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COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- understanding of different stages of the process and different parties involved, you will
help increase the extent to which you communicate more effectively
- sender and receiver
1. SENDER
- person who will be transmitting a particular message
- decide what it is we will communicate, how we’re going to communicate, the means
- in charge of encoding a particular message
- communicate something as accurate as possible
- take into account the knowledge and education and the background of the receiver
- if you communicate in a way that cannot be understood, waste of time
ENCODING
- not only determining what you say but how you’re going to communicate includ ing
nonverbal communication (body language, tone of voice, pace of voice, eye contact)
- how we send a particular message
2. RECEIVER
- decodes the message
- try to understand or interpret the message
- listen to what was said and assesses it
- engages it for understanding
PROBLEM/ BARRIERS
- people hear the same message and interpret it as two different things because of the noise
- take into account the physical noise because it inhibits the receiver in understanding the
knowledge
- mental state (preoccupied)
- educational level and knowledge, make sure the person understands it
- the person does not talk with the audience in mind
3. FEEDBACK
- verbal (things you actually say, auditory) and nonverbal (body language, posture, eye
contact) communication
- 70% of message is interpreted via body language
- more inclined to what body says when there is inconsistency between the two
- sender seeks for feedback to see if receiver understood the material
- allows sender to ensure if message was understood
- receiver can transmit a certain message indicating if they understood, clarification
RICHARD LANHAM
- expert on strategies to improve the teaching and learning of writing
- in his essay, “The Domain of Style”, he says that whatever theory of communication we
hold will influence whatever we write or say
1. AUTHENTIC THEORY OF COMMUNICATION
- good communication should not interfere with ideas in any way
- should only transmit our ideas free of distortion and manipulation
- leaves no doubt as what is considered as good writing
Prose ought to be maximally transparent and minimally self-conscious, never seen and
never noticed.
HENRY FORD
- pioneering automaker who sold cars as no frills tools for transportation
- concentrated on the internal working of vehicles, ignored outer appearances
- all function, no style
ALFRED SLOAN
- cars not just as tools, but as status symbols
- launched a lifestyle
- style matters and something you can acquire, you just need to learn a little technique
- Latham tells us the automobile industry, the great monument of primacy of practical
purpose, turns out to be driven by other motives as well, by social competition on one hand
and pure decorative play on the other
- theory here is that people craft and revise their identities less from some deep, fundame nta l
internal core and more from the desire to influence how others see us
- mix and match ourselves in the manner that we shop either for clothes or for cars, we are
looking for options not for consistency
- we cobble our messages together from anything we can find, hoping to design ourselves
into being
- as a perspective on communication, this theory enables us to craft messages for effect
- concentrates on the management of impression, manipulation of signs, search for power,
not just over ourselves but also over others
- the core of this theory is the belief that personal style is something you can learn and
cultivate, it is an art and is not something that you are born with
COMMUNICATION
- loosely defined as a process of sharing meaning
- process of sending and receiving messages (through verbal or nonverbal means)
o Speech (oral communication) o Signs
o Writing (written o Symbols
communication) o Behavior
COMMUNICATION MODEL
- how a message travels from a source or a sender to a receiver or an audience
MODEL
- graphic depiction of something that is more abstract to make it easier for us to understand
- in 1948, Howard Laswell talked about a model as identifying WHO, says WHAT, using
which CHANNEL, to WHOM, with what EFFECT
1. DAVID BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
- simplest model (1960)
- message (what it is being communicated) comes from a sender (source of message) and
that message has to go through a channel before it can get to the receiver (audience)
- channel is a route by which the message travels; can be auditory (hearing), visual
(watching), audiovisual; in terms of medium (face to face, radio, television, internet); how
the message gets from the sender to the receiver
- views communication as transfer of information
- everything is one way communication
- communication is action
- message has to be put into a form that can go through the channel
- sender encodes the message and receiver decodes it
- 5 basic elements: sender, message, channel, receiver, coding part
- scholars added feedback loop to send information back to the sender
CRITICISMS
- no concept of feedback; one way from speaker to audience
- no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers
- can only be used in public speaking