•

CHAPTER THE THIRD.

OF THE

WALLACHIAN AND BULGARIAN LANGUAGES.

Historical Remarks upon the Wallaelzians-and Bulgariam-Pmtaglos, E,ftrcUu in English, Romaic, Albanian, WalJaehian, and Bulgarian.

THE 'Vallachians of Greece make their appearance in history at the same time as the Albanians, that is to say, about the eleventh or twelfth century. Their transactions from that time, to the fall

. of Constantinople, combined with the identity of language, prove that they were originally a branch of the same nation, which was found in those ages, not only in the fertile country on the North side of the Lower Danube, now generally known in Europe by the name of Wallachia, but likewise in many of the mountainous parts of. Thrace.

364

•

The modern Greeks vulgarly distinguish the inhabitants of Wallachia Proper by the name of Mrx.')p~-B"A.rx.XOI, (i. e. black Vlakhi), and those of Greece by that of KOUT~&-B"A.a.XOI, (literally lame Vlakhi); but the politer denomination of the latter colonies, and of some others of the same people, dispersed in the countries lying between the North of Greece and the Danube, is MOIfTlO'arx.XEG, hy which term seems to be implied a conviction, that they are the descendants of the Roman colonies, first settled in Dacia and llIa'sia by the Emperor Trajan, and some of his successors; a conjecture in great measure confirmed by the large proportion of Latin words contained in their dialect.

The Turks and Albanians call the VUlkhi of Greece Tz'ub{m, (PastO!'es), the profession, by which they are best known to the people of the other parts of Greece; for, inhabiting a mountainous region,

. which produces little else than pasture for cattle in the summer, they are under the necessity of leading their flocks in the winter to the plains and maritime districts, and thus are found dispel sed in that season over every part of the low-lands of Greece. As many of the Albanians, bordering upon them, and occupying mountains of the same description, follow the same employment of shepherds, the word Vlakhi is otten applied by the Greeks to both nations under similar circumstances, and I have even heard it employed to designate the Greek mountaineers of the Morea, and the shepherds of Arcadia. Permanent settlements, however, within the limits of Greece, where the Vlakhiote language is spoken, are only to be found in the great ranges of 1\-10un15 Pindus and Olympus, and in the transverse ridges of upper Macedonia and Thessaiy, which connect them.

~65

. In the twelfth century, the \Vallachians· seem to have inhabitedthe same regions both 'in Greece and to the North of the Danube, which they still occupy. Those of Greece are noticed at that time by Anna Comnena,t and by the travelling Jew, Benjamin of' Tudela, and at the beginning of the thirteenth century by Nicetas.:t Their existence on the North of the Danube, at the same period, is proved from Cinnamus, § who speaks of a large body of them as having been excited by the Emperor Manuel Comnenus, to make an irruption into Hungary. \Ve learn also, from some of the same historians, that they were found in the intermediate countries of Thrace and Mysia. Anna Comnena informs us, that the armies of her father Alexius were recruited from the Wallachians of these regions, II and speaks of a body of them near Anchialus.tt Nicetas tJ: places their chief habitations in the districts of Mount Hamus, formerly occupied by the Mysians; and they are mentioned by Pachymerss as having extended in the latter part of the thirteenth century, from beyond Bizya nearly as far as the suburbs of Constantinople .

• It may be conrenient to distingui!h the nation in general by the name of WaIlachiaD!, and their colonies of Greece by the Greek Dame of Vlair.hi.

t Anna Comnena, 1. 5. p.lS8.

:t Nicetas, Annal. Balduin. c. !j. p. 410.

§ J. Cinnamus, Hist. J. 6. c. 3. p. ) 52.

II Anna Comnena, 1. H. p. ~27.

tt Anna Comnena, 1. ) O. p. 274.

t:: Nicetas, Annal. Isaac. Angel. l. 1. c. 4. p. !lj(j.

§§ Pachymer, Hist. AndroD. I. 1. c. 37. p. 66.

S66

The power of the Wallachians was at its height from the middle of the twelfth, to the middle of the thirteenth, century. On the West, their ravages extended to the neighbourhood of Naissu« (Nissa), and Philippopolis, and to the South-East as far as V luna, Arcadiopoli. and Tzi6rli. •

At the latter end of the twelfth century, dissatisfied with their treatment from the Greeks, under the weak administration of Isaac Angelus, they united with the Bulgarians in shaking off the authority of the Emperor,t and took so leading a part in the establishment of the second Bulgarian kingdom, that Peter and Asan, two Wa1lachians,t were the first chiefs of that monarchy. Under John, or Johannices, the third king, § they had the honor, in conjunction with the Bulgarians, and with the Comanre, and other Scythian tribes, of gaining, in the year 1205, the battle of Adrianople, which ended in the complete defeat of the Franks, with the loss of their' leader, the Emperor Baldwin, who soon afterwards. died in captivity.

Towards the end of the thirteenth century, when their possessions extended to the neighbourhood of Constantinople, they became so formidable to the government of the capital, which dreaded nothing more than the junction of this people with the Scythians, that the

• Nicetas, Annal. Isaac. AngeL, Alex. Comnen., et Dalduin.

t Nicetas, Annal. Isaac, Angel. I. 1.

t NicelaS, Annal. Alexii Comneni, I. 1. c. 4. p. !;!gg., I. 2. c. S. p. 814.

§ ViIlehardouin, who WAS Marshal of Romania, under the Emperor Baldwin, calls Jolm Roy de Blakie, and sometimes Roy de Blakie et de Bulgarie,

367

Emperor Andronicus Paleeologus, about the year 1290, thought himself fortunate in removing a large body of them to Anatolia," where the cruelty and oppression, which was studiously inflicted upon them, and the severities of the winter; during which they were removed, destroyed a large proportion of their population.

This event may have, in great measure, contributed to their expulsion from the mountains in the southern parts of Thrace, but their disappearing from the positions which they held in such large numbers in, Mount. Hamus, is to be chiefly ascribed to their retiring before the conquering arms of the Turks, after these had obtained possession of Adrianople. The connexion between the Northern Vlakhi, and those of Greece, then became interrupted, the former retreating to the North of the Danube, and the latterconfining themselves to the mountains of Macedonia, Epirus, and Thessaly.

Chalcocondylas, however, who wrote so late as the fifteenth century, still speaks of them as extending from Dacia to Mount Pindus;t and tbe very slight difference which subsists between the dialects of the Wallacbiansof Dacia and Greece, shows that they have not long been separated.

Their possessions in the branches of Mount Rhodope, on the N orth of Macedonia, seem to have been the link which connected the Northern and Southern Wal1achialls j in the concluding years of the

• Pacbymer, Rist. Andron. J. 1. c.37. p.66.

t Laonicus Cbalcocond. l. 1. p. 16.

368

twelfth century, when their power was at its height, we are told by Nicetas, that they were masters of great part of the country about Serra, and that Chrysus, one of their chieftains, held Strumitza, in ~facedollia, and Prosacus, a fort upon the Axius in the same province, against an the efforts of the Emperor Alexius Angelus.·

Anna Comnena mentions the \VaUachians as a wandering hardy race of shepherds. t Nicetas speaks of their cruelty, and the ravages which they committed in Thrace during the reigns of Andronicus Comnenus, Isaac Angelus, Alexius Angelus, and Baldwin. They are represented by this historian (about the year 12(0) as not having yet been converted to Christianity; t as rivalling in cruelty the Scythians, with whom they were often joined in their predatory expeditions; ~ as being haters of the Roman name, II and equally hostile to the Franks, when these obtained t.he sovereignty of Constantinople. tt The more particular account of Pachymer tt describes them as a wandering race, who had acquired considerable wealth by. their flocks and herds, whose pastoral life had inured them to fatigue, and endowed them with great strength and hardiness of body; while an habitual practice of the

• Nicetas, Annal. Alex. Comnen. I. 1. c. 4. p. 299.-1. 2. c.8. p. 314.-1.8. c. 1. p. ·S~5 &. seq.

t Anna Comnena, L 8. p. 227.

t Nicetas, Annal. Alex. Comnen, 1. 3. c. 5. 1" 837.

§ Id. Annal. Balduin, c. 6,8, 9. p. 400 &. seq.

II Id. ibid. c. 8. p. 405.

tt Id. ibid. c. I~. p. 395. &.c.

U Pachymer, Hist. Andron. 1. 1. c. 37. p. 66.

:S69

chace had taught them the first rudiments of war, and frequent skirmishes with the imperial troops bad trained them to a. considerable skill in the use of arms,

The Italian origin of the Wallachians seems never to have been doubted by the Greek historians, Cinnamus,· speaking in the twelfth

. century, of those who dwelt to the North of the Danube, says, they were considered as the remains of a colony from Italy, Chalcocondylas, who lived SOO years later, makes a similar remark, and adds, . that their language was like that of the Italians, . whom they also resembled in customs, arms, dreu, and fumiture.t This relationship with Jtalj' may have had considerable influence in producing their

,

temporary submission to the spiritual autborityof the See of Rome,

at the time of the establishment of the Vlakho-Bulgarian kingdom; in the year lto ... :: Ia the cerrespoadenee which passed between Pope InnOOchlt III.; aad the WallaebialJ5,. upon this subject, the DODOr of a Roman origin is claimed for them by the Archbishop of Zagor6,§ aDd radily ~ by the &man Poati£

TbeVJAkbi ofGreeoe pul'8tled ... brilliant career tla~ their 1Iredneu of n.ace and' tbe Danube, although their name fre4tue.ntl1 occun· in theJrlstGwyof the IaUer ages of the Greek empire.

• Cino,mua, Hilt. 1.6. c. So. p. 151.

t Laon. Chalcocondylu, 1. t. p. 40, "1.

: Gesta lnnoceotii Tertii. p. St. c. 68.

• ; TIlia was a large Province, of which the c:hit"( lawn, atill ealled Zagora, i. SitUated on the l'ootl of Mount HtZmUl, betWeeD Niuaaud S6rJL-ld. p.3l. 0.61.

sA

Their country was known hy the name of Great Vlakhia," (1Il!"h..."

BAa-x.la-) hut as they must al ways have been inconsiderable in number, in proportion to their Northern brethren, it may be conjectured, that the epithet of Great was applied to this principal colony of the MasoDacians, in the same manner as that of Magna-Grrecia to the Greek colonies of Italy. Anna Comnena t speaks only of a detached town belonging to them, between Mount Kissavo and Trikkala, which her father Alexius passed in his march through Thessa1y against the Normans under Bohemond. Benjamin of Tude1a, who traversed Greece in the middle of the twelfth century, in his way from Corfu to Constantinople, says, that he entered Vlakhia at three days' journey from ThebesJ These evidences are nearly decisive ~f their position in the twelfth century; but their precise bOundaries in the beginning of the thirteenth, are still more clear1y indicated hy Nicetas. § In mentioning the petty states, into which the empire was divided upon the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, he informs us that Epirus and lllyria, from Nicopoli« to Epidamnus (Duras) belonged to Michael, Despot of lEtolia; that all the country, from Thessalonica toAlmyrus, (the modern Armir6), including Phthia, and the plain of Larissa, was under Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, and that Great Vlakhia, and the mountains of Thessaly, were united under a' leader, whose name the historian does not mention. The Vlakhi of

• Nicetas, Annal. Balduin, c. 9. p. 41O.-Pachymer, Hist. Michael. Pal12ol.l. 1. c. SO. p. 49.

t Anna Comnena, 1. 5. p. 188.

:t: He describes the natives as being swift as stags, and as often descending from their inaccessible mountains to plunder the Greeks.

\ Nicetas, Annal. Balduin, c. 9. p.410.

371

Greece must therefore have been chiefly confined to the ridge of Pindus, but sometimes extending their authority over a part of the adjacent country, as the historians of the lower empire often use the name of B'A,t:l.X':t:I. as if they meant to include, under this denomination, the greater part of Thessaly.

During. the 13th and 14th centuries, Thessaly, like Albania, was generally independent of Constantinople, though occasionally reduced under the authority of the Greek emperors, as by Andronicus Paleeologus the younge~, when he quel1ed the rebellion of all that part of Greece" jn 1352, and by John Cantacuzenus, to whom it voluntarily submitted t in 13~. In the beginning of the same century f it was over-run by the Catalans, but it was most frequen,tly attached, during the latter ages of the empire, by alliance or force of arms, to the Despotate of the 'Vest. Many events of ancient history concur with this fact, in showing that TheBsaly is an easy' conquest to those who are in complete possession of Epiru,; and the remark is amply confirmed by the recent history and actual state of the country.

The Despot Nicephorus kept possession of Thessa1y till his death in 1355; § five years after which, Amurat the First became master of , a part of the country. II Its rich plains were a tempting prize and easy conquest to the Turks, who were settled there many years before the fall of the Greek empire, but the final reduction of Thessaly under

• J. Cantacuzenus, 1. 2. c. 28. p. 288.

t Cantacuz.1. 3. c. 53. p. 520. et seq.-Nicephorus GregorR8,1. JS. c. 6. p. 4<>9.

t Nicephorus Gregoras, I. 7. c. 7. p. 153. and 1. IS. c. 6. p. 409.

~ J. Cantacuzeous, l. 4. c. 43. p. 882. et seq.

U DUC88, C. S. p. 5.

the Ottoman yoke, cannot be dated before the capture of Salonika, by Amurat the Second. in the year 1429.-

The position wherein Nicetas places the Vlakhi of Greece in the passage already referred to, agrees very well with that in which remains of their descendants are still found.

In Upper Macedo1lia, their most important towns are Vl3,khoKlisura.t ill the mountains which separate the plain of Kastoria from that of Sarigieul-e-and in Mount Olympus and the Cambunian ridge,

._,

Kokinopl6, and Livadhi or Vlakho-Livadho. In the range of Mount

Pindus, beginning from the North, are Samerina and Furca.c--fhen ten or twelve villages in the district of Zag6ri and its vicinity, of which the chief are Laista, Lesinitza, and Malakassi; and in the district of Joannina, are Metzovo, Serraku, and Kalarites, the largest of all the Vlakhiote settlements. On the eastern side of the Pindus, the district of Asprop6tamo is chiefly inhabited by this people, whose largest towns in this direction are Kbaliki and Klinovo.

" Thus the main body of the Wallachians of Greece may be said to occupy the most central part of MOWlt Pindus on either side of the great pass of Metzovo.

Some of the Vlakhiote colonies,although placed in situations, which do not produce a sufficiency of the necessaries of life for more than

• Ducas, c.29. p. Ill.

t KAIla'OUPtiC, a pass, (commonly a fortified pass,) is a word often used by the writers of the lower Empire, and is thus defined hy ProcopiU8 in his descriptioo of a pass in Lazia-,Ex;;...."o, U~fP~IJ;,( i~' llCtiCTfptiC rijs XWpct) on!~, CTT!~WwoU~ f'll'l fU'7(prfrtiCTO~ m«ii91l1 'll'oloiinct,· KNIa'ouftiCS ·EM.,,~tt'Yrf' Til' TOI,w,.tiCS o~ous P(I)fU'iOI -.Miicm.-Procopius de Bello Persico, 1.2. c. 29. p. 16.l.

the consumption of a month or two, are the largest, best regulated, and most florishing towns in Greece. They owe these advantages to their mountainous position, the strength of which secures them, in great measure, from Turkish extortion; while the poverty of the soil, and the inadequacy of itsproduce, impel them to the utmost exertion of their industry. In common with many of the Greeks and Albanians, they have some coarse woollen manufactures, particularly that of the cloak called Kfira. by the Greeks, and Greco by the Italians, and for which they find a ready sale in the Adriatic. The greater part of the lower classes are shepherds, the nature of the country admitting of the employment of but few hands in the labors of agriculture, while their mountains afford in the summer season the finest pasture for cattle. Of the upper classes, some are settled as merchants in Turkey, Italy, and other parts of the Mediterranean; otbers, less opulent, gain a maintenance in the towns of Turkey as shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers in different branches. Their sober, economical, and industrious habits, give them great advantages over the Greeks, who affect to despise them for their imputed inferiority of mental endow .. ments and politeness. They are nevertheless esteemed, even in Greece, for their skill in the working of gold and silver, and a large proportion of the ornaments of this kind, used in the dress, arms, and furniture, of the Greeks and Albanians, are wrought by Vlakhi. Theil' artisans are to be found in every town of European, and many even in Asiatic Turkey. Their shepherds are so well known in Greece, that most of tlte great proprietors either hire Vlakhiotes to take care of their flocks, or let" them to these people, who generally render themselves accountable to the proprietors for a stipulated annual increase of numbers. In common with the mountain vil1ages of both Greeks and Albanians, they furnish a large proportion of the lower order of laborers to Constantinople, and other great cities.

•

374

Like all mountaineers, the Vlakhiotescherish a strong partiality for their native country, and the object of them all is to return and enjoy the profits of their industry at home. The merchants settled in the further parts of the Mediterranean, or the poor laborers in distant towns, can seldom hope to enjoy this pleasure before their final return, unless it be for a single visit in the course of ten or twelve years; but the shopkeepers and artisans, who find employment in Greece, generally spend the summer with their families, and after laying in a sufficient stock of provisions. leave them to contend alone with the clouds and snow of a long and rigorous winter.

The word \Vlakh has generally been supposed of Sclavonian origin, either applied to the \Vallachians, in common with all other nations of Latin extraction, or as having a reference to the nomade life of the. \Vallachian shepherds. It is a word, however, not in use among the Vlakhi themselves: either of Greece or Wallachia Proper. who, like the modern Greeks, call themselves Romans; singular :ijemanu, plur. Remeni.

In the Vlakhiote towns of G reece, a large proportion of the women understand no other language than their own, but the men universally speak Greek, and making use of it upon all occasions where writing is required, have seldom or never occasion to write their own language. Those of \Vallachia Proper have borrowed the Illyric alphabet for writing, which they use in common with the Bulgarians and other nations, speaking dialects of the Sc1avonic .

•

• The Morlacchi of Dalmatia (Moro-Wlakbi, black Wallacbiaoa,) are, I believe, the only people who call themselves Vlakhs, but they have none of the same pretensions to an Italian origin as the Wallachians, as they apeak a dialect of Sclavonic.

375

The most Southern districts of Greece, where ,the Bulgarian language is in common use, are-On the 'Vest side of Macedonia some villages in the vicinity of K6ritza, and on the Eastern the hills bordering the great plains of Thessalonica, Pella, and Edessa. The former district is insulated among Greeks and Albanians, but the latter may be considered as the Southern extremity of the modern Bulgaria, the Christians, who speak the Bulgarian dialect, extending from thence, with scarcely any interruption, through all the Northern part of ~[aced01lia Proper, as well as its acquired provinces of Paonia, Pelagonia, &c.;· and from thence throughout the whole of lrlasia, and the interior of Thrace, as far as the Danube, and the neighbourhood of Constantinople. All the great towns of Macedonia, however, and even some entire districts in the Southern part of this province, are occupied chiefly by Turks, who have displaced hoth Greeks and Bulgarians, and have colonized in this and the neighbouring province of Thessalq, in greater force than in any other part of Greece. Hence it is not uncommon in some parts of Nlacedonia to meet with the lowest classes speaking three languages, Turkish, Bulgarian, and Romaic :-the last is always to be met with, as there is no town of any magnitude in European Turkey, which has 110t a community of Greek artisans, shopkeepers, &c·.

'Although the Bulgarians occupy so small a share of the country" inc1uded ,vithin the limits of these Researches, the influence, which

• • 'The COilSts of Thrace only can be considered a part of Greece, the Greek language being still prevalent there, as Ii bas been from the' time of the establishment of the earliest Greek

, .

colonies in that country.

they have bad upon Greece, and the permanent marks, which they have left of their long residence in the country are motives for adding a few words upon their history, and for subjoining some specimens of their language.

The Sclavonians and Bulgarians had crossed the Danube before the reign of Justinian, but their first formidable irruptions: and permanent settlements,t in the provinces South of the Danube, may be dated from his reign. From this period, in the middle of the sixth century, to the fall of Constantinople, ill the middle of the fifteenth, all their transactions with the Greek empire are of the same description--et one time in a state of friendship and nominal subjection, at another e~ iog from the emperor an annual tribute as the price of their peaceable behaviour, often defeated and repulsed, but always occupying a large portion of the modem European Turkey,:S: and spreading their ravages over Greece. Their treaty of peace with Michael the Third in the year 860, when their prince and all his followers were baptized, and received a gift of the desolate country about Mount ROOdope, (by the Bulgarians called Zagora,)§ seems to have been the foundation of the power, which the, held for so long a period in the North of Greece. Lyckftidtt.fH became the capital of a kingdom which was at its height from the middle of the tenth century, when Simeom~ under the wane of Constantinople, accepted the submission of the.

• Procopiua de Bello Goth. 1.3. c. 14,19, 38.-1. 4. c. 25. p. 498, 5Si, 555,637.-

Agatbias, 1. 4. p. 154 8c.. seq.

t Procopius de Bello Goth. I. 3. c. 40. p • .563.

t See Gibbon's Romao Empire, Vol. 4. c. 42, 4S.-VoJ. 5. c. 55.

~ Symeoo. Magiatri, Anoales Michael. et 1 heodore, c. 25. p. 440.

I Cedreous, p. 7l~.

377

Emperor Romanus Lucapenus, and his son Peter soon afterwards, received the emperor's grand-daughter in marriage with the title of Basileus,· to the beginning of the eleventh century, when Samuel or Moerus, who had made conquests even in the l\lorea,t and from' whom Lyclmidus received the name of Achris,t was defeated, and his capital taken and rifled by the Emperor Basil the Second. §

Although Roman garrisons are found in possession of Achris in some subsequent periods of the same century, the Bulgarians seem still to have been masters of the greater part of the surrounding country. About the year 1040, soon after their king Peter Deleanus had taken Dyrrhachium, the whole of the Nicopolitan province, which included Epirus and Acamania, surrendered (with the exception of Naupactus,) voluntarily to the Bulgarians. n It is evident, indeed, from the wars which the emperors of Constantinople were continually carrying on in these ages, against the Bulgarians and the Servians, (a people who spoke the same language, and had been originally sub .. dued by the Bulgarians,) that they were never expelled from the habitations, where they first settled in the interval between the sixth and ninth centuries. In the year 1186, a rebelJion of the Bulgarians and Wallachians, and an union of those two people, were the means of

• Cedrenus, p. 6~3, 626. -Incert. Continuator. Constantin. Porphyrog. vita Romaui r- CZ5'l, 257.

t Cedrenus, p. 695.

t Anna Comnena, J. ] 2. c. 7. p. 3; I .

~ Cedrenns, p. 7] S.

. II Cedrenus, p. 746.

establishiug a second Bulgarian kingdom, of which Tirnovo,> or Trinovo, a town situated on the North side of Mount Hl£mlls,t became the capital in the later ages of the Greek empire. In these times the Servians, who are often confounded with the Bulgarians in the Byzantine History, occupied Dardania, and the parts of "'llacedonia, which had been included in the first Bulgarian kingdom. Scopia, upon the Aaius in the ancient Paonia, was the capital of the Servian monarch, whose subjects are mentioned by the emperor Cantacuzenus as occupying many parts of Macedonia, Thessaly, and 4carnania.:t In Macedonia he particularly names Edessa and Berrhea, Kastoria (formerly Celetrum), §-Servia, a strong town on the borders of Thessaly, which took its name from a colony of this people,Platamona, a fortress on the shore of the Thermaic gulf, at the foot of 1\Iount Olympus,-and Lik6stomo, in the pass of Tempe.1I Cantacuzenus, who was himself for a long time at war with the Kral of Servia, recovered some of these places, and once even occupied Sk6pia, but he was obliged at last to make a disadvantageous peace, resigning all the country to the North 'of the great plain of Bottiaa, and a part even of Upper Macedonia.'

,Thus a succession of people of Sclavonian race and language may he traced as occupying the North of Greece, from the sixth, or at

• <?aotacuzenus, I. 3. c. 10. p. S81.-I. 4. c.22. p. 796.-- Nicetas, Annales Balduin.

c. 10. p. 41S.

t Supposed by DtAnville to be the ancient Nicopolil ad Hemum,

t CantacuzeoUB, 1. 4. c. 16. p. 767.

§ Id.l. 2. c.24. p. 275.

U Id. I. S.c. es, p. 546.-1.4. c. 19. p. 776 8t seq.

11' Id. 1.4. c. 21. p. 791.

3i9

least the ninth, to the fifteenth century. As they were backed by nations of the same language and origin, extending with little intermission over the whole country as far as the Danube and Euxine, it might readily be conjectured, that their settlements in Greece were more extensive than history has specifically noticed, even if there was not sufficient evidence of this fact to be gathered from several incidental remarks of the Byzantine historians themselves. The emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetus, who reigned from 911 to 959, speaks of all the Peloponnesus as being occupied by Sc1avonians, and dates their settlement there from the reign of Constantine Copronymus in the eighth century." The epitomiser of Strabo, who has been shown by Dodwell t to have written in the reign of Basil Bulgaroctonus, or about the year 1000, adds, that in his time every part of Greece waif occupied by Sclavonians.:1:

Their lon~ rtlJidenC4' in these countries seems demonstrated with not less certainty by the numerous names of places of Selavonian derivation, still to be found in every part of Greece, although with greater frequency, as might naturally be expected, in the Northern than in the

• • &f~ at uVt& ~ x~pt& _1 y&ym {3~t{3«po, • • • "",lxt& KconT'«..,.i,o, 0 Ti, XwptCII'

",1wu1'O' Tel n"CIt TW' ·Peup.tltcn B,inn. ,~" Const. Porphyrog. de Tbematibut I. I:

Them. 6. PeloponneaUli.

t De Geographorum lEtate, &c. dissertatio sexta-ap. Geog. Vet. Scriptores Minores Vol. II.

l XCII} .ii, 3i 'lrAIT«J "H1r!lpo, XCIIi 'E~8a vX,ao, x~i n,M'IrOWtj.-o, xtzl /tfCIIICI3or/"" Xx6'c"

%~I • ..,.«1. Excerpt. ex Strabonis Geographic. I. 7. p. 1251. Edit. Almeloveen.

\ N'ut 8. oti8~ ;'Op.tl In), n,ITCIITQ;, XCII) KCII!JxcIJveu, XCII) n!JAreu~· cl1rCCrT'« Y«P T«iiT'" %XUO., ~;I'OrT'IJn.

Excerpt. ex 1. 8. p. 126:.

380

Southern districts. In many instances the ancient Dame has received a Sclavonian termination in ista, itza, itsi, avo or ovo. In others the name is entirely Sc1avonian, and often the same a" that of places in the most distant parts of Russia or other countries, where dialects of the Illyric are spoken.

It is fair to presume, that the extensive colonization of the Sc1a\'0- nians in Greece had a proportionate effect upon the vernacular dialects of the country. There is some evidence of this influence in the Albanian and 'VaJlachian, in which the annexing of the article at the end of the nouns, and several other leading features of grammar, together with a great similarity of idiom, seem to denote, that from whatever source these languages were originally derived, they were moulded into their present form about the same period, and adapted to the usages of speech of the same great family, which had established itself throughout the entire continent of European Turkey. The corruptions which Greek has undergone, may perhaps be chiefly ascribed to the influence of the same great revolution in the population of the South-East of Europe, although this language may have been in great measure preserved from Sclavonian innovations by its refinement, perfection, long-established forms, extensive use, and the superior civilization of the people, who, however debased, have always been superior in this respect to the surrounding nations on the North and East. Hence, while it has retained its articles, some of its inflexions, and many other beauties of ancient grammar, its idiom and syntax, and a great part of its grammar also, In~y have been reduced in the vulgar dialect to the same forms, found in the other languages spoken in the countries south of the Danube.

381

In tracing the corruption of Greek to this cause, it is of course intended to confinethe remark to its grammar and arrangement, The words of the language had undergone a great change before the Sclavonian Scythians, as the epitomiser of Strabo calls them, had made their appearance South of the Danube, partly in consequence of the new manners aud words introduced by the court and army, and settlers from Italy, and partly by the various ~ialects of those, who flocked to Constantinople in the ear1y periods -of the Byzantine empire. •

Having a very slight acquaintance with the Vlakhiote and Bulgarian dialects, I must confine myself to inserting the specimens of them, which wi11 be found in the Pentagloss Exercises, annexed to the present chapter. These examples are extracted, after altering the character, from a small book called Lexicon Tetraglosson, (Al;,xoll T.Tpt.t')'AWITITOII,) printed in the Greek character (I believe at l\Ioskh6poli, about fifty years ago). This method of giving specimens of the languages has been preferred to a vocabulary, as it exemplifies also their grammar and idiom; and the reader win not be displeased perhaps at being furnished in the maxims and precepts of these exercises with a picture of some of the manners, superstitions, preju-

. dices, and opinions, of these secluded and unpolished nations. The Albanian column of the original Lexicon has been preserved as a convenient means for comparing the Albanian dialect with the others. There would be the less necessity for entering into further details of the

• 'See some excellent remarks upon the progress of these corruptions in the Preface to, Ducaoge's Glossary of middle and lower Greek.

38~

Bulgarian and. WaUachian languages, if I were 'competent to the task, 'as some of the sister dialects" of the former may be considered as cultivated Janguages, and the Wallachian of Dacia has already been illustrated by persons qualified for the undertaking, and a grammar constructed and printed at Vienna in 1787, in a character borrowed with some necessary alterations from the Illyric,

The words of the Wallach ian and Bulgarian columns in the Exercises are to be pronounced according to the rules already given for the Albanian.

In order to show the numerous instances of resemblance in the Wallachian, to the Latin and Italian languages, there is annexed to aU the Wallachian words, which appear to be of Italian origin, the corresponding word either in Latin or in modern Italian, as it happened to be nearest in sound to the 'VaUachian, and where it appeared doubtful to which the preference should be given, the root, or present tense, or nominative case has been adjoined.

• Illyric, RumaD.

PENTAGLOSS EXERCISES.

English. ltlodern Greek. Albanian. Wallach;an. Bulgarian.
('~IX«) (PCIlII-£ilC«. ) (A~«rtrlx«.) (BA4X'lUl.) (Bou>,'Y«p'x«. )
God ·09.os Perendia Tumnitzeu(domillus) G6spot
made 1lCctll-! beri fetze (fece) st6ri
heaven ' . , kielne tzerru (calum) nepoto
'TOY otJqc.:vov
the earth 'T~Y 'Y~1I edhe dhene 16klu (locus) zemiata
~
the sun 'TOV~A'OV dielne soarle (sole) sentzeto
........
the moon 'TO ¢~'Y'Yap' "Mnene luna (luna) mesetzmata
the stars 'T~ ,d.a-rp" uiete stialle (stella) svestite
and afterwards ' .. edhe pastakhi si tap6ia (pai) i setne
XIX. UIT1'C~ct. ._..
commanded f'lf ~o(jTaEe urdheroi , p6elia
ursi
'-'"
the sea T111 Sa.MCTCTctll detne amaria (mare) m6reto
......
the lakes .,.«i, >.lll-'IIUS gi6lerat peIlzile ez6rata
.......
the riven T~ trOT~1IA li6merat r6ure r6kite
......
and they sent forth nl .1iy«>.ln edh~ dz6arn, . si skoasire i izvatoa
...... ......
fish .,.ei &,f,a.pl« peskite peskili (pad) ripite
Again he spake n«.N, .1", Perseri tha Nep6i dzi8e (poi Pal retze
dwe)
and there came forth 1C«1 .Voylix., edM d6alne si isfre [uscire] i izlHoa
upon the earth Ua.1ICIl II; T1' 'rill siper bi dhet tesupra (super) pre gore na lcmiata
......
Juku
all the trees OM .,.~ 31113p« githe drCirat tUtzi arburli (tutti sfite derva
arbores)
And the earth is KIICl Il!'ctl ~ yij Edbe este dMu Si cste 16klu I giet zemiata
......
fun , pli6t blinu (plenu,) p61na
'Y'fI-«T'IJ ~
of woods .rewa EUM pre dru te liamne ot terva
.._.,
of oak 3pui,« pre dusku Ie kupatzu ot buka
of beech .... ~ &E .. ', pre 'kllu te f~ (jogW) ot dapoi
~
of aaUow ~a 1.,.1«, . pre ,elku te .41t.ze (,alice) ot verba English. of poplar

of cypress

of pine

and others

are found

in the forest others there are in the mountains

. in the plain

Bomaic.

.. ,

«TO TrfJl(O'

IUf/I,rXOlfTIU

Ii, TOY hirrotJ ~ ,h",

,ir Tel r;OfJ~eI ,ir TOil x«fA-'lfotJ

584

Albanian. pre plepi

pre selvle

pre bonke edhe tetiera

gelltene

de pul tetiera iane de malet de fusa

Wallarhian.

te plupu (pnpulUl) te kipiritzu

te kini (pinus) si alte (altre) se aBe

tru patUre

alte SUlltU (sllld)

Bulgarian, ot top6lika ~ika

ot selvi.

ot por i lrUtzi

Ie naituat vo orQ\anot trWzi Be

tru muntzi (monti) na planioeto

tru pate DB pOleto

and in other places X«l fi. «Mour TOr'U, edhe d, tetiera visa Ii tru ~te lokuri i DB tru/zi mesta

Again sprouted forth the Bowen the herbs

the pot-herbs

the nettles (weeds) and all were made

lla.NtJ i~Vrpcrw", or« >'ouMtIa.lS T« xopor«

or« ortoux~3", X«l 0>.41 ryt"lXOlV

for man 3.« or6v D&PtftO'

After these MIT« T«Ut-«

were brought forth rylVfjXOltJ

the animals or« CIN

the wild beasts or« 9YJpi"

and of these xtal aro rroiir«

some are eaten ,"P,X« TP"r0n411

and some work. for our wants

nle lion the wolf the bear the fOll:

.. 1 ",",X« 8ou>.luou, 3,« n)v xp,ifJCllp.IIS

T 6 >.10"«" o )..6xo,

~ «pxoii3fJC

when tbeycome forth h", w141I,ou,

Perun

hine

Jiult"te

~~rnat liakrate

......

kiithrate

edhe gitbeu~ pre nerine

Pas krl6

ubene

bank.etite enkresirate

edhe pkha knO Isa khaene

edhe lza pun6nne pre ikhtiza !ant:

Aslaui uiku

ariu dbelpera kur d'ime

(alln locos) NepOi

niskure

lilitzile (lilium) erlile

veartrile (fJUU) ur/ziale (urtica) si to'te sefel zere tra 6mnlu (homo) Tupe aiste sefetzere

prevtzile

agrinle (<<t"os)

si te aiste

neskende Be meke

Pak

iZlliknaa

sfetiata treyata zelieta k6priv

j sflte seaton.

za tz6ekot Po 6vie sest6ria

imaneto tivite

i ot 6vie etlli sei'tat

Ii neskende lukri~ze i etni "potat

za Daset ikbtiza

tra' ikhtizaia (I)

.....,

aDootra (nostra}

Aslanlu (I)

luplu (lupus) unuJu (unus) vulpia (fJulpts)

A'ralanot v61kot

metzkata

liaitzata

keDdu e.u (quando k6ka izlezat ezeunt)

English. (rom the den

have rage against man and seek

the opportunity to destroy him, but God protects him. The rams

the sheep

the goal!.

the lambs

the kid.

are good

when they give milk and wool

and of these is made

butter and cheese

mizithra -

and butter-milk. Those, who have mind and sense

do not .it

idle

but take the oxen and go

to plough and sow

Romaie, .1I'0~, ~WM"' i'x0u. 6up.O,

,is TOil ~r6fw'lro, lUll -yuP!UoU'l lUl.pO.

S." 11« To, XtlCNI:TOU. ap.~ 0 Sea,

'1'0, ~uJvlyfi

Tel xf'«P'1/C

'l'el 'IIP~T"" 'l'a#UII

7'. Jep"i

T. IUlTt~'''« .l,lau xu.&

07'1IC1I 8.'Sour y«>.. ".l p.tI.>.>J

yIII"()U

f3orlTvpo x«l tufI

p.u~ijSp«

xtlCl EUHyaM Au7't~ Oll'oU i'x0ll. .ou, xlXl )"W<7"1II

Jeprot

«p.~ 'lrtPIIOUII '1'61 ~.,...

xCill 'lrll'YDUro'JII S,el IIi &(7_U'I XCII) IIel f1''Ir'{p0U'l

.Albanian. gakha folete lane zemerlm be nerit

edhe kerkonne k6khe

ke ta p r is/~ene po perendia

e ruan

Deste

dbmte

dhite

,tierate

'-"

ketzerit

j'ne temlrt

kur aptne kiumell edhe lei

edhe g' ktt6 bekhet

giiilpe edhe di'tbt

..., .......

ghe

edbe dhaIe AlA kt kUt

ment edhe teaOJrA.

ture nuke rine

pa pfine po marne Uta

edbe vene

ke te ler6nae edhe te Meine

Perpesli (oeroes) 6ile (oois or 3.s) kCpere (caper) Dielli (og1fe/lo)

._,

esIJi [edo] (AU.)

luntu ,iRe (lIMe) Itt te

lapte si lene (latte lau)

Ii te aisle

sefatze (le/fICit) umbdu si IWu (unctum UIeIII)

urte

,i daDe

AtzWi t.zi H minte si .Jciku..u (mentem)

nu ,eodu (119,. .etieRI)

fere lukru (lucrum) bes npota

Wallac/tian. te tru kuipu

Ilu nareire pre6mu

,i kavta

zem~ne (1')

se lu asp{rka rna tuwnitzeu

lu vliake

'mulie

b6ile (~) ,i nerku

tra se ure

,i sesiamine

(,eminQ)

•

Bulgaru.n. ot sentelctc imat lutine

na tz6ekot

i barat

vreme

za ta ko rasip~t loko g6spot

ko tzUva& 'Ovoite

6ftzite k6zite

iagbtntzata

'-'

iartiata

se khUai 6te tavat

bleko i beln.

i ot 6vie

se tzinit

masi SUlae

6rdba

i rnuunitz.

Tie Ito aut

um i pOznuae

ne setaat

t6ku _.at

v610ite

i kh6taat

za te 6raat

ita seaet

• A kind o(De", cheese, Dot aDlike the Italiua rVoIl.; it iI .. de (rom the butter-milt after the batter baa beeD extracte4.

S C

•

Englisll.

The nightingales the swallows

(in) the summer sing

very prettily.

The cuckoo

only three months

has a voice

and afterwards

ceases.

The eagle flies

on high and keeps the wings expanded. The storks

Romaie.

Td. "'l~o'VIIil T« X!AI~ovl.

TO XIlAOXlIlip' Tprtyw80UII TOAAd. et),u.optp«

'0 xoi;xxo~

,uVOII Tf.i) P.ijll'S

;XII ~"'"~II xlill Utrr.p.

, "II~I

'0 Ur&S Ie .. "tUl

~A«

x«l xp«T.i T« rrepoUyltIC 'TAwfl-!lI. Td. M~XltIC

in the spring ~v ",olEIII

come :gxOIlTIII

and when they feel xlill fT«V i'POIXOUII

the winter X"[J.WJ/Ill

flee ,eUyoulI

to the east. .Is ~II «III1TO).~1I

Sunday Tii XUfIDlX;

it behoves (you) to pray.

Monday

move

on (your) road (journey),

,

.. pnll

11« "pofTflIX'JB;s

Tii 3elft'pll' viii XI",,",S' s,« trrf«-rClII

386

Albanian, Bilbilete delendusete

de vere kentollne

fort bukur

Kukea

po tre muai

ka ze

edhe pazendai pw6n

Skip61lia tlutur60

liUt

edhebao pendat (krikl,") .trire

Lelekete

Wallachian.

NipilpUli (I) lendure (hirundo

rondinella) veara (to")

kende (canto) multu mus6tu (multum)

Kuklu

ma trei mesi (tre mesi)

arre paa/ze (ooee)

'"

Ii ap6ia (poi) pevsiaste

._.

Skiponia aspoare

(a&pirat) aD.Itu (in altum) si tzeoe (lime) .ripide

tease (I e.~ )

....,

UliulesJi

de perdevere primaveara

.._,

(primat'era)

vilme ginu ('Veniu"t)

edlte site apikaseoe si kara kikesesku

dfmere iar.

ike"e f(lku (fugiunt)

de anadoli tru anatolie

Tedielne Tuminika (domi-

nica )

pripsiaste

._.

se tenklin]

gian (este tzals).

'-'

te fales

te kheome te nlsCI pre udhe

(te inclines) Iunia (lunlE)

....

se giscsti

tra Ulle (calle)

Bulgarian.

Bibilite lastoi z1te

letoto peaat

""

m6sni umbao

Kukaitzata toku tri mese/zi

Imat kl ..

i posle

6stanvit z'l~oat 'Orelot Ietat

visoko

i tmit

krUieto

spr6streni Sterk6ite oa pr6lita

itaat

....,

i k6ka razpirat

zima

bekaat

na anatol

V 0 neteliata

._.

prflekat

ta sem611i&

vo poneteJnikot ta kioisu

za pat

887
Ellglish. Romaie. Alballian. 1V allacllian. Bulgarian.
Tuesday ~ , te martne martza (marti,) vo pt6rnikot
TlI TplTl!
, and Wedoesday "OIl Tj T'Tp«fil edhe te merkure si nerkuria i vo stretata
{mercurii}
sew 11« ~«~, te kepi, se kosi (cucire) ta sies
in order to be 8,« 11« .1fToli ke te ies tra se khii za ta bitis.
'-'
clothed. il/Bup.evo. ivesure nviskutu (,oestitus) 6mblet:en
Thursday , te elldene dzoia (jovis) vo tzetfortok
T;' 1f.p. 'IITlJ '-'
and Friday ul T~ 1fapOlTX!uii te premtene si vinira (veneris) i vo petokot
and Saturday xOIl Tcii fTa{3{3«T'l' . edhl: te set(me si sebeta i vo sap6tata
collect v« p.at~IIJlS te bleths se atfini (aduni) ta beri.
necessaries t«x.gaiv zaire , zure
zaeree
for all the month 8,« 0>"0' TO. p.ij,Gt pre githe muait tra tutu meslu Z3 sflot mesel,?;
(totus) (mae)
and thus you are x~l :.rtl ,rlTal edbe astU ie si asit:e esti (estis) i tlika si
'-'
always rich w«nOT. w >"OUfTIOS kurd6 ipenkate we une bukato sfeko bop
and everywhere x«l wDlnou TIP.JlP.IVOS edhe kudo idert:im si iut %ito tinisito i sekate tzestea
'-'
honored
and not disgraced. xOIl lx' inpO'1rltICfTp.'llo.e i6 iturperuare si on rusunato i ne strameu
'-'
(rumts)
When you feast • O1rOTf)(' ;oPT«t,ls . Kfirte liutzoll Kendn illrtusesti Koka sluzis
._,
it is well ,11lf)(1 x«>..« este mire este gine (est belle) iet kbarno
,a IIJ)ITT,ulIS se atzuni (jejunus) ._,
that you fast te angerolls ta p6sti.
(for) one week p.itIC' i{380p.a:fi" ne ghiave fme septemeDe etoe Dctela
(ima sell lmana}
and give xOIl vei a~lTliS edhe te aps si se tlii (dare) i ta tavas
to the blind fls TOUS TU~AoUs de teverberat la orki (orbi) na slepite
bread and meat ,fQlp.) ""l "",),1 buke edhe gale pene si gelle lep i mantz~
(pane)
and assist ",,1 ,« (3O'J6r,s edhe te dikhnes ,i se adziutzi ita p6mozi,
(adjuto)
the poor \ \ tevarferit o~rfanli (op"(l~os) na siromaste
TOUS 'lrTClllXOU' '-'
with that " - me ate ku atza so toa
p. •• XII'O
which you can: wou ~p.".op.is ke m6ndes tzi p6tzi (pates) sto mozis
And when you place K,,) wIT", {3«AlIs Edh~ kurte ves .i kendu patzi 1 k6ka klatis
the table (i. e. dine) TO T~OI'Ir'tl sUfrene sufra (T) trapezata English.

Romalc, v« XIJ(A~a-,~

TO\', fTurrf'llj~ vou ToV, ·'Y"TOv«~ fTOU

invite

your relations your neighbours

and send

warm meat

S88

Albanian. te theritz farefilnt tint (kine tetu

edhe te dergom tegrokhe tegelle

to the sick II~ TOU~ ItNrAfT'rO~ be tesemurat

that thej may have a,Gi v« fTOU ""yx- ke te deghennt

pity upon your parents.

POU,

TOU~ 'Ymi, fTOU

We have

two vineyards a60 ~fAuc

and they are full XlJ(l .WIII yt"ATIIC

of grapes «lI'~ ITTIIC4lUAlIIC

but p.O,o,

they are not yet ripe «x6p.c 8", I~Sa,.«. and I will wait XlJ(l 6'A V« XIJ(PT'F

some time XIICI'-"la-O. X.,pGII

until they ripen loo~ 11« ,I«eroVII

well, XIJ(M

and then X/lCl Tori

when they become erlJ(' 'YAUXIJ(IIfou,

sweet

I will moisten 'fA 11« p.ouerx!Ut.

the vat ~II XlJ(goWClII

and the barrels x«l T« /31J(''''1J(

in order to fill the. a,« 11& T« 'Y'p.fere»

up to the top ; 'CD, ",,-«"(1)

when.they boil (fer- «41' ou /3p~eroVII ment)

parinte tetu

Kemi d" vre&te

edhe i'nt pliot

...... '-oJ

enu po

edhe nuk uarine edhe do te pres

tza k6khe gert arikhene

mire

edhe atekhere

sit embks6khene

dote 110m

Wallachian.

Be kleni kusurfnli atei vitnoli atei (vicinus)

Ii se pitretzi Hlte geIle [calidus]

la lentzitzi tra Be slwrte

.....,

Bulgaria, takaJesas rotninata tf6i komsiete tf6i

itapUsti.r t6pla mintza

na p6lnite

za ta ti pr6staat

....,

perini zili atei (parenJet)

Avemu {Habemus} 'Imame

dao gioi ('Cineo) Ii sUotu bline

(plenus) te aue (u'Co) rna (1)

nih nu alz6msire si va se asteptu

(a~tto) putzene zem'ne pen se atnUoge

'-'

( aggiugnere)

gine

si atum/ft

kara se dultz'sk. {dulei«) va se m6Jiu

....,

karfitene ItCsenga edhe v6ute (b6tet) si busle

ke ti bus tra se le umbltt

(impleo)

ger siper (liart)

'-oJ

site ziennt

pen te supra kara se khiarpa

.....

rotninata tf6i

tva 16zia i se p610a

ot kr6sie

t6ku

uste na ftasaat

i ke Iz~kam

trua zaman turi ta f.asaat

....., .

khamo i t6gu

k6ka ta seumplatzaet

ke makam na kfs-

nam sekot

i bOsnte

za ta i p61nam

turi kore

letne k6ka tavaraat

English. forty day.

I will throw the first wine into a barrel. The sick man if he wishes

to be cured let him not eat walnuts

and nuts

but eat almonds

pears and apples and guard himself . from chesnuts from cucumbers (rom melons

(rom water-melons (or all these

do ill (harm).

Onions leeks

soften

the throat and warm

the body. Whoever lovCl to frequent

the church,

it behoves him to have

the fear of God

Romaic.

6fMl v« pfEil!

'r0 1rprfwOIi 7Cpr.ca-f ,I~ epr.c {3r.c'II' •

". -

r.cp r.cyr.c'ltfl!.

p« Ifl!.Tp,uO; 11« p.~ TPw-y, 7C«pu8,fI!.

7Cr.cl Mvr07C«P'" lip. ~ 11. ~«')'JI «,.w.y8r.c>.D& «'ItII8,r.c 7Cr.cl p. ijM 7Ct:l; 11« ,u>.r.cx'i

. \ ,

r.c?I'O 'lI'f'ltIll"r.c

«1r0 7Cr.cPOUC'eII :T' ;M ;"oin-ell

T« 7C~OP.Uall" TU1rf"tTlX ci'lI'~>'u'OIW

'rOil 7I.«guyxa 7Ct:ll C'f1T«WOUII TO 7C~PP.j·

., O'ttOIO, «ylX'ltti

II. a-UXII~C,

389

Albania". duz~t dit

dote klaeth teparene vere de ne v6ze Isemuri

de do

te str6khete te mos kh'e arra

edh~ liakhithl

-.;

po te kA'-e

bai'me

d'rdha edh6 moUe edhe te rukhete gak.U gest6na gakh' krastavet: gakha pie pert'

~

gaU, karpus

se githe ket6 benne kek

Kiepete preste sbfrmene grum'sne

edhe gr6kknme tr(ipne

Kus do

te radhille (veie

'-'

daima) be kile gian te kete

'-'.

frikene perendise

Wallachian. patrutzitzi tetzile ( quadraginta) va se amku

Bulgarian. tzet1rteaet di

ke (arliaDl

pr6tlu ginu {vinum] pervato vino tru une bfite [botte] na etna bOtzf.

Unlzetlu se ~ruri

se seitriposka se DU make nu/zi [nuces] si alune

ma scm'ke migdale

k6rtze si meare

.....

si se vleake

~

te gestene

te kastravclzi te p~peni

te khiumenltzi

ke tute aiste

(Jaciunt) {reus] Tzapile

prasli

moalle (mollio) kerkelanlu

si geltze6kl1' trfiplu Karetzit6 va

se ("tin,

la besiarika

'-'

pripsiaste se aim be

(rika al tumnituu (jrigu.)

Polniot 'ko ~akat ta selekfat

ta De ielit

orei

i lesnitzi t6ku ta i'tit

batemi

krwi i j'polki

i ta sev'rtit Inovat ot kosteni

ot krastaetzi

ot tini (~poDi) otlupenitz

6ti site 6vie tzinaet 1680

.....

Kr6mite prasite omeknaet

gaot

i t6plivat snakata K6i lumbjt

na tzerkfata prilekat ta imat

Eliglislt. and not to go empty,

Lut to take a wax-

candle

and light it before the Saint, and to carry

to the priest offerings,

that he may pray to God

for (his) sins, and take antidhoro •

and ipsoma. t TIle simandro t strike

with hammers

new

Iiomaic.

"!.tlll~ /I.~ ,",'Y«f~!I ~~!IO'

.ic",~ II:X 7r;P!l "'If;

390

Albanian. edbc te mos veie

sbrazet (bas) po te mare kir'

, -, \, '.P_ dl ' d'

XOII 11« TO "1111"'11 e ie ta ezne

O/l.1I"~OCTT:X nii a.yfou perpara sentil

"Ollila ¢!e!l edhe te siele

el. TOil 1I'::Ir.." de pri fti

1rallw:hian. si se nu setu!.;e

koIlu

ma se Iii trare

Bulgarian. i ta De khotit praznen

t6ku ta z~Dlit sfest.

si seo aprinde i ta go mpalit

teuendia a aglui pret sfetetzut

......

si se atuka ( adduco) i ta tODesit

lit afendulu na popot

piskfiru pr6~kuri

tra se pelakresiaska za ta molit

.....

Ia tUDloitzcu na gospot

a,a Till;. 1XP.III~f::ll. TOU per gi(lOakllet etikhi tra stiapsile alui

~ ......

,,«lila 1r«ell "1IT~(IlP?1I

xllll iilVCDJA4 To 1T~p.OI~E~o, 11« TO "T!J'Ir«;

p.. IT~U~{OI XOIIII06~'Y'«

a,a lIa p.«~wx6oii,

that there may be collected

all (persons) under OA.OI fl, TY,II ITTf'Y"l"

the (church) roof and afterwards

go

to the seats § to pray. Grieve Dot

x«l ~lTTf~« ~) ;P.Plllt"oUII

f I, T a ITTIIIIT 1'811le

EI a va 'lI'~ocrllJX'l'ou" N« p.~ A.tJ?I'1I&;,

because you have Dot E,lul a~" iXfrler" gained

edhe te mare oaf6re

edhe ipsome Tokese

te hie,

me trelcl,tz teri

ke te blidhene

githe dcine stfekhe

edhe pazeudai lete ruine

de fr6Det

ke te taleut MOll khelme. pse Duke fitovt

si se Iii o&fura

si penaghle Toaks

se 0 angutt:sb ku tz6kuri nao (1I0'CIU)

za nekoite krHbOi i ta zt:mit

nafora

i iplloma KleP'loto ta ke hie,

80 t:enk'nite o6vi

tra se atune (adu- za ta semperaet

.._,

nare}

t6tzi tru .triakha

'<J

si teapoia (poi)

.......

la se tndra (intra) tru IIkilmne (R) tru se eeokliDa

stite vo strCkhata

i setne

neka vlozaet YO st6)oite

.._,

za ta sem61iaet

Se nu te nvirini Ta De seuzalvis

katratn nu am~odasi zasto De kazaodiaa

• • A'Ti~wr.' i. the bread blessed by the priest, and banded round in '1IIIIl1 pieces to the congregation. t "1'-I-"'/"'" is bread bleated for any particular pt'noD and Dot for the congregatioD in &eDerai.

t A plate of iroD or wood, of a particular form, which beaten by hammen, auawen the PD1Pole of chun:h beD" where they are Dot permitted by the Turks.

§ In the swidhi of a Greek church a penoa may either lit dowD, or stand up supported UDder each arm u if he were upon crutcbes,

English.

this road (journey), for gain

and loss

walk together ; but rejoice, because

Romaic.

~ \ I~

OT. TO xe!ivo)'

xal ~ ~'lfo'-(<< 'lI"g.?fDCTOU, fo'-«~U

JI ,\ ,

"fo'-'l 'DC X«'g'ierD&.

8'«Tl

you have found your 'l3gfS' TO CT'lI'ijT' erou bouse

entire

. ,

tlX'g"'o

and (that) have ell- xal ryA~CIII<T.'

caped

your children T~ 'lI'DClB.« erou

from the measles ~1I'O n), MTg«xa'

from the small-pox. ~?fO T~l! ,uA0'Y'~'

Thieves Oi xAirr".

rob iu the night, robbers

issue out in the day and walk

the high-ways.

The judges (Kadfs) and Pashas

strip

the world (public), 4nd the Archons artfully

drink the blood of tbe poor; for this

is angry

God

and chastises UI with liickne81 with plague

x>.mOUl! n), ,6XTdl 0% A~CTTDCI

.uy«:VOtlll ~, ~,ug.' x«l 'lI'''TOUv

T« x«g/3«"D&

0% xfllT'"

x«l 0% 1I't:lCTer«8" ')'tIf',r;k'Otl,

TO, xoerfl-O'

x«l 0; 19xo'Tfs fo'-~ .«>,~, T'xIllJ'

'lI'(,Otlll Ta «I""" Trii, 1I'T~ B,« iToUTO 6U~IIfT«'

Ii 6fOS

.,,1 rc-«, 'lI'«,Bwu

fo'-' Me".,«~

lAo; 'lI'D&,oiix7l.«II

S91

Albanian. ket~ udhe

se fitimi

edhe zarari etznme b~ka po re gezokbes pse

gete stepine teut

edhe spetuane

diemte til

gakAa fri.thi gakha lia Kbaramit, viedbene nateoe kurs'rete daimedltme edhe sk(;l"eoe karvantte

• Katilarete edbe pasalaret svesnene ghietene

'-'

edbe kotzabastte

me temfre zanilt

pine giakne

'--'

evarferte prandakhi zemerOkhete perendia

edhe na munden me ~mundera DIe murtaie

Wallachian. alate !.:aile (callis) ka amindllteklu

si znia

Smne teatUnu

rna se te kberisesti

katratzl

afllisi kasa ata

Bulgarian, 6voi pat

6ti kazandiseneto i zararot

kh6tat zaetno

t6ku sasentvis

zasto

neite tf6iata k6kia

driake tzlila

'--'

si Ikepare(scappare) i otkinaa

fitz6rli atei

te p~khughltza te mel/zatze Ffirli (Fur)

tetzata,tf6i ot kazamakot ot sipanitz Kharamlite

fura noaptie (nocte) krataet n6kiata

'-' '-' '-'

kheremisli (1) kharamiite

esu trua

si kalke (ealco) ktrY~tlle

Ketasli

,j peselal-li tispoale ('POlio)

'-'

tuniaia (1')

'-'

si arkhotlzil

ku bfine zmate (I) (bona)

bia sentzile piat kcrfot

a oarfenlor (&g4l"YOr) na 81romasit

'--'

tra aiste ta t6a

izlezaet tenia

i kanet

Sutnitzite

i pasaite

'-'

ug6lvaat

'-"

sfetot

i arkhoudite

so kbaren zanat

se neraiaste seli6tit

'-'

tumnitzeu (dominus) g6spot

si na pidhipsi~te i ne matzit

kulmg6ri(/anguori) so b61esti ku pu.&e so bUma

E,/~lislt. w ith contagion with sudden death.

When rises

the sun

open

your windows. The itch

ill driven away with cinders

but only when sets

the sun (at 8UfHet). The branch

of the rose

has thorns

-

but puts forth

beautiful fruit (flower)

and smells well ;

Romoic.

~e MI~'XY,1 ~i al~))i81011 8~vaTo"

.tIlballiRn. me lenkim

me daxafist

mort

Kuru dal,

Taj~ 8ug""~ (TOU diert etua

• H ~wg<" Skebea

al~CIU dbokhet

~e ~Y <TT«XT1J" me khit

Wallach;a,.. Bulgeria«,

ku uiatze so boitza

ku exafne <:eIX",..,f) so neznaeno

......

moarte (morte) umirane

._,

Keodu lutz'8te Koh ug.-cit

(lucel)

soarle

._,

se tesfatzi (sfaccio)

wile at&lle

Renia (rogna)

._,

se aguDwste

._,

10 tzinwe

(cum) (ceneres) kendll se skQpite

( $CRpitllre) soarle (sole)

.......

~OyO" JTIJI" ,,« /3twl- po L.fute pereodOne "e6(T~

Ii ~A'O) dieli

To XMII~'I DM.

TOU TFI«NTDti'uMov 'x!! «'Y~fj(iC ,d,,~, etiy.~11 ,u~~g~oll XIXPOII

(Thus) there are !lOme "E'T~' eT""" p.eg,xol

of bad race

and these tum out clever;

for this

. examine 110t the race,

but consider (take cart')

to place

a prudent man

in your house.

«?I'O XIXX~" ')I'fvr«1 XlXl a UTo1 ,u'Y.t,OUY ?l'gOXO~!VOI

a,« ~'ToiiTo

11« M XOI'TIZ~~' 'TO 'YEYO~

«~~ 11« <TT0XIXITij,

,«~~

~IXO' .lrBfG"I'ov

. \ -

II, 'TO cr?r1jT'1 (TOU

itrendafilit

ka geba

po tzier tebukure maxUl

edhe hie ere mire Asti(l iane Iz.

...... '-'

pre sekeke tare e ala daleoe teproktipsure prandakhi

mos vcstrom s6ine

po te mento",

te Vel temcntzim ntri

de ltepi tente

TrCIDDI.

atrandafilui

arre skiui (spiN) rna skoate (scllo/e)

'-'

musatu pOmu

(pOIftf1m) "i anurzialt" kine

senlzeto

ta otfon. vra tite tfoi Krastata se t&8t

so pepelta

koka tkza hit

lenlzeto

Vetkata

ot triandafilot {mat tl:ftie

t6ku {zvaat

kharen rot-

i mirisat kh{mo

Asil%e suntll DaI- Taka se ctni

kentzi

te reu!ere

si at.zeli esu (~:cetllll) i tie izlekvaet

ot 10. fm

prokopsUzi tra aiste

se nu pr&ti fere

ma se temioduesti (mens)

se batJoi

mindimea OmQ

(mens)

tru ku. at' (rasa)

prok6psani za t6a

ta ne kIc., farata

t6ku ta seu ...

ta kIus umen ttOOk

na ftueta kukia

......

Englis/,.

Romah·.

In order not to suffer ,d,« I'rl p.~ ... «0,;

, ""lI"OT!

x"lll« p.~ {3MX«,,6j; edhe te mos mars- si se nu lei te6kliu ita ne Bezemas ot ok

any thing,

and not to be eo-

chanted (by spells), fasten

to the lintel and threshold

1'« xoMl7IT,; ,I, TO "~h'

x"l .1; TO XacTW~h'

a branch ao '1''' XMlI'IZP'

of bay « ... 0 8«4l"'lt'

and of cedar lUll ao x~Bfol'

. and thus you drive

away xacl "~, a'r.Uxl'r,;

all misfortunes. 6Nic Ta x«x«

the hoar-frost ~ lI""xI'IJ

where it falls, o,..Qii 1'« ... r~

destroys the leaves X,wp .,.a ¢.uMDc

and the fruit, XIX) Tat' X«g1I'Ot'

but the dew gives strengtb

and enters into the

.~ ~ apO(TII¥ ala" au"ll!p4t'

x«l ip.{3«l", fI; .,.".

root, g:~'"

that it be not dried a,« "Ii p.~ E'Ip«vf; up.

If you wish

to light the oven, throw in

dry wood

for the green smoke.

393

Albanian.

Ke te mos peson, gek3fsi

pepsin

'-"

te gits

Waltaehia», Tra se nu patzi tziva

Bulgarian.

Za ta ne patis nisto

Be alikesti

ta zatepi.

na k6miot priak

'-" ......

i na t6lniot priak

...... '-'

be priak tesiperm tru priaklu tesupre

'-" .._,

edhe be priak teptis- SI tru priaklu te-

'-' 'oJ

tre

ga ne denke pre dafine edhe pre deline

edbe astu ptrze githe tekekiat

'-"

Breseri

brima tekte biere

......

ki6su

kate une tremma po etna vetia

""

te taflne ot tafina

si te t%unapioe i ot smren

(Junipenu)

si asitze aguoesti i taka teras

lute ..aIle sfhe 16site

Krendinia (Gran- Krat

dine)

bruma (bruma) slana

iutzet6 se kate kate ta patmt

(code)

pm fletete aspartze fretzille

edhe.,emene[k6kete] si p6mlu (pomum)

po vesa ep fuki

edbe khin de renet

ke te mos thaete

De do.

.« ".«~, TCt' ,oiir0t' te deznes fluene

I'li ~:ErtS p.w« te ,ties brenta

OT"Y'« EuNic tethata dru

"_\ \

(1'1'1 '1'1& XN»f"

X«..."ttoUII

.se tetlomate tltmonne

r.mpat HSlata

_.

i rotot t6ku r6sa

ma "oa (ros)

te vert6te ('Cirtldem) tbat kuvet

si fudre tru rttttzme i blezit vo k6renot (intro) ( NJdice)

tra Be nu 8eusun za ta De isiwit

_.

Se vruri

A'ko Aku

Be aprintzi tmplu ta zapalil fUmata

se arutzi lIauodJ'u ta ferlil natre

uskate lemoe (hgno) sui tarva

Ice vertzile (verde) 6ti sur6ite

faku tUku t:ataet

(farillnt fllmll1n)

394
English. Romaic: .Albania,.. Wallaehian • Bulgariall,
If we wish ·A~ 8'Awp.f~ De dUime Se vruremu A'ko sakarue
(si columus)
not to have IIa p., IxQlp.1Y te mos kemi se nu avernu ta De imame
fteas, WtiMou, ple"tl! puritzi (puleO h6lkota [!Xli]
let us carry ~« /3t:ltTTou,.,.n te baTlme se purtemu ta n6sime
(portiamo)
wormwood. «"'l~BIOIi pelint pil6uiu p~lint
'-'
The father-in-law '0 T.r6.~O) Viekheri S6kuru ( Socer) Sfekor [testot]
and mother-in-law x!lCl ~ T..o.g« edhe viekhera si soakra i sfekarva testata
love better xIIIMI"'gt:l "yt:llroilll me mire d(lallf' • kama kine va soamo lumbaet
'-' "-
the son-in-law 'TOil YIII,.,./3g011 dhentrriue tZluire (gelleT) zetoto
than the son 'frIllP« 'TOil uioll se bire tepreka khUiu(filius) j ot sinot
oJ'
but the Sympenthe- «p.~ 0 C11J1I-7tuO'go, po kruaku rna kuskuru t6ku sfatot
r6s·
and the Sympenthera Xlill ~ C11J1I-7mB.p" , edhe kr(lska si kuskra i sifakiata
like better 7f1p'lTlThrgo~ oeM~ me fort duane kama mUltu va po Illosnc lumbaet
.......
their daughter "~,, 6U1«'rlgt:l 'TQlII tembiene eture khilia aloru kerkata nikhna
(filia ) (eI. loro)
than the bride .. 'll't:lg« ~" 116~YjIl , tepreka nviasta i ot subta
se nusene
Those who listen to Of OITO' tixo60u~ Sa dengi~,"llc Katzi avtu (audio) Kolku slwael
(their) elders \ I me plekte Hma ausli po starite
'TOU, Y'fO"TOTfPOIU
are not shamed 3,'1 !npO'II',"CoJ'T'lII, nuke turper6kheoe nuse arusuniatza ne sestramset
( arrossire)
and have XlIIllx°UII edhe kMe Ii 'U i imaet
a good end. Xt:lM"nM, temire tes6sure bfine sk6lusma kharen sosalll'
(bonus)
Thunders Bgonti Gcmon Bumbuniarze Garmit
the heaven II o~gt:lr') kielia tzerru (calum) nepoto
~
and lighteDs, xal IitTTgm .. edhe vetetin ~i sk'pire i sak'itzi
for it will raio, 8T, 'b.II ~ se d6te biere .i ka va se te ploae 6ti ke vemit
. ..., '-'
(pluvia)
and on tbe threshing- xcl .. r, 'TO AMi", edhe be lema si tru arge (aretl) i na gUmnotQ
floor
throw not ,,111 p.~ /3cIAf' te mos yes Be nu Mtn ta ne klai.
• Tile Greeks, who, like all unpolished Dations, are .nbje~t to family fends, and therefore attach great importance to the atJ'ength
of their houee, are very atteDti't'e to the ties of collllUlg1lini ty. We h .... e DO words correapoDdiog to "111-'''',6,,«, 1T1II-'71..,9,pci. 895
Engli&h;' Romaic. .Alhanian. Wullachian. Bulgaria".
the bundles (sheaves) TeE af""~TIC~ duait menuklile sn6pieto
......
(manipulw)
of spikes (of corn) «WO ""xu'" pre kalllls te skikuri (spica) ot klasoe
......
for they (will) rot, itT' fT~OIlT," se kaIbene ke putritzesku 6ti sgiviat
(pntrescunt )
but lea,e (wait) «,.,.~ va «~a"?l' po te lies rna se lasi (Iascii] 1611:u ta 6staas
...... ,...
for another time . a,a lM'Iv f)o~eEV per tiater khere tOll alta oare za trugi pat
,;
(hora)
to thresh, 11« ~,~" te sins se trighiri ('f'~l~) ta versis
and wh('n you finish x«l fTel, Tf>'fI~' edhe site bar61ls si kara se skulu- . i k6ka ta ses6nasis
sesti
rise in the morning vii crux~ TO T"X~ te grie& de menges Be te sk6li teku- ta staDis rbo
timni"zf:
.'-'
and with the shovel x"l ,.,., TO ~~~I e me liopatet si ku lup'ta so lop'tata
wuanow '" «,.,.,.lfTTI' te khcdhe& se svinturet%i ta veis
(ventm)
the corn \ , drithete ghiptulu zitoto
TO 'YEVV'YJfLCt
when the wind blow ; dTCXY 4>1)11"1% II c'1Yef40~ kur fruD era kendu sufla vintulu k6ka veit vetroto
(quando suiflm; 'l)entus)
then is collected TOTE 8'CXA~yE'f'('(' atekMre sgidhete atfuntza se aliatze t6ga se6tperit
the grain alone. \ I \ kokea vetem gerislu slnguru zernoto sarna
TO tT'II'ug' ,.,.Oy"xO
(singulus)
He who goes • Exsiyos (),rou 'mlycxlvE' Aiii ke vete AtzeJu tzi se tutze T6i sto kh6tit
to the mill Ei, TOY ,.,.u)..ov de muli Ia moare (mola) na votenitza
'-'
to grind, ~,!¥ ,~ «)..~6!1 ke te bliwl1Ie tra se matzina za ta mlilit
.......
( maeinere )
let him weigh firlJt J. ~uy,~Cfl 'll'piTra lete khieke prepara a se gisiuka nende neka teknit napret
'-' .......
the wheat weD, T6 IT'T~' fU""O~~" grureth bukur krenlu rnusatu zitoto uba.o
(granum)
and thus x"l ii-~'1 edhe ast6. si uitze itaka
let him grind, S, TO «A'«r~ 'let a bliualle la se lu matzine neb go melit
....,
for the miller OT' ci ,.,.01.l»N., se rniloDakhi ka muraru 6ti votenitiarot
secretly steals it, IC~u~~ ,.cl IC>'frTtl fseure e vilith askumta lu rure skrisno go kritit
._,
(furor) Englisl,. and afterwards

you beat your head

and do nothing. The woman

Romaic. x!IIl U"'rx

,. " ~1.

xgou!l~ TO X'r-- f"OU

396

.Alba"iaFl. edhe pastakla rrekh kukene tCllte

Gruaia

who bas rings 011 the nou;xu ~«XT'J;"'&I!II he ka unazt

fingers

must not knead,

(or) waab at the river at the well

at the fountain, but embroider handkerchiefs. The shepherd guar:ds the flock from the wolves, and in the fold lits

with eyes open, uutil comes

the time

to milk

the sbeep (ewes) and the milk

to coagulate (into) cheese.

If you masticate (yonr) food very lIIDall

.... hwallow it,

8!Y 'lrPftW 1I~ ~'J""'?I

v~ 71'AUll?i

el~ TO A!111""~I ,l~ T' ""148, el, ,",II ~g6<r1ll .fA-~ 11« x~CTll fA-tna~AlGI

• 0 'I'O'"'XO,

¢ UNq" TO XOIr"a, _0 I'OU, AUxou)

XllIl ,I, TO fA-«~1 ""'nGII

,u "Mrl" &IIO'XT« Lls.« W,

6 x.'g~s

.« "fA-''''-n

TIX "'gl~lI&T.

It.l TO 1"""

,ei T~ w1,Ep

TUgl

nuke ughiDdls te gat6ane

te llalle de peruat de pust de kruat

po te kendisne

Wallarlria". B.lgnrian.

si ap6i i setne

pa/zi Hplu ateu utria kJaata tfoj

(ball ere XCQput)(a te)

si hiva nu tatzi

i m.to De tru,u

Mnliara (Mulier) Zenat.

t zi arrto oe&lle (antllo)

llU pripsiaste De prilekat

._,

se frimite (jeNnnl- ta mer.it

sto imat .,mteni

tum ) se la

ovalle ('Daile)

la p6tzu {pozzo}

ta perit

ua p6ltakhot na b(marot

la fendeDe (fontana) na tzesma

toku ta "ezit

rizera (destemele) destemeIi

1'zobaoi ruan tuftoe pe ulkisith edhe de Stal1

me Sll khapet gerte vine kokha

te miele

dhmte

edhe kiumestit

".A, ~s Tt fC'Y1 De pertips geleoe

, .

rtzr

PikUr8U (Pecorajo) O'ftzarot

vleake kupia

._,

te luki (lupus)

Ii tru tureste .ate

"'rtit statoto ot v61tzite

i oa betziJoto

setit

ku ok Ii tesfatzi tra se glue zamaoia T.

80 6tzi otf6reoi za ta atit br~meto

se le m6.1ke (mul,eo) za taimeltzi

6i1e (avis) 6ftzite

si l'ptile (Iatte) i m1ekoto se In gliaka (glacio) ta ko 8mt

ka.u (caseus) sHine

Se arumikari gela 'Ako nUas oWl-

(rumitUlri) tzata

multu supt.:(re m.oogn knOtzko

(sublilis)

si 0 glitzi i k'lhls

Eng/iJI. and if you sleep

covered

and with a pillow

below (the bead), you may grow fat.

When you have a

cold, pound

ill the mortar some nutmeg

and mix it

with wannwater,

and when you drink

once,

you take (recover) your health.

When you get lean,

eat

boiled fowl

and roast meaL

Whell dies

Romaic. xlXl all """"sf.,

397

Albanian. edh~ de fie/"

xt.&l ,u "gonf~1I&).o1l edhe me iastek

'J

buJiCaare

. ,

III'JI'OJeaTW

lx"' '" ,,~,

"Or • ,

1IlIlIlIltX~S

'" lTTou,.....ltry,

,I, T~ 'Y0uBl

xo,.....ifTo ~xoxlcpt

xt.&l '" TO .o4lXOCT""S JA-' X >.I«po ",pO

I ",

"'p"", ",,' "1111' ITOU

"" ~,

/3glltlTp..'Io 1rouAl

XIII) ""'14"0 xpl~

perpO' dote giales

......

KCarte merdJaiDl

te ItUps

de khavanit paJces moskokar

edhe ta truom me tavWcet we

......

edhe lit 'pi.! me fie kltere

mer ~toe. tente

KCarte Uulte.!

te khas tezler zok

edhe tepiekur mil

....,

Site vd6le

the man, 0 ~"'pn, "erio

you muet put bim 'lrg~'1 ,. TOil (3tXA" ttais ta yes

upon the mat, a«"w ,Is ~" ,f,.811l11 siper be ronkos

aDd let him remain XII) ". 1TT«9; edhe te rlie

'-'

WalladUan.

SI se tUJ'Diri (domain)

amvelitu (habit'") p6krien

si ku kepitloiu

'-'

(caput) pre kiosu

'-'

ai 8ete grasi

(graslO) Kendu Ie arelze.ti

se kisetzi tru kbavu.e

Bulgaria". i ako IP'86

i 80 p&nilza

ot ot6stola

imas ta aepretilil

K6k. ta 6stinil

ta Utaltzu YO khavanot

kare

nekhiama temosko- trCaa miak

Ii seo milldesti

ku kbapioe ape

(aqua) Ii tekira seo pa ku Cane oar,

lei sasnatia a"

Kendu s6te atikbisesli

se matti (mangii) kbertu pCaliu

._,

Ii frlpta kMme

(came) Telara se moUe

ita go me. 80 bl6t"ka v6da

i koka ta go pies lO~tnos

zemu tf6ata strivie

....,

Koka ta se6slampu

'Vanno pUe

.i pelzino meso

K6ka ta Cunirit

(muore)

omlu (uomo) Iz6ekot

pripsiaste se lu priJek.t ta go kl6.is

......

_pW.zi

les6pra pre rak6z kore oa rokoz

si se .ate i ta s6tit

Englilll, twenty-four hours,

so bury him in a tomb

new,

and distribute bread

and small cakes, and give

to the destitute, and in three ,ears

Romaic.

!IXOtT. Te~tT~pt:u; Wp~ ••

he. r« Tall 9:i~:; .1. p.1I7Jp.o6p. XI%'1I0UpyI?

XI%) ,,« P.o,~t%~!<~ "'wp.l

XI%) P.1"P« XQ),mJp'« XI%)Fcl ~,

". or",. X~~«')

398

.Aihanian. nezet e k'tre sakltat

astu ta yes dedhe de varr

uri

edhe te das bilke

Wallac4i61l. pastre gingil.: tesaetzi

asirze se lu gr6ki tru marmmdu nao (ntUYVo)

si se bartzi

pCnc (paffe)

edhe tevougeli kuletz si nitzi kulatzi

edhe ti aps si se Uti

de teveat la vetue {vidual

in order to ~

how it (the body) is,

entire "x'f'Z,a.

or fall~ to. pitces. ~ Al)o,.,M)

When kill . 07rtYrl%lI II~ IT~~~III'

the butchers fat meat, take (a part) of the tail.

X~.~ W"I%XU 11« W"t:l~y,.

a'll'~ ,-,)11 aU~eCli

When you construct OJ OTI%II ~.~) a cottage (or bam) "XfJ~ciilll%

place 11« fj«A;..

strong posts, mAOI) 'Y,~au.

and tbrow (in) sand, x«lll« pIE?'> ~p.p.o.,

for (tbus)

when the earth quakes,

it is not thrown down.

., aT'

ke ta.,kIIs si e.rte

itere

a itreture

Kurte therNe

kaliapet

mis temaim

te mars

pe bisti Kur derten plevltze

te yes

direke tesendOse

edbe te sties liur

.......

se

du tunde dbeu

nuke gremisete

si tru treili llui

Bulgarian . dvaC8et ilzetiri saat

taka ta koukopas vo kNp

n6vo

i ta riatelis lep

i malWzkai k61atzi i oa &Us

na dvoitzite

i vo tri k6tini

se teafatzi marmintul ta otfon, kr6pot (sfaccio)

se 10 vetzi kum e8&e dreku

i tukitu Kendu se tille

(taglisre)

khasakli

za ta ko vilis kako iet

ttel

i n6pell

K6ka ta zakoliaet

._,

k.asapite

karre kri'se (gralSO) 10080 tepelo

ta zemis

te la koate (cauda) ot opaskata

Kendu atari K6ka naprais

plianlze pUimna

se bitzi ta klais

stururi s~t61i tiretzi stravl

(sanus)

si se ar6tzi woe (arena}

ka

se se miuar] 16klu (locus) Ill! se rezuiaste

i ta ferlis peliOk

6ti

ako sestr~sit zemia

ue seurivat

English. .Romaic.

When is "Or«v ~YIIC'

frozen the country, rlX'YfJ',uvo~ 6 Tko,

walk

with slippers,

and when there is much mud,

have

boots.

When you throw into the saeks

the com, bind it

•

tight

11« r'p,rrrrps

'" rlltlrOrlTCII.c xal (T«II .1wx,

rOAM", ~'1I"IX'S

11~ lx1l~ unB~f'lXTllI 'A~' oij~Y.S el~ T« (T1lI""'«

. ,

TO Y'WIJ,",

11« TO Betr?1S

899

.Albaman.

Kur elte igrit venti

te etzells

me kepotze edhe de iane

"'"

sume b81tera

te kes tnsma

Si te yes

de th~set drithete

ta Iithis sterg6are

me gialme

'-'

edhe kur ta agidbu

with the rope, /l-f TO axo.vl

h 1 l" _\,'

and w en yOIl oosen XIX OTIlI1I 111& TO Auo;'~

it,

be not in a burry,

for it is poured down ih, XUlltTtJU XIlTrD (spilt).

When you mow the meadow, dry

tbe grass well,

and thus loan it.

When yon see

any boy

that he is bashful, and reddens

-

in the cheek,

(verso)

KeDdn seatziri livatia

"'"

se usutzi

kharpe gille (herba)

xlXl h-t, 11« TO ~orrrw- edhe ast(. ta gark6ns si asitze seo gartzi i taka ta Ito t6ari.r

(Ty.~ ~Orall ;8~~

CiT' ~1ITp!rfTal XIX) xox,mttll

te mos tzit6,·

se derdhete poste

Korte korr

lifiadhne

te thans

bare mire

Kurte ,oklu;

d6ne di81e

se turper6kbete edhe .nkUkele

de filkiet

Wallachia".

Kendu fste glitzatu 16klu (glaciatus) (loc'IU) se imDi

ku peputze

si kern se khipa multe Iiski

se ai

tzisme (T) Tekara se patzi tru satzi (sacci) ghlptulu

se lu letzi (leg"i) strebdu (slretto) kg «mia (junU)

'-"

kendu Be Iu tialetzi

se DU te agiuse8ti

'-"

Ita se vearse bate

(caricM) Kelldu vetzi

(Qua"do veil;) veru fitz6ru

ke liorsine

si arusialte

( arrossire) tru meru tefatze

(facies)

Bulgarian • K6ka et zamrazen m&toto

ta kb6tis so tzeli

i ako bitat mn6gu kaloi ta fmas sk6rni

K6ka ta k1ais vo vrestata zltoto

ta ko verzit !lUsnato

so fort6mata

i k6ka taka izv6rzi1

ta ne selli .... 6ti set6rit t610

K6ka Wei

libadbata

tauusu

senoto'roo

K6ka viti,

nikoa tete 6ti sestramit i setzervanit

na 6mbrazot

Romaic.

he will tum out well. 9.).11 ".~xo",;.

When you have

the feet swelled, collect snails

and tortoises, and split them

in the middle,

and put them upon

your feet. Red cloth

TtX 'II'~«PlOC ~oua-X(IJf'!lIlZ 11« p.a~wvy i

a-aJ..ulyXOU'

xocl ~X'~lIlZl, xlllll« ni. t1X:~~.

. \ ,

f" T'll' P.ta"'lll

. ,

""'«I'(IJ

,I, T« ni«fllZ

To "0"""0 POUx0

400

Albanian. dote PJoL:upsne Kur ke

ellturt'

te blieths kremi"

edhe breaka edhe t i tzanr

de mest

edhe t i ves siper

bi kembtte Tzokba ekukie

'"'"

is fit for the young, xaf'~" 8,. TOU, lI'O~ ben pre ·terint

blue cloth

I.

for Monks, and for Nuns,

sky-blue

is for brides, green

for the Turks, . and other colours are suitable

to all;

but at Easter

wear

white clothes,

a,« TOU, x«A~potl' "1 a,a TlZi, "d.oyg~«',

T~ y«A«~'O

mavia tz6khe c.te

pre kal6ierit

'-'

edhe pre kalogre.t

atzik-mavla

tTl/Gil ~,« Till, lIY~«I' este pre nnsat

TO 'll'g"''IO ghesilea

a,« TOU, «-yfllP'l'lOU, pre turkit

"1 T« ~M« Xg~T. edhe tetierate Mira

'"'"

~p.O~OUli ,I. dAOUS

~f'~ .Is TO TUx« 11« ~la-;ls

«a-...goc ~O,*lUWfII

ughindisnene

,

ba tengithe

po per paske te vesne.s

Wa//ac/Utll'.

va se prukups~'ska

._,

Kendu ai (Quando Koh Imas

Biligariall. sakat ta prokopsat

hai )

tzitzoarle n6lzite

umftate (inflatu.) potetzena [oatuene]

Be atuoi (aduni) ta beru

smelt.z:i p6Jzai

si kethe i zelki

Ii se le tisll.z:i i ta i .ukinis

(dilJcilUk)

pre namisa

(~«p.w«)

.ri sele batzi tes6pra (supra) pre tzitzoarle

._,

R6s1I11'e.bu

(Rouo ",estu) fatze tra tioiri (teneri) Ii .mitlu vcstiu

ate (tst) tra kcl6geri

si tra kelgeruze

vinitaliklu

este tnl Ilviaste viartile (verde)

...,

tra turt.zi

si alande h6i (1) ~IIDziesku

la t6tzi (tutti) rna tra paste

se portzi (porti) aJpe stninie (clbus )

na po16ioata

ita i klais k6rre

na 06tzite Tzerveoeta slita

Inuit za ~tite

j m'viata ,fita

.._,

iet

za kaloierite

i za kaloieritzite

atzik mavi

iet za neve.ti,e i zeleno

za turtzite

i trugite hOi prUegat

OR sfite

ami na velegdhen· ta 6pletzil

beli rfipisti

40l
Bragli.A. Romaic. .4.lbani~. Wallac.hian. BlIlJIarilrn.
and bunt x«l rei xu"l'Yi' edhe te giuau. si Be avini i ta 16is
........ ,
in the buu.e. ,r, 1ir ~COUIIJ411 de f~ret tru rtiku (ruln4s) vo kapinata
hares. M')'QIQ~' li~pure Iiepuri (leporel) ziitzi
........
Now COIM T':'p« iMT. Taw iakeni T6ra vinitn (venio) S~ka t6itite
Jet us hold tiel xp«TiDp." te Mime se tzenimu (tenemus.) te tErzime
the rOMr), 'Tei XOI'-T~ tespikhete 6rle proinitzitQ
and kn~1 x.l ,ei 1 • ..,.; ..... edb~ te pel1ifure.qU Ii Be dzinuld~rmu i ta s~tilQe na
( ginocchia1lUJ) kol~n.fsi
to God, .1, 1'0,,,. de pereodia la tumQitzcu na g6spo~
and pray &0 him x«l ,. '"" 1I'CllPUGIMU- edh~ t e Ji(atemi Ii s~lu pelMkr~im" i ta ko m6lime
........
P.E1
that we may recth" 8,. r411'~fIM ketem~ Be 16mu za ta z~inle
of hila aT~ cWrN ga ai te la n~8U ot t6i
the pardoo 1i"~",,, deghesllf llrtet.runil\ prostine&D
........
Q[ our sius, TiD" "1'4f",iD, eginavet a amartfelor ot krekb6ite
and attain x«l ,ei &TOfC~fII edbe te fit6ime si se amindelB" i ta stetzime
paradise. Ta, T~8,1C"" paradbisnlt paradialu par&dbisot r&kot
Amen. .p.~" ..tCa ki6fW .sitze Be khipa. taka ta phil One two three four 6ve

·E,fIC tuo

Ne du

tre katre p~lIe giute

........

state

• t~te

, T,n.

SIX

seven

eight

. ,

OXT'"

DIne

nende

ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen

dhiete

.....

nimbedhiete

........

tum bedhiete

trembedhiete

........

kab·ebedbiete

........

pesebedhiete

.....

s E

fifteen

8txfIC-Tpl«

1" I

u'XIlt-T"rITCII~CII

3.x« .... ",..

U'nu

d6i trci patru tzintn si'se

siapte

........

optu

nao

dzatze uspredz'tze d'ospredz'tze treispredzatze paspredzatze tnspredzatze

E'tDo dve tri tz~tiri pet Ies etum 6SUDl tevet t~et

eten'eset dvan'eset trio'eset tzetirin~eset.

petJlieset

English. sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen

twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three ' twenty-four twenty-fi.-e twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine thirty

forty

fifty

sixty

seventy eighty

oil)ety bundred

two bundred three hundred four bundred thousand

million.

Romaic.

S.x«E'I S"uc,.,.« S,xox'" a:xOl Iw,«

.. IIXO(l'"

" ., .'XO(l'" evClC

.r"O!1" auo

,jXO(l", Tg(tJt. ,ixo(l'" -re(l"(I"tJt.ptJt.

.. ,

""0!1" .'n"f

.ixo!1" iE'll

• .iXO!1" m«

;f"'ljVT1Z i~op.ijrTtJt. dy3mtJt.

8.IlCXOvUI Tg.OIXWlt.II nT'flXXO(l"ltIC XlAi•

402

Albanian,

gi:.t;tC'beuJ.iete

~ 'J

statebedluete

tetebedhiete nendebedhiete

tIaet

tIezet e Iii nact e du tIezet e tri naet e katre nezet e ~se naet e giute

.....,

nezet e sttte nezet e tete nczet e nende tridhiete

duzet pesedbiete

.....,

giutedbiete

'-" ...,

.tatedhiete

.....,

tetedhiete

nendedhiete

"ckint dllkint trekint

katre kint, &.c. 'Ie mfie

'-"

miJifut

Wallackian. siasprcdza/ze

.._

siaptespredzatze

......

optuspredzatze

naospredtat.re gingitz uspregingit.tr doispregingitz treispregingit.z paspregingitz tzispregtngit z .iaspregingit%

._,

~a pteepregingit z

optllspregingi/z naospregiogitz treitzitzi patrut%itzi ttintzit. n.e/tUn

.japtet.aitzi

......

optutzit.:i

naotzitn

suta daosute trei s6te

patru sute, &.c. une nile

mili6n

Btl/garinn. &ernaeset setumnaeset

osumnaeset

tevetnae¥t dvac!>et

dvaeset i etnC7 dvaeset i dye dvaeset i tri dvaeset i tzctiri dvaelet j pet dvaeset i ses dvaeset i eetum ' dvaeset i 6sum dvaeset i teve, trleset

tzetirieset pete&et

.etetet setumtEset osumt6iet teveleset

.. to d.-6.ta trista

tzetru", pe~, &.c. khfliata, dve khiliati:

'-' ....... ,

lite.

miliCm.