clay skin on ped faces; few medium
roots; few pores; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt5 121-140 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); few faint strong brown
(7.5YR 5/8) mottle; fine sandy clay; strong, coarse
sub angular blocky structure; firm; few patchy clay
skin on ped faces; few pores.

Gravel
Depth v/v
(cm) 2–
2µm 2- 20 - 50 – 100 - 250 – 500µm
7.5mm
20µm 50µm 100µm 250µm 500µm -2mm
Ap 0 -25 15.2 12.0 11.1 14.4 28.1 14.4 4.9 -
Bt1 25-57 21.0 11.9 9.8 14.2 25.8 11.9 5.4 -
Bt2 57-85 29.2 11.5 9.6 12.9 22.7 10.4 3.6 -
Bt3 85-105 32.5 11.9 9.5 12.4 21.3 8.3 4.0 -
Bt4 105-121 36.1 12.2 7.8 12.5 18.8 8.8 3.8 -
Bt5 121-140 38.5 11.3 9.4 12.3 17.7 7.6 3.3 -
140-200 40.0 12.9 11.2 14.9 15.3 4.2 1.5 -

Exchangeable cation Al
Base Available
Hor. cmol
CEC TEB Saturation P (ppm)
Ca Mg K Na (+)/Kg
soil
Ap 5.0 0.07 0.04 0.16 0.11 0.38 8 0.70 3
Bt1 4.8 0.05 0.02 0.10 0.03 0.2 4 0.50 1
Bt2 4.7 0.04 0.01 0.11 0.10 0.26 6 0.82 0.5
Bt3 6.8 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.16 2 0.72 0.4
Bt4 6.6 0.05 0.01 0.10 0.11 0.27 4 0.71 0.3
Bt5 10.9 0.04 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.18 2 1.00 n.d
7.2 0.04 0.02 0.11 0.09 0.26 4 0.52 n.d
17
Elec. Free
O. M C/N Cond. Iron
% ratio dS/m (%)
Ap 0 -25 1.23 0.28 2.12 4.39 5.2 - 0.0288 0.34

Bt1 25-57 0.45 0.12 0.78 3.75 5.2 - 0.0125 0.59
Bt2 57-85 0.53 0.12 0.91 4.42 5.0 - 0.0127 1.05
Bt3 85-105 0.34 0.11 0.59 3.09 5.0 - 0.0126 0.70
Bt4 105-121 0.36 0.11 0.62 3.27 5.1 - 0.0142 0.73
Bt5 121-140 0.26 0.09 0.45 2.89 5.0 - 0.0135 0.76
140-200 0.35 0.09 0.60 3.89 5.0 - 0.0137 0.55

Horizon
Clay Silt Sand
2- 50µm
50µm -2mm
(cm)
Ap 0 -25 15.2 23.1 61.8 23.30 45.47 23.30 7.93
Bt1 25-57 21.0 21.7 57.3 24.78 45.03 20.77 9.42
Bt2 57-85 29.2 21.1 49.6 26.01 45.77 20.97 7.26
Bt3 85-105 32.5 21.4 46.0 26.96 46.30 18.04 8.70
Bt4 105-121 36.1 20.0 43.9 28.47 42.82 20.05 8.66
Bt5 121-140 38.5 20.7 47.0 26.17 37.66 16.17 7.02
140-200 40.0 24.1 35.9 41.50 42.62 11.70 4.18

Clay Silt Sand
2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
18
D. DISCUSSION
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour

50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
19
d. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
e. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
f. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.6.1 Order -
3.6.2 Sub-order-
3.6.3 Sub Group
v. Control section
vi. Texture Class
vii. Mineralogy
viii. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
20
c. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No
d. Crop Suitability :
Oil
Palm
21
Pedon 3

2. RSO Coordinates : 457168mE, 461311 mN
3. Location : Ladang Kurnia Setia, Kuala
Lanar,
Kuala Lipis, Pahang
6. Author : Norhisham Yacob, Amiruddin
Idris, Abd Karim Dolah
7. Land use : Palm Oil
8. Soil Series :
10. Parent Material : Shale
11. Landform and Topography : Rolling (6o-12o)
Ap 0-18 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); silty clay; firm; very

strong, coarse sub angular blocky structure; friable;
many fine and medium roots; few charchoal; few
termite nest; common pores; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt1 18-48 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); silty clay; very strong,
coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; common
clay skin on ped faces; common medium roots, few
fine roots; few pores; few termite nest; diffuse
smooth boundary.
Bt2 48-91 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); heavy clay; strong,

coarse sub angular blocky structure; very firm;
common clay skin on ped faces; few fine and
medium roots; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt3 91-125 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); heavy clay; very

strong, course sub angular blocky structure; very
firm; few fine and medium roots; few charchoal;
22
Bt4 125-145 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); silty clay; strong,
medium sub angular blocky structure , very firm; few
fine roots, presents weatherable, rock fragments
about 15%

Gravel
Depth v/v
(cm) 2–
2µm 2- 20 - 50 – 100 - 250 – 500µm
7.5mm
20µm 50µm 100µm 250µm 500µm -2mm
Ap 0 -18 49.7 36.0 6.4 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.6 -
Bt1 18-48 55.1 33.7 5.3 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.1 -
Bt2 48-91 62.7 27.7 4.6 1.8 1.6 0.7 0.9 -
Bt3 91-125 62.7 28.7 4.1 1.7 1.3 0.5 1.0 -
Bt4 125-145 48.1 36.1 6.5 4.3 3.6 0.9 0.4 -
145-200 34.5 30.6 7.4 5.8 9.7 6.3 5.8 -

Base Available
Hor. cmol
Ca Mg K Na (+)/Kg
soil
Ap 13.2 1.14 0.39 0.11 0.05 1.69 13 0.39 1.5
Bt1 9.5 0.35 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.56 6 1.58 4.0
Bt2 10.5 0.50 0.22 0.07 0.07 0.86 8 1.28 0.3
Bt3 10.7 0.81 0.31 0.05 0.12 1.29 12 0.71 0.5
Bt4 9.9 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.57 6 0.89 n.d
6.3 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.24 4 1.81 n.d
Elec. Free
O. M C/N Cond. Iron
% ratio dS/m (%)
Ap 0 -18 2.16 0.16 3.72 13.50 5.2 - 0.040 13.5

Bt1 18-48 1.11 0.11 1.91 10.09 4.9 - 0.030 10.09
Bt2 48-91 1.19 0.11 2.05 10.82 5.1 - 0.0258 10.82
Bt3 91-125 1.23 0.11 2.12 11.18 5.2 - 0.0234 11.18
Bt4 125-145 0.53 0.05 0.91 10.60 4.7 - 0.0416 10.60
145-200 0.24 0.03 0.41 8.00 4.9 - 0.0173 8.00
23

Horizon
Clay Silt Sand
2- 50µm
50µm -2mm
(cm)
Ap 0 -18 49.7 8.8 8.0 30.00 30.00 20.00 20.00
Bt1 18-48 55.1 7.1 5.9 30.51 30.51 20.34 18.64
Bt2 48-91 62.7 6.4 5.0 36.00 32.00 14.00 18.00
Bt3 91-125 62.7 5.8 4.5 37.78 28.89 11.11 22.22
Bt4 125- 48.1 10.8 9.2 46.74 39.13 9.78 4.35
145
34.5 13.2 27.6 21.01 35.14 22.83 21.01

Clay Silt Sand
2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
24
D. DISCUSSION
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour

50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
25
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
g. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
h. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
i. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.9.1 Order -
3.9.2 Sub-order-
3.9.3 Sub Group
ix. Control section
x. Texture Class
xi. Mineralogy
xii. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
26
e. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No
f. Crop Suitability :
Oil
Palm
27
Pedon 4

Lipis
Pahang.
6. Author : M.Azemi Mahat, Abdul
Karim Dolah, Amiruddin Idris
7. Land use : Rubber / Bushes
8. Soil Series :
Ap 0-10 Dark brown (10YR 3/3); clay; moderate, fine sub

sub angular blocky structure, slightly firm; many fine
roots, few medium roots; few pores; clear smooth
boundary.
Bt1 10-50 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); heavy clay; strong ,

coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; continous
clay skin on ped faces; common fine roots; diffuse
smooth boundary.
Bt2 50-105 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); heavy clay; strong,

clayskin on ped faces; few fine and medium roots;
few charchoal; many pores; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt3 105-125 Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/8); heavy clay ; strong,

course sub angular blocky structure; firm; patchy
clayskin on ped faces; few fine roots; few pores;
28
Bt4 125-135 Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) few brownish yellow
(10YR 6/8); heavy clay; moderate, medium sub
angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots.

Gravel
Depth v/v
(cm) 2–
2µm 2- 20 - 50 – 100 - 250 – 500µm
7.5mm
20µm 50µm 100µm 250µm 500µm -2mm
Ap 0 -10 47.7 22.0 7.5 4.6 6.7 5.8 5.8 -
Bt1 10-50 66.7 15.5 5.6 3.1 4.5 2.6 2.0 -
Bt2 50-105 72.5 14.5 4.5 2.5 2.7 1.6 1.7 -
Bt3 105-125 74.1 14.7 4.0 2.0 2.2 1.3 1.7 -
Bt4 125- 135 73.9 14.9 4.0 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.9 -
135-200 69.6 15.9 4.2 2.4 2.7 1.8 3.4 -

Base Available
Hor. cmol
Ca Mg K Na (+)/Kg
soil
Ap 18.0 2.18 0.84 0.20 0.04 3.26 18 0.27 10.6
Bt1 11.0 1.09 0.60 0.06 0.08 1.83 17 0.56 0.7
Bt2 11.2 0.26 0.30 0.05 0.05 0.66 6 0.67 0.03
Bt3 9.0 0.25 0.13 0.05 0.08 0.51 6 0.21 n.d
Bt4 10.8 0.20 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.36 3 0.19 n.d
10.4 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.24 2 0.20 n.d
Elec. Free
O. M C/N Cond. Iron
% ratio dS/m (%)
Ap 0 -10 3.66 0.27 6.31 13.56 5.9 - 0.0645 0.54

Bt1 10-50 1.15 0.09 1.98 12.78 5.8 - 0.0372 0.66
Bt2 50-105 0.97 0.09 1.67 10.78 5.2 - 0.0169 1.65
Bt3 105-125 0.58 0.05 1.00 11.60 5.4 - 0.0077 1.20
Bt4 125- 135 0.46 0.04 0.79 11.50 5.5 - 0.0063 0.76
135-200 0.34 0.03 0.59 11.33 5.4 - 0.0061 0.76
29
Horizon
Clay Silt Sand
2- 50µm
50µm -2mm
(cm)
Ap 0 -10 47.7 29.5 22.9 20.09 29.26 25.33 25.33
Bt1 10-50 66.7 21.1 12.2 25.41 36.89 21.31 16.39
Bt2 50-105 72.5 19.0 8.5 29.41 31.76 18.82 20.00
Bt3 105-125 74.1 18.7 7.2 27.78 30.56 18.06 23.61
Bt4 125- 135 73.9 18.9 7.2 29.17 27.78 16.67 26.39
135-200 69.6 20.1 10.3 23.30 26.21 17.48 33.00

Clay Silt Sand
2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
30
D. DISCUSSION
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour

50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
31
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
j. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
k. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
l. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.12.1 Order -
3.12.2 Sub-order-
3.12.3 Sub Group
xiii. Control section
xiv. Texture Class
xv. Mineralogy
xvi. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
32
g. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No
h. Crop Suitability :
Oil
Palm
33
Pedon 5
1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet

3861
2. RSO Coordinates : 442183 mE, 463172mN
3. Location : Kg Bapong, Kuala
Lipis, Pahang
6. Author : M. Azemi Mahat,
Norhisham Yacob, Abdul Karim Dollah, Amiruddin
Idris
8. Soil Series :
11. Landform and Topography : Hilly (12o-20o)
Ap 0-15 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); clay loam; moderate,

medium sub angular blocky structure; friable;
common fine roots, few course roots; few insect
channel; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt 15-35 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); silty clay; moderate,

medium sub angular blocky structure; slightly firm;
patchy clay skin on ped faces; few fine and medium
roots; common insect channel; many pores; clear
boundary.
2CB1 35-70 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); silty clay; moderate; fine
sub angular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;
common insect channel; present of course rock
fragment about 80 %; diffuse smooth boundary
2CB2 70-110 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); silty clay; moderate,

medium sub angular blocky structure; few fine roots;
present of boulder rock fragment about 80%; diffuse
smooth boundary.
34
R 110-210 Shale bed rock

Gravel
Depth v/v
(cm) 2–
2µm 2- 20 - 50 – 100 - 250 – 500µm
7.5mm
20µm 50µm 100µm 250µm 500µm -2mm
Ap 0 -15 32.9 45.0 5.1 2.3 5.6 5.4 3.6 -
Bt 15-35 41.0 45.2 4.0 1.5 2.6 2.4 3.3 -
2CB1 35-70 43.9 41.4 4.6 2.1 2.8 2.3 3.0 -
2CB2 70-110 46.1 35.8 7.9 4.4 2.8 1.2 1.7 -

Base Available
Hor. cmol
Ca Mg K Na (+)/Kg
soil
Ap 14.0 0.07 0.07 0.28 0.04 0.46 3 3.86 7.3
Bt 9.8 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.26 3 3.78 2.9
2CB1 10.7 0.01 0.02 0.15 0.03 0.21 2 4.62 1.3
2CB2 10.3 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.09 0.21 2 4.70 0.5
Elec. Free
O. M C/N Cond. Iron
% ratio dS/m (%)
Ap 0 -15 2.33 0.18 4.02 12.94 4.3 - 0.0615 0.79

Bt 15-35 1.07 0.11 1.84 9.73 4.3 - 0.0417 0.84
2CB1 35-70 0.67 0.10 1.16 6.70 4.5 - 0.0283 1.45
2CB2 70-110 0.44 0.08 0.76 5.50 4.8 - 0.0154 1.17

Horizon
Clay Silt Sand
2- 50µm
50µm -2mm
(cm)
Ap 0 -15 32.9 50.1 16.9 13.61 33.14 31.95 21.30
Bt 15-35 41.0 49.2 9.8 15.31 26.53 24.49 33.67
2CB1 35-70 43.9 46.0 10.2 20.59 27.45 22.55 29.41
2CB2 70-110 46.1 43.7 10.1 43.56 27.72 11.88 16.83
35
Clay Silt Sand
2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
D. DISCUSSION
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour

50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
36
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
m. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
n. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
o. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.15.1 Order -
3.15.2 Sub-order-
3.15.3 Sub Group
xvii. Control section
xviii. Texture Class
xix. Mineralogy
xx. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy -
37
i. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No
j. Crop Suitability :
Oil
Palm
38
Pedon 6

3. Location : Kg Bapong, Kuala Lipis,
Pahang
6. Author : M. Azemi Mahat
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Somewhat poorly drained
10. Parent Material : Limestone
11. Landform and Topography : Flat (0o-2o)
Ap 0-14 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); fine sandy clay loam;

slightly firm; few fine roots; few pores; few insect
channel; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt1 14-41 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam; strong,
coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; continous
clay skin on ped faces; few medium roots; many
pores; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt2 41-50 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few dark brown
(7.5YR 3/2); clay loam; strong, coarse sub angular
blocky structure; firm; continous clay skin on ped
faces; few fine roots; few pores; present of
manganese nodules around 20%; clear boundary.
Btcn 70-110 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); clay; present of

manganese nodules around 80 %.
39

Gravel
Depth v/v
(cm) 2–
2µm 2- 20 - 50 – 100 - 250 – 500µm
7.5mm
20µm 50µm 100µm 250µm 500µm -2mm
Ap 0 -14 20.9 26.3 12.9 5.4 12.6 14.3 7.7 -
Bt1 14-41 26.0 26.6 11.5 4.9 10.1 11.7 9.2 -
Bt2 41-50 33.0 24.3 9.5 4.4 8.2 8.5 12.0 -
Bcn 50-105 46.5 15.3 7.2 3.9 4.8 5.5 16.7 -

Base Available
Hor. cmol
Ca Mg K Na (+)/Kg
soil
Ap 7.3 0.34 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.55 8 1.22 1.3
Bt1 6.3 1.13 0.03 0.03 0.08 1.27 20 0.04 2.9
Bt2 9.4 2.02 0.05 0.04 0.03 2.14 23 0.23 0.7
Bcn 14.6 2.50 0.10 0.04 0.09 2.73 19 0.19 0.2
Elec. Free
O. M C/N Cond. Iron
% ratio dS/m (%)
Ap 0 -14 0.43 0.07 0.74 6.14 5.0 - 0.0189 0.72

Bt1 14-41 0.92 0.11 1.59 8.36 5.7 - 0.0112 1.07
Bt2 41-50 0.48 0.09 0.83 5.33 6.6 - 0.0268 0.74
Bcn 50-105 0.50 0.09 0.86 5.56 7.3 - 0.0429 1.14

Horizon
Clay Silt Sand
2- 50µm
50µm -2mm
(cm)
Ap 0 -14 20.9 39.2 40.0 13.50 31.50 35.75 19.25
Bt1 14-41 26.0 38.1 35.9 13.65 28.13 32.59 25.63
Bt2 41-50 33.0 33.8 33.1 13.29 24.77 25.68 36.25
Bcn 50-105 46.5 22.5 30.9 12.62 15.53 17.80 54.05
40
Clay Silt Sand
2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
D. DISCUSSION
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour

50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
41
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
p. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
q. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
r. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.18.1 Order -
3.18.2 Sub-order-
3.18.3 Sub Group
xxi. Control section
xxii. Texture Class
xxiii. Mineralogy
xxiv. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
42
k. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No
l. Crop Suitability :
Oil
Palm
43
Pedon 7

3. Location : Kg Kerbau Jatuh, Kuala
Lipis, Pahang
5. Date : August 21st, 2009
6. Author : Amiruddin Idris, Abdul
Karim Dolah
7. Land use : Orchad
8. Soil Series :
10. Parent Material : Reworked Lateritic
Ap 0-5 Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); clay; moderate, fine sub

angular blocky structure; friable; many fine and
medium roots; few insect channel; few pores; clear
boundary.
Btcn1 5-40 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); clay; moderate, medium

subangular blocky; few medium roots; many fine
roots; few pores; present laterite gravel about 85 %,
size medium, sub rounded and rounded shape;
Btcn2 40-140 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); heavy clay; moderate,

medium subangular blocky; few fine and medium
roots; few insect channel; present laterite gravel and
boulder about 90 %, sub rounded and sub angular
shape.
44

Gravel
Depth v/v
(cm) 2–
2µm 2- 20 - 50 – 100 - 250 – 500µm
7.5mm
20µm 50µm 100µm 250µm 500µm -2mm
Ap 0 -5 50.2 16.9 5.7 4.4 6.5 6.4 9.9
Btcn1 5-40 58.6 11.1 5.1 3.1 5.0 4.8 12.3
Btcn2 40-140 65.0 14.5 4.6 3.0 3.4 2.8 6.6

Base Available
Hor. cmol
Ca Mg K Na (+)/Kg
soil
Ap 13.7 1.39 0.89 0.34 0.05 2.67 19 0.03 15.6
Btcn1 12.0 0.31 0.08 0.14 0.09 0.62 5 1.97 7.8
Btcn2 12.6 0.85 0.11 0.10 0.03 1.09 9 1.10 1.5
Elec. Free
O. M C/N Cond. Iron
% ratio dS/m (%)
Ap 0 -5 0.87 0.14 1.50 6.21 5.2 - 0.122 0.90

Btcn1 5-40 1.40 0.18 2.41 7.78 4.9 - 0.029 1.11
Btcn2 40-140 3.70 0.36 6.38 10.28 5.2 - 0.0168 1.13

Horizon
Clay Silt Sand
2- 50µm
50µm -2mm
(cm)
Ap 0 -5 50.2 22.6 27.2 16.18 23.90 23.53 36.40
Btcn1 5-40 58.6 16.2 25.2 12.30 19.84 19.05 48.81
Btcn2 40-140 65.0 19.1 15.8 18.99 21.52 17.72 41.77
45
Clay Silt Sand
2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
D. DISCUSSION
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour

50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
46
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
s. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
t. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
u. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.21.1 Order -
3.21.2 Sub-order-
3.21.3 Sub Group
xxv. Control section
xxvi. Texture Class
xxvii. Mineralogy
xxviii. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
47
m. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No
c. Crop Suitability :
Oil
Palm
48
Pedon 8

2. RSO Coordinates : 442732 mE , 446213 mN
3. Location : Benta Estate, Kuala Lipis –
Benta Road, Benta, Pahang
6. Author : Norhisham Yacob, Abd
Karim Dolah, Amiruddin
Idris
7. Land use : Oil Palm (abundant)
8. Soil Series :
10. Parent Material : Older Alluvium
Ap 0-10 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); coarse sandy clay

loam; weak, fine sub angular blocky structure;
friable; many fine roots; few pores; clear boundary.
Bt1 10-33 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); clay loam; strong,

clayskin on ped faces; many medium roots, few fine
roots; few pores; few termite nest; diffuse smooth
boundary.
Bt2 33-90 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); clay; strong, coarse sub
angular blocky structure; firm; common clayskin on
pedfaces; few medium roots; few pores; diffuse
smooth boundary
Bt3 90-130 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), few yellowish red

(5YR 5/8) mottle; clay; strong, coarse sub angular
blocky structure; firm; patchy clayskin on pedfaces;
few fine roots; few pores; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt4 130-150 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), few yellowish red

(5YR 5/8) mottle; clay; strong, coarse sub angular
49
blocky structure; firm; patchy clayskin on pedfaces;
few medium roots.

Gravel
Depth v/v
(cm) 2–
2µm 2- 20 - 50 – 100 - 250 – 500µm
7.5mm
20µm 50µm 100µm 250µm 500µm -2mm
Ap 0 -10 24.8 17.4 10.0 8.5 12.4 12.1 14.8 -
Bt1 10-33 36.7 25.0 5.9 5.9 9.2 7.2 10.1 -
Bt2 33-90 40.7 24.1 5.6 5.5 7.5 5.7 10.9 -
Bt3 90-130 47.4 17.9 6.5 5.5 8.4 6.0 8.3 -
Bt4 130-150 56.1 17.9 5.5 4.4 5.5 3.6 7.1 -

Base Available
Hor. cmol
Ca Mg K Na (+)/Kg
soil
Ap 8.0 0.30 0.13 0.28 0.07 0.78 10 1.92 5.0
Bt1 7.8 0.01 0.04 0.19 0.02 0.26 3 5.18 1.8
Bt2 9.7 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.09 0.20 2 6.5 0.7
Bt3 9.5 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.10 1 5.76 n.d
Bt4 10.6 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.10 0.11 2 6.65 n.d
Elec. Free
O. M C/N Cond. Iron
% ratio dS/m (%)
Ap 0 -10 1.75 0.17 3.02 10.29 4.6 - 0.0677 0.49

Bt1 10-33 0.81 0.03 1.40 27.00 4.2 - 0.0705 0.86
Bt2 33-90 0.62 0.02 1.07 28.18 4.1 - 0.069 0.88
Bt3 90-130 0.41 0.01 0.71 41.00 4.3 - 0.0370 1.01
Bt4 130-150 0.45 0.01 0.78 45.00 4.3 - 0.0427 0.97
50
Horizon
Clay Silt Sand
2- 50µm
50µm -2mm
(cm)
Ap 0 -10 24.8 27.4 47.8 17.78 25.94 25.31 30.96
Bt1 10-33 36.7 30.9 32.4 18.21 28.40 22.22 31.17
Bt2 33-90 40.7 29.7 29.6 18.58 25.34 19.26 36.82
Bt3 90-130 47.4 24.4 28.2 19.50 29.79 21.28 29.43
Bt4 130-150 56.1 23.4 20.6 21.36 26.70 17.48 34.47

Clay Silt Sand
2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
51
D. DISCUSSION
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour

50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
52
v. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
w. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
x. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.24.1 Order -
3.24.2 Sub-order-
3.24.3 Sub Group
xxix. Control section
xxx. Texture Class
xxxi. Mineralogy
xxxii. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
a. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No
53
c. Crop Suitability :
Oil
Palm
54
Pedon 9

3. Location : Benta – Raub Road, Benta
8. Soil Series :
9. Drainage : Moderately well drained
10. Parent Material : Mixed Parent Materials
11. Landform and Topography : Hilly (12o-20o)
Ap 0-18 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4); fine sandy loam;

weak, fine sub angular blocky structure; friable;
many fine roots; few medium roots; few coarse roots;
Bt 18-45 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4); fine sandy clay

loam; moderate, medium sub angular blocky
structure; friable; continues clayskin on ped faces;
few fine roots; medium fine roots; few insect
channel; clear boundary.
BC 45-73 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam;

weak, medium sub angular blocky structure; slightly
firm; continue clayskin on pedfaces; few fine roots;
weatherable parent material.
R 73-120 Bedrock
55

Gravel
Depth v/v
(cm) 2–
2µm 2- 20 - 50 – 100 - 250 – 500µm
7.5mm
20µm 50µm 100µm 250µm 500µm -2mm
Ap 0 -18 19.1 14.5 10.8 7.5 14.4 18.2 15.4 -
Bt 18-45 23.7 12.7 10.5 7.2 12.2 15.1 18.6 -
BC 45-73 27.9 13.8 9.9 6.8 10.7 12.5 18.4 -

Base Available
Hor. cmol
Ca Mg K Na (+)/Kg
soil
Ap 13.1 1.25 1.76 0.25 0.02 3.28 25 1.00 8.7
Bt 13.2 0.71 0.82 0.22 0.11 1.86 14 1.00 1.5
BC 17.0 0.78 1.97 0.11 0.40 3.26 19 1.16 17.1
Elec. Free
O. M C/N Cond. Iron
% ratio dS/m (%)
Ap 0 -18 1.63 0.11 2.81 14.82 5.7 - 0.0584 0.69

Bt 18-45 1.09 0.06 1.88 17.30 5.3 - 0.0269 1.65
BC 45-73 0.92 0.06 1.59 15.33 5.5 - 0.0221 0.56

Horizon
Clay Silt Sand
Symbo 2- 50µm
Depth ness 2µm Sand Sand Sand Sand
l 50µm -2mm
(cm)
Ap 0 -18 19.1 25.30 55.5 13.51 25.95 32.80 55.5
Bt 18-45 23.7 23.2 53.1 13.56 22.98 28.44 35.03
BC 45-73 27.9 23.7 48.4 14.05 22.11 25.83 38.02
56
Clay Silt Sand
2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm
0 – 25
25 -100
D. DISCUSSION
0 - 25 cm –
25 - 50 cm -
Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –
2.2 Colour

50 cm
Mottles -
Gleying –
2.3 Consistence
2.4 Structure
2.6 Soil Drainage
100cm 2.7 Others-
57
a. Field Legend __________________________________________
Sabah : ………………………………………………….
Sarawak : ………………………………………………….
b. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -
c. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -
d. Other Diagnostic Properties -
FAO/ UNESCO Legend
3.27.1 Order -
3.27.2 Sub-order-
3.27.3 Sub Group
xxxiii. Control section
xxxiv. Texture Class
xxxv. Mineralogy
xxxvi. Temperature Regime
USDA Soil Taxonomy
58
d. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No
e. Crop Suitability :
Oil
Palm
59
GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE TABLES
TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS
IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Tables 1 : These two tables are used to identify upland soils that are developed in-
situ over
and 2 weathering parent materials or rocks which are either igneous
(Table 1) or sedimentary (Table 2) in origin. They are often found on
rolling (6 - 120) or steeper terrain and only occasionally, on undulating
terrain (2-60). They are well-drained soils which are characterised mainly
by oxic, argillic, kandic and occasionally, cambic horizons. Textures of
the soils are highly variable due to major differences in the nature of the
parent materials. Although the colour of these soils is also variable, it is
important to pay attention to the value/chroma especially the use of the
4/4 criterion which is used to separate the soils into 2 major groups,
namely, those with low value/chroma (<4/4) and those with high
value/chroma (>4/4).
Table 3a: This table contains soils developed on reworked materials which are often
referred as Older Alluvium. These soils are influenced mainly by
pedimentation. The reworked materials are moved around the landscape
and redeposited on truncated saprolite of various parent materials. In a soil
profile, a lithological discontinuity is identified whereby the overl ying
soil can differ distinctly from the saprolite below.
A stoneline consisting of quartz gravels, stones and pebbles is

either absent or is less than 25 cm thick within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Table 3b: This table also contains reworked soils. The soils in this table have a
stoneline of quartz gravels, stones and pebbles which is > 25 cm thick
within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Table 4: The soils in this table must have a reworked lateritic band that is at least
25 cm thick within the top 100 cm of the soil profile. These are an
important group of soils in Peninsular Malaysia which is formed by
pedimentation, a common geomorphologic process which shapes the
upland landscape of Peninsular Malaysia.
Table 5: The soils in this table are developed on recent alluvial formed on
terraces of present-day rivers terraces. Such terraces are designated as
T1. The soils are frequently found on flat terrain (0-20), and on a limited
scale, unduating terrain (e-60).
Table 6: The soils in this table are developed on alluvia of old river terraces or
subrecent terraces which are designated as T2. These soils are found on
flat and undulating terrain.
60
Table 7: This table contains soils that are developed on Beach Ridges
Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) and consist of 2 sets of parallel beach
ridges and swales. In the east coast, especially in Kelantan, these 2 sets of
beach ridges and swales are separated by a large peat swamp. The old
beach ridges and swales are found are characterised by sandy soils with an
A/C profile and which have not undergone podzolization. The soils of
young beach ridges are characterized by sandy textures, excessive
drainage and the presence of spodic horizons. The swales consist of
very heterogeneous soils which are collectively mapped as Rusila
Complex.
Table 8: The soils in this table are characterised by the presence of a sulfuric
horizon and sulfidic materials. The sulfuric horizon is characterised by a
pH-water value of 3.5 or less and a thickness of at least 15 cm thick. There
must be evidence to show that the low pH is due sulfuric acid such the
presence of jarosite, sulfidic materials and water soluble sulfate 0.05% or
more.
Table 9: The soils in this table are developed on non-acid sulphate and non-saline
marine alluvial. They are developed mainly on marine deposits and to a
lesser extent on mixed marine and riverine deposits which are not
influenced by acid sulphate and saline conditions.
Table 10: This table contains shallow organic soils with the thickness of the
organic soil materials 50-100cm thick (as a single layer or
cumulatively) within 100 cm of the soil profile.
Table 11: The table contains moderately deep organic soils (100-300 cm thick)
and deep organic soils (>300 cm thick).
Table 12a: This table contains limestone soils which either do not have a layer of iron
or iron-manganese gravels, or if present, it is less than 25 cm thick within
100 cm of the soil surface. Most of these soils have dull colour (
value/chroma: 5/3, 5/4, 4/6) and low value/chroma (  4/4).
Table 12b: This table contains limestone soils having a layer of iron and/or iron-
manganese gravels > 25 cm within 100 cm of the soil surface. Most of
these soils have dull colour ( value/chroma: 5/3, 5/4, 4/6) and low
value/chroma (  4/4).
61
SOME CRITERIA TO DETERMINE THE SOIL SERIES
IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
The soils are first classified using the USDA Soil Taxonomy up the Family level.
At the Series level. the criteria used to name the individual soil series are either locally
selected or based on recommendations of the Soil Taxon omy. Some the common
criteria used are as follows:
1. Control Section : Top 100 cm of the soil profile
2. Texture : Weighted texture between 25 and 100 cm
depth or immediately above the lithic or
paralithic layer
3. Colour : Dominant colour between 25 and 100 cm
4. Parent Materials
5. Thickness of lateritic band : For Series defintion: band 25 cm or thicker.
For Phase definition: band less than 25 cm.
6. Mottle Colour : Red, yellow or brown
GUIDE TO CALCULATE ANALYTICAL DATA
Clay (< 2µm)

Silt (2 -50µm) = fine silt (2-20µm) +coarse silt (20 – 50µm)
Sand (50µm-2mm) = very fine sand (50-100µm) + fine sand (100-250µm)+
Medium sand (250-500µm) +coarse sand(0.5-2mm)
Gravels( > 2mm)
Percentage of sand fractions:
Very fine sand = very fine sand/sand*100

Fine sand = fine sand/ sand *100
Medium sand = medium sand/sand *100
Coarse sand = coarse sand/ sand *100
Total Exchangeable Cation (TEB)
TEB = Total amount of exchangeable cation (Ca, Mg,K, Na) from lab analysis
% Base saturation = Total Exchangeable Bases (TEB)/CEC * 100
% Organic matter = % Carbon *1.724
Carbon / Nitrogen ratio (C/N Ratio) = % of C / % Of N
62
TABLE 1: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED FROM IGNEOUS AND HIGH GRADE METAMORPHIC ROCKS
DIAGNOSTIC HORIZON OXIC / KANDIC ARGILLIC
DEPTH TO ROCK or P.M. SHALLOW MODERATE DEEP (>100cm) SHALLOW (0-50cm) MODERATE (50-100cm) DEEP (>100cm)
(0-50cm) (50-100cm)
HUE 2.5YR- 7.5YR-10YR 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR- 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5Y-5Y 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5Y-5Y 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5Y-5Y
5YR 10YR
TEXTURAL
CLASS
lb/JABOR/B lb/KEPAYANG/B lb/GOH/B lb/SG.MAS/S lb/KUANTAN/B lb/BUKIT AJIL/G hb/TAHAN/V lb/(MAI)/V lb/LANCHANG/G
VERY FINE
> 60% CLAY lb/SEGAMAT/A lb/SENAI/D lb/ULU DONG/Q hb/BANTAL/A (dull
colour)
lb/PRANG/Sh lb/KATONG/A
lb/KG. KOLAM/G lb/JERANGAU/G
lb/PATANG/H lb/MUNCHONG/Sh
FINE >30% fine lb/(KASAH)/V lb/PENYABONG/R/f M/hb/(LEKOK)/V/f lb/CHENIAN/Gr/Co lb/YONG hb/JERANTUT/V/f lb/KULAI/R/f
35-60% SILT PENG/RD/f
CLAY lb/HARAD/Gr/Co
<30% fine lb/TERSAT/Gr/Co lb/BUKIT lb/BALING/Gr/Co lb/TAMPIN/Gr/ lb/NERING/Gr/Co hb/RENGAM/Gr/Co

SILT TEMIANG/Gr/ Co Co
lb/PENUBA/Gr/m hb/SALANG/V/f hb/KENERING/Gr/gr
lb/PELEPAH/LPM/c lb(JEMPOL)/V/f lb/TAI TAK/G/f
hb/BENTA/M/f hb/(KIOL)/V/f lb/BATANG
MERBAU/Q/m
hb/TADA/V/f (dull
colour)
hb/(RETANG)/V/f
CLAY lb/(MUKUT)/M/f lb/LAMBAK/Gr/gr lb/BESERAH/Gr/gr

SKELETAL
(>35% lb/MASAI/LPM/f
GRAVELS &
>35% CLAY) lb/PENGARANG/Sh/gr/b
CLAY OVER
CLAY-
SKELETAL
>35% CLAY
>35%
GRAVELS
BETWEEN
50-100 cm
FINE LOAMY lb/GADING/Gr/Co hb/LALANG/Gr/Co hb/(KERAK)/V/f hb/DAMAK/R/f hb/(SELIMBER)/V/f

18-35% CLAY hb/MAT DALING/R/f
COARSE LOAMY hb/JAN/R/f

<18% CLAY hb(TEKEK)/M/f
Non-existent Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Epipedon/base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/Parent Material/Sand fraction /others Features
Epipedon Base Saturation Value/Chroma Parent Materials (P.M.) Sand Fraction Others Features
M=Mollic (indicated when present) lb=low base saturation (<50%NH4OAc) Soil Name in parenthesis ( )= value/chroma (< 4/4) A= Andesite V=Tuffaceous Materials Co = Coarse Sand >30% b = bauxite
U=Umbric (indicated when present) hb=high base saturation (>50%NH4OAc) Soil Name without parenthesis( )= value/chroma (>4/4) B=Basalt M=Mixed Parent Materials c = Coarse Sand <30%
Soil not indicated with letters ‘M’ or Dull colour = Value/chroma 5/4; 5/3; 4/6 D=Gabbro Q=Quartz Mica Schist m = Medium Sand
‘U’ have on ochric epipedon G=Granodiorite R=Rhyolite gr = gravelly (bauxite)
Gr =Granite S= Serpentinite f = fine sand
H=Hornsfel Sh=Schist SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
LPM=Laterised Parent Materials DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
TABLE 2 : IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED FROM SEDIMENTARY AND LOW GRADE METAMORPHIC ROCK
DIAGNOSTIC HORIZON OXIC / KANDIC ARGILLIC
DEPTH TO ROCK OR P.M. SHALLOW MODERATE DEEP (>100cm) SHALLOW (0-50cm) MODERATE (50-100cm) DEEP (>100cm)
(0-50 cm) (50-100cm)
HUE 2.5YR- 7.5YR- 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR- 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5Y- 5Y 2.5YR- 5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5Y-5Y 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5Y-5Y
5YR 10YR 10YR
TEXTURAL
CLASS
lb/PRANG/S lb/MUNCHONG/S lb/(JERAM)/V lb/KODIANG/L hb/KOMEL/V lb/GOL/S hb/TERAH/L lb/ULU DONG/ Q lb/CHAT/S hb/MERAPOH/L
VERY FINE
>60% CLAY lb/PATANG/H PENGAU/V TAHAN/V lb/LANGKAWI/L hb/KAKI BUKIT/L
hb/SAGU/L KEMBIR/V hb/TAJENG/S
lb/TANGGA/L
KANGKAR/V
FINE >30% FINE lb/KUAH/S lb/PAGI/S lb/DURIAN/S lb/BEDUP/S/d6 lb/KERAIT/IS/d5

35-60% SILT lb/LOK YANG/S/p
CLAY lb/BATU ANAM/IS lb/MUSANG/S lb/LALAT/S
lb/ASAHAN/S/p
hb/SAT/S
<30% FINE lb/SEREMBAN/LS/f lb/PADANG lb/SENGGORA/V/f lb/BATU LAPAN/LS/f lb/POHOI/CS/f BUNGOR(red)/f lb/BUNGOR/S/f lb/JAYA/CS/f (deep
SILT BESAR/LS/f (Olive yellow) Pohoi)
lb/KUALA BRANG/S/f lb/(JEMPOL)/V/f lb/BATANG
lb/KUAH/S/f lb/KEMUNING/CS/f MERBAU/Q/m
hb/BERUIT/V/f (Olive) hb/(KIOL)/V/f
hb/TEMBELING/V/f
lb/KETAK/K/c lb/KEMASUL/S/P/f
hb/TADA/V/f(dull colour)
WAU/Co
hb/(RETANG)/V/f
RELOP/V/Co
CLAYEY SKELETAL
(>35% GRAVELS & >35%
CLAY)
CLAYEY OVER CLAYEY-

SKELETAL >35% CLAY
>35% GRAVELS
BETWEEN 50-100cm
FINE LOAMY lb/KEDAH/K/c KULAI/V lb/KELEDANG/K/c lb/APEK/SS/(white) lb/LAKA/SD/f lb/KEMAHANG/K/c

18-35% CLAY
lb/KEKURA/SD/f lb/NAMI/SD/f lb/MARANG/SS/f hb/JUARA/SD/f lb/SERDANG/SD/f
(pale yellow)
KULIM/V hb/(SELIMBER)/V/f
COARSE LOAMY lb/MALAU/SD/f

<18% CLAY
Non-existent Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Epipedon/base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/Parent Materials/Sand fraction /Others Features
Epipedon Base Saturation Value/Chroma Parent Materials (P.M.) Sand Fraction Others Features
M=Mollic (indicated when present) lb=low base saturation (<50%NH4OAc) Soil Name in parenthesis ( )=soil with low value/chroma (< 4/4) CS=Carbonaceous shale Q=Quartz mica schist Co=Coarse Sand >30% d5=somewhat imperfectly drained
U=Umbric (indicated when present) hb=high base saturation (>50%NH4OAc) Soil Name without parenthesis( )=soil with high value chroma (>4/4) H =Hornsfel S= Shale C=Coarse Sand <30% d6=moderately well-drained
Soil not indicated with letters ‘M’ or Dull colour = value/chroma 4/6, 5/3, 5/4 IS =Iron poor shale SD=Sandstone f=Fine sand P =plinthite (>50%)
‘U’ have on ochric epipedon Olive colour = hue 5Y and 2.5Y, value/chroma 5/3, 5/4, 4/6, 4/4 K=Conglomerates SS=Iron poor sandy shale m =Medium Sand p =<50% plinthite
Olive yellow colour = hue 2.5Y, value/chroma 6/4, 6/3 L=Limestone V=Tuffaceous shale gr=Gravelly
White colour = value/chroma 7/1, 7/2, 8/1, 8/2 LS=Laterised shale
Pale yellow colour = hue 5Y and 2.5Y, value/chroma 7/3, 7/4, 8/3, 8/4 SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
TABLE 3a: SOILS ON OLDER ALLUVIUM WITH NO QUARTZ STONELINE OR A QUARTZ STONELINE
<25CM WITHIN 100CM OF THE SOIL SURFACE
DEPTH TO
SAPROLITE 0 – 50 CM 50 – 100 CM >100 CM
OR PARENT
MATERIAL
HUE 2.5YR –5 YR 7.5YR – 10 YR 2.5YR –5 YR 7.5YR – 10 YR 2.5YR –5 YR 7.5YR – 10 YR
PLINTHITE <5% 5 – 50% >50% <5% 5 – 50% >50% <5% 5 – 50% >50% <5% 5 – 50% >50% <5% 5 – 50% >50% <5% 5 – 50% >50%
TEXTURE
VERY FINE KELAU/gr

( >60% CLAY)
FINE
(35 – 60% CLAY
AND > 30% FINE
SILT)
FINE NAM HENG/Sh/f BALING/G/C TAMPOI/f HARIMAU/c

(35 – 60% CLAY
AND < 30% FINE
SILT)
FINE LOAMY CHUKAI/c

(18-35% CLAY)
CO – LOAMY IBOK/c
(10 –18% CLAY)
Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Parent materials/sand fraction
Parent Materials Sand Fraction
SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
Sh = Shale c = Coarse sand DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Gr = Granite m = Medium sand KUALA LUMPUR
SD = Sandstone f = Fine sand 17/02/2003
Note:
1. This table contains reworked soil with no stoneline consisting of quartz stone and gravels or a stoneline <25cm thick within 100cm of the soil surface.
2. A stoneline (quartz, stone and gravels) <25cm thick should be classified as a phase of a soil without stoneline in this table
3. For soil with a lateritic > 25cm thick overlaying the stoneline of quartz, stone and gravels, refer to Table 4: Identification Of Soils With Reworked Lateritic Stoneline
TABLE 3b: SOILS ON OLDER ALLUVIUM WITH QUARTZ AND STONELINE
> 25CM WITHIN 100CM OF THE SOIL SURFACE
DEPTH TO SAPROLITE > 1 METER < 1 METER
TEXTURE VERY FINE FINE FINE LOAMY COARSE LOAMY VERY FINE FINE FINE LOAMY COARSE LOAMY
>60% CLAY 35 – 60% CLAY 18-30% 10 –18% CLAY >60% CLAY 35 – 60% CLAY 18-30% 10 –18% CLAY
HUE
2.5YR – 7.5YR – 2.5YR – 7.5YR – 2.5YR – 7.5YR – 2.5YR – 7.5YR – 2.5YR – 7.5YR – 2.5YR – 7.5YR – 2.5YR – 7.5YR – 2.5YR – 7.5YR –
5 YR 10 YR 5 YR 10 YR 5 YR 10 YR 5 YR 10 YR 5 YR 10 YR 5 YR 10YR 5 YR 10 YR 5 YR 10 YR
DEPTH TO
STONELINE
SHALLOW TEMERLOH/c ULU TIRAM
(0 –50 cm)
MODERATELY KENING KAWANG/c JERNEH

DEEP (50 –100cm)
DEEP
(Stoneline below 100cm
soil surface)
Mainly moderately well to well drained Somewhat imperfectly or imperfectly drained

Proceed to Table 1 on Soil develop on Igneous or High Grade Metamorphic Rock
Table 2 on Soil develop on sedimentary or Low Grade Metamorphic Rock
Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Sand Fraction
Sand Fraction
c = Coarse sand SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
f = Fine sand DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KUALA LUMPUR
Note : 17/02/2003
1. To use this table, the band consisting mainly of quartz, stones and pebbles should be at least 25cm thick within 100cm of the soil surface
2. A soil with a band <25cm within 100cm of the soil surface, should be classified as a phase of a soil in table 3a.
3. A soil with a lateritic band > 25cm thick overlaying the band of quartz stone and pebble or the saprolite should be classified
as lateritic soil (Table 4: Identification Of Soils With A Reworked Lateritic Stoneline)
Refer to Table 3a for soils on saprolite at 0 – 50cm or 50 – 100cm on flat and undulating terrain.
If the soil is found on rolling terrain or steeper, refer to Table 2
TABLE 4: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS WITH A REWORKED LATERITIC STONELINE
DEPTH TO > 100cm > 100cm WITHIN 100cm
SAPROLITE
LATERITIC MAINLY LARGE MAINLY MIXED SUBANGULAR AND SUBROUNDED GRAVELS. MAINLY ROUNDED AND SUBROUNDED GRAVELS
MATERIALS
ANGULAR, STONES,
BOULDERS AND GRAVELS
TEXTURAL CLASS CLAYEY HEAVY CLAY CLAYEY FINE LOAMY COARSE LOAMY CLAYEY FINE LOAMY COARSE LOAMY
HUE 2.5YR-10YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR- 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5Y -5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR 2.5YR-5YR 7.5YR-10YR
10YR
DEPTH TO
LATERITIC
LAYER
×
SHALLOW MALACCA/f TUNGGAL/f JITRA/f GAJAH MATI/f PEDU/f NAPAI/f POKOK SENA/f CUPING/f BERA/f
(0-50cm)
× ×
MODERATE TANDAK/f TAVY/f KAWAH/f TERAP/f NERANG/f CHUNGLOON/f DAMPAR/f TEMBAGA/f
(50-75cm)
LANAS/c SEMBRIN/f
×
KABU/f
×
TEMBIL/f
DEEP (>100cm)
Lateritic layer below
100 cm of soil surface
Soils on P and P3 surfaces are mostly well-drained soils except the Oxisols which are somewhat excessively drained The P2 soils are mainly somewhat imperfectly drained
(drainage class 5) and imperfectly drained (drainage class 4)
found on flat ( 0 - 30º) and undulating terrain (2 - 6º)
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Sand Fraction
To use this table, the minimum thickness of the lateritic layer must be 25 cm within 100 cm of the soil surface. A lateritic layer <25 cm thick within 100 cm of the soil surface is considered a phase of another soil series in Table 2 or Table 6
of a non-lateritic soils
Proceed to (i) Table 2 on soils developed on sedimentary and low grade metamorphic rocks or
(ii) Table 3 on soils developed on older Alluvium.
Refer to Table 3a for soils on saprolite at 0 - 25cm or 50 – 100cm on flat and undulating terrain.
If the soil is found on rolling terrain or steeper, refer to Table 2
Sand Fractions ×
c=Coarse sand =Tentative series
f=Fine sand
NOTE: SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION

All these soils have a low base saturation except for some soil found in the vicinity of limestone country. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Characterization of lateritic soils in limestone areas is being undertaken. KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
TABLE 5 : IDENTIFICATION OF RECENT (T1) ALLUVIAL SOILS
TEXTURAL CLAY (>35% CLAY) FINE LOAMY (18-35% CLAY) COARSE LOAMY (10-18% CLAY) SANDY (<10% CLAY) GRAVELLY
CLASS
VERY FINE FINE SILT FINE SAND COARSE SAND FINE SAND COARSE SAND FINE SAND COARSE SAND CLAY LOAMY SAND
DRAINAGE (>60% CLAY) (35-60% CLAY) (>30% FINE SILT)
CLASS
0 VERY POOR LUBOK ITIK/B KERPAI

BINJAI
1 SOMEWHAT LUBOK SENDONG SELINGKAT

VERY POOR
2 POOR JABIL SETOL

SUNGAI AMIN/r PASIR PUTEH/r
SEJACOB/b MAROH/b
3 SOMEWHAT TEPUS SEPAYANG
POOR
BATU HITAM/m
4 IMPERFECT LATING GUGUT U/LEKIR/1

KAYA U/KOH/2 TELAGA BANGGOL
5 SOMEWHAT MEDANG MERANTI
IMPERFECT
6 MODERATELY LUNDANG/m PENAMBANG

WELL
CHEMPAKA
7 WELL TOK YONG
8 SOMEWHAT
EXCESSIVE TERAS
TELEMONG
9 EXCESSIVE
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Epipedon/SOIL SERIES NAME/Others Features
Epipedon Others Features
U = Umbric horizon b=Brown mottles
The other soils m=Minimum of 10% manganese nodules throughout the profile
have an ochric epipedon r=Red mottles
1=Humitropept Great Group
2=Dystropept Great Group SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
B= Buried organic layer DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
TABLE 6 : IDENTIFICATION OF SUB-RECENT (T2) ALLUVIAL AND RELATED REWORKED SOILS
TEXTURAL VERY FINE CLAY (>35-60% CLAY) FINE LOAMY (18-35% CLAY) COARSE LOAMY SANDY GRAVELLY
CLASS (>60% CLAY) (10-18% CLAY) (<10% CLAY)
<30% FINE SILT >30% FINE SILT <30% FINE SILT >30% FINE SILT FINE
FINE COARSE FINE COARSE CLAY LOAMY
SAND SAND SAND SAND SKELETAL SKELETAL
<5%Plinthite 5-50% >50% <5% 5-50% >50% <5% Plinthite 5-50% >50% <5% 5-50% >50%
DRAINAGE plinthite plinthite plinthite plinthite plinthite Plinthite Plinthite Plinthite Plinthite Plinthite
CLASS Fine Sand Co. Sand
0 VERY POOR
JELUTONG/f
1.SOMEWHAT
VERY POOR
2 POOR CHERANG SIMPAH/f

HANGUS/f
SOGOMANA/f LUNAS SEGARI JONG/f SUBANG MANIK BADAK
3 SOMEWHAT BERTAM/f/p HUTAN/f KILAN/f HALU/d
POOR (dull colour)
KG. PUSU/f
4 IMPERFECT GONG LUBOK TELANG/f/d PELANDUK/f BUKIT AWANG/gr BEMBAN/f

SEROK/f CENAK/f KIAT/f TUKU BANAR
CERMIN
5 SOMEWHAT hb/BELADING/f/p ALMA/c
IMPERFECT
6 MODERATELY KECHOR/f KERAYONG/f/r KUAU/f

WELL SITIAWAN/f
NANGKA LINTANG TENANG
7 WELL TEBOK/f
RASAU HOLYROOD KILIN/f
TAWAR/c
8 SOMEWHAT
EXCESSIVE SUNGAI
BULOH
9 EXCESSIVE
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name : Base Saturation/ SOIL SERIES NAME/sand fraction/other features
Base Saturation Sand Fraction Others Features
hb = high base saturation f=Fine Sand d=duripan SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
c=Coarse Sand r =Red mottles DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
gr=slightly gravelly of colluvial origin p =compact and prismatic structures with surface gleying KUALA LUMPUR
dull colour = value/chroma: 5/3,5/4, 4/6 17/02/2003
<5% plinthite = Negligible
5-50% plinthite = Plinthic subgroup
>50% = Plinthic great group
All soils have low base saturation percentage except those indicated with symbol ‘hb’
The soil in this table are found only on flat terrain (0 - 2º) and undulating terrain (2 - 6º)
TABLE 7 : IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON BEACH RIDGES AND RELATED DEPOSITS
DRAINAGE CLASS
TEXTURE CLASS
DEPTH TO
SPODIC/ VERY POOR SOMEWHAT POOR SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT SOMEWHAT MODERATELY WELL SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE
BURIED VERY POOR POOR IMPERFECT WELL EXCESSIVE
HORIZON 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
VERY FINE M LUBOK ITEK/B

> 60% Clay
D
FINE M CHENERING/B/gr NERUS/B PENAGA/o

33-60% Clay
D
S
FINE
LOAMY M NIBONG/ /B
18-35% Clay
D PERMATANG SENENG
COARSE M IBAI/s/f
LOAMY
<18% Clay
D MELAWI/f + BAKONG
+ RESAM
S RHU TAPAI/s
M MERCHANG/B/o RUDUA/s
SANDY CERATING/w
<10% Clay ULAR/o
D KERPAH/f/ (Strong Brown) ROMPIN/r JAMBU/e

FIKRI (Brown, med sand) + PAUH
+BEOH (Light Greyish Brown) BAGING
+ PERMATANG TIMBUL (Brown, co & med
sand)
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Parent Materials (origin deposits) SOIL SERIES NAME/Sand Fraction/Others Features
Parent Materials (Origin Deposits) Sand Fraction Others Features
S = Shallow (0-50 cm) + = on old beach ridge f=Fine sand B = buried
M = Moderate deep ((50-100 cm) r= riverine influence o = enriched with illuviated humus SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
D = Deep (>100) w = wavy fragmental spodic DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
All soils are ‘Young Beach Ridge’ unless otherwise specified; soils on old beach ridges s = spodic KUALA LUMPUR
are indicated by a ‘t’ in front of the soil services name written in italic. Soil influenced e = eluvial 17/02/2003
by riverine alluvium are indicated by latter ‘r’ after he soil series gr = gravelly
All soils consist of medium and coarse sand fraction except those indicating with ‘f’
Note
1. The term "Rusila Complex" is used to describe complicated soil complexes which are found in the swales and which cannot be mapped as individual series even at detailed soil mapping.
2. Hardness of the spodic horizon is considered at phase level i.e either hard (H), soft (S) or a mixture of hard and soft (HS). Example (i) Rudua/s/H (Rudua Series, hard spodic horizon); (ii) Rudua/s/S (Rudua Series, soft spodic horizon);
(iii) Rudua/s/HS (Rudua Series with a mixture of hard and soft spodic materials in the same horizon). These of these 3 phases can be upgraded to soil series at a later when their occurrence and distribution become significant.
TABLE 8 : IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS WITH SULFIDIC AND SULFURIC HORIZON
DIAGNOSTIC SULFIDIC SULFURIC HORIZON WITHOUT JAROSITE SULFURIC HORIZON WITH JAROSITE CAMBIC
HORIZON/MATERIAL
DEPTH TO SULFIDIC/ 0 - 50 cm 50 - 100 cm 0 - 50 cm 50 - 100 cm 0 - 50 cm 50 - 100 cm Sulfidic/

SULFURIC Sulfuric horizon
below 100 cm
HORIZONATION O / A / C, A / C, A / BC / C O / A / C, A / C, A/B/C A/B/C A/B/C A/B/C A/B/C A/B/C A/B/C

A / BC / C
DEPTH TO C HORIZON 0 - 50 cm 50-100 50 - 100 cm 0 - 50 cm 50-100cm 50 - 100 cm 0 - 50 cm 50-100 cm 50 - > 100 cm > 50 - 100 cm > 100 cm Below 100 cm
cm
n VALUE
>1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
NATURE
OF SUBSOIL
MATRIX : GRAY
MASSIVE TO VERY KRANJI/HC/C MERBOK/C KUALA
COARSE ANGULAR PERLIS/C
BLOCKY
MATRIX : GRAY
(INCLUDING GRAYISH TIMUN/Sc PARIT TELOK/C TONGKANG/C Example
BROWN 10YR5/2) BOTAK/C BERNAM
MED. TO CO. ANGULAR CAREY/L
AND / OR
SUBANGULAR
BLOCKY
MATRIX : BROWN LINAU/C KEMANG/C GUAR/C

ANGULAR BLOCKY
AND STICKY
MATRIX : BROWN x
SERKAT ‘A’ JENJARUM TAMBUN/Mc SEDU/C JAWA/C JAWA
SUBANGULAR Example
BLOCKY AND FRIABLE TEBUAN/Cc JURU/Cc JURU/Cc SELANGOR
x
SABRANG ‘A’
Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Conductivity/Texture

Conductivity Texture x
HC= High conductivity (>4dS/m) C = Clay to heavy clay Mc= Coarse sandy clay loam = Tentative
Cc = Coarse sandy clay Sc=Coarse sand to loamy sand
L = Loamy texture soil SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
Proceed to table 9 on non-acid sulphate non-saline soils developed
on marine clay
Note : 1. To be a Sulfuric Horizon, the following criteria must be satisfied : i) pH ≤3.5

ii) at least 15 cm thick
iii) Evidences to show low pH is due to sulfuric acid formation (jarosite; sulphate≥0.05%; sulfide materials).
2. Names of similar soils will be finalised upon completion of further field and laboratory testing.
3. All series have clayey textures unless otherwise specified.
4. All soils have low electrical conductivity reading unless otherwise specified.
TABLE 9: IDENTIFICATION OF NON-ACID SULPHATE MARINE ALLUVIAL SOILS
N - VALUE High ( > 1 ) Low ( < 1 )
HORIZONATION A / BC / C, A / C, A / BC / C, A / C, O / A / C A/B/C A/B/C A/B/C

O/A/C
DEPTH TO PARENT 0 - 50 cm 0 - 50 cm 50 - 100 cm 0 - 50 cm 50 - 100 cm > 100 cm

MATERIALS
DOMINANT MOTTLES
COLOUR - - - Olive Brown/ Red Olive Brown/ Red Olive Brown/ Red
Yellow Yellow Yellow
PROPERTIES
OF SUBSOIL
GREENISH GRAY 1/PIANDANG/ HC1 1/KUALA TEBENGAU/ v SERONG

(5GY 6/1 - 5G 5/1) KEDAH/HC1
1/BAKAU/ LC
2/BANJAR/HC1
1/BALIK
PULAU/LC
OLIVE GRAY (5Y 6/2) ROTAN/ v CHENAAM/HC1 BERNAM/ v (AB)

KANGKONG/ (AB)
GRAY (10YR 6/1, 2/SERKAM/ LC 2/KAYAN/ LC BURONG/ LC SEDAKA/@ KG. PERLIS KECHAI IDRIS/ p
10YR 7/1, 10YR 5/1)
MANGKOK/(AB) CHENGAI// r/#
LIGHT BROWNISH 2/SERKAM/ LC 2/KAYAN/ LC PEREPAT/np PEREPAT/np BRIAH/ y KANGAR/ r/#

GRAY (10YR 6/2 / 10YR TUALANG/ b
5/2 - 2.5Y 6/2 / 2.5Y 5/2)
DARK GRAY (10YR 4/1) 2/ALOR 2/ALOR KUNDOR

SEMAT/LC SEMAT/LC
BROWN (10YR 5/3) SERKAT/np SABRANG/np SELANGOR/np

PACHINTAN/ (AB)
\ ____ ________ /
Co. to V Co. angular blocky to massive structures in
greenish gray to gray soils
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Profile Development/SOIL SERIES NAME/Conductivity/Colours of Mottles/Others
Profile Development Conductivity Mottles Colour Others
1 = A/C or O/AC/C profile HC1=high conductivity 2-4 ds/m b= brown mottles v = slickensides SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
2 = A/BC/C profile HC2=high conductivity > 4 ds/m y = yellow mottles (AB) = Coarse angular blocky structures DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LC=low conductivity < 2 ds/m r=Red mottles p = Plinthite < 35% KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
@ = manganese concretions
# = gypsum
np = non padi soils
TABLE 10 : IDENTIFICATION OF SHALLOW ORGANIC SOILS
DOMINANT ORGANIC SOIL MATERIAL (0-50 CM)
SAPRIC HEMIC FIBRIC / WOODY
NATURE OF UNDERLAYING
MINERAL SOIL (50-100 CM)
CLAYEY
BROWN
LOAMY
SANDY
RIVERINE
CLAYEY GALI CHANGKAT LOBAK

GREY
LOAMY
SANDY PAK BONG
CLAYEY LINGGI
BROWN
LOAMY
NON SULFIDIC/SULFURIC
SANDY
CLAYEY NIPIS MUKAH
LOAMY
GREY
MARINE/ESTUARINE/BRACKISH WATER
SANDY
CLAYEY
BROWN
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
GREY
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY PENOR BAKRI

SULFIDIC
LOAMY
SANDY

KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
DEPTH OF PEAT TABLE 11: IDENTIFICATION OF MODERATELY DEEP AND DEEP ORGANIC SOILS
DOMINANT ORGANIC SOIL MATERIAL
0-100cm SAPRIC HEMIC FIBRIC / WOODY
NATURE OF MATERIAL >100 cm
CLAYEY
BROWN
LOAMY
RIVERINE
SANDY
CLAYEY TASIK
GREY
MODERATELY DEEP PEAT (MINERAL SOIL AT 100-300 CM
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY TELUK BULUH

BROWN
NONSULFURIC/NONSULFIDIC
LOAMY
MARINE/ESTUARINE/BRACKISH
SANDY
CLAYEY
GREY
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY
BROWN
SULFURIC/SULFIDIC
LOAMY
SANDY
CLAYEY NIPIS
GREY
LOAMY
SANDY
SAPRIC
(MINERAL SOIL AT DEPTH >300 CM)
RIVERINE
HEMIC
FIBRIC / WOODY GONDANG SALLEH

DEEP PEAT
SAPRIC
MARINE/ESTUARINE/
BRACKISH
HEMIC
FIBRIC / WOODY BAYAS

KUALA LUMPUR
17/02/2003
TABLE 12a: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON LIMESTONE AND CALCAREOUS MATERIALS
(SOILS WITH NO IRON OR IRON/MANGANESE BAND OR THE BAND IS LESS THAN 25 CM THICK
WITHIN 100 CM OF THE SOIL SURFACE)
DEPTH TO SHALLOW MODERATE DEEP ( > 100 cm)
ROCKS ( 0 - 50 cm) ( 50 - 100 cm)
TEXTURAL VERY FINE CLAY FINE VERY FINE CLAY FINE VERY FINE CLAY FINE
CLASS > 60% 35 - 60 % LOAMY > 60% 35 - 60 % LOAMY > 60% 35 - 60 % LOAMY
CLAY 18 - 35 % CLAY 18 - 35 % CLAY 18 - 35 %
DRAINAGE CLAY CLAY CLAY
CLASS < 30% SILT > 30% SILT < 30% SILT > 30% SILT <30% SILT >30% SILT
0 VERY POOR
1 SOMEWHAT VERY POOR
2 POOR LALOH/C
3 SOMEWHAT POOR
4 IMPERFECT
5 SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT
6 MODERATELY WELL RAKIT MERAPOH NIRAM TANGGANG
7 WELL lb/KODIANG KAKI BUKIT
8 SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE lb/TANGGA/O

lb/LANGKAWI
hb/SAGU/O
9 EXCESSIVE
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/Sub-Surface Diagnostic Horizon
Sub-Surface Diagnostic Horizon Base Saturation SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
O = Oxic horizon lb = low base saturation DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
C = Cambic KUALA LUMPUR
All the soils have a high base saturation except those abbreviated as ‘lb’. 17/02/2003
All the soils have an argillic horizon except for those indicated by letters ‘O’ and ‘C’.
Note
1. This table is for the identification of soils with no gravel band or the band is less than 25 cm thick.
2. A mixed iron and manganese gravel band less than 25 cm thick within 1 metre of soils surface are considered as depth phases of these soils.
3. For soils with mixed iron and manganese gravel band > 25 cm, refer to table 12b.
4. These soils generally have dull colours (value/ chroma 4/6, 5/3, 5/4) except for Tanggang, Sago, Langkawi and Tangga series(5/6, 5/8).
TABLE 12b: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON LIMESTONE AND CALCAREOUS MATERIALS
(SOILS WITH MANGANESE OR IRON/MANGANESE BAND MORE THAN 25 CM THICK WITHIN 100CM OF SOIL SURFACE)
DEPTH TO SHALLOW MODERATE DEEP DEEP
ROCKS ( 0 - 50 cm) ( 50 - 100 cm) (> 100 cm) (>100 cm)
DEPTH TO 0 - 50 cm 0 - 50 cm 50 - 100 cm 0 - 50 cm 50 - 100 cm > 100 cm

BAND
TEXTURAL VERY CLAY FINE VERY CLAY FINE VERY CLAY FINE VERY CLAY FINE VERY CLAY FINE VERY FINE CLAY FINE
CLASS FINE 35 - 60 % LOAMY FINE 35 - 60 % LOAMY FINE 35 - 60 % LOAMY FINE 35 - 60 % LOAMY FINE 35 - 60 % LOAMY > 60% 35 - 60 % LOAMY
> 60% 18 - 35 % > 60% 18 - 35 % > 60% 18 - 35 % > 60% 18 - 35 % > 60% 18 - 35 % CLAY 18 - 35 %
CLAY CLAY CLAY CLAY CLAY CLAY CLAY CLAY CLAY CLAY CLAY
DRAINAGE < 30% > 30% < 30% > 30% <30% >30% <30% >30% < 30% > 30% < 30% > 30%
CLASS SILT SILT SILT SILT SILT SILT SILT SILT SILT SILT Silt Silt
0 VERY POOR
1 SOMEWHAT
VERY POOR
2 POOR PERSIT/C LALOH/C
3 SOMEWHAT
POOR
4 IMPERFECT MENTARA TEMAU
5 SOMEWHAT
IMPERFECT
6 MODERATELY TABAN TERAH KUMBANG SALAK MERAPOH NIRAM TANGGANG

WELL SELUT (MERHAMAH)
7 WELL (LAYANG) lb/KODIANG KAKI BUKIT
8 SOMEWHAT lb/TANGGA/O
EXCESSIVE lb/LANGKAWI
hb/SAGU/O
9 EXCESSIVE
Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/ Sub-Surface diagnostic horizon
Sub-Surface Diagnostic Horizon Base Saturation Others
O = Oxic horizon lb = low base saturation ( ) – low value chroma < 4/4
C = Cambic horizon
All the soils have a high base saturation except those abbreviated as ‘lb’. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
All the soils have an argillic horizon except for those indicated by letters ‘O’ and ‘C’. KUALA LUMPUR
Note: 17/02/2003
1. The gravel band should at least 25 cm thick occurring within 1 metre of the soil surface.
2. For limestone related soils with no mixed iron-manganese band within 1 meter of soil surface, please refer to Table 12a.
3. Limestone related soils with mixed iron-manganese band less than 25 cm thick should be classified as phases of soils found in Table 12a.
4. Soils with a lateritic band more than 25 cm thick with low base saturation should be classified as lateritic soils in accordance to Table 4
(Identification of Soils with a Reworked Lateritic Stoneline). If the band is less than 25 cm , the soils should be classified as a phase of non-lateritic
soils found in Table 2 (Identification of Soils developed on Sedimentary and Low Grade Metamorphic Rocks) or Table 6 [Identification of Sub-recent (T2) Alluvial Soils]
5. These soils generally have dull colour (value/chroma 4/6, 5/3, 5/4) except for Tanggang,Sago, Langkawi, Selut and Tangga series. (value/chroma 5/6 : 5/8)
Soils with a iron/iron-manganese 100cm below the soil surface. Please refer to Table 12a

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TERHAD

SOIL CORRELATION TOUR 1/2010

SOILS SURVEY SECTION

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

Chairman : Zulkifli bin Ahmad

Profile Preparation : Norhisham Yacob & M. Azemi b. Mahat

Pulau Gadong, Melaka

Telok Chengal, Kedah

Titi Gantong, Perak

Shah Alam, Selangor

Ayer Hitam, Johor

Kuantan & Temerloh, Pahang

Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu

Date Time Activities

No Pedon Chairperson Commentator Rapporteur

2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF REGION … … … … … … 3

4.0 LIST OF FIGURES

5.0 LIST OF TABLES

Some criteria to determine the soil series in Peninsular Malaysia App-2

Guide to calculate analytical data App-2

within 100cm of the soil surface App-5

within 100cm of the soil surface App-6

Table 4: Identification of soil with a reworked lateritic layer App-7

Table 5: Identification of recent(T1) alluvial soils App-8

Table 8 : Identification of soils with sulfidic and sulphuric horizons App-11

Table 9 : Identification of non acid sulphate marine alluvial soils App-12

Table 10 : Identification of shallow organic soils App-13

Table11 : Identification of moderately deep and deep organic soils App-14

I. To disseminate information on recent developments on the mapping and classification of soils.

2.1 LOCATION OF TOUR AREA

Figure 2: Location Of Kuala Lipis District

Figure 3: Class of Terain for Lipis District

Figure 4: Geology of Kuala Lipis

Table 1 : Summary of climatic data for Merapoh (1966-1990)

Rainfall (mm) Evapotranspiration

Figure 5: The rainfall and evapotranspiration of Merapoh

Maximum Minimum Mean

Figure 6: The monthly temperature of Merapoh

Relative humidity (%) 85

2.6 AGRICULTURAL RAINFALL INDEX (ARI)

Figure 8: Agriculture Rainfall Index of Lipis District

Table 2 : Main characteristics of Agroecological Regions 23

D -dry month (A.R.I below 40 during 20% of years on record)

Table 3: Crop suitability - Agroecological Regions

Region Suitable Crops Marginal Crops

23 Coffee(Rob), Citrus, Durian, Rubber Cocoa, Mango, O/Palm.

1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3961

Horizonation Depth (cm) Description

Ap 0-22 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); silty clay; strong,

Bt2 50-97 Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and few brownish

Ganulometric Composition (%)

1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil Exc.

Ap 0 -22 1.56 0.05 2.69 31.20 5.3 - 0.0266 1.31

Weighted Average of Texture

1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties

0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

Matrix colour 50 -75cm-

2.5 Pedological Features

2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-

3.1 Local Classification