Name of group:

 Della Ariyanti Y S (A03217012)

 Devan Tangguh P (A73217103)
 Indah Ayu Lestari (A03217023)

Group 4 / B Class Structure on TOEFL

VERB TENSE FORM AND VERB TENSE MEANING

Example of Verb Tense Form

Present Present Participle Past Past Participle

Break Breaking Broke Broken

Cry Crying Cried Cried
Do Doing Did Done
Drink Drinking Drank Drunk
Drive Driving Drove Driven
Eat Eating Ate Eaten
Find Finding Found Found
Get Getting Got Gotten
Give Giving Gave Given
Keep Keeping Kept Kept
Know Knowing Knew Known
Lead Leading Led Led
Study Studying Studied Studied
Talk Talking Talked Talked
Write Writing Wrote Written
 There are 3 main tenses that are the present tenses, the past tenses, and the
future tenses. But here, also discussed about continous and perfect withtheir
adverbs or markers.

A. The Present Tenses

The present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now, or
things that are continuous.
1. Simple Present
 The simple present is used for stating facts, habits, and routines.
 Forms:
a. The Verbal Sentences
(+) S + V(s/es) + C
(–) S + don’t/doesn’t + V + C
(?) Do/Does + S + V + C + ?
b. The Non-Verbal Sentences
(+) S + to be (am/is/are) + C
(–) S + to be (am/is/are) + not + C
(?) To be (am/is/are) + S + C + ?
Remember:
1. Only 3rd person singular (he, she, it, the boy, the earth, the sun)
adds s/es.
 If the verb ending in -s, -sh, -x, -o, -ch, -z using -es
E.g. pass -> passes, wash -> washes, fix -> fixes, go ->
goes, watch -> watches, doz -> dozes, etc.
 If the verb ending in consonant + y change y to I then add
–es
E.g. fly -> flies, study -> studies, etc.
  Anything else add –s
E.g. work -> works, play -> plays, sing -> sings
2. When we use “does/doesn’t” the verb goes back to the base
form.
3. There is to be (am, is, are) after or before the subject for non-
verbal sentence
 Characteristics:
1. Use it for habits and routines, permanent facts/truths, scheduled
event in the future, scientific facts, and future events after
conjuctions.
2. Always use the base form of verb (V1)
3. There are signal words -> adverbs of frequency (always,
usually, generally, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom,
rarely, and never)
Form: S + Adv + V / S + to be + Adv
 Example:
a. The Verbal Sentences
 I go to bed at 11 p.m
 We fly to Paris on Monday
 He likes tea
 He doesn’t like tea
 Do you like tea? Yes, I do / No, I do not
 I seldom eat meat
b. The Non-Verbal Sentences
 I am not sad
 The Earth is not flat
 Ahmad is always happy
  They are rich
 Are they rich? Yes, they are / No, they are not
2. Present Perfect
 The present perfect is used to tell that an action happened at
unspecified time before now. In this tense we should not discuss
the exact time.
 Forms:
(+) S + have/has + V3 (past participle)
(–) S + have/has + not + V3 (past participle)
(?) Have/has + S + V3 (past participle) + ?
 Characteristics:
1. No time, but we can use: just, already, up to now, until now/till
now, ever/never, yet, so far, lately, recently
2. Introduce a past experience
3. Describe an action or situation that began in the past and
continues to this moment. A finished action with a result in the
present
4. With a “for” or “since” time phrase
 Example:
 He has worked here for a month
 They have not seen the doctor yet
 I have been very busy lately
 Have you finished yet?
 Has she been to Paris before?
3. Present Continuous
 We use the present continuous to describe an action that is
happening now, for temporary situation.
  Forms:
(+) S + to be (am/is/are) + V-ing
(–) S + to be (am/is/are) + not + V-ing
(?) To be (am/is/are) + S + V-ing + ?
 Characteristics:
1. Actions happening now
2. Temporary situation
3. This tense uses V-ing
4. There are time expressions (now, right now, today, this week,
this year, tonight, etc.)
 Example:
 I am going to school now
 He is not working today
 They are not reading book
 Is he swimming right now?
 Am I walking?
4. Present Perfect Continuous
 Present perfect continuous to talk about events with a connection
to the present and about how long something has been happening.
 Forms:
(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing
(–) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing
(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing + ?
 Characteristics:
1. To talk about events with a connection to the present and about
how long something has been happening.
 2. To emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.
Duration from the past until now.
3. Focus is on an activity that is unfinished
4. Temporary actions
 Example:
 He has been teaching for ten years
 I have been filling in for my boss for the past two days
 They have not been working
 Mom has not been cooking dinner for hours
 Has mom been cooking dinner for hours?
 Have you been speaking?
B. The Past Tenses
The past is used to describe things that have already happened (e.g., earlier
in the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago).
1. Simple Past
 We use the simple past tense to talk about happened at a definite
time in the past.
 Forms:
a. The Verbal Sentences
(+) S + V2 + C
(–) S + didn’t + V1 + C
(?) Did + S + V1 + C + ?
b. The Non-Verbal Sentences
(+) S + to be (was/were) + C
(–) S + to be (was/were) + not + C
(?) To be (was/were) + S + C + ?
  Characteristics:
1. Use it for habits in the past, completed action in the past,
duration in the past.
2. Past time expression (Last week, yesterday, in 2000, long time
ago, once upon a time, the other day, etc)
 Example:
 I studied English yesterday
 I didn’t study English yesterday
 Did you study English yesterday?
 I sent him the message
 Did you send him the message?
 I was happy
 Was she poor?
2. Past Perfect
 Past perfect a past event occurring before another past event.
 Forms:
(+) S + had + V3 (past participle)
(–) S + had + not + V3 (past participle)
(?) Had + S + V3 (past participle) + ?
 Characteristics:
1. To talk about an action in the past that happened before another
action in the past
2. The past perfect is usually used with before, after, or when
3. Time signal of past tense:
 Past perfect… before … past tense
 Past tense… after … past perfect
 Past perfect… when … past tense
  Example:
 I had gone when he arrived at my home
 We had visited our sister before she went to Mexico
 She had not been at home
 Had you studied English when your father come here?
3. Past Continuous
 We use this to talk about an action or situation that was in progress
at a particular time in the past.
 Forms:
(+) S + was/were + V-ing
(–) S + was/were + not + V-ing
(?) Was/were + S + V-ing + ?
 Characteristics:
1. Past continuous is used to express interrupted actions, specific
time an interruption and parallel actions
2. Use it for something which continued before and after another
action.
 Example:
 You were studying when he called
 You were not studying when he called
 Were you studying when he called?
4. Past Perfect Continuous
 We use this to talk about explaining the past result, an action
continued up to or stopped just before in the past.
 Forms:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing
(–) S + had + not + been + V-ing
 (?) Had + S + been + V-ing + ?
 Characteristics:
1. Use it for duration before something in the past, cause of
something in the past
2. Use it for third conditional and reported speech
 Example:
 You had been buying
 You hadn’t been buying
 Had you been buying?
 He had been working on it for hours before the light was
turned off
C. The Future Tenses
The future tense describes things that have yet to happen (e.g., later,
tomorrow, next week, next year, three years from now).
1. Simple Future
 The future simple is used to speak about a specific action in the
future
 Forms :
(+) S + will + V1
(-) S + will + not + V1
(?) S + will + V1 + ?
 Characteristics :
1. Use will + verb construction to express a voluntary action and
promise
2. Use the be + going + Verb construction to express a plan and
prediction
 3. Adverb of time: tomorrow, next, later, tonight, in a little while,
after, until, this
 Examples :
 I will swim tomorrow
 I will not swim tomorrow
 Will I swim tomorrow?
 I will help you when I get home
 We are going to go home after the movie
2. Future Perfect

 We use the future perfect to say that something will be finished by

a particular time in the future.

 Forms :
(+) S + will + have + V3
(-) S + will + not + have + V3
(?) Will + S + have + V3
 Characteristics :
1. For an action which will be completed by a certain time in the
future
2. For an action in the future which will be completed before
another action in the future
 Examples :
 She will have done her homework by 5pm tomorrow
 Peter won’t have finished his new report by next Monday
 Will you have arrived in London by 7 o’clock?
 Meri will have eaten
 Meri won’t have eaten
  Will Meri have eaten?
3. Future Continuous
 We use the future continuous to talk about something that will be
in progress at or around a time in the future.
 Forms :
(+) S + will be + V-ing
(-) S + will + not + be + V-ing
(?) Will + S + be + V-ing
 Characteristics :
1. Used when a temporary action in progress at a particular point
in the future
2. Used when a temporary routine events in the future
 Examples :
 This time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach in the sun
 Don’t phone me between 7 and 8 as we’ll be having dinner
then
 He will not be sleeping
 You and I won’t be walking
 Will you and I be walking?
4. Future Perfect Continuous
 The future perfect continuous, also sometimes called the future
perfect progressive, is a verb tense that describes actions that will
continue up until a point in the future.
 Forms :
(+) S + shall/will + have + been + V-ing + C
(-) S + shall/will + not + have + been + V-ing + C
(?) Shall/will + S + have + been + V-ing + C?
  Characteristics :
1. When we describe an action in the future perfect
continuous tense and looking back at the duration of that
activity.
2. The activity will have begun sometime in the past, present, or in
the future, and is expected to continue in the future.
 Examples :
 In November, I will have been working at my company for
three years.
 My grandmother will have been visiting us tomorrow
morning
 My grandmother will not have been visiting us tomorrow
morning
 Will your grandmother have been visiting you tomorrow
morning?
 When I come at 6:00, will you have been practicing long?

Adverbs of Tenses

1. Simple Present
a. Adverb of time: now, today, every..., once, twice, etc.
b. Adverb of frequency: always, often, ever, never, frequently,
commonly, seldom, sometimes, generally.
2. Present perfect
a. Adverb of time: already, yet, just, never, ever, recently, at last.

3. Present continuous
a. Adverb of time: now, right now, this quarter, at this moment.
 4. Past Tense
a. Adverb of time: yesterday, the day before yesterday, just now,
last, in, ...ago, this..., etc
5. Past perfect
a. Adverb of time: already, before, by the time, after, in last
6. Past continuous
a. Adverb of time: while, when, yesterday at
(time/day/month/year), since.
7. Simple Future
a. Adverb of time: tomorrow, next, later, tonight, in a little while,
after, until, this
8. Future perfect
a. Adverb of time: tomorrow, when, by the time.
9. Future continuous
a. Adverb of time: for, since, by the time.

Form of Tenses

Present Past Future

S + will + V1
Simple S + V(s/es)/to be + C S + V2/to be + C

Perfect S + have/has + V3 S + had + V3 S + will + have + V3

Continuous S + to be + V-ing S + was/were + V-ing S + will be + V-ing
Perfect S + have/has + been S + shall/will + have
S + had + been + V-ing
Continuous + V-ing + been + V-ing + C
To be = am/is/are To be = was/were
References:
– Michael A, Pyle. 2001. Cliffs Test Prep ’TOEFL’ CBT. United States of
America:IDG Books Wordwide
– Deborah Philips. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test:
Preparation for the Computer and Paper Test. Pearson Education
– Bakir, Suyoto. 2012. Buku Cerdas TOEFL. Tangerang Selatan: Karisma
Publishing Group.
– Adapted from The Little Brown Handbook 11th Edition. Contributors.
– Dayne Sherman, Jayetta Slawson, dkk. 2010. Prepared by the Southeastern
Writing Center. Last updated July, 2011.