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Answer: C

Osteoblast produces a layer of new, but not yet calcified material, which is osteoid
Answer: A
Nuclei is away from the bone
Answer: B
Osteitis deformans is also known as Paget’s disease. Initially osteoclasts are more
active than osteoblasts, thus there is more bone absorption than normal. Later,
osteoblasts try to keep up with the overactivity of osteoclasts by making new bone.
However, osteoblasts end up overreacting and make excess bone that is abnormally
large, and deformed.
Symptoms arise from elevated calcium in the blood from the overactivity of
osteoclasts, leading to; fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, or
constipation.
Answer: D
Answer: D, Osteocytes are mature, inactive cells, smaller than osteoblasts.
Be able to identify oseocytes from osteoblasts, osteoclasts
2 = Osteoblasts (larger than osteocytes)
3 = Osteoblasts
4 = Osteoclasts (Large, motile, multinucleated)
Answer: A
Osteocytes and osteoblasts do not divide by mitosis
Answer: C
●  Ruffled border and Sealing zone are specialized membrane areas of
osteoclasts
●  Canaliculi connects lacunae with other and convey nutrients from haversian
canal to cells in osteon
Answer: A
Bone resorption which is done by osteoclasts is defective in osteopetrosis. The
osteoclasts lack ruffled borders, this leads to overgrowth and thickening of bones.
Answer: B, Cortical bone is also known as compact/dense bone
Trabecular bone is also known as cancellous/spongy bone. It is located in the interior
of flat bones and does not contain haversian system.
Evidence of a previous remodeling process. Marks the limit of resorption.
Answer: B, Volkmann canals perforate the lamellae and connect haversian canals
with each other, marrow cavity, and periosteum
1 = Osteocyte lacunae
2 = Canaliculi
3 = Haversian canals
Answer: B
●  Woven bone (first type of bone formed during fetal development) is produced
first and is soon replaced by stronger lamellar bone.
●  Deposition is faster in woven bone than in lamellar.
Answer: D
Answer: B
Diploe contains diploic veins, thin-walled valveless veins that occupy channels in the
diploe.
Answer: E
Other functions of diploic and emissary veins?
●  They function in cooling blood before it enters the brain
●  They help to equalize pressure in intracranial and extracranial veins
●  They can act as safety collateral pathway during cerebral congestion or
obstruction of veins
Epiphyseal plate and Articular cartilage
Answer: B, bone mass begins to decline after this age range
●  Peak bone is the maximal amount of bone matrix attained by an individual.
●  Bone mass increases when bone deposition exceeds bone resorption
Answer: D
Answer: B
●  Reduction in bone mass in Osteopenia is caused by a decrease rate of
osteoid synthesis
●  Reduction in bone mass in Osteomalacia(adults)/Rickets(children) is caused
by Ca absorption from the GI tract or Ca salts not being deposited. This
eventually leads to soft and weak bones
Answer: B
Symphyses and Synchondroses are cartilaginous joints
Answer: C
Hyperactive/hyperplastic synovial membrane transformed into pannus tissue and
invades cartilage and bone
Answer: B
Answer: B
1 = Chondrocytes
2 = Chondroblasts
3 = Fibroblasts
Be able to identify the differences/characteristics between chondrocytes and
chondroblats
True
Answer: E
●  Most of arytenoids is made up of hyaline but its apex is made up of elastic
cartilage (located in places in which the maintenance of a specific shape is
needed for proper function)
●  Hyaline cartilage forms nearly all the fetal skeleton
Answer: Hyaline Cartilage
In endochondral ossification, the cartilage model is gradually replaced by bone,
except at these sites (Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate)
Answer: C
Fibrocartilage is found in places that require resistance to compression and to shear
forces
Answers: A
Skeletal muscle has the greatest strength of contraction but tires most rapidly
Answer: D
Neuromuscular junction is also known as motor end plate
Answer: C
Sarcosome = Mitochondrion
Answer: B
●  Dark bands are called A bands (Anisotropic). Allows some light to pass
through it, there is double refraction. Contains both thick and thin filaments
●  Light bands are called I bands (Isotropic). Refracts the light in all directions.
Consists entirely of thin filaments
●  Actin is Isotropic
●  Myosin is Anisotropic
Answer: A
●  Epimysium is dense CT that surrounds a collection of fascicles
●  Endomysium is a network of loose CT outside the external lamina
●  Periosteum lines the external covering of bones
●  Endosteum lines the surface of bone trabeculae
Answer: E

Motor unit is the true morphofunctional unit of the neuromuscular system


1 = Z disc, where thin (actin) filaments are attached end to end
2 = Light I band, only thin (actin) filaments
3 = M line, where thick (myosin) filaments attach end-to-end
4 = Dark A bands, thick (myosin) filaments overlapping portions of the thin (actin)
filaments
5 = H-band, a lighter zone in the center of the A band
Answer: C
During contraction:
●  H band disappears
●  No change with A band
●  Z disc moves closer
Actin and myosin do not change in length
Answer: B
Motor end plate is also known as neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system
malfunctions and form antibodies against the Acetylcholine nicotinic postsynaptic
receptors at the NMJ of skeletal muscles.
Terminal boutons contain synaptic vesicles filled with ACh, (NOT the receptors)
Answer: B
Patient has Duchenne muscular Dystrophy
Answer: B
Red fibers are slow twitch fibers whereas white fibers are fast twitch
Answer: A
●  Flower-spray endings (secondary endings) are smaller myelinated sensory
fibers
●  Annulospiral endings (primary endings) are non-myelinated endings of large
myelinated sensory fibers
Answer: D
Answer: D
Smooth muscle
Know the differences between each of them

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